Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology

ISSN: 0022-3131 (Print) 1881-1248 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnst20

Development of Fiber Optic Radiation Monitor

using Plastic Scintillation Fibers

Toru OKA , Hirotsugu FUJIWARA , Kazuo TAKASHIMA , Teruo USAMI &

Yoshikazu TSUTAKA

To cite this article: Toru OKA , Hirotsugu FUJIWARA , Kazuo TAKASHIMA , Teruo USAMI &
Yoshikazu TSUTAKA (1998) Development of Fiber Optic Radiation Monitor using Plastic
Scintillation Fibers, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 35:12, 857-864, DOI:
10.1080/18811248.1998.9733958

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1998.9733958

Published online: 15 Mar 2012.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 103

View related articles

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnst20

Download by: [CEA Saclay] Date: 23 February 2016, At: 08:28

 Journal of NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 35, No. 12, p. 857-864 (December 1998)

Development of Fiber Optic Radiation Monitor

using Plastic Scintillation Fibers
Toru OKA*lt, Hirotsugu FUJIWARA', Kazuo TAKASHIMA*, Teruo USAMI*
and Yoshikazu TSUTAKA**

*Industrial Electronics & Systems Laboratory, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

**Energy and Industrial Systems Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

(Received May 8, 1997)

We have developed a radiation monitor by using plastic scintillation fibers (PSF), which we call the fiber
optic radiation monitor. For wide-area radiation monitoring, the detection part needs to be longer, therefore
we have produced a prototype monitor by combining the PSF and the silica fiber for optical propagation.
In this paper we first explain the characteristics when silica fiber of 100m long is connected to the PSF.
We found that in this case, the position resolution would drop. In order to determine the cause, we observed
the aspects of optical pulse propagation. It was found that the light is transmitted through the silica fiber
and is detected at fiber end as single photons, and the resolution deteriorated due to the difference in the
Downloaded by [CEA Saclay] at 08:28 23 February 2016

propagation path of each of photons.

We next explain the prototype fiber optic radiation monitor with a detection length of 20m and a total
length of 60 m, and its performance.

KEYWORDS: radiation monitors, scintillations, fibers, time-of-flight method, dose rates,

distribution, nuclear power plants, optical characteristics, mode dispersion, position reso-
lution

diation exposure of workers and enhancing the exposure

I. Introduction
If it is possible t o continuously and extensively mea-
sure the radiation dose-rate distribution in a radiation
controlled area, this will be useful in protecting workers
engaged in radiation operations and reducing their risk
of radiation exposure. The radiation monitor currently
used, however, is only of the local monitoring type, and
hence a large number of monitors are required to cover
a wide area.
Radiation detectors using plastic scintillation fibers
(PSF) have been extensively studied(')( 2), because the
PSF is fabricated to be flexible and long, thus being suit-
able for wide-area monitoring. Furthermore, the time-
of-flight (TOF) method is effective in detecting the ra-
diation incident position in the PSF, as reported pre-
v i o ~ s l y ( ~ ) (However,
~). few detectors aim at wide-area
monitoring, and the wide-area monitoring has not yet
been achieved.
Therefore we are engaged in the development of a ra-
diation monitor for wide-area monitoring, the fiber optic
radiation monitor. The fiber optic radiation monitor is
a cable detector, which is made by combining PSFs and
silica fibers, and allows the distribution of radiation dose
rate in a wide area to be measured. Thus the fiber optic
radiation monitor is extremely useful for reducing the ra-
* Tsukaguchi-honmachi, Amagasaki-shi 661-8661.
** Wadasakicho, Hyogo-ku, Kobe 652-8555.
'Corresponding author, Tel. +81-6-497-7692,
Fax. $81-6-497-7728, Email: oka@con.sdl.melco.co.jp
control.
We explain the principle and the set-up in Chap. 11,
the performance when a PSF alone is used in Chap. 111,
and the performance when a PSF and a silica fiber are
connected in Chap. IV. Then we describe the perfor-
mance and characteristics of a prototype fiber optic ra-
diation monitor, which has a detection length of 20m
and a total length of 60m, in Chap. V.
11. Principle and Setup
The T O F method was used t o detect the radiation
incident position and the dose rate. The schematic di-
agram of the fiber optic radiation monitor is shown in
Fig. 1. A photomultiplier tube (PMT), a preamplifier,
and a constant fraction discriminator (CFD) are con-
nected to each end of a PSF. The output signals are fed
to a time amplitude converter (TAC) and analyzed with
a multi-channel analyzer (MCA). This method measures
the time difference of the signals to be fed to the two
photomultipliers.
When a radiation enters and interacts with the PSF
fluorescent light is generated. This fluorescent light prop-
agates to the ends of the fiber and the time for the light
to reach the PMT depends on the radiation incident posi-
tion. If a gamma ray crosses and interacts a t the position
of x from the PMT2, the time difference ( A t ) detected
by the TAC is given by
A t = (Z/u + T d ) - ( L - z ) / u = (2X - L)/V + T d , (1)
so,

857
 858
Radiation Source
Scintillation Fiber
Fig. 1 Principles of the PSF radiation monitor
z = {v(At - Td) + L}/2,
(1)’
where v: Speed of light in the optical fiber
L: Optical fiber’s length
Td:Delay time set by the delay circuit. ( T d must
be set so that At is more than 0.)
Therefore, the radiation incident position (z) may be
Downloaded by [CEA Saclay] at 08:28 23 February 2016
obtained by measuring this time difference ( A t ) .
The PSF used here had a diameter of l m m , a peak
emission wavelength of 440 nm, a refractive index of 1.59,
a cladding index of 1.49, a numerical aperture (NA) of
about 0.6, and a scintillation efficiency of 0.024. The
numerical aperture is defined as sin Om,, in Fig. 2. This
Omax is a half of the acceptance angle, the light in the
optical fiber a t an angle exceeding the acceptance angle
permeates in the cladding, and does not propagate in the
fiber.
111. Preliminary Experiments of Position
Detection
In this chapter, we explain the measurement of the
radiation incident position with a PSF alone. The length
-
Numerical Aperture ( NA ) :sin 6
Fig. 2 Definition of NA
PSF
Topreamplifier I
/ 1m long, and the silica fibers used were of two lengths,
7 radation To preamplifier
Fig. 3 Schema of position detection experiment
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
T. OKA et al.
MCA
p
2500 I I
I I
1
0 20 40 80 80 100
Position (cm)
Fig. 4 Result of position detection
of the PSF used was 1m.
A schematic drawing of the incident position measure-
ment is shbwn in Fig. 3. The collimated gamma (7)rays
from 6oCo were irradiated at the center of the PSF.
The result of the measurement is shown in Fig. 4.
The radiation irradiation position may be determined
from the peak position. The full width at half maximum
(FWHM) was about 25 cm, and this FWHM was defined
as the position resolution.
IV. Characteristics of the Monitor when a
Silica Fiber is Connected with a PSF
As the PSF’s propagation loss is as large as approxi-
mately 1.5dB/m, the optical pulse generated in a long
PSF would disappear halfway through the propagation.
Consequently, it is hard to make up a long radiation
monitor with a single PSF.
Therefore, we decided t o construct a long fiber optic
radiation monitor by combining a PSF with a silica fiber
featuring minimum propagation loss.
1. Position Detection by Using a PSF Connected
with a Silica Fiber
First, position detection was carried out by using a
PSF connected with a silica fiber. A schematic drawing
of this experiment is shown in Fig. 5. The PSF used was
50 m and 100 m. The silica fibers’ diameter was 1mm,
and the propagation loss was approximately 15dB/km
(at 440 nm) .
 Development of Fiber Optic Radiation Monitor using Plastic Scintillation Fibers
7 radiation
Fig. 5 Schema of position detection experiment using a PSF connected with a silica fiber
4000
3000
Downloaded by [CEA Saclay] at 08:28 23 February 2016
2000
1000
0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
Position (cm)
(a) 50 m long silica fiber
Fig. 6 Position detection using a PSF connected with a silica fiber
As described in Chap. 111, the ?-rays from 6oCowere
irradiated at the center of the PSF.
The results when a 50 m long silica fiber was connected
and a 100 m long silica fiber was connected axe shown in
Figs. 6(a) and (b), respectively.
These position resolutions (FWHM) were about 92 cm
and 178 cm, respectively. These were somewhat larger
than that of the PSF alone (25cm, see Fig. 4).
2. Optical Characteristics
As mentioned above, it was found that the position res-
olution deteriorated when the silica fiber was connected.
This was due presumably to the mode dispersion of the
light propagating through the optical fiber.
(1) Mode Dispersion
Since the quantity of the optical pulse generated by ra-
diation in the PSF is only a trace amount, it is necessary
t o minimize the connection loss between the PFS and
the silica fiber. One method of reducing the connection
loss would be to reduce the difference in the numerical
aperture between the PSF and the silica fiber. Since the
numerical aperture of the PSF used was about 0.6, we
decided to use a silica fiber with the numerical aperture
of 0.5, which was as close as possible to the above value.
However, when the numerical aperture is as large as
0.5, the optical path difference between the light propa-
gating in the fundamental mode (the path of light prop-
agating straight along the optical fiber) and the light
VOL. 35, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1998
859
200 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Position (cm)
(b) 100 m long silica fiber
propagating in the maximum mode (the path of light
propagating by reflection at almost the critical angle in
the optical fiber) becomes large. For this reason, when
the light is propagated over a long distance, the differ-
ence in arrival time between the light to arrive first and
the light to arrive at last may grow. The phenomenon
of difference produced in the arrival time is called mode
dispersion (Fig. 7). The position resolution is thought
to drop due to this mode dispersion.
In order to analyze the mode dispersion status, we de-
cided to first observe the optical fiber output when a
laser diode (LD) was used. A schematic drawing of the
experiment is shown in Fig. 8. A 50 m long silica fiber
is connected to one end of a PSF and the optical pulse
from the LD is entered to the other end of the PSF. At
this time, the optical pulse is branched by using a half
mirror in order to observe the incident pulse. The inci-
dent light and the output light are detected by PMTs,
whose outputs were observed by an oscilloscope. The
wavelength of the LD was 690nm, and the pulse width
was about 8ns and the LD was repeatedly driven at a
cycle of 4 0 p . The light entering the PSF was then nar-
rowed down by a lens to less than the PSF’s acceptance
angle. An expanded view of the light’s entrance is shown
in Fig. 9.
The results of the measurements are shown in Fig. 10.
In this figure, the upper waveform is the input pulse,
while the lower one is the output pulse from the 50m
 860 T. OKA et al.

light travels along different paths

I ztime
cladding optical fiber
- / \
output light
Fig. 7 Schematic view of mode dispersion

Light Pulse is expected to widen by the mode dispersion, when an

WfMinor / impulse-type pulse is input. The optical fiber’s numer-
ical aperture was set at 0.5. In order to simplify the
calculation, the pulse spread is calculated from the op-
tical path difference between the straight light and the
light propagated by reflection at a critical angle in the
boundary between the core and the cladding. The pulse
spread T,may be expressed as follows:
Fig. 8 Experiment observing mode dispersion
T,= L,(l/cos(90 - 8,) - l}/u (ns), (2)
Downloaded by [CEA Saclay] at 08:28 23 February 2016

where L,: Silica fiber’s length

hm acceptance angle 8,: Critical angle of the optical fiber =70°
u: Speed of light in the optical fiber
=O.2 m/ns.
Therefore, the pulse spread when a 50m fiber and a
100m fiber were connected are found t o be 16ns and
32 ns, respectively.
Fig. 9 Enlargement of entrance part
(3) Observation of Output Pulse from Silica Fiber
We observed the effect caused by the mode dispersion
..
by connecting a PSF with a 100m long fiber. As shown
!
,. ... ... ...
.. .. - - - .. ..
I . . .
in Fig. 5 , y r a y s from 6oCo were irradiated at the center
. . . .
of the PSF. A PMT and a preamplifier were connected
at the fiber end in sequence and the preamplifier’s output
was observed with an oscilloscope.
The output from the PSF as a triggering signal and
that from the 100 m long fiber were observed.
Views of typical outputs from the PSF and silica fiber
are shown in Fig. 11. Figure ll(a) shows the wave-
form from the PSF, and the oscilloscope is triggered by
this signal. The outputs from 100m long silica fiber are
shown in Figs. Il(b), (c) and (d).
It can be seen from Figs. l l ( b ) , (c) and (d) that the
pulse arrival time fluctuates around 500 ns later from the
trigger point. There were single and multiple pulses, and
the FWHM of each single pulse was almost the same as
Vertical axis: 1 V/div the one of the signal from PSF in Fig. ll(a). It did not
Horizontal axis: 5 ns/div show the spread expected from Eq. (2).
The arrival time of the signal from the 100 m long sil-
Fig. 10 Output signals of input light and output light ica fiber after triggering was sampled. The oscilloscope
was triggered by a signal from the PSF which crossed
the discrimination level, -400mV, the same level used
long silica fiber. The output pulse waveform appeared by the CFD. The time when the signal from the silica
about 250ns later. The output pulse width is about 1.7 fiber crossed the discrimination level was recorded as the
times as wide as that of the input pulse, showing the arrival time. The sampling was done 100 times and the
effect of mode dispersion. result is shown in Fig. 12.
(2) Calculation of Light Pulse Spread by the Optical As shown in the figure, the arrival time is distributed
Path Difference around 510 ns, and the fluctuation width is about 40 ns,
We calculate the pulse spread a t the fiber end, which showing approximate agreement with the theoretical

JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 Development of Fiber Optic Radiation Monitor using Plastic Scintillation Fibers 861

9 ACqS 9 AWS
+t I i I
I :T: I
[' ' j CtiZZoob i.OXVirt 1d.OXHbn j j j

.. .. .. .. .. ... .
..
.. ..
.._ .. .
. .... \.: ....................
.. .. .. .. .
2. r (
r""'""'
.,
.
..
,
..
.
T" .. ' . ...
B " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . .. .
.. .. .. ..
. . .
0 : ". .
m
_.. . . ... . . . . ...
.

L..
.. .. .. ..
................
..
..
.
...
.....
.
...
....
...
...
z ; ..
_.. . .. . . . ..
..

.. .. ..
L. ................
. . . .
f ......... I
.
..
.
..
.
.. .
. . . ..

Time Time
(4 (b)
12 +cqs
I T I
Downloaded by [CEA Saclay] at 08:28 23 February 2016

j. C t i Z Z o o ~ : d.SXVert
. . . l
1d.OXHbn
.
j j :.
. . . I . . . . . . .. .. .. .
.. ... .. .. .. .. . ... ... ... .
I+.
..
. .
. . . . . . . . . . t 4
. . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .

. . .

. . . . . .

Time Time
(c) (4
Vertical axis: 1 V/div, Horizontal axis: 10 ns/div

Fig. 11 Output pulse from PSF (a), typical output pulses from 100m silica fiber (b)-(d)

Arrival Time (ns)
Fig. 12 Histogram Of arrival time Of the
long silica fiber after triggering
value (3211s). And the FWHM is presumed to be in
the range from 10 to 20ns.
Letting W t o be this FWHM, I.V can be transformed
to the position resolution by use of Eq. (1). as follows:
W =z At1 - At2,
= ((221 - L)/v +T d } - ((222 - L)/v+ Td},
= 2(Sl - 22)/v, (3)
where Atl and At2 are the arrival times at the half max-
imum in Fig. 12, and (21 - 22) is the position resolution.
When the position resolution of 178 cm obtained in
Fig. 6(b) is substituted in Eq. (3), we obtain W=17.8 ns.
This value almost agrees with the FWHM of distribution
in Fig. 12.
From the results shown in Figs. 11 and 12, it was found
'Om 'O0
that the output signal from the 100 m long fiber did not
spread as in Fig. 10 and the arrival times of the signals
fluctuated. These cause the deterioration of the position
resolution.
We estimated the number of photoelectrons emitted
from the photocathode of the PMT to consider the cause
of the fluctuatioll explained above.
When a 6oCo y-ray which has an average energy of
1.25 MeV interacts with the PSF and all of the energy is

VOL. 35, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1998

 862
deposited in the core, the number of photoelectrons(N)
emitted from the photocathode of the PMT is given by
N = 1 . 2 5lo6
~ x Es/Pex E x~Lp x L,xL, x L, x Q , (4)
where E, : Scintillation efficiency of the PSF=0.024
P, : Average photon energy=3 eV
Et : Trapping efficiency (efficiency of light trap
by total reflection in the core of the
PSF)=0.03
L, : Propagation loss in the PSF
=1.5 (dB/m)x0.5 (m)=0.75 (dB)=0.84
L,: Connection loss between the PSF and the
silica fiber=l.7 (dB)=0.68
L, : Propagation loss in the silica fiber
=15 (dB/km)xO.l (km)=1.5 (dB)=0.71
L,: Connection loss between the silica fiber and
the PMT=0.46 (dB)=0.90
Q: Maximum quantum efficiency of the photo-
cathode of the PMT=0.23.
Therefore, we obtain
Downloaded by [CEA Saclay] at 08:28 23 February 2016
N '+ 25.
This value is the number of photoelectrons when the
energy of 1.25MeV is completely deposited in the core
of the PSF. In practice, the interaction between a y-
ray and the PSF is mainly Compton scattering, so the
deposited energy in the core is continuously distributed.
The distribution of energy deposition in the core was
calculated by using the EGS4/PRESTA Monte Carlo
The calculation model and the result are
shown in Fig. 13. As shown in Fig. 13(a), collimated
1.25 MeV y-rays were irradiated at the center of a 1m
long PSF which consists of a polystyrene core and a
PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) cladding. It can be
seen from Fig. 13(b) that the full energy peak and the
Compton edge do not appear and the deposited energy is
continuously distributed from 0 to about 600keV. This
result is mainly due t o a small diameter of the PSF.
And we found that about 95% of the photons gave only
300 keV or less. Consequently, the effective number of
photoelectrons is distributed from 0 to approximately 6.
Furthermore, there is a possibility that the number of
Photon megy :1.25 MeV
Number of phctons : 10,000,000
ale material :polystyrene
135MeV 7 ray
cladding
thidmes :30wm l00Cm
< >
(a) EGS4/PRESTA calculating model
Fig. 13 Energy deposition spectra calculated by the EGS4/PRESTA Monte Carlo code
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
T. OKA et al.
photoelectrons reduces depending on the wavelength of
the emission light from the PSF, because the quantum ef-
ficiency of the photocathode depends on the wavelength
of the incident light.
Also from Eq. (2), the arrival time of light from 100 m
silica fiber, in other words the generation time of each
of these photoelectrons, is considered t o fluctuate in the
range from 0 to 32 ns.
These estimates allow us to determine that the results
in Figs. ll(b) t o (d) are the observations of single pho-
toelectron events. On the other hand, if the quantity of
light input into the photocathode is as large as the LD
light used in Sec. IV-2(1), the number of photoelectrons
increases and they are superimposed on each other. As a
result, a pulse which has spread width is fed as in Fig. 10.
As mentioned above, the fluorescent light which is
emitted inside the PSF and propagated through the sil-
ica fiber is detected as single photons. The arrival time
of each photon fluctuates because of the optical path
difference in the silica fiber. These cause a drop in the
position resolution.
The numerical aperture of the propagation fiber is
known t o affect the fluctuation width of the arrival time
of the photon, causing an influence on the position reso-
lution.
V. Prototype of a Fiber Optic Radiation
Monitor
We produced a prototype fiber optic radiation monitor
by combining PSFs and silica fibers after considering the
optical characteristics.
In producing this prototype model, we aimed at ob-
taining a detection length of 20 m by taking into account
the work areas in nuclear power plants, and the whole
length was set at 60m so as to allow the measuring in-
strument to be placed outside the work area.
1. Prototype Monitor Schemes
As explained earlier, since it is difficult t o make up a
long monitor with a PSF alone, we decided to combine
PSFs with silica fibers, and t o vary the positions of the
-
3
-
d
0 200 400 800 800 1000 1200
h e w0
(b) Energy deposition spectra in the core of the PSF
 Development of Fiber Optic Radiation Monitor using Plastic Scintillation Fibers 863

1.o
h

v)
n
-
0
2c2
0.5
a

Fig. 14 Schematic view of prototype monitor

s
0.0
0 10 20
Position ( m )
Fig. 15 Position detection using the prototype monitor

30 5 I I I
Downloaded by [CEA Saclay] at 08:28 23 February 2016

0 20 _........................................................................ .....................

10 _................................................................................................................
B
8 5
_............................................................................................................... -
Photo. 1 External view of the prototype monitor 0 5 10 15 20
(detection cable) Sensor Position ( m )

Fig. 16 Result when radiation with 240 pSv/h is irradiated

PSFs which are used for detection(7)as shown in Fig. 14. uniformly
The length of each PSF was set so that the sensitivity
per meter was lcps/(pSv/h)/m or more when 6oCo y-
rays are irradiated and the position resolution was about ............... ................................................................................. +......

100cm. It is worth noting that the sensitivity per me-

ter depends on the length of the PSF because of large
propagation loss in the PSF. ............................
By measuring the sensitivity, we found that it was pos- 0.35MeV
...................................................................................................................................
sible to achieve the target sensitivity (1cps/(pSv/h)/m) o,4 ......................................................................................................................... -
when a PSF of 2 m or less was connected to the silica _................................................................................................................................... -
0.2
fiber. The position resolution was estimated t o be about
0.0 +................................................................................................ +................4 ......
lOOcm from Fig. 6. Therefore, we decided to make up 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
the prototype monitor with ten PSFs of 2 m long. As Energy (MeV)
shown in Fig. 14, the optical pulses are accepted by one
PMT from ends of ten fibers. Fig. 17 Energy dependence of sensitivity
An external view of the prototype is shown in
Photo. 1. The optical fibers shown in Fig. 14 were as-
sembled into a bundle, with a cable diameter of 15 mm. better than f7%, thus we confirmed that measure-
ment was also possible for uniform irradiation.
2. Characteristics of Fiber Optic Radiation Mon- The energy dependence of sensitivity is shown in
itor Fig. 17. From this result, this monitor can be used
Position detection was carried out with this proto- for y-rays from 0.35 t o 1.25 MeV within f 2 0 % different
type fiber optic radiation monitor. The results obtained, sensitivities.
when 6oCo y-rays were irradiated every 2 m over a dis-
tance of 2 m t o 1 8 m from the end of the detection part, VI. Conclusion
are shown in Fig. 15. Each peak agrees with the irradi- In this paper we have explained the optical character-
ation position with a precision of 20 cm or better. istics of a radiation monitor combining a PSF and a silica
The result obtained when 6oCo y-rays were uniformly fiber, and also the basic characteristics of the prototype
irradiated with 240pSvlh over the detector is shown in fiber optic radiation monitor. The results obtained may
Fig. 16. The uniformity of the count at each position be summarized as follows:

VOL.35, NO. 12,DECEMBER 1998


The fluorescent light, which is emitted inside the
PSF and propagated through the silica fiber, is de-
tected as single photons. The arrival time of each
photon fluctuates because of the optical path dif-
ferences in the silica fiber. These cause a drop in
the position resolution.
We produced a prototype fiber optic radiation
monitor with a detection length of 20m and a to-
tal length of 60m by combining PSFs and silica
fibers. This monitor allows a wide radiation dis-
tribution t o be measured. Therefore this monitor
will be useful for radiation administration.
Downloaded by [CEA Saclay] at 08:28 23 February 2016
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
T. OKA et al.
-REFERENCES-
Reynolds, G. T., Condon, P. E.: Rev. Sci. Instrum., 28,
1098 (1957).
Atkinson, M., e t al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.,
A254, 500 (1987).
Imai, S., Soramoto, S., Mochiki, K., Iguchi, T.,
Nakazawa, &I.: Rev. Sci. Instrum., 62, 1093 (1991).
Emoto, T., Torii, T., Nozaki, T., Ando, H.: Radiation
detectors and their uses, KEK Proc., 94[7], 119 (1994).
Nelson, W. R., Hirayama, H., Roger, D. W. 0.: S L A G
265, (1985).
Bielajew, A. F., Roger, D. W. 0.: Nucl. Instrum. Meth-
ods Phys. Res., B18,165 (1987).
Takada, E., Sugiyama, K., Takahashi, H., Iguchi, T.,
Nakazawa, M.: 1EEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 42[4], 570
(1995).