Mathematic (1)

1-1 Trigonometric Functions: ‫الدوال المثلثية‬

Given central circle with a radius (r), The point P(x,y) could be any point on
the circle then:
𝑦
 Sine of 𝜃 → sin 𝜃 =
𝑟
𝑥
 Cosine of 𝜃 → cos 𝜃 =
𝑟
sin 𝜃 𝑦
 Tangent of 𝜃 → tan 𝜃 = =
cos 𝜃 𝑥
1 𝑟
 Secant of 𝜃 → sec 𝜃 = =
cos 𝜃 𝑥
1 𝑟
 Cosecant of 𝜃 → csc 𝜃 = =
sin 𝜃 𝑦
1 𝑥
 Cotangent of 𝜃 → cot 𝜃 = =
tan 𝜃 𝑦

From above triangle we can say:

𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )‫(فيثاغورس‬
But: 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 & 𝑦 = sin 𝜃
∴ 𝑟 2 = (𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 + (𝑟 sin 𝜃)2
𝑟 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑟 2 = 𝑟 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
Some trigonometric Identities:
 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 ………………….(1)
 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ‫) على‬1( ‫(ناتجة من قسمة المعادلة رقم‬
 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ‫) على‬1( ‫(ناتجة من قسمة المعادلة رقم‬
 sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
 cos 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
 cos 2𝑥 = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ⟶ cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2𝑥 → ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥)
2
2 1
Also, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥)
2
 sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
 sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
 cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 1

Mathematic (1)

tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦
 tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) =
1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

tan 𝑥−tan 𝑦
 tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) =
1+tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

1
 sin 𝐴 . sin 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
 cos 𝐴 . cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
 sin 𝐴 . cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2

1
 Prove that: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥 )
2
1
Right hand side = (1 − cos 2𝑥 )
2
1
= [1 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)]
2
1
= [1 − (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
2
1
= [1 − 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥]
2

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = the left side ⇒ ∴ o.K.

‫قياس بعض الزوايا الخاصة‬

+ (sin) ‫الربع الثاني‬ + (sin, cos, tan…) ‫الربع األول‬

+ (tan) ‫الربع الثالث‬ + (cos) ‫الربع الرابع‬

4π & ‫ دورة واحدة‬2π ( ‫ اضافة أو طرح أي عدد من الدورات ال يغير من قيمة الزواية‬
.)...... ‫ ثال ث دورات و كذاا‬6π & ‫دورتان‬

3𝜋 𝜋
360 = 2𝜋 & 270 = & 180 = 𝜋 & 90 = 
2 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 2

‫)‪Mathematic (1‬‬

‫‪ ‬الزوايا المذملة ) 𝜋 & 𝜋‪ : ( 2‬موقع الربع يحدد األشارة و تبقى الدالة نفسها مثال دالة ال ‪sin‬‬
‫تبقى ‪ sin‬كما في االمثلة ادناه ‪-:‬‬
‫الربع الثاني 𝜃 ‪sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = + sin‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪cos(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cos‬‬ ‫الربع الثالث‬
‫الربع الثالث 𝜃 ‪sin(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − sin‬‬ ‫الربع الثاني 𝜃 ‪tan(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − tan‬‬
‫الربع الثالث 𝜃 ‪cos(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cos‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) = + tan‬‬ ‫الربع الثالث‬

‫𝜃 ‪sin(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = − sin‬‬
‫𝜃 ‪tan(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = − tan‬‬ ‫زوايا في الربع الرابع‬
‫𝜃 ‪cos(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = + cos‬‬

‫الحظ انه‪-:‬‬
‫)‪Sin(-) =- sin  , cos (-) = cos , tan (-) = -tan (‬‬

‫𝜋‪3‬‬ ‫𝜋‬
‫‪ ‬الزوايا المتممة ‪ :( & ):‬موقع الربع يحدد االشارة و تقلب الدالة الى متتمتها‪ .‬مثال دالة ال‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ sin‬في الربع األول تذون موجبة ثم تقلب الى ‪. cos‬‬

‫زوايا في مختلف االرباع‬

‫𝜋‬ ‫𝜋‬
‫(‪sin‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪+ 𝜃) = + cos‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪cos( + 𝜃) = − sin‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫الربع الثاني‬ ‫الربع الثاني‬
‫𝜋‬ ‫𝜋‬
‫𝜃 ‪cos( + 𝜃) = − sin‬‬ ‫𝜃𝑡𝑜𝑐‪tan( + 𝜃) = −‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫الربع الثاني‬ ‫الربع الثاني‬
‫𝜋‬ ‫𝜋‬
‫𝜃 ‪sin ( − 𝜃) = + cos‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪tan( − 𝜃) = + cot‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫الربع االول‬ ‫الربع االول‬

‫𝜋‪3‬‬ ‫𝜋‪3‬‬
‫(‪sin‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪− 𝜃) = − cos‬‬ ‫(‪sin‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪+ 𝜃) = − cos‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫الربع الثالث‬ ‫الربع الرابع‬

‫𝜋‪3‬‬ ‫𝜋‪3‬‬
‫(‪cos‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪− 𝜃) = − sin‬‬ ‫(‪tan‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪− 𝜃) = + cot‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫الربع الثالث‬ ‫الربع الثالث‬

‫𝜋‪3‬‬ ‫𝜋‪3‬‬
‫(‪cos‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪+ 𝜃) = + sin‬‬ ‫(‪tan‬‬ ‫𝜃 ‪+ 𝜃) = − cot‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫الربع الرابع‬ ‫الربع الرابع‬

‫‪ APPENDIX Trigonometric Function‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

Mathematic (1)

Some examples about Trigonometric Functions

 𝑠𝑖𝑛 10𝑥 = 2 sin 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝟐 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑠𝑥
1
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 7𝑥 = (1 + cos 14𝑥)
2
2 1
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 15 = (1 − cos 30)
2
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 330 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (270 + 60) = + sin 60
𝒐𝒓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 330 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (360 − 30) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠30
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 150 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(180 − 30) = +𝑠𝑖𝑛 30
1-2 Functions: ‫الدوال‬
1-2-1 the Domains and the Ranges:
.)y( ‫) التي تأخا قيم حقيقة ل‬x( ‫ كو مجال القيم الحقيقة ل‬:Domain
Equation → 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥): ‫و صيغة المعادلة تذون‬
.)x(‫) التي تأخا قيم حقيقة ل‬y(‫ كو مجال القيم الحقيقة ل‬:Range
Equation → 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦):‫و صيغة المعادلة تذون‬
Domain and Range are divided in to bounded and Infinite Intervals:
Bounded Intervals Infinite Intervals
‫الفترات المحددة‬ ‫الفترات الغير المحددة‬
1 𝑎<𝑥<𝑏 1 −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
a(‫)ــــــــــــــ‬b → open intervals −∞ ← 0 → ∞
Df, :𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 (𝑎, 𝑏) Df : −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)
Or R (all real number)
2 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏 2 𝑎<𝑥
𝑎[‫𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑛𝑖 𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑐 → 𝑏]ـــــــــــــــ‬ (𝑎 → ∞
Df, :𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 [𝑎, 𝑏] Df :𝑥 > 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 (𝑎, ∞)
3 𝑎≤𝑥<𝑏 3 𝑎≤𝑥
A[‫)ـــــــــــــــ‬b → half-open interval [a→∞
Df, :𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 [𝑎, 𝑏) Df :𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 [𝑎, ∞)
4 𝑎<𝑥≤𝑏 4 𝑥<𝑏
𝑎(‫ →𝑏]ـــــــــــــ‬half-open interval −∞ ← 𝑏)
Df, Rf :𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 (𝑎, 𝑏] Df :𝑥 < 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, 𝑏)
5 𝑥≤𝑏
−∞ ← 𝑏]
Df, :𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, 𝑏]

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 4

Mathematic (1)

Example 1: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
Df: R
To find the range:- Re- write the function as x=f(y)
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 15 → 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦 − 15
∴ Df : R
Example 2:
𝟑
𝒚= 𝟎 ≠ ‫المقام‬
𝒙−𝟐

‫ 𝑥 → الشرط‬− 2 ≠ 0 → 𝑥 ≠ 2 ⟶ ∴ Df : R ∕ {2}
To find the range: - Re- write the function as x=f(y)
3
𝑦= → 𝑦𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3
𝑥−2
3 + 2𝑦
𝑦𝑥 = 3 + 2𝑦 → 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) =
𝑦
∴ Rf : R ∕ {0}

Example 3:
𝒚 = √𝒙 − 𝟏 )‫ال يجوز أن تذون القيمة سالبة تحت الجار (قيمة خيالية‬
‫ 𝑥 →الشرط‬− 1 ≥ 0 → 𝑥 ≥ 1
Df : x: x ≥ 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 [𝟏, ∞)
To find the range:- Re- write the function as x=f(y)
𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 → 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 − 1
𝑥 = 𝑦2 + 1
Rf: y: y ≥ 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 [𝟎, ∞) ‫نأخا القيم الموجبة و الصفر فقط ألن الدالة األصلية كي دالة‬
‫جارية‬

Example 4:
𝟏
𝒚= ‫كنا الجار موجود في مقام الدالة‬
√𝒙−𝟏
‫ 𝑥 → الشرط‬− 1 > 0 → 𝑥 > 1
Df: 𝐱: 𝐱 > 1 𝑜𝑟 (1, ∞)

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 5

‫)‪Mathematic (1‬‬

‫)‪To find the range:- Re- write the function as x=f(y‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=𝑦‬ ‫= ‪→ 𝑦2‬‬
‫‪√𝑥 − 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥−1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1 − 𝑦2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑥→‪𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 =1‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪𝑦2‬‬ ‫‪𝑦2‬‬
‫‪∴ Rf:‬‬ ‫‪y:y> 0‬‬ ‫نأخا القيمة الموجبة فقط ألن الدالة األصلية كي دالة جارية و كسرية‬
‫‪Example 5:‬‬

‫𝟐𝒙‪𝒚 = √𝟏−‬‬
‫‪→ 1 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0‬الشرط‬
‫‪(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) ≥ 0‬‬
‫]𝟏 ‪ ⟶ ∴ Df : −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 [−𝟏,‬من رسم الدالة واختبار الفترات‬
‫)‪To find the range:- Re- write the function as x=f(y‬‬

‫‪𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2 → 𝑦 2 = 1 − 𝑥 2‬‬

‫‪𝑥 2 = 1 − 𝑦 2 → 𝑥 = √1 − 𝑦 2‬‬
‫‪ → 1 − 𝑦 2 ≥ 0‬الشرط‬
‫‪(1 − 𝑦)(1 + 𝑦) ≥ 0‬‬
‫]𝟏 ‪ ⟶ ∴ Rf: 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 [𝟎,‬من رسم الدالة واختبار الفترات‬
‫‪Example 6:‬‬
‫𝟏‬
‫‪𝒚=𝒙+‬‬ ‫𝟎≠‪x‬‬
‫𝒙‬

‫مجال الدالة الذلي كو حاصل تقاطع مجال الدالتين }‪Df: R ∕ {0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 2 +1‬‬
‫‪To find the Range:‬‬ ‫=𝑦→ ‪𝑦=𝑥+‬‬ ‫‪→ 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1‬‬
‫𝑥‬ ‫𝑥‬

‫‪𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 + 1 = 0‬‬ ‫‪ → 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0‬المعادلة العامة‬

‫𝑐𝑎‪−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4‬‬
‫‪𝑎 = 1 & 𝑏 = −𝑦 & 𝑐 = 1‬‬ ‫= 𝑥 قانون الدستور‬
‫𝑎‪2‬‬

‫)‪𝑦±√𝑦 2 −(4∗1∗1‬‬
‫=𝑥‬
‫‪2∗1‬‬

‫‪ → 𝑦 2 − 4 ≥ 0‬الشرط‬

‫‪ APPENDIX Trigonometric Function‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫)‪Mathematic (1‬‬

‫‪(𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 2) ≥ 0‬‬

‫‪ Rf:‬من رسم الدالة‬ ‫)𝟐 ‪𝒚 ≥ 𝟐 ∪ 𝒚 ≤ −𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝑹⁄(−𝟐,‬‬
‫‪Example 7:‬‬

‫𝒙𝟑 ‪𝒚 = √𝒙𝟐 −‬‬

‫‪ → 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 ≥ 0‬الشرط‬ ‫‪+ + + + 0[− − − −]3 + + + +‬‬

‫‪𝑥(𝑥 − 3) ≥ 0‬‬ ‫←‬ ‫→‬

‫)𝟑 ‪ ⟶ Df : 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑 ∪ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑹 ∕ (𝟎,‬من رسم الدالة‬

‫‪To find the Range:‬‬

‫𝑥‪𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 → 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 3‬‬
‫‪𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0‬‬
‫‪𝑎 = 1 & 𝑏 = −3 & 𝑐 = −𝑦 2‬‬ ‫حل المعادلة من الدرجة الثانية بطريقة الدستور‬
‫]) ‪3±√9−[4∗1∗(−𝑦 2‬‬
‫=𝑥‬ ‫⟶‬ ‫‪9 + 3𝑦 2 ≥ 0‬‬
‫‪2∗1‬‬

‫)∞‪Rf: 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 or[0,‬‬ ‫اصل الدالة عي دالة جارية ولاا يتم استثناء القيم السالبة من المجال‬
‫المقابل‬
‫‪Example 8:‬‬
‫𝒙𝟐 ‪Find the domain only for 𝒚 = √𝒙 − 𝟑 + √𝟑 −‬‬

‫‪√𝑥 − 3‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝑥‪√3 − 2‬‬

‫↓‬ ‫↓‬
‫𝟑 ≥ 𝒙 ⟶ 𝟎 ≥ 𝟑 ‪𝐷𝑓1 ⇒ 𝒙 −‬‬
‫‪+++3/2]-------[3+++‬‬
‫𝟑‬
‫𝒙 ≥ ⟶ 𝒙𝟐 ≥ 𝟑 ⇒ 𝟎 ≥ 𝒙𝟐 ‪𝐷𝑓2 ⇒ 𝟑 −‬‬ ‫←‬ ‫→‬
‫𝟐‬
‫∅ = ‪ ∴ Df‬من رسم مجال الدوال واختبار الفترات‬ ‫كمية خالية‬ ‫∅ = )‪(𝐷𝑓1) ∩ (𝐷𝑓2‬‬

‫‪Example 9: Find the domain only for‬‬

‫𝟏 ‪𝒚 = √𝟒 − 𝒙 + √𝒙 −‬‬

‫𝑥 ‪= √4 −‬‬ ‫‪√𝑥 − 1‬‬

‫↓‬ ‫↓‬

‫‪ APPENDIX Trigonometric Function‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

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4−𝑥 ≥0 𝑥−1≥0 Df :- 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒 𝒐𝒓 [1,4]

4≥𝑥 𝑥≥1
‫ ∴ من رسم مجال الدوال واختبار الفترات‬Df :- 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒 𝒐𝒓 [1,4]
Example 10:
Find the domain only for:-
𝒙−𝟏
𝒚=√
𝟒−𝒙

√𝒙−𝟏
𝒚=
√𝟒−𝒙

𝐷𝑓1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝐷𝑓2 ⇒ 4 − 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 4 > 𝑥
∴ Df :- 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 𝟒 𝒐𝒓 [1,4)
Note: the domain and the range of any function could be found also by graphing
the function itself.
The projection of the graph of a function (f) on the x-axis is the domain (Df) and
on the y-axis is the range (Rf).
Example 11:𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟏
Df: R
Rf: R

Example 12:𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
Df: R
Rf: R

Example 13:𝐲 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱

DF: R
RF = [-1,1]

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 8

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Example 14:
𝐲 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱
Df: R
Rf = [-2, 2]

Example 15:
𝐲 = 𝟐 + 𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱
Df: R
Rf = [-1, 5]

Example 16:
𝐲 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
Df: R
Rf = [0,1]

Example 17:
𝐲 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
Df: R
Rf = [0,2]

Example 18:
𝐲 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
Df: R
Rf = [-1,1]

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 9

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1-2-2 Even and odd Functions: ‫الدوال الزوجية و الدوال الفردية‬

A function (f) is called:
 Even if → f(-x) = + f(x)
 Odd if → f(-x) –f(x)
Examples:
1) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 = 𝑥 2 = +𝑓(𝑥) →∴ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2) :𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 = −𝑥 3 = −𝑓(𝑥) → ∴ 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3) 𝒚 = 𝟖
𝑓(−𝑥) = 8 → ∴ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Note (1) : For all x ∈ Df:

 Even if → the function is symmetric about the y-axis.
 Odd if → the function is symmetric about the origin.

Examples:

Note (2) :
 𝑂𝑑𝑑 ± 𝑂𝑑𝑑 = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 & 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 ± 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛
 𝑂𝑑𝑑 ∗ 𝑂𝑑𝑑 = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛&𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∗ 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛
 𝑂𝑑𝑑⁄𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛⁄𝑂𝑑𝑑
 𝑂𝑑𝑑 ∗ 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∗ 𝑂𝑑𝑑

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 10

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Examples
1) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
Odd function (symmetric about the origin)
2) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
Even function (symmetric about the y-axis)
3) 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
sin 𝑥 𝑂𝑑𝑑
𝑦= = = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
cos 𝑥 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛

𝐱 𝟐 +𝐱 𝟒
4) 𝐟(𝐱) =
𝐱+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 + 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛
f(x) = = = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑂𝑑𝑑 + 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑂𝑑𝑑

5) 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐
f(x) = Odd − Even = neither Even nor Odd
𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟓
6) 𝐟(𝐱) =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙+𝟐
𝑂𝑑𝑑 + 𝑂𝑑𝑑
f(x) = = 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑑𝑑
𝑂𝑑𝑑 + 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛
1-2-3 Limits of a function: ‫الغايات‬
Definition
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 Mean that when a value of (x)
𝒙→𝒂

Close to (a) ⇒f(x) approaches the limiting value (L).

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 Mean that (x) approaches (a) from the right.
𝒙→𝒂+

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 Mean that (x) approaches (a) from the left.
𝒙→𝒂−

Note:
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 we say that lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 exist,
𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Otherwise the limit doesn’t exist.

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 11

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Example 1:
2
Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) when 𝒇(𝒙) = [𝑥 + 1 when 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝒙→𝟏 3 when 𝑥 < 1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 + 1) = (1)2 + 1 = 2
𝑥→1− 𝑥→1−

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (3 − 𝑥) = 3 − 1 = 2

𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1+

∵ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 → ∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) Exist

𝑥→1− 𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1

Example 2:
2
Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) where 𝒇(𝒙) = [𝑥 + 1 when 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝒙→𝟎 𝑥 when 𝑥 < 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1
𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0+

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥) = 0

𝑥→0− 𝑥→0−

∵ lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥) → ∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) Doesn’t exist

𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0− 𝑥→0

Properties of Limits: ‫خصائص الغايات‬

Let: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿1
𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿2
𝑥→𝑎

K is a constant, then:
1) lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿1 ± 𝐿2
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

2) lim [𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥)

3) lim [ ] = 𝑥→𝑎 but lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

4) lim 𝐾 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐾 ∗ lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

5) lim 𝐾 = 𝐾
𝑥→𝑎

6) lim 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎
1
7) lim = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim √𝑥 = ∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 12

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‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑥‬

‫‪8) lim‬‬ ‫‪= + ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim‬‬ ‫‪= − ∞ but lim = 0‬‬
‫𝑥 ‪𝑥→0+‬‬ ‫𝑥 ‪𝑥→0−‬‬ ‫‪𝑥→0 1‬‬

‫‪9) lim sin 𝑥 = 0 ; lim cos 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim tan 𝑥 = 0‬‬

‫‪𝑥→0‬‬ ‫‪𝑥→0‬‬ ‫‪𝑥→0‬‬
‫𝑥 ‪sin‬‬ ‫𝑥‬
‫‪10) lim‬‬ ‫‪= 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪𝑥→0‬‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫𝑥 ‪𝑥→0 sin‬‬
‫𝑥 ‪tan‬‬ ‫𝑥‬
‫‪11) lim‬‬ ‫‪= 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪𝑥→0‬‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫𝑥 ‪𝑥→0 tan‬‬
‫𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑐‪1−‬‬
‫‪12) lim‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪𝑥→0‬‬ ‫𝑥‬

‫‪𝑥2‬‬ ‫‪𝑥2‬‬
‫( ‪13) lim sin‬‬ ‫)𝑥‪) = sin (lim 𝜋+‬‬
‫𝑎→𝑥‬ ‫𝑥‪𝜋+‬‬ ‫𝑎→𝑥‬

‫‪Note: sin or cos or any trigonometric function is the same‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑛 ‪1‬‬
‫] ‪14) lim 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√ lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑛 = [lim‬‬
‫𝑎→𝑥‬ ‫𝑎→𝑥‬ ‫𝑥 𝑎→𝑥‬ ‫𝑥 𝑎→𝑥‬

‫‪Note:‬‬
‫‪Undefined expression in limits:‬‬
‫∞ ‪0 ∞ 0‬‬
‫∞ ‪, , , ,0 ∗ ∞ ,∞ ∗ ∞ ,∞ −‬‬
‫‪0 ∞ ∞ 0‬‬

‫∞ = ∞ ‪𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑦 ∞ +‬‬

‫أساليب الحل الممكن اتباعها في حل أسئلة الغايات‪:‬‬

‫‪ )1‬التعويض المباشر اذا كان الناتج معرف‪.‬‬
‫‪ )2‬باستخدام طرق التحليل المختلفة أو الضرب بالمرافق اذا كانت ليست دوال مثلثية‪.‬‬
‫‪ )3‬باستخدام الخصائص من ‪ 9‬الى ‪ 13‬اذا كانت دوال مثليثة‪.‬‬
‫‪ )4‬اذا كانت ∞ → 𝑥 فهنالك ثال ث طرق للحل‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫أوال‪ :‬اذا كانت دوال مثلثية نحول 𝑥 الى متغير اُخر و ليذن مثال و عندما ∞ → 𝑥 فأن‬
‫𝑦‬
‫‪𝑦→0‬‬
‫ثانيا‪ :‬اذا كانت دوال كسرية نقسم على اكبر اس موجود في المقام‪.‬‬
‫ثالثا‪ :‬اذا كانت دوال غير كسرية و ليست مثلثية نحولها الى دوال كسرية بالضرب في‬
‫المرافق ثم نقسم على اكبر اس موجود في المقام‪.‬‬
‫‪ )5‬باستخدام طريقتين أو أكثر‪.‬‬
‫‪Evaluate the following limits:‬‬
‫‪Examples:‬‬
‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 +‬‬ ‫‪1+1‬‬
‫𝐦𝐢𝐥 )‪1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=2‬‬
‫𝟏→𝒙‬ ‫𝒙‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ APPENDIX Trigonometric Function‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬

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𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙+𝟏

(x − 1)(x + 1)
lim = lim(x − 1) = −1 − 1 = −2
x→1 (x + 1) x→1

𝒙𝟑 −𝟏
3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1)
= lim = lim(x 2 + x + 1) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
x→1 (x − 1) x→1

𝒙
4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝟏−√𝟏−𝒙
x 1+√1−x
= lim ∗ ‫الضرب في مرافق المقام‬
x→0 1−√1−x 1+√1−x

x(1+√1−x) x(1+√1−x)
= lim = lim = lim(1 + √1 − x) = 1 + √1 = 2
x→0 1−(1−x) x→0 1−1+x x→0

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
sin 3𝑥 3
= lim ∗ =1∗3=3
𝑥→0 𝑥 3

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟑𝒙
6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝒛
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 3 ∗ 3
= lim ∗ =9∗1∗1=9
𝑥→0 𝑥2 3∗3

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒙
3𝑥
sin 3𝑥 ∗
= lim 3𝑥 = 3
𝑥→1 5𝑥 5
sin 5𝑥 ∗
5𝑥
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
𝟖) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = lim ∗ lim =1∗ =0
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 14

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𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟗) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
1−cos 𝑥 1+cos 𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= lim ∗ = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 1+cos 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥(1+cos 𝑥)

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0

= lim = lim ∗ lim =1∗ =0
𝑥→0 𝑥(1 + cos 𝑥) 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 2
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
10) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝝅 𝒙−𝝅

Assume 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝜋
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 → 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑦 → 0
sin(𝑦 + 𝜋) sin 𝑦 cos 𝜋 + cos 𝑦 sin 𝜋 − sin 𝑦
= lim = lim = lim = −1
𝑦→0 𝑦 𝑦→0 𝑦 𝑦→0 𝑦

𝟐
Example 11: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝒙𝒙→∞
1 1
Assume 𝑥 = →𝑦=
𝑦 𝑥

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 → ∞ ⇒ 𝑦 → 0
1
= lim sin 2𝑦
𝑦→0 𝑦
sin 2𝑦 2
=lim ∗ =2
𝑦→0 𝑦 2

(∞( ‫االقتراب من الـ‬

𝟒𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Example 12: 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→∞ 𝟑𝒙𝟑 −𝟓 ‫ في حال كون الدالة‬:‫مالحظة‬
4𝑥 3 2𝑥 2 1 ، ∞ ‫كسرية واالقتراب من ال‬
𝑥 3 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥3 4 ‫نقسم البسط والمقام على اكبر‬
= lim =
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 3 5 3 ‫اس في المقام‬
3 − 3
𝑥 𝑥
Example 13:𝐥𝐢𝐦 (√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙)
𝒙→∞

√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
= lim (√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥) ∗ = lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 15

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2𝑥
𝑥 2
= lim = =1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2
√ 2 + 2𝑥 𝑥 2
+ 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
Continuity of a function:
Continuity of a moving particle on a single path without unbroken curve, gaps,
jumps, or holes such curve can be said to be as continuous.

A function is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if the following are satisfied:

1) The 𝑓(𝑥) is exist or defined.
2) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exist.
𝑥→𝑎
3) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

Otherwise the function is not continuous.

Example 1: check if the function is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟓, & 𝒙 = 𝟎
where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑥2 − 1 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 5
𝑥 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 5

at 𝒙 = 𝟓
𝑓(5) = (5)2 − 1 = 24
lim 𝑥 2 − 1 → lim 25 − 1 = 24
𝑥→5+ 𝑥→5+

Lim → lim 5 = 5
𝑥→5− 𝑥→5−

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→5+ 𝑥→5−

The limit does not exist, therefore the function not continuous at 𝑥 = 5
At 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑓(0) = does not exist, therefore the function not continuous at 𝑥 = 0

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 16

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Example 2: Find the constant (a) and (b) if the function is:
𝑥2 + 𝑎 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝒇(𝒙) = 3+𝑏 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑥+5 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < −1
And the function is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 = −𝟏
𝑓(0) = (0)2 − 𝑎 = 𝑎
lim 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑥→0+

lim 3 + 𝑏 = 3 + 𝑏
𝑥→0−

lim 𝑥 + 5 = 4
𝑥→1−

The limit must be exist so 4 = 3 + 𝑏 then 𝑏 = 1

Then the function equal the limit value 4 = 3 + 𝑏 then 𝑏 = 1 substitute in
equation (1) then 𝑎 = 3 + 1 = 4
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟏𝟎
Example : For 𝒙 ≠ 𝟐 the function is equal to , find the value of
𝒙−𝟐
𝒇(𝟐) to make the function continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟐 .
The limit to be exist must be equal from the lift to the right so:
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10 (𝑥+5)(𝑥−2)
lim → lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 (𝑥−2)

lim(𝑥 + 5) = 7 To be continuous then: 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 7

𝑥→2 𝑥→2

1-3 Equation of straight lines and circles:

A. Equation of Straight lines:
 The slope (m) of a straight line passing through
points (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) is:
∆𝑦 𝑦2−𝑦2 𝑦1−𝑦2
𝑚= = 𝑜𝑟
∆𝑥 𝑥2−𝑥1 𝑥1−𝑥2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 17

Mathematic (1)

 The equation of a straight line passing through (x1, y1) and has a slop (m) is:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1) ………………. (the point – slop equation of the line)

 The general formula for the equation of a

straight line with a slope (m)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
𝑦 − 𝑏 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 …………….. (the point –
intercept equation of the line)
Note 1: Two lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slopes.
𝐿1 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝐿2 𝑖𝑓 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
Note 2: Two lines are perpendicular if and only if they have the product of their
slopes is (-1).
−1
𝐿1 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐿2 𝑖𝑓 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 → 𝑚1 =
𝑚2

Example 1: Find the equation of the line passing through (-2,-1) & (3,4) ?\
𝑦2−𝑦1 4+1
𝑚= = =1
𝑥2−𝑥1 3+2

Using (−2, −1) we find:

𝑦 = 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
𝑦 + 1 = 1(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 =𝑥+1
Or using (3,4) we find: 𝑦 − 4 = 1(𝑥 − 3) ∴𝑦 =𝑥+1

Example 2: Find the slope and y-intercept for 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎

8𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 20
5𝑦 = −8𝑥 + 20
−8
𝑦= 𝑥+4
5
−8
𝑚= &𝑏 =4
5

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 18

Mathematic (1)

Example 3: Find the equation of the line passing through the origin and the
point of intersection of → 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐 & 𝑳𝟐 → 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = −𝟓 ?
𝑥+𝑦 =2→𝑥 =2−𝑦
2(2 − 𝑦) − 𝑦 = −5
𝑦 = 3 → 𝑥 = −1
The point of intersection (-1,3)
𝑦2−𝑦1 3+0
𝑚= = = −3
𝑥2−𝑥1 −1+0

Using (0,0) or (-1,3) we find:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
𝑦 − 0 = −3(𝑥 − 0) → 𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 0

B. Equation of circle:
The equation of a circle centered at (h, k) and
has a radius (r) is:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

Example 1: Find the radius and coordinate

of center for:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 4 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2) − 4 + (𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 1) = 0
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4
The coordinate of center is (-2, 1) and the radius is (2) unit length Or
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
−(4) −(𝑎)
ℎ= = −2 →ℎ=
2 2
−(−2) −(𝑏)
𝑘= =1 →𝑘=
2 2

𝑟 = √(−2)2 + (1)2 − 1 = 2 → 𝑟 = √ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 19

Mathematic (1)

Example 2: Find the equation of the circle centered at (1, -2) and passing
through the point (7, 4) ?

d = r = √(∆x)2 + (∆y)2
= √(7 − 1)2 + (4 + 2)2
= √72 unit length
The equation is:
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 72
Example 3: For this equation: 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖 find:
 The center and the radius of the circle.
 The equation of the circle.
 The area of the circle.
3𝑦 2 − 12 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 18
[3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 18 = 0] ÷ 3
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0
−(𝑎) −(2) −(𝑏) −(−4)
ℎ= = = −1 & 𝑘 = = =2
2 2 2 2
The point of the circle is:
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 11
The area of circle is: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 ∗ 11 = 34.54 unit area
Ex: Find the slope (m) and y-intercept (b)
1) 8𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 20 2) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4
5𝑦 = −8𝑥 + 20 2𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4
8 20 1 4
𝑦=− 𝑥+ 𝑦= 𝑥−
5 5 2 2
1
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑚=
2
8
∴𝑚=− 4
𝑏 = − = −2
5
2
20
𝑏= =4
5

Ex: Find the equation of the line passing through the origin and the point
of intersection of 𝑳𝟏 : 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐 and 𝑳𝟐 : 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = −𝟓
𝑥+𝑦 =2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5
3𝑥 = −3 → 𝑥 = −1 → 𝑦 = 3 → (−1, 3)
∆𝑦 3−0
𝑚= = = −3
∆𝑥 −1−0

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 20

Mathematic (1)

𝑦 − 𝑦° = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥° ) → 𝑦 − 0 = −3(𝑥 − 0)
Note:
 Two lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope 𝐿1 //𝐿2 if
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
 Two lines are perpendicular (orthogonal, vertical) if and only if the product
of their slopes is (-1)
1
𝐿1 ⟂𝐿2 𝑖𝑓 𝑚1 ∗ 𝑚2 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑚1 = −
𝑚2
A) Circle: the equation of the circle with a center ( h, k) and has a radius (r)
is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(x − 2)2 + (y − k)2 = 9 ‫اوجد المركز و نصف القطر‬
3 = ‫ نق‬, (2, −3) ‫المركز‬
(x + 2)2 + (y + 3)3 = 16 4 = ‫ نق‬, (−2, −3)‫المركز‬
Ex: Find the radius and coordinate of the center
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = −1
1
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 − 1 = −1 x ‫معامل‬ ‫نضيف و نطرح مربع‬
2
(𝑥 + 2)2 − 4 + (𝑦 − 1)2 − 1 = −1 ‫نق المركز‬
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4 → (−2, 1), 2
Ex: For what value of k does the circle (𝒙 − 𝒌)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟐𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 pass
through the point (𝟏, 𝟏)
(1 − 𝑘)2 + (1 − 2𝑘)2 = 10
1 − 2𝑘 + 𝑘 2 + 1 − 4𝑘 + 4𝑘 2 − 10 = 0
5𝑘 2 − 6𝑘 − 8 = 0
4
(5𝑘 + 4)(𝑘 − 2) = 0 either 𝑘 = − or 𝑘 = 2
5
Ex: Find the equation of the circle centered at (1,-2) and passing through (7,4)
r = ‫(√ المسافة بين نقطتين‬7 − 1)2 + (4 − (−2))2 = √72
The equation is (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 72
H.W:
 Find the equation of the circle that passes through the points A(2, 3),
B(-4, 3) and C(3, 2).
 Find the equation of the circle which passes through (10, 2), (9, -3) and
the center of the circle lies on the y-axis?
)o,k( ‫هذا يعني ان احداثيات المركز‬

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 21

Mathematic (1)

(2) Differentiation
𝑑𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
We call that derivate of the function f(x) as 𝑓`(𝑥 ), 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑦`
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 The derivative of a function at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎 is the slope of the
tangent line to the curve.
‫عند نقطة التماس ميل المماس = مشتقة الدالة‬
Ex: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒕 (𝟐, 𝟒)
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑚= = 2 ∗ 2 = 4 𝑎𝑡 (2,4)
𝑑𝑥
(2,4) ‫تحقق معادلة المماس‬
𝑦 − 𝑦° = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥° ) ∴ 𝑦 − 4 = 4(𝑥 − 2) (2,4) ‫معادلة المماس عند‬
2-1 Properties of the derivative
𝑑
1) (𝑐) = 0𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2) [𝑓(𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝑓`(𝑥 ) ± 𝑔`(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3) 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐 𝑓`(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
4) [𝑓(𝑥 ). 𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝑓(𝑥 ). 𝑔`(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 ). 𝑓`(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥).𝑓`(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥).𝑔`(𝑥)
5) = [𝑔(𝑥)]2
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑
6) (𝑥 𝑢 ) = 𝑢𝑥 𝑢−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
7) (sin 𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
8) (cos 𝑥 ) = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
9) (tan 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
10) (cot 𝑥 ) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
11) (sec 𝑥 ) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 22

Mathematic (1)

𝑑
12) (csc 𝑥 ) = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Example: Find for the following
𝑑𝑥
 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2) ⇒ 𝑦` = 𝑥 2 (3𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 3 + 2) ∗ 2𝑥
3

3 𝑥∗0−3∗1 3
𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦` = =−
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
3
OR 𝑦 = 3𝑥 −1 ⇒ 𝑦` = −3𝑥 −2 = −
𝑥2

 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦` = 2 tan 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 3 = (sin 𝑥 3 )2
𝑦` = 2 sin 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 3 ∗ 3𝑥 2
 𝑦 = √sec(3𝑥 3 ) ⇒ 𝑦 = (sec(3𝑥 3 ))1⁄2
1
𝑦` = [sec(3𝑥 3 )]−1⁄2 ∗ sec 3𝑥 3 tan 3𝑥 3 ∗ 9𝑥 2
2

 𝑦 = √sec(𝑥 cos 𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑦 = [sec(𝑥 cos 𝑥 )]1⁄2

1
𝑦` = [sec(𝑥 cos 𝑥 )]−1⁄2 ∗ sec(𝑥 cos 𝑥 ) tan(𝑥 cos 𝑥 ) ∗
2

[𝑥(− sin 𝑥 ) + cos 𝑥 (1)]

1 1 2
 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (cos ) = [tan (cos )]
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1
𝑦` = 2 tan (cos ) . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (cos ) ∗ − sin ∗ −𝑥 −2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

2-2 Higher order derivative

𝑑4 𝑦
Find for 𝑦 = 𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 4 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4

𝑦` = 6𝑥 5 − 12𝑥 3 − sin 𝑥
4 2 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑦`` = 30𝑥 − 36𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 𝑦`` = 𝑦` =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦``` = 120𝑥 3 − 72𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 𝑦``` =
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 23

Mathematic (1)

𝑦```` = 360𝑥 2 − 72 + cos 𝑥

Chain rule:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡) then = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑡 = 𝑔(𝑥) then = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Ex: if 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 , 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 cos 𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥 = = − cot 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
Ex: Find if 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 and 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 3𝑡 2 , = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= . = 3𝑡 2 ∗ 2𝑥 = 3(𝑥 2 + 2)2 ∗ 2𝑥 Or
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 2)3 ‫بالتعويض المباشر‬

𝑑𝑦
= 3(𝑥 2 + 2)2 ∗ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
Ex: Find if 𝑦 = (𝑡 2 + 1)4 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 5
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 4(𝑡 2 + 1)3 ∗ 2𝑡 , = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 4(𝑡 2 +1)3 ∗2𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = = 4(𝑡 2 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑2 𝑦 ( ) 12(𝑡 2 +1) ∗2𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = = 12(𝑡 2 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦`
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦` 𝑑𝑡
= = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 24

Mathematic (1)

2-3 Implicit differentiation ‫االشتقاق الضمني‬

We differentiate both sides with respect to x
𝑑𝑦
Ex: Find if 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦` + 𝑦 ∗ 1 + 𝑦` − 1 = 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = −𝑥𝑦` − 𝑦`
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑦`(−𝑥 − 1)
2𝑥+𝑦−1
𝑦` =
−𝑥−1

Ex: sin 𝑦 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 1

cos 𝑦 ∗ 𝑦` + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑦` cos 𝑦 = −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
−𝑥 cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥
𝑦` =
cos 𝑦

2 2 𝑑2 𝑦 1
Ex: If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 show that =−
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 ∗ = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑥
=− =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑦−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦−𝑥(−𝑦)
=− =−
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑦2

𝑥2 𝑦2 +𝑥2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑦+ 𝑦 𝑦
=− =−
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑦2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑦 2 +𝑥 2 1
=− =−
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦3 𝑦3

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 25

Mathematic (1)

Ex: Find the equation of the tangent to the curve

𝑦 = sin √𝑥 𝑎𝑡 (𝜋 2 , 0)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= cos √𝑥 ∗ = cos 𝜋 ∗ =− 𝑎𝑡 (𝜋 2 , 0)
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑦 − 𝑦° = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥° ) ⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = − (𝑥 − 𝜋 2 )
2𝜋

2-4 Application of Derivatives:-

Increasing function when 𝑓`(𝑥 ) > 0 ‫المشتقة موجبة‬
Decreasing function when 𝑓`(𝑥 ) < 0 ‫المشتقة سالبة‬
Horizontal tangent 𝑓`(𝑥 ) = 0 ‫عندما‬
.‫و كاا يعني ان مماس الدالة افقي و ان الدالة تعتبر من متزايدة الى متناقصة او بالعذس‬
Ex: Graph the function 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4
‫) مجد نقاط التقاطع مع المحور‬1
When 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 4 ⇒ (0,4)
When 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 0 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)2 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 ⇒ (−1,0)
𝑥 = 2 ⇒ (2,0)
‫ صفر‬،‫ سالبة‬،‫) نجد الفترات التي تذون فيها المشتقة االولى موجبة‬2
𝑦` = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) ++ −− ++
0 2

‫) نجد المشتقة الثانية‬3

𝑦`` = 6𝑥 − 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
x y
-1 0
0 4

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 26

Mathematic (1)

1 2
2 0
3 4

Q1: A body moves in a straight line according to the law of motion

𝑠 = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡
Find it’s acceleration at each instant when the velocity is zero.
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
𝑣= = 3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 − 3 , 𝑎 = = 6𝑡 − 8
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

0 = 3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 − 3 ⇒ 0 = (3𝑡 + 1)(𝑡 − 3)
1
∴ 𝑡 = − 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 3
3

∴ 𝑎 = −10 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 10
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
Q2: Find the velocity 𝑣 = and acceleration 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1) 𝑠 = 2𝑡 3 − 5𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 3
2) 𝑠 = 𝑔𝑡 2 ⁄2 + 𝑣° 𝑡 + 𝑠° , (𝑔, 𝑣° , 𝑠° 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)
3) 𝑠 = (2𝑡 + 3)2

Q3: Find 𝑦` 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦``

1) 2𝑦 = 6𝑥 4 − 18𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
2) 𝑦 = − + −𝑥+3
4 3 2

3) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 5)
4) 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥 + 2)2 . √𝑥 − 1
1
5) 𝑦 = where h is constant
sec(𝑥 2 𝑦+ℎ)

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 27

Mathematic (1)

(3) Integration

1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
2) ∫(𝑓(𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
3) ∫ 𝑘. 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 where k is constant
𝑥 𝑛+1
4) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑥
5) ∫ = ln ∣ 𝑥 ∣ + 𝑐
𝑥

Ex: Evaluate the following integrals

𝑥3 𝑥2
1) ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑐
3 2
𝑥2
2) ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 + 𝑐 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2

2 5 (𝑥 2 +1)6
3) ∫(𝑥 + 1) . 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
6

4) ∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥

3
= ∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
3
1 (𝑥 3 +3𝑥+3)2
= +𝑐
3 2
𝑥 2 +𝑥 1 1
5) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
7 7 7
𝑥3 𝑥2
= + +𝑐
21 14
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −4 1
6) ∫ = ∫ 𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 =− +𝑐
𝑥5 −4 4𝑥 4

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 28

Mathematic (1)

3-1 Integration of trigonometric function

𝑑
Since (sin 𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

Similarly for other trigonometric function

1) ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐

2) ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝑐

3) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝑐

4) ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝑐

5) ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝑐

6) ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝑐

sin 𝑢
7) ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ln ∣ cos 𝑥 ∣ +𝑐
cos 𝑢

cos 𝑥
8) ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln ∣ sin 𝑥 ∣ + 𝑐
sin 𝑥

9) ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln ∣ sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ∣ + 𝑐

10) ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln ∣ csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 ∣ + 𝑐

Ex:
1 1
1) ∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 3𝑥 ∗ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 3𝑥 + 𝑐
3 3
1
2) ∫ sin 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 7𝑥 + 𝑐
7

3) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 29

Mathematic (1)

1
4) ∫ cot 2𝑥 . csc 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ − csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 ∗ 2𝑑𝑥
2
1
= − csc 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2
1
5) ∫ 𝑥 sin(2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin(2𝑥 2 ) ∗ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
1
= − cos 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐
4

6) ∫ 2 sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(sin 𝑥 ) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
=2 + 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

Definite integrals:-
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

a is called the lower bound

b is called the cupper bound

properties of definite integrals:-

𝑎
1) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0

3 𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −2
Ex: ∫3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥

𝑏 𝑎
2) ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

3 1
Ex: ∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2 ∫3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
3) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

3 2 3
Ex: ∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 30

Mathematic (1)

𝑏 𝑏
4) ∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
5) ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

6) If (f) is even function then

𝑎 𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

4 4
Ex: ∫−4(𝑥 2 − 5) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 5) 𝑑𝑥

7) If (f) is odd function then

𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0

4
∫−4 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

Find the curve whose slope at the point (x,y) is 3𝑥 2 if it passes

through point (1,-1)
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 𝑐

−1 = 1 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = −2

𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 2

Find the curve whose slope at the point (x,y) is 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 and passes
through point (2,3)
1
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)1⁄2 ∗ 2𝑥
2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 31

Mathematic (1)

1
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)3⁄2 + 𝑐
3

1 1
3 = (4 − 1)3⁄2 + 𝑐 ⇒ 3 = (3)3⁄2 + 𝑐
3 3

𝑐 = 1.268

Find the velocity of acceleration of a particle whose position function

is
1
𝑠(𝑡) = when t=2
𝑡 2 +2𝑡+1

Examples:

1 2𝑥 3 𝑥4 1
1) ∫−1(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − ]
3 4 −1
2 1 −2 1 2 1 2 1 4
=( − )−( − )= − + + =
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3

−1 1 1 1 1 −1
2) ∫−3 𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑥 = [− + ]
𝑥3 𝑥 2𝑥 2 −3

1 1 1 10
(1 + ) − ( + )=
2 3 18 9
4 𝑑𝑥 4 −1
3) ∫1 𝑥 = ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥]14 = 2(√4 − √1) = 2
√
2 2
4) ∫0 (2 − 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 2 8 8
= 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + ∣ = (8 − 8 + ) =
3 0 3 3

Evaluate the following integrals:-

cos 2𝑥 2
1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 2𝑥 ∗ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)−3 𝑑𝑥 ∗
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 2
1 (sin 2𝑥)−2
= +𝑐
2 −2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 32

Mathematic (1)

cos 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 1
Or ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 2𝑥 ∗ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥

1 (cot 2𝑥)2
=− +𝑐
2 2

cos 2𝑥 −2
Or ∫ = ∫ cot 2𝑥 ∗ csc 2𝑥 ∗ csc 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∗
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 −2

1 (csc 2𝑥)2
=− +𝑐 Or ‫طريقة الفرضية‬
2 2

Let 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 ∗ 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= cos 2𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑥
2

cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦⁄2 1 𝑑𝑦 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ 3 = ∫ 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦
𝑦3 2 𝑦 2

1 𝑦 −2 1 (sin 2𝑥)−2
= +𝑐 = +𝑐
2 −2 2 −2

1
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 −
2) ∫ =∫ = ∫(1 − sin 𝑥) 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√1−sin 𝑥 (1−sin 𝑥)1⁄2

(1−sin 𝑥)1⁄2
=− +𝑐
1⁄2

√1+sin 𝑥 √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
3) ∫ √1 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∗ =∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1+sin 𝑥 √1+sin 𝑥

1
−2 (1+sin 𝑥)1⁄2
= ∫(1 + sin 𝑥) ∗ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
1⁄2

4) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥. cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 ) ∗ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 33

Mathematic (1)

1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 3𝑥
= sin 3𝑥 − +𝑐
3 3 3

Evaluate the following integration:

(𝑍+1) 𝑑𝑍 1
1
1) ∫ 3 = ∫ 2(𝑍 + 1)(𝑍 2 + 2𝑍 + 2)−3 𝑑𝑍
√𝑍 2 +2𝑍+2 2

2
1 (𝑍 2 +2𝑍+2)3
= ∗ 2 +𝑐
2
3

𝑑𝜃 𝜃
2) ∫ 𝜃 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 = − cot 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3
3

1 𝜃 𝜃
= −3 ∫ − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑑𝜃 = −3 cot + 𝑐
3 3 3

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
3) ∫ √ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+cos 𝑥 √1+cos 𝑥

1
−2
= − ∫ − sin 𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
(1+cos 𝑥)2
=− 1 +𝑐
2

1
√cot 𝑥
4) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(cot 𝑥 )2 ∗ −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3
(cot 𝑥)2
=− 3 +𝑐
2

5) ∫ sin(tan 𝜃 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1
= − cos(tan 𝜃 ) + 𝑐
2
∫ 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∗ − cos 𝑥 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 34

Mathematic (1)

6) ∫(tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃

= ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 2 tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃

= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃

= tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 + 2𝜃 − cot 𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝑐

= tan 𝜃 − cot 𝜃 + 𝑐

cos 2𝑥 = cos(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

cos 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

1−cos 2𝑥
cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 =
2

sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 𝑥) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

7) ∫ sin 2𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

1
= ∫ sin 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2(sin 2𝑡) cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

1 (sin 2𝑡)2
= +𝑐
2 2

𝜃 1−cos 𝜃
8) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 2

1 1 1
= ∫(1 − cos 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2 2

1 1
= 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 + 𝑐
2 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 35

Mathematic (1)

tan 𝜃
9) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 √1+sec 𝑥

1
−2
∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 (1 + sec 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
(1+sec 𝑥)2
= 1 +𝑐
2

1 1
1
10) ∫ (√𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑
√𝑥

3 1
𝑥2 𝑥2
= 3 + 1 +𝑐
2 2

Q1: Evaluate the following integrals:-

1) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 (2 + sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1+cos 2𝑥
= ∫2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 2𝑥
= 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 − +𝑐
2 6

1
2) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 ∗ sec 2𝑥 ∗ tan 2𝑥 ∗ 2 𝑑𝑥
2

1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 2𝑥
= +𝑐 = +𝑐
2 3 6

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑑𝑥
3 3 3 3 3

𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥⁄3 𝑥 𝑥
= 3 tan + 3 + 𝑐 = 3 tan + 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 + 𝑐
3 3 3 3

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 −4 𝑥 1
4) ∫ 𝑥 4
= ∫ (2 + 3 tan ) ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 ∗ 3 ∗
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2(2+3 tan2 ) 3 2 2 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 36

Mathematic (1)

𝑥 −3
2 (2+3 tan2) 2 𝑥 −3
= ∗ = − (2 + 3 tan ) +𝑐
3 −3 9 2

𝑑𝑦
Q2: Find
𝑑𝑥

1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑦 + tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 ⇒ 2 sin 𝑥𝑦 . cos 𝑥𝑦 . (𝑥𝑦` + 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦. 𝑦` = 2𝑥 − 𝑦`

2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦. cos 𝑥𝑦 .∗ 𝑦` + 2𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦. 𝑦` = 2𝑥 − 𝑦`

𝑦`(2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦

2𝑥−2𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦

𝑦` =
2𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦+𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦+1

2) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑦 + cot(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 2 ⇒ 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦. sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 . 𝑦`

−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑥𝑦)(𝑥𝑦` + 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑦𝑦`

⇒ (3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦. sec 𝑦 . tan 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑦` = 𝑦𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2

𝑦𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑦+3𝑥 2
𝑦` =
3𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑦.tan 𝑦−𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑦+2𝑦

(𝑥 2 +𝑥−6) tan(𝑥−2)
Q3: Calculate lim (𝑥−2)2
𝑥→2

sin(𝑥−2)
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)cos(𝑥−2)
= lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥−2)2

(𝑥+3) sin(𝑥−2) 2+3 5

= lim ⇒1 ∴= = =5
𝑥→2 cos(𝑥−2) 𝑥−2 cos(0) 1

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 37

‫)‪Mathematic (1‬‬

‫‪MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS‬‬

‫المصفوفات و المحددات‬
‫‪1) MATRICES‬‬
‫المصفوفة (‪ )matrix‬كي مجموعة من االعداد الحقيقة أو االعداد المركبة أو العناصر‪،‬‬
‫مرتبة في صفوف (‪ )rows‬واعمدة (‪ )columns‬و بالك تشذل حيز متسطيل مثل‪:‬‬
‫‪5 7 2‬‬
‫[‬ ‫‪] : This is called a 2*3 matrix because it has (2) rows‬‬
‫‪6 3 8‬‬
‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪(3) columns‬‬

‫‪ ‬مرتبة المصفوفة (‪ )order‬يشير الى عدد صفوفها واعمدتها و يرمز له (‪ )m*n‬حيث ان‬
‫(‪ )m‬كي عدد الصفوف و (‪ )n‬عدد االعمدة‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬في المصفوفات يتم حصر االرقام ( أو العناصر) بين اقواس مربعة كبيرة ] [‬
‫‪ ‬المصفوفة كي حيز من االرقام التي قد ال توجد عالقة رياضية بينهم‪ ،‬و بالك فأنه ال يوجد‬
‫ناتج عددي للمصفوفة ( اي ان المصفوفة ال تساوي عدد ما وانما كي فقط ترتيب معين‬
‫من االرقام)‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬الترميز المزدوج ( ‪) Double suffix notation‬‬
‫لذي يتم تمييز موقع عنصر ما في المصفوفة فأنه يتم استخدام الرمز المزدوج مثل (‪ )a23‬حيث ان‬
‫(‪ )a‬كي العنصر (الرقم)‪ .‬والرقم (‪ )2‬يشير الى الصف الثاني و الرقم (‪ )3‬يشير الى العمود الثالث‬
‫و بالك فأن موقع كاا العنصر يذون في الصف الثاني‪ ،‬العمود الثالث من المصفوفة‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪−5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪Ex:[ 2‬‬ ‫‪−4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫)‪3 ] the order is (3 * 4‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬

‫‪𝑎24 = 3 𝑎33 = 7‬‬ ‫‪𝑎22 = −4‬‬

‫𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑛𝑎‬
‫‪𝑎14 = −3 𝑎23 = 8‬‬ ‫‪𝑎11 = 6‬‬

‫‪ ‬يمذن ان نعطي رمز للمصفوفة مثل حرف ‪ A‬أو حرف ‪ B‬أو حرف ‪ ..... C‬الخ لذي يتم‬
‫تمييز مصفوفة عن االخرى مثال ‪-:‬‬
‫‪𝑏11‬‬ ‫‪𝑏12‬‬
‫‪𝑎11‬‬ ‫‪𝑎12‬‬ ‫‪𝑎13‬‬
‫𝑎 [= ]‪[A‬‬ ‫‪𝑎22‬‬ ‫] ‪𝑎23‬‬ ‫‪, [B] = [𝑏21‬‬ ‫] ‪𝑏22‬‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫‪𝑏31‬‬ ‫‪𝑏32‬‬
‫‪∴ [A] is a 2*3 matrix and [B] is a 3*2 matrix‬‬

‫‪ APPENDIX Trigonometric Function‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬

‫)‪Mathematic (1‬‬

‫‪ Equal Matrices:‬‬ ‫المصفوفات المتساوية‬

‫‪Two matrices are said to be equal if corresponding elements‬‬
‫‪throughout are equal. Therefore, the two matrices must be of the same‬‬
‫‪order.‬‬
‫(‪) Addition And Subtraction‬‬ ‫‪ ‬جمع و طرح المصفوفات‬
‫لذي يتم جمع أو طرح مصفوفتين يجب ان تذونا اوال من نفس المرتبة (‪ .)order‬فأذا‬
‫كانتا كالك فأنه يتم جمع أو طرح العناصر المتقابلة (المتناظرة في الموقع) في‬
‫المصفوفتين‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫[ = ‪Ex: If A‬‬ ‫[ = ‪] and B‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪4+1‬‬ ‫‪2+8‬‬ ‫‪3+9‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫[ = ‪∴ A+B‬‬ ‫[ = ]‬ ‫]‬
‫‪5+3‬‬ ‫‪7+5‬‬ ‫‪6+4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1−4‬‬ ‫‪8−2‬‬ ‫‪9−3‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫[ = ‪And B – A‬‬ ‫[ = ]‬ ‫]‬
‫‪3−5‬‬ ‫‪5−7‬‬ ‫‪4−6‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫‪ ‬ضرب المصفوفات (‪-: )Multiplication of Matrices‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬ضرب المصفوفة برقم ثابت ‪ :‬يضرب الرقم في جميع عناصر المصفوفة‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪Ex:‬‬ ‫[∗‪4‬‬ ‫[ = ]‬ ‫]‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫ب‪ .‬ضرب مصفوفة في مصفوفة ‪ :‬يمذن ضرب مصفوفة في اخرى فقط اذا‬
‫توفرالشرط التالي ‪" -:‬عدد اعمدة المصفوفة االولى = عدد صفوف المصفوفة‬
‫الثانية" ‪ .‬و اذا لم يتوفر كاا الشرط فال يمذن ضرب المصفوفتين‪.‬‬
‫‪Ex: [𝐴]3∗2 , [𝐵]2∗4‬‬

‫‪∴ A ∗ B is possible [ since (3*2)*(2*4)] the dimensions of the new‬‬

‫‪matrix will be 3*4‬‬

‫])‪𝐵 ∗ 𝐴 is not possible [since (2*4)*(3*2‬‬

‫ال يتوفر الشرط لالك ال يمذن ضرب المصفوفتين بهاا الترتيب‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬اذا توفر الشرط السابق يمذن ضرب المصفوفتين‪ ،‬و يتم اجراء الضرب كالتالي‪:‬‬

‫‪ APPENDIX Trigonometric Function‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬

‫)‪Mathematic (1‬‬

‫‪ ‬تضرب عناصر الصف االول (من المصفوفة االولى) في عناصر العمود االول (من‬
‫المصفوفة الثانية) ‪ .‬ويتم وضع الناتج في مصفوفة جديدة في الموقع ( ‪( )𝑎11‬حاصل‬
‫جمع الضرب)‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬نضرب عناصر الصف الثاني (من المصفوفة االولى) في عناصر العمود االول (من‬
‫المصفوفة الثانية)‪ .‬ويتم وضع الناتج في المصفوفة الجديدة في الموقع ( ‪)𝑎21‬‬
‫(حاصل جمع الضرب)‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬نستمر بنفس االسلوب الى ان تذتمل جميع عناصر المصفوفة الجديدة‪.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫[ = ‪Ex: A‬‬ ‫]‪] , B = [5‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫بما ان المصفوفة ] ‪ [A‬كي (‪ )2*3‬و المصفوفة ]‪ [B‬كي (‪ ،)3*1‬اذا توفر الشرط‬
‫)‪∴ [A]*[B] = (2*3)*(3*1‬‬
‫الشرط‬

‫المصفوفة الناتجة الجديدة‬

‫حيث تساوي عدد االعمدة في المصفوفة االولى مع عدد الصفوف في المصفوفة الثانية و بالك ستنتج‬
‫مصفوفة جديدة ذات مرتبة (‪.)2*1‬‬
‫)‪(4)(8) + (7)(5) + (6)(9‬‬ ‫‪121‬‬
‫[ = ]‪[A*B‬‬ ‫[ = ]‬ ‫]‬
‫)‪(8)(2) + (3)(5) + (1)(9‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪1 5‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪4 3 1‬‬
‫[ = ]‪Ex: [A] = [2 7] , [B‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5 8 6‬‬
‫‪3 4‬‬
‫]𝐵 ∗ 𝐴[ ∴‬
‫)‪(8)(1) + (5)(2) (4)(1) + (5)(5) (3)(1) + (5)(8) (1)(1) + (5)(6‬‬
‫])‪= [(8)(2) + (7)(2) (4)(2) + (5)(7) (3)(2) + (7)(8) (1)(2) + (7)(6‬‬
‫)‪(8)(3) + (4)(2) (4)(3) + (5)(4) (3)(3) + (4)(8) (1)(3) + (4)(6‬‬
‫‪18 29 43 31‬‬
‫]‪= [30 43 62 44‬‬
‫‪32 32 41 27‬‬

‫(‪)Transpose Matrix‬‬ ‫‪ ‬المصفوفة المحولة‬

‫اذا تم تبديل مواقع االعمدة في مصفوفة ما بمواقع الصفوف لنفس المصفوف اي ان الصف االول‬
‫يصبح العمود االول و الصف الثاني يصبح العمود الثاني و الصف الثالث يصبح العمود الثالث و‬

‫‪ APPENDIX Trigonometric Function‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

Mathematic (1)

‫) و يرمز لها‬Transpose matrix( ‫فأن المصفوفة الجديدة المتشذلة من كاا التحويل تدعى‬..... ‫كذاا‬
.)A( ‫بالرمز ( 𝑇𝐴) اذا كانت المصفوفة االولية كي‬
4 6
4 7 2
Ex: If A = [7 9] then 𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
6 9 5
2 5
4 0
2 7 6
Ex: (H.W) if 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [3 7] then find: (𝐴 ∗ 𝐵)𝑇
3 1 5
1 5
35 20
(𝑎𝑛𝑠. [ ])
79 32
 Special matrices:
a) Square matrix: is a matrix of order m*m
.‫ كي المصفوفة التي يتساوي فيها عدد االعمدة مع عدد الصفوف‬:‫المصفوفة المربعة‬
b) Diagonal matrix: is a square matrix with all elements zero except these
on the leading diagonal.
5 0 0
[0 2 0] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
0 0 7
c) Unit matrix: is a diagonal matrix in which the elements on the leading
diagonal are all unity i.e. :
1 0 0
[0 1 0] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐼
0 0 1
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∶ 𝐴. 𝐼 = 𝐼. 𝐴 = 𝐴
d) Null matrix: a null matrix is a matrix whose elements are all zero
0 0 0
[0 0 0]
0 0 0

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 41

Mathematic (1)

2) DETERMINANTS ‫المحددات‬

With each square matrix A we associate a number called the determinant of [A]
(denoted by det. A or ∣aij∣). The determinant of matrix is calculated from the
entries

(a11, a12, a13,…..) of A.

‫) يمذن ان نستخرج رقم يدعى (محددة المصفوفة) و ذلك‬A ‫ من كل مصفوفة مربعة (مثل المصفوفة‬
‫ وبصورة عامة‬.‫) بطريقة معينة الستخراج كاا المحدد‬a11 , a12 , a13( ‫بأن نعامل عناصر المصفوفة‬
.Minors and cofactors ‫يمذن ايجاد المحدد بطريقة‬
 Minors and cofactors:
a) Minors: the minor of the element aij [where (i) is the number of row, and
(j) is the number of column] is a matrix [A] in the determinant of the
matrix which remains after the row and the column containing the
element aij are deleted.
‫) لعنصر‬minor( ‫) كنالك محدد تدعى‬A ‫ لذل عنصر من عناصر مصفوفة ما (مثل المصفوفة‬
‫) يمذن ايجاده من خالل حاف الصف و العمود الاين يحنويان العنصر‬minor( ‫ كاا ال‬.‫المعين‬
.‫) العنصر‬minor( ‫ المحدد المتبقة بعد الحاف تدعى‬. ‫المعين‬
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Ex: If [𝐴] = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] then det 𝐴 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

‫ فالمصفوفة اقواسها مربعة‬.‫ يتم تمييز المصفوفة عن المحددة باالقواس التي تحيط بالعناصر‬:‫مالحظة‬
. ∣ ∣ ‫ و المححدة اقواسها خطوط مستقيمة‬، [ ] ‫كبيرة‬

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎22 𝑎23

The minor of a23 is :|𝑎
31 𝑎32 | The minor of a11 is :|𝑎
32 𝑎33 |
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎23
The minor of a33 is :|𝑎 𝑎22 | The minor of a12 is :|𝑎 𝑎33 |
21 31

and so on.

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 42

Mathematic (1)

b) Cofactors: the cofactor of aij, is the determinant (Aij) that is (−1)𝑖+𝑗 times
the minor of aij :-
𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 ∗ 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑗

)cofactor( ‫) عنصر معين يؤدي الى حصولنا على‬minor( ‫ اعطاء اشارة (سالبة او موجبة) الى‬
‫ االشارة تعتمد على موقع العنصر في المصفوفة و تتبع القاعدة اعاله أو‬. )aij ‫ذلك العنصر (يرمز له‬
:‫الجدول ادناه‬
+ − + . .
− + − . .
|+ − + . .|
. . . .
. . .
. . .
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Ex: if [𝐴] = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] , then det 𝐴 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎12 𝑎13
 The minor of a31 = |𝑎 𝑎23 |
22
𝑎12 𝑎13
The cofactor of a31 , A31= (−1)3+1 ∗ |𝑎 𝑎23 |
22
𝑎11 𝑎12
 The minor of a23 = |𝑎 𝑎32 |
31
𝑎11 𝑎12
The cofactor of a23 , 𝐴23 = (−1)2+3 ∗ |𝑎 𝑎32 | ……. And so on.
31

 We can find the value of the determinant by summing the (cofactors*entry)

of the entries of any one row or any one column, thus:-
‫يمذن ايجاد قيمة المحدد الي مصفوفة مربعة باستخدام اي صف او اي عمود (ويفضل استخدام‬
)‫الصف او العمود الاي يحتوي اكبر قدر ممذن من االصفار لتسهيل العمليات الحسابية‬
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Ex: det 𝐴 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | :‫ نأخا الصف االول مثال‬
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
= 𝑎11 . 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 . 𝐴12 + 𝑎13 . 𝐴13
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23
= 𝑎11 . (−1)1+1 |𝑎 | + 𝑎 . (−1) 1+2
. | 𝑎33 |
32 𝑎33 𝑎31
12
𝑎21 𝑎22
+ 𝑎13 . (−1)1+3 . |𝑎 𝑎 |
31 32

-:‫ و اذا تم اختيار العمود الثالث مثال‬

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 43

‫)‪Mathematic (1‬‬

‫‪𝑎11‬‬ ‫‪𝑎12‬‬ ‫‪𝑎13‬‬

‫‪det 𝐴 = |𝑎21‬‬ ‫‪𝑎22‬‬ ‫| ‪𝑎23‬‬
‫‪𝑎31‬‬ ‫‪𝑎32‬‬ ‫‪𝑎33‬‬
‫‪𝑎21‬‬ ‫‪𝑎22‬‬ ‫‪𝑎11‬‬ ‫‪𝑎12‬‬
‫𝑎| ‪= 𝑎13 . (−1)1+3 .‬‬ ‫‪𝑎32‬‬ ‫|‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝑎‬‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(−1‬‬ ‫‪2+3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫|‬‫‪𝑎31‬‬ ‫| ‪𝑎32‬‬
‫‪31‬‬
‫‪𝑎11‬‬ ‫‪𝑎12‬‬
‫𝑎| ‪+ 𝑎33 . (−1)3+3 .‬‬ ‫| ‪𝑎22‬‬
‫‪21‬‬

‫و كذاا الحال اذا تم اختيار اي عمود أو أي صف‪.‬‬

‫‪ EXPANDING AND EVALUATING A DETERMINANT:‬‬

‫‪ For a matrix with only one element, det [a] = a‬‬
‫‪𝑎11 𝑎12‬‬
‫𝑎| ‪ For a matrix with 2*2 , det‬‬ ‫‪| = 𝑎11 . 𝑎22 − 𝑎21 . 𝑎12‬‬
‫‪21 𝑎22‬‬

‫‪ For a matrix with 3*3‬‬

‫‪𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11‬‬ ‫‪𝑎12‬‬
‫‪|𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | 𝑎21‬‬ ‫‪𝑎22‬‬
‫‪𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31‬‬ ‫‪𝑎32‬‬

‫) ‪= (𝑎11 . 𝑎22 . 𝑎33 ) + (𝑎12 . 𝑎23 . 𝑎31 ) + (𝑎13 . 𝑎21 . 𝑎32 ) − (𝑎31 . 𝑎22 . 𝑎13‬‬
‫) ‪− (𝑎32 . 𝑎23 . 𝑎11 ) − (𝑎33 . 𝑎21 . 𝑎12‬‬

‫مالحظة مهمة ‪ :‬كاه الطريقة في فتح المحدد خاصة بمحددة ‪ 3*3‬و ال يجوز استخدامها مطلقا اذا كانت‬

‫المحددة اكبر من ‪. 3*3‬‬

‫‪ For a matrix more than 3*3 we use the definition of (minor) and (cofactors).‬‬

‫اذا كانت المصفوفة المربعة اكبر من ‪ 3*3‬فيجب ان نستخدم نعاريف (‪ )minor‬و (‪ )cofactor‬لذي يتم‬

‫ايجاد المحددة‪ ،‬الن استخدام ال(‪ )cofactor‬يقلل درجة (مرتبة) المحددة‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1 3‬‬

‫‪Ex: Evaluate 𝐴 = |3‬‬ ‫|‪−1 −2‬‬ ‫حل السؤال سيتم باكثر من طريقة‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3 1‬‬
‫أ) االسلوب االول ‪ :‬بأستخدام (‪ )minor‬و (‪ )cofactor‬و اختيار الصف االول‪:‬‬
‫‪det 𝐴 = 𝑎11 . 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 . 𝐴12 + 𝑎13 . 𝐴13‬‬

‫‪ APPENDIX Trigonometric Function‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬

Mathematic (1)

−1 −2 3 −2 3 −1
= 2 ∗ (−1)2 ∗ | | + (1) ∗ (−1)3 ∗ | | + (3)(−1)4 ∗ | |
3 1 2 1 2 3

= 2(−1 + 6) − 1 ∗ (3 + 4) + 3(9 + 2) = 36

:‫( و اختيار العمود الثالث‬cofactor) ‫) و‬minor( ‫ بأستخدام‬: ‫ب) االسلوب الثاني‬

det 𝐴 = 𝑎13 . 𝐴13 + 𝑎23 . 𝐴23 + 𝑎33 . 𝐴33

3 −1 2 1 2 1
= 3 (−1)4 | | + (−2)(−1)5 | | + (1)(−1)6 | | = 36
2 3 2 3 3 −1

3 *3 ‫ بأٍتخدام الطريقة الخاصة للمحدد‬: ‫ت) االسلوب الثالث‬

2 1 3 2 1
|3 −1 −2 3 −1 | =
2 3 1 2 3

= (2)(−1)(1) + (1)(−2)(2) + (3)(3)(3) − (2)(−1)(3) − (3)(−2)(2)

− (1)(3)(1)
= −2 − 4 + 27 + 6 + 12 − 3 = 36

1 1 −1
Ex: Find the value of (x) if : |𝑥 1 2|=0
1 2 −1
 Expanding first row:
1 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 1
1. (−1)2 . | | + (1)(−1)3 . | | + (−1)(−1)4 . | |=0
2 −1 1 −1 1 2

= (−1 − 4) − (−𝑥 − 2) − (2𝑥 − 1) = 0

−5 + 𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⟶ 𝑥 = −2
Or :
1 1 −1 1 1
|𝑥 1 2|𝑥 1 =0
1 2 −1 1 2

=(1*1*-1 + 1*2*1 + -1*x*2) – ( -1*1*1+1*2*2 +1*x*-1) =0

-1+2 -2x +1- 4+ x = 0 ⟶ x = -2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 45

Mathematic (1)

 CRAMER’S RULE
Is a rule for solving a system of linear equations, like three equations with
three unknowns
If 𝑎11 . 𝑥 + 𝑎12 . 𝑦 + 𝑎13 . 𝑍 = 𝑏1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
𝑎21 . 𝑥 + 𝑎22 . 𝑦 + 𝑎23 . 𝑍 = 𝑏2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
𝑎31 . 𝑥 + 𝑎32 . 𝑦 + 𝑎33 . 𝑍 = 𝑏3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)

Then cramer’s rule gives:-

𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦 𝐷𝑍
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑍=
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏1 𝑎12 𝑎13
Where ; 𝐷 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | , 𝐷𝑥 = |𝑏2 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑏3 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑏1 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑏1
𝐷𝑦 = |𝑎21 𝑏2 𝑎23 | , 𝐷𝑍 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑏2 |
𝑎31 𝑏3 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑏3
Ex: Find the values of x , y and Z by cramer’s rule for:
𝑦−𝑍 =3
2𝑥 − 2𝑍 = 2
2𝑦 + 𝑍 = 3
Sol: Re- arranged the equation as
0. 𝑥 + 1. 𝑦 − 1. 𝑍 = 3
2. 𝑥 + 0. 𝑦 − 2. 𝑍 = 2
0. 𝑥 + 2. 𝑦 + 1. 𝑍 = 3
0 1 −1 3 1 −1
∴ 𝐷 = |2 0 −2| = −6 , 𝐷𝑥 = |2 0 −2| = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
0 2 1 3 2 1
0 3 −1 0 1 3
𝐷𝑦 = |2 2 −2| = −12 , 𝐷𝑍 = |2 0 2| = 6
0 3 1 0 2 3

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 46

Mathematic (1)

𝐷𝑥 0 𝐷𝑦 −12 𝐷𝑧 6
∴x= = =0 , 𝑦= = =2 , 𝑍= = −1
𝐷 −6 𝐷 −6 −6 −6

EX: solve the following system of equation by cramer’s rule;

(𝑡 − 1). 𝑥 + 𝑡. 𝑦 = 1

𝑡. 𝑥 + (𝑡 − 1). 𝑦 = −1

𝑡−1 𝑡
𝐷=| | = (𝑡 − 1)2 − 𝑡 2 = 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 1 − 𝑡 2 = −2𝑡 + 1
𝑡 𝑡−1

1 𝑡 𝐷𝑥 2𝑡 − 1
𝐷𝑥 = | | = 𝑡 − 1 + 𝑡 = 2𝑡 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = =
−1 𝑡−1 𝐷 −2𝑡 + 1

= −1

𝑡−1 1 𝐷𝑦
𝐷𝑦 = | | = −𝑡 + 1 − 𝑡 = −2𝑡 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = ⇒
𝑡 −1 𝐷

−2𝑡 + 1
𝑦= =1
−2𝑡 + 1

𝑥 2 3
(H.W) Find the values of (x) if : |2 𝑥+3 6 |=0
3 4 𝑥+6

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 47

Mathematic (1)

Transcendental functions

1) Logarithmic functions
a) Natural logarithmic functions:-
log 𝑒 𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑥
where e is a real number (𝑒 = 2.718)
log 𝑒 𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 ln 𝑚 = 𝑥
b) Common logarithmic functions:-
log10 𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 = 10𝑥
log10 𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑚 = 𝑥
∴ log10 𝑚 = log 𝑚 = 𝑥
c) General logarithmic functions:-
log 𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑥
Properties of logarithmic functions:-

1. log(𝑥. 𝑦) = log 𝑥 + log 𝑦

2. ln(𝑥. 𝑦) = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑦
𝑥
3. log = log 𝑥 − log 𝑦
𝑦
1
4. log ( ) = − log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 −1
𝑥

log 32 = 2 log 3
5. log 𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑏 log 𝑥
log 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 2 log sin 𝑥
log sin 𝑥 2 ≠ 2 log sin 𝑥
ln 𝑥
6. log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 1
ln 𝑎
ln 𝑥
7. log10 𝑥 =
ln 10

8. log 1 = 0
9. log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1

Graph of logarithmic function

ln
 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 48
Mathematic (1)

1) ‫مقدار سالب فالنتيجة غير معرفة‬ ‫اذا كان الــ‬

2) ‫ فالناتج يذون سالب‬1 ‫اقل من‬ x ‫اذا كان الــ‬
‫ فالناتج يذون موجب‬1 ‫اكبر من‬ x ‫و اذا كان الــ‬

Differentiations of logarithmic functions

𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑(𝑢(𝑥))
If 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = ∗ ∗
𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Integration of logarithmic functions:-

u`(x)
∫ = ln|𝑢(𝑥)| + 𝑐
u(x)

𝑦`
∫ = ln|𝑦| + 𝑐
𝑦

𝑑𝑥
∫ = ln|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 2
= ∫ 2 = ln|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝑐
𝑥 +1 2 𝑥 +1 2

1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫ 𝑥 = ln|ln 𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥 ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Find :-
𝑑𝑥

1 3
1) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 3  𝑦` = 𝑥 3 ∗ 3𝑥 2 = 𝑥

1
Or 𝑦 = 3 ln 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦` = 3 ∗
𝑥

1 1
2) 𝑦 = log 5 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦` = ∗ ∗ (3𝑥 2 − 1)
ln 5 𝑥 3 −𝑥

1 1
3) 𝑦 = ln(ln sin 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦` = ∗ ∗ cos 𝑥
ln(sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥

4) 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 )‫ للطرفين‬ln ‫(عندما االس متغير نأخا‬

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 49

Mathematic (1)

ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ⇒ ln 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 . ln 𝑥

1 1
∗ 𝑦` = cos 𝑥 ∗ + ln 𝑥 ∗ − sin 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑦` = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 [ − sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥]
𝑥
1
3 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−3)5 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−3)5 3
5) 𝑦 = √ (𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = [ (𝑥 3 ]
+1) cos 𝑥 +1) cos 𝑥

1
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 3)5 3
ln 𝑦 = ln [ ]
(𝑥 3 + 1) cos 𝑥

1
ln 𝑦 = [ln(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 3)5 − ln(𝑥 3 + 1) cos 𝑥 ]
3

1 1 1 1
ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 1)2 + ln(𝑥 − 3)5 − ln(𝑥 3 + 1) − ln cos 𝑥
3 3 3 3

2 5 1 1
ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 1) + . ln(𝑥 − 3) − ln(𝑥 3 + 1) − ln cos 𝑥
3 3 3 3

𝑦` 2 1 5 1 1 3𝑥 2 1 1
= + − − ∗ − sin 𝑥
𝑦 3 𝑥 + 1 3 𝑥 − 3 3 𝑥 3 + 1 3 cos 𝑥

𝑦` = . . . . . . . . ..
1 1
𝑥
6) 𝑦 = √cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = (cos 𝑥)𝑥 ⇒ ln 𝑦 = ln(cos 𝑥)𝑥
1
ln 𝑦 = ln cos 𝑥
𝑥
𝑦` 1 1 1
=[ ∗ ∗ − sin 𝑥 + ln cos 𝑥 ∗ − 2 ]
𝑦 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑥

𝑥 1 1 1
𝑦` = √cos 𝑥 [ ∗ ∗ − sin 𝑥 + ln cos 𝑥 ∗ − 2 ]
𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑥

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 50

Mathematic (1)

Evaluate the following integrals:

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 −3 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
1) ∫ =− ∫ = − ln|3 cos 𝑥 + 5| + 𝑐
3 cos 𝑥+5 3 3 cos 𝑥+5 3

1
1
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (sin 𝑥)2
2) ∫ = ∫(sin 𝑥) 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 +𝑐
√sin 𝑥
2

cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3) ∫ =∫ ln sin 𝑥 = ln 5 ∫ = ln 5 ln|ln sin 𝑥| + 𝑐
log 5 sin 𝑥 ln sin 𝑥
ln 5

2𝑥−5 2𝑥 5
4) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5 ln|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 (ln 𝑥)−2
5) ∫ = ∫(ln 𝑥)−3 . 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑥(ln 𝑥)3 𝑥 −2

1
1 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
6) ∫ = 2∫ 2
= 2 ln|1 + √𝑥| + 𝑐
√𝑥(1+√𝑥) 1+√𝑥

1
𝑑𝑥 ∗𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7) ∫ =∫ tan 𝑥
= ln|ln tan 𝑥| + 𝑐
tan 𝑥(ln tan 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ln(tan 𝑥)

Ex: Find the values of (x) if

2 ln √𝑥 − 1 + ln(𝑥 + 3) = ln 5
2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: ln(√𝑥 − 1) + ln(𝑥 + 3) = ln 5

ln(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = ln 5

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 5

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −4

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 51

Mathematic (1)

Exponential function:
A) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is called the exponential function, where (e) is the exponential
number (e = 2.718)
Notice that if 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 then ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑒 = 𝑥

ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥
Properties of ( 𝑒 𝑥 )
1) 𝑒 𝑥1+𝑥2 = 𝑒 𝑥1 . 𝑒 𝑥2
2) 𝑒 0 = 1
1
3) 𝑒 −𝑥 =
𝑒𝑥
4) ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥
5) 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥
Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
Diff of exp. Function
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓`(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

‫ * الدالة االسية * المشتقة لالس‬ln ‫المشتقة = االساس‬

Integration of Exp. function
Since 𝑑(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥

∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

Or in general
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒𝑢 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
‫اذا توفرت المشتقة لالس في التذامل فالناتج كو الدالة االصلية‬
Ex:∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
B) 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 is called the exponential function to base (a) where a > 0, a≠ 1
Notice that if 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑎
Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 52

Mathematic (1)

Differentiation of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
If 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 where a > 0 a≠ 1
𝑑𝑦
Then
𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ) = ln 𝑎 ∗ 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑓`(𝑥)

Integration of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
1
∫ 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓`(𝑥) = ∗ 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
ln 𝑎
Ex: Simplify the following:-
2 −1)
1) 𝑒 ln(𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
2 2
2) 𝑒 ln 3+2 ln 4 = 𝑒 ln 3+ln 4 = 𝑒 ln 3 ∗ 𝑒 ln 4 = 3 ∗ 42 = 48

𝑒 3𝑥
3) ln = ln 𝑒 3𝑥 − ln 5 = 3𝑥 ln 𝑒 − ln 5 = 3𝑥 − ln 5
5

4) ln(𝑥 2 ∗ 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = ln 𝑥 2 + ln 𝑒 −2𝑥 = ln 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 2 ln 𝑥 − 2𝑥

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
5) 𝑒 2𝑥−ln 𝑥 = =
𝑒 ln 𝑥 𝑥

Ex: Solve the following (find x):

1) 3𝑥 = 2𝑥+1 ⇒ ln 3𝑥 = ln 2𝑥+1 ⇒ 𝑥 ln 3 = (𝑥 + 1) ln 2

𝑥 ln 3 = 𝑥 ln 2 + ln 2

𝑥 ln 3 − 𝑥 ln 2 = ln 2 ⇒ 𝑥(ln 3 − ln 2) = ln 2

3 ln 2
𝑥 ln = ln 2 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2 3
ln
2
2) 𝑥 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0

𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 2 ⇒ 𝑥(ln 𝑥 − ln 2) = 0

∴ ln 𝑥 − ln 2 = 0 ⇒ ln 𝑥 = ln 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2

3) 4−𝑥 = 3𝑥+2 ⇒ ln 4−𝑥 = ln3𝑥+2 ⇒ −𝑥 ln 4 = (𝑥 + 2) ln 3

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 53

Mathematic (1)

−𝑥 ln 4 = 𝑥 ln 3 + 2 ln 3

ln 9
−𝑥(ln 4 + ln 3) = 2 ln 3 ⇒ 𝑥=−
ln 12

4) ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) = 1

𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑒 1 ‫ للطرفين‬e ‫نأخا‬

√𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑒 − 𝑥 ‫نربع للطرفين‬

𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑒 2 − 2𝑒𝑥 + 𝑥 2

2
𝑒2 + 1
2𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2𝑒

5) 3𝑥 + 3−𝑥 = 4 3𝑥 ‫نضرب طرفي المعادلة‬

32𝑥 + 1 = 4 ∗ 3𝑥

32𝑥 − 4 ∗ 3𝑥 + 1 = 0

4 ± √16 − 4
3𝑥 = ⇒ 3𝑥 = 2 ± √3
2

𝑥 ln 3 = ln(2 ± √3)

ln(2 ± √3)
𝑥=
ln 3

6) log 5 (𝑥 + 2) + log 5 (𝑥 − 2) = 1

log 5 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 1

51 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥 2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±3

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 54

Mathematic (1)

𝑑𝑦
Find
𝑑𝑥

1) 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦` = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥

2) 𝑦 = 2csc 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦` = 2csc 𝑥 ∗ ln 2 ∗ − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

3) tan 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + ln 𝑥

1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 ∗ 𝑦` = 𝑒 𝑥 + ⇒ 𝑦` = . . . . . ..
𝑥

4) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 . 3𝑥 ⇒ ln 𝑦 = ln(2𝑥 . 3𝑥 )

ln 𝑦 = ln 2𝑥 + ln 3𝑥

ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 2 + 𝑥 ln 3 = 𝑥(ln 2 + ln 3) = 𝑥 ln 6

𝑦`
= ln 6 ⇒ 𝑦` = 2𝑥 . 3𝑥 . ln 6
𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
5) 31+𝑒 = 23+4

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
31+𝑒 ∗ ln 3 ∗ 𝑒 𝑦 ∗ = 23+4 ∗ ln 2 ∗ 4𝑥 ∗ ln 4
𝑑𝑥
3 𝑒 𝑥2 3 𝑒 𝑥2 2 2 2
6) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⇒ 𝑦` = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∗ 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑒 𝑥 ∗ cos 𝑒 𝑥 ∗ 𝑒 𝑥 ∗ 2𝑥
2 sin 𝑥
7) ln 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦 ⇒ ln(ln 𝑦𝑥) = 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥

1 1 1
∗ ∗ (𝑥. 𝑦` + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 . + ln 𝑥 (2𝑦𝑦` sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥)
ln 𝑦𝑥 𝑦𝑥 𝑥

8) 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ‫ الطرفين مباشرة وذلك لذون الطرف االيمن ليس دالة منفصلة‬ln ‫ال يمذن اخا‬

sin 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥2

𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2

1
𝑦` = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 2𝑥
𝑥

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 55

Mathematic (1)

1
 𝑦` = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 2𝑥
𝑥
3
9) 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑥 + sin(𝑥 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 4

2 +1)𝑥3 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 ln(𝑥 + sin(𝑒 ln 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 4
3 ln(𝑥 2 +1)
= 𝑒𝑥 + sin(𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 4

3 ln(𝑥 2 +1) 2𝑥
𝑦` = 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥 3 ∗ + ln(𝑥 2 + 1) ∗ 3𝑥 2 ]
𝑥2 + 1

1
+ cos(𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) [𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 (𝑥. + ln 𝑥)] + 4𝑥 3
𝑥
𝑥
10) 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = tan 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = tan 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥

1
𝑦` = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) ∗ 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ∗ (𝑥. + ln 𝑥)
𝑥
Ex: Evaluate the following integrals:-
1) ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 6𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
2) ∫ 2𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 = ln|3𝑒 2𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
3𝑒 +1 6 3𝑒 +1 6

3
ln √𝑥+1 (𝑥+1) ⁄2
3) ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 3⁄ +𝑐
2

1
4) ∫ 3tan 7𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3tan 7𝑥 + 𝑐
7 ln 3

1 1
5) ∫ 2𝑥 . cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 ∗ ln 2 ∗ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 2 ∗ sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
ln 2

cos(2+𝑥 3 ) 1
6) ∫ 𝑥 2 cot(2 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sin(2 + 𝑥 3 )| + 𝑐
sin(2+𝑥 3 ) 3

1
7) ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑒 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐
2

ln 𝑥 (ln|𝑥|)2
8) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑥 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 56

Mathematic (1)

ln(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 1
9) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(ln sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (ln (sin 𝑥))2 + 𝑐
tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2

(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 1
10) ∫ 3𝑥 2−6𝑥+5 = 6 ln|3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5| + 𝑐

𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥+𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥

11) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ∗ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑒 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑒2
𝑒 2 2 ln 𝑥 2(ln 𝑥)2
12) ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = | = (ln 𝑒 2 )2 − (ln 1)2 = (2 ln 𝑒)2 = 4 − 0 = 4
2 1

2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥
13) ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∗ 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑐

𝑒 √𝑥
14) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 √𝑥 + 𝑐
√𝑥

6 Inverse trigonometric functions

The inverse trigonometric functions are defined as follows
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = sin 𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = cos 𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = tan 𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = sec 𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = cot 𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = csc 𝑦

1 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
Ex: If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 𝑥 ∴ sin 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑢𝑡 sin = ⇒ 𝑥=
2 2 6 2 6

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 57

Mathematic (1)

Inverse trigonometric identities:-

𝜋
1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 =
2

2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 𝜃) = 𝜃
3) sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝜃) = 𝜃
4) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥)
1
5) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
𝑥
1
6) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥

7) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥)

Derivative inverse trigonometric function:-

𝑑𝑢
1) 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢) =
√1−𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
2) 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢) = −
√1−𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
3) 𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢) =
1+𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
4) 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑢) = −
1+𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
5) 𝑑(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑢) =
|𝑢|√𝑢2 −1
𝑑𝑢
6) 𝑑(𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑢) = −
|𝑢|√𝑢2 −1

Integration leading to inverse trigonometric functions

𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
√1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
1+𝑥

𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 58

Mathematic (1)

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 1 −1
𝑥
∫ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )+𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎

Examples
A) Show that
1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) is an odd function
Let 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑥) ⇒ −𝑥 = sin 𝑦
−𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) odd function
B) Evaluate cos(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0.8)

cos 𝐴 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
cos(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0.8) = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0.8)

= √1 − sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0.8). sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0.8)

= √1 − (0.8)(0.8) = √1 − 0.64 = 0.6

𝑑𝑦
C) Find
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
1) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 2 ) ⇒ 𝑦` =
√1−𝑥 4
−(𝑥 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥)
2) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑥 sin 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦` =
1+(𝑥 sin 𝑥)2
3
3) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥√𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
ln 𝑥

1
𝑦` −3 ∗
𝑥. + √𝑦 𝑥
2 √𝑦 (ln 𝑥)2
=
|𝑥 √ 𝑦|√𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 2
√1 − ( 3 )
ln 𝑥

−1 𝑥
4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 𝑦 ) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦)𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥2
𝑦 −1 𝑦)𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑒 ln 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑥2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 59

Mathematic (1)

−1 𝑥 ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦)
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑦 ln 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥2
𝑦
𝑒 𝑦 ln 𝑥 ( + ln 𝑥𝑦`)
⇒ 𝑥
√1 − (𝑒 𝑦 ln 𝑥 )2
−1 𝑥 ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦) 1 −𝑦`
+ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ∗
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 √1 − 𝑦 2

1
+ ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦) ] = 2𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
D) Evaluate the following integrals:-
𝑓=𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1) ∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +𝑐 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: [𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥
√4−𝑥 2 2
𝑎=2

𝑓 = ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2) ∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (ln 𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: [𝑑𝑓 = 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√1−𝑙𝑛2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑎=1
1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 1 √1−𝑥2
3) ∫ = − ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 ∗ −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − = −√1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑐
√1−𝑥 2 2 2 1⁄2

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 )2
4) ∫ = +𝑐
√1−𝑥 2 2

𝑓 = 2𝑥
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
5) ∫ =∫ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: [𝑑𝑓 = 2𝑥 ln 2 𝑑𝑥
1+4 𝑥 1+(2𝑥 )2 ln 2
𝑎=1

𝑓 = 𝑥3
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1
6) ∫ = ∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝑐 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: [𝑑𝑓 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 6 3 √1−(𝑥 3 )2 3
𝑎=1

𝑓=𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥
7) ∫ = ∫3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 3) + 𝑐 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒:
3+2𝑥 2 2 +𝑥 2 2 3 3
√ √
2
2 2 𝑎=√
[ 2

(1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8) ∫ =∫ + ∫
4+𝑥 2 4+𝑥 2 2 4+𝑥 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 60

‫)‪Mathematic (1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 1‬‬

‫𝐶 ‪= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + ln|4 + 𝑥 2 | +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬

‫‪𝑓 =𝑥+2‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪9) ∫ 2‬‬ ‫‪=∫ 2‬‬ ‫∫=‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 = 𝑓𝑑 [ ‪𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒:‬‬
‫‪𝑥 +4𝑥+8‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 +4𝑥+4−4+8‬‬ ‫‪(𝑥+2)2 +4‬‬
‫‪𝑎=2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥+2‬‬
‫( ‪= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1‬‬ ‫𝑐‪)+‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫)‪10‬‬ ‫∫ = ‪∫ √6𝑥−𝑥 2−8‬‬ ‫∫=‬
‫)‪√−(𝑥 2 −6𝑥+8‬‬ ‫)‪√−(𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9−9+8‬‬

‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫‪𝑓 =𝑥−3‬‬

‫∫=‬ ‫∫=‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 = 𝑓𝑎 [ ‪𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒:‬‬
‫]‪√−[(𝑥 − 3)2 − 1‬‬ ‫‪√1 − (𝑥 − 3)2‬‬ ‫‪𝑎=1‬‬

‫𝑐 ‪= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 3) +‬‬

‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ‪cos‬‬
‫)‪11‬‬ ‫𝑐 ‪∫ √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 𝑥) = 𝑥 +‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫)𝑥√ ‪(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1‬‬ ‫)𝑥√ ‪(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1‬‬ ‫)𝑥√ ‪2(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1‬‬
‫)‪12‬‬ ‫)𝑥‪∫ √𝑥(1+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)𝑥‪2 ∫ 2 𝑥(1+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬
‫√‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫𝑥‪3𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 +3‬‬
‫)‪13‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫مالحظة‪ :‬اذا كانت الدالة كسرية واس البسط اكبر او يساوي 𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪𝑥 2 +1‬‬
‫المقام نقوم بتقسيم البسط على المقام اوال ‪.‬‬ ‫اس‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪= ∫(3𝑥 − 4) +‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪𝑥2 + 1‬‬
‫‪3𝑥 − 4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑥 +1‬‬ ‫𝑥‪𝑥 2 + 1 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3‬‬
‫𝑥‪3𝑥 3 + 3‬‬
‫‪3𝑥 2‬‬ ‫‪−4𝑥 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑐 ‪− 4𝑥 + 4𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥) +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪−4𝑥 2 − 4‬‬
‫‪+4‬‬

‫‪ APPENDIX Trigonometric Function‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬

 Mathematic (1)

METHODS OF INTEGRATION

Method 1: INTEGRATION BY PARTS

∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒗=u.v –∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖

Example 1:
1
∫ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 let u=lnx → du= 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

dv=dx → v=x
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= xlnx − ∫ 𝑥 𝑥

= x.lnx - x + c
Example 2:
1
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 let u=lnx → du= 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥3
dv= 𝑥 2 dx → v=
3
𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 3 𝑥
1 1 1 1
= 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥3 + 𝑐
3 3 3 9

Example 3:
∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 let u=x→du=dx
dv=𝑒 𝑥 dx→v=𝑒 𝑥

∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥2
But if we take u=𝑒 𝑥 →du=𝑒 𝑥 dx dv=x. dx → v=
2

𝑥2 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
2 2
‫و هذا التكامل اعقد من التكامل االصلي‬

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 62

Mathematic (1)

Example 4:
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 let u=𝑥 2 → du=2xdx
𝑒 3𝑥
dv=𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → v=
3
1 2
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
‫نكرر الحل و الفرضية بنفس االسلوب‬
𝑒 3𝑥
Let u=x → du=dx dv=𝑒 3𝑥 dx → v=
3
1 2 1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − [ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
3 3 3 3
1 2 2
= 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐
3 9 27
Home work:

∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

) dv ‫ و االخر هو‬u ‫يمكن الفرضية بالحالتين ( اي حد هو‬

Example 5:

∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐥𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑰
1
Let u= cos(ln 𝑥) → du=- sin (lnx) ∗ dx dv=dx → v=𝑥
𝑥

1
𝐼 = cos(ln 𝑥) ∗ 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 ∗ − sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥) ∗ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝐼 = 𝑥 cos(ln 𝑥) + ∫ sin(ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

‫نكرر الحل و الفرضية بنفس االسلوب‬

1
Let u= sin(ln 𝑥) → du=cos (lnx) ∗ dx dv=dx → v=𝑥
𝑥
1
𝐼 = 𝑥 cos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + sin(ln 𝑥) ∗ 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 cos(ln 𝑥) ∗ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝑥 cos(ln 𝑥) + 𝑥 sin(ln 𝑥) + 𝑐

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 63

Mathematic (1)

𝑥 𝑥
𝐼= cos(ln 𝑥) + sin(ln 𝑥) + 𝑐
2 2

Example 6:

𝐈 = ∫ 𝐥𝐧√𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝐝𝐱
1 1 1
𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛√𝑥 2 + 1 ∗ 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 ∗ ∗ ∗ 2𝑥 dx
√𝑥 2 +1 2 √𝑥 2 +1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛√𝑥 2 + 1 − ∫ 1
𝑥 2 +1

1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛√𝑥 2 + 1 − ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥2 + 1
𝑥2 + 1
𝑥2 + 1
𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛√𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 −1
Example 7:

∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
u=𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 → du = dx
√1−𝑥 2

dv=dx → v=x
𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑰 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 − ∫
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
1
1
= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 ∗ −2𝑥 ∗ dx
2

= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
Example 8:
𝟏
∫(𝒍𝒏𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 ∗ 𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙 ∗ 𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝒙 ∗ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝟏
u=(𝒍𝒏𝒙)𝟐 → du= 2ln x ∗ 𝒅𝒙 , dv=dx → v=x
𝒙

I= (ln 𝑥)2 ∗ 𝑥 − 2 ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

‫محلول سابقا‬

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 64

Mathematic (1)

Example 9:

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

U=sec x → du=sec x * tanx dx , dv= sec2x dx → v= tanx

𝐼 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝐼 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝐼 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 ∣ sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ∣ +𝑐

1
𝐼 = [sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 ∣ sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ∣ +𝑐]
2

Example 10:

∫ 𝒙√𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 3
2
let u = x → du = dx dv = (1 + 𝑥)2 dx → v = (1 + 𝑥)2
3
2 3 2 3
𝐼= 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)2 − ∫(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
2 3 2 2 5
𝐼 = 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)2 − ∗ (1 + 𝑥 )2 + 𝑐
3 3 5
Example 11:

∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √𝒙 𝒅𝒙

let 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 → 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

∴ 𝐼 = ∫ cos 𝑦 ∗ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

let u=y → du=dy

dv=cos y dy → v=sin y

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 65

Mathematic (1)

2 ∫ 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2[ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑑𝑦 ]

= 2 𝑦 sin 𝑦 + 2 cos 𝑦 + 𝑐
= 2𝑦 sin 𝑦 + 2 cos 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 2 √𝑥 sin √𝑥 + 2 cos √𝑥 + 𝑐
Method 2: INTEGRALS WITH )𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 (
Example 1:
𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒙+𝟖 ‫يتم اكمال المربع للمقدار الموجود في المقام‬
2) 𝑥 ‫باضافة وطرح المقدار (نصف معامل‬
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ =∫
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 8 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 4
1 𝑥+2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
2 2

Example 2:
𝒅𝒙
∫
√𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ =∫
√−(𝑥 2 −6𝑥+8) √−(𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9−9+8)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ =∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 3) + 𝑐
√−[(𝑥−3)2 −1] √1−(𝑥−3)2

Example 3:
𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒙
𝟗 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=∫ let 𝑦 = 3𝑥 → 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 ln 3 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
(3𝑥 )2 −3𝑥 +1 ln 3

1 𝑑𝑦
𝐼= ∫
ln 3 𝑦 2 −𝑦+1
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
𝐼= ∫ 1 1 = ∫ 1 3
ln 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 +4 − 4 +1 𝑙𝑛3 (𝑦−2)2 + 4

1
1 1 𝑦− 2
−1
𝐼= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 √3
+𝑐
ln 3 3
√ 2
4

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 66

 Mathematic (1)

1
1 1 3𝑥 −2
−1
𝐼= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )+𝑐
ln 3 √3 √3
2 2

Method 3: TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION IN INTEGRALS INVOLVING

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2  let x = a tan 𝜃
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ,√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2  let x = a sin 𝜃
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ,√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2  let x = a sec 𝜃

Example 1:
𝒅𝒙
∫
√𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐
let x = 3 sin 𝜃 → dx =3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼=∫ = ∫ =∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝑐
√9 − (3 sin 𝜃)2 3 √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑥 𝑥
But sin 𝜃 = → 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
3 3
𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +c
3

Example 2:
𝒅𝒙
𝑰=∫
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
let 𝑥 = √3 sec 𝜃  𝑑𝑥 = √3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 √3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼=∫ = ∫ =∫
√3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 3 √3 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 tan 𝜃

= ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝐼 = ln ∣ sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 ∣ + 𝑐

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 67

Mathematic (1)

𝑥
But 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
√3

𝑥 √𝑥 2 −3
𝐼 = ln ∣ + ∣+c
√3 √3

Example 3:
𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
∫
√𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐
let 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 → 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃∗2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼=∫ = ∫
√4−4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 2 √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1
𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 But 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = (1 − cos 2𝜃)
2
4
𝐼 = ∫(1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
2
𝐼 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∗ 2
2

𝐼 = 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + 𝑐
𝐼 = 2𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑐

𝑥 𝑥 √4−𝑥 2
But sin 𝜃 = → 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ... cos 𝜃 =
2 2 2

𝑥 𝑥 √4−𝑥 2
𝐼 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 − 2 ( ) ( )+𝑐
2 2 2

Example 4:
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
∫ = ∫
√𝟐𝟓 + 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝟑
√𝟐𝟓 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟗
5 5
let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 → 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 3
5
1 3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1
𝐼= ∫ = ∫ = ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 25 25 3 √1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 3
√ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
9 9

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 68

Mathematic (1)

1
𝐼= ln ∣ sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 ∣ +𝑐
3

3𝑥 √25+9𝑥 2
But tan 𝜃 = , 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
5 5

1 √25 + 9𝑥 2 3𝑥
𝐼 = ln ∣ + ∣ +𝑐
3 5 5
Example 5:
𝒅𝒙
∫
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐
𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 2
𝑑𝑥
=∫
(𝑥 + 2)2 − 2

let 𝑥 + 2 = √2 sec 𝜃 → 𝑑𝑥 = √2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

√2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃 √2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝐼=∫ = ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−1)
2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−2 2
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 1
𝐼= ∫ = ∫ csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = √2 ln ∣ csc 𝜃 − cot 𝜃 ∣ +𝑐
√2 tan 𝜃 √2
𝑥+2
But sec 𝜃 =
√2
1 𝑥+2 √2
𝐼= ln ∣ − +𝑐
√2 √𝑥 2 +4𝑥+2 √𝑥 2 +4𝑥+2

Example 6:
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
∫ = ∫
𝟓 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
𝟐
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼= ∫ 5 = ∫7
2 −(𝑥 2 +2𝑥−2+1−1) 2 −(𝑥+1)2
2

7 7
let 𝑥 + 1 = √ sin 𝜃  𝑑𝑥 = √ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2

7 7
1 √ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 √2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
𝐼= ∫ 7 7 = 7 ∫ 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 2
2 2 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 69

Mathematic (1)

1 1
𝐼= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = √14 ln ∣ sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 ∣ +𝑐
√14
𝑥+1
But sin 𝜃 = 7
√
2

7
1 √ 𝑥+1
2
𝐼= ln ∣ + ∣+𝑐
√14 7
√ −(𝑥+1)2
7
√ −(𝑥+1)2
2 2

Example 7:

∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑 𝒅𝒙

= ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 13 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = √(𝑥 + 2)2 + 9 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑥 + 2 = 3 tan 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝐼 = ∫ √9 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 9 ∗ 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝐼 = 9 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 )4 ‫يذمل بطريقة التجزئة( محلول سابقا في صفحة‬

Example 8:
𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫
√𝟗 − (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
let 𝑥 − 1 = 3 sin 𝜃  𝑥 = 3 sin 𝜃 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(3 sin 𝜃+1)∗3 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝐼=∫ = ∫(3 sin 𝜃 + 1) 𝑑𝜃
√9−9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

𝐼 = ∫ 3 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = −3 cos 𝜃 + 𝜃 + 𝑐

𝑥−1
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
3
√9−(𝑥−1)2 𝑥−1
𝐼 = −3 ∗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +c
3 3

Example 9:

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 70

Mathematic (1)

∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙

let 𝑥 = √5 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = √5𝑥𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝐼 = ∫ √5 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 5 ∗ √5𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝐼 = 5 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 Integration by part

4 ‫محلول سابقا في صفحة‬
Example 10:
𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝟑
(𝟒 − 𝟐
𝒙 )𝟐
let 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 → 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ∗ 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝐼=∫ 3 =∫ 3
(4 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)2 (4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)2

8 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼=∫ 3
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝐼 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃 = tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝑐

𝑥
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
2

𝑥 𝑥
𝐼= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝑐
√4 − 𝑥 2 2

Example 11:
𝒅𝒙
∫
𝒙√𝟗+𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒙

𝑙𝑛𝑥
let ln 𝑥 = 3 tan 𝜃  𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
3

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 71

Mathematic (1)

1
𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑥

3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼=∫ = ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√9 + 9 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

= ln ∣ sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 ∣ + 𝑐

√𝟗 + 𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝑙𝑛𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 | + |+𝑐
3 3

 Method 4: PARTIAL FRACTION

the partial fraction decomposition or partial fraction expansion of a rational
function (that is, a fraction such that the numerator and the denominator are both
polynomials) is an operation that consists of expressing the fraction as a sum of
a polynomial and one or several fractions with a simpler denominator.

3𝑥−5
Example 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3
3𝑥−5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑥−3)+𝐵(𝑥−1)
= 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−3 =
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)

3𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)

To get the values of A and B,

When x=1-2=-2AA=1

When x=34=2BB=2

Or 3𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴𝑥 − 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐵

3𝑥 − 5 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 + (−3𝐴 − 𝐵)

A+B=3 …(1) -3A-B=-5 …(2) solve A=1 ,B=2

3𝑥−5 𝐴 𝐵 1 2
∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥−3 𝑥−1 𝑥−3

𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 72

Mathematic (1)

𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Example 2: ∫
𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
2 (𝑥−1)−(𝑥−1)
= =
𝑥 (𝑥 2 −1)(𝑥−1) (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑥+1 𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2

𝑥2 𝐴(𝑥−1)2 +𝐵(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)+𝐶(𝑥+1)
=
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2

𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑥(−2𝐴 + 𝐶) + (𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶)
To get the values of A, B and C:-
1
When 𝑥 = 1 → 1 = 0 + 0 + 2𝐶 → 𝐶 = 2
1
When 𝑥 = −1 → 1 = 4𝐴 + 0 + 0 → 𝐴 = 4
3
When x=0A-B+C=0 → 𝐵 =
4
1 3 1
𝐼 = ∫ 4
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2
1 3 1 1
𝐼 = ln ∣ 𝑥 + 1 ∣ + ln ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − ∗ +𝑐
4 4 2 𝑥−1

𝐗 𝟐 𝐝𝐱
Example 3:∫
𝐱 𝟑 −𝟐𝐱 𝟐 +𝐱−𝟐
x2 dx x2 dx
=∫ 2 (x−2)+(x−2)
=∫
x (x−2)(x2 +1)

𝑥2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶 𝐴(𝑥 2 +1)+(𝐵𝑥+𝐶)(𝑥−2)

= + =
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +1) 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +1 (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +1)

𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2)

4
When 𝑥 = 2 → 4 = 5𝐴 → 𝐴 =
5

2
When 𝑥 = 0 → 0 = 𝐴 − 2𝑐 → 𝑐 =
5

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 73

Mathematic (1)

𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 2𝐶 → 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑥 (𝐶 − 2𝐵 ) + 𝐴 − 2𝐶

1
1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵  𝐵 = 1 − 𝐴  𝐵 =
5

𝐴𝑑𝑥 (𝐵𝑥+𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ +∫ = 𝐴∫ +𝐵∫ +𝐶∫
𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1

4 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ + ∫ 2 + ∫ 2
5 𝑥−2 5 𝑥 +1 5 𝑥 +1

4 1 2
𝐼 = ln ∣ 𝑥 − 2 ∣ + ln ∣ 𝑥 2 + 1 ∣ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
5 10 5

Example 4:
𝒙+𝟒
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏
𝑥+4 (𝑥+4)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 −1)(𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
= 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1 +
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) 𝑥 2 +1

𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)

5
When 𝑥 = 1 → 5 = 4 𝐴→A=
4
3
When 𝑥 = −1 → 3 = −4𝐵 → 𝐵 = −
4
𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 3 − 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐷𝑥 2 − 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐷
𝑥 + 4 = 𝑥 3 (𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) + 𝑥 2 (𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐷) + 𝑥(𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶) + (𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐷)

 0=𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
1
0=𝐴+𝐵+𝐶  𝐶 =−
2

0 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐷  𝐷 = −2
5 3 1
𝑥+4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −2 𝑥−2
∫ 𝑥 4 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥−1 − ∫ 𝑥+1 + ∫
4 4
𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑥
5 3 1
= ln ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − ln ∣ 𝑥 + 1 ∣ − ln ∣ 𝑥 2 + 1 ∣ − 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 4 4

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 74

Mathematic (1)

Example 5:
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙
2𝑥 2 −6𝑥−3
= ∫(1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +6𝑥
2𝑥 2 −6𝑥−3
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 2 +6)

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥−3 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
= +
𝑥(𝑥 2 +6) 𝑥 𝑥 2 +6

2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 6) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑥

To get the value of A, B and C:
1
When 𝑥 = 0 → −3 = 6𝐴 → 𝐴 = −
2

2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 6𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶𝑥 + 6𝐴
5
2= 𝐴+𝐵→𝐵 =
2

−6 = 𝐶
1 5 6 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 − ln ∣ 𝑥 ∣ + ln ∣ 𝑥 2 + 6 ∣ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝐶
2 4 √6 √6

 Method 5: SUBSTITUTION METHOD

Example 1:
𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝟒𝒙
𝒆 +𝟏
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑥 2
(𝑒 ) + 1
𝑑𝑦
If we put 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 then 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ∗ 2 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑑𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦 1
Then 𝐼 = ∫ 2
= ∫ 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑦 2 +1 2 𝑦 +1 2
1
But 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 then 𝐼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 𝑐
2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 75

Mathematic (1)

Example 2:
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙+𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝟓
let 𝑦 = sin 𝑥  𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Inverse
𝑑𝑦
𝐼=∫ Solving by
𝑦 2 +2𝑦+5
Involving
By inverse method:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐼=∫ = ∫ = ∫
𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 5 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 − 1 + 5 4 + (𝑦 + 1)2
1 𝑦+1
𝐼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−𝟏 +𝑐
2 2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛+1
But 𝑦 = sin 𝑥  𝐼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−𝟏 +𝑐
2 2
Example 3:
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
Let 𝑦 = tan 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 ∗ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
3

Partial fraction
1 𝑑𝑦
𝐼 = 3 ∫ 𝑦 2 −3𝑦+2 Solving by
Involving
Example 4:
𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 1

let 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = = =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 1 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
1 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
𝐼=∫ 2 =∫ 2
𝑦 −1 (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 2 − 1)

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 76

Mathematic (1)

Solving by Partial fraction to get:

𝑑𝑦
=∫ =
(𝑦 2 + 1)(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 + 1)
1 1 1
𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 + 1| − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑐
4 4 2
But y = tanx 
1 1 1
𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|tan 𝑥 + 1| − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
4 4 2

√𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example 5: ∫ 𝟑 ‫القسمة الطويلة‬
𝟏+ √𝒙

let 𝑥 = 𝑦 6 → 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 3 ∗6𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 8 𝑑𝑦
𝐼=∫ = 6∫
1+𝑦 2 𝑦 2 +1
1 𝑑𝑦
𝐼 = ∫(𝑦 6 − 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑦 + ∫
𝑦 2 +1

𝑦7 𝑦5 𝑦3
𝐼= − + − 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑐
7 5 3
1
But 𝑦 = 𝑥 6

7 5 3
𝑥6 𝑥6 𝑥6 1 1
𝐼 = − + − 𝑥6 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
𝑥6 +𝑐
7 5 3

𝑑𝑥
Example 6: ∫
𝑥(𝑙𝑛2 𝑥+𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 +5)
𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝑥(𝑙𝑛2 𝑥+2𝑙𝑛𝑥+5)
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 → 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐼=∫ =∫
𝑦 2 +2𝑦+5 𝑦 2 +2𝑦+1−1+5
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑦+1
𝐼=∫ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝑐
(𝑦+1)2 +4 2 2
1 𝑙𝑛𝑥+1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝑐
2 2

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 77

 Mathematic (1)

𝒅𝒙
Example 7: ∫
𝒆𝒙 +𝟏
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = =
𝑒𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝐼=∫
𝑦(𝑦+1)
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴𝑦+𝐴+𝐵𝑦
= + =
𝑦(𝑦+1) 𝑦 𝑦+1 𝑌(𝑦+1)

1 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑦 → 𝐴 = 1 , 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 → 𝐵 = −1
1 1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑦+1

𝐼 = ln 𝑦 − ln ∣ 𝑦 + 1 ∣ + 𝑐 = 𝑥 − ln ∣ 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 ∣ + 𝑐
 Method 6: INTEGRATION OF POWERS OF TRIG. FUNCTIONS
1. Powers of sin and cos
1 1 1
 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) + 𝑐
2 2 2

 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∫ sin 𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + )+𝑐
3
1
 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[ (1 − cos 2𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ∫(1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4
1 1
= ∫ (1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
4 2

1 1 1
= (𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 4 sin 4𝑥)) + 𝑐
4

 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2 − +c
3 5

 ∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 78

 Mathematic (1)

1
= ∫(cos 𝑥)2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 5
= ∫(cos 𝑥)2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(cos 𝑥)2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 7
(cos 𝑥)2 (cos 𝑥)2 2 2
=− 3 + 7 + 𝑐 = − √(𝑐𝑜𝑠)3 + √(𝑐𝑜𝑠)7 + 𝑐
3 7
2 2

 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 (1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛9 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛11 𝑥

𝐼= −2 + +𝑐
7 9 11
2. Power of tan and cot
sin 𝑥
 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ln ∣ cos 𝑥 ∣ +𝑐
cos 𝑥

 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 | + 𝑐
2

 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
= − ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
= − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
3

3. Powers of sec and csc

𝑛−2
2
∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 2 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑛
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 79

Mathematic (1)

Examples:
 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
= tan 𝑥 + +𝑐
3

 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Using Integration by part:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = tan 𝑥

𝐼 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 3
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4
‫ ايضا بطريقة التذامل بالتجزئة‬،‫ التذامل االخير محلول سابقا‬:‫مالحظة‬
 ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟒 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟒 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 2𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∗ 2 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∗ 2
2 2
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 2𝑥
𝐼= + +𝑐
2 5 2 7

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 80

Mathematic (1)

Application of Definite Integrals

Area between two curves

Ex. 1: Find the area bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙

Find Points of intersections between the curve and the line

(Which represent the boundaries of area) f(x)=4x
` f(x)=x2 (4,16)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦1 = 𝑦2  𝑥 2 = 4𝑥
y2
y1
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0 𝑥 (𝑥 − 4) = 0𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4 (0,0)

𝑥 =0 𝑦 =0

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4  𝑦 = 42 = 16

To find the area with respect to x- axis

4
𝐴 = ∫0 (𝑦2−𝑦1) 𝑑𝑥

4
4 2) 4𝑥 2 𝑥3
𝐴= ∫0 (4𝑥 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [
2
−
3 0
]

64 32
𝐴 = 32 − = unit area
3 3

OR To find the area with respect to y-axis

For 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑥 = √𝑦 f(x)=4x
x2
𝑦 f(x)=x2 (4,16)
For 𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥 = x1
4

16
𝐴 = ∫0 (𝑥 2−𝑥 1) 𝑑𝑦 (0,0)

3 16
16 𝑦 2 𝑦2
𝐴= ∫0 (√𝑦 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = [ 𝑦 − 2 ]
4 3 8 0

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 81

Mathematic (1)

2 32
𝐴 = ∗ 64 − 32 = unit area
3 3

Ex. 2: Find the area bounded by y= 𝒙 − 𝟐 , the x-axis and y-axis?

To find the boundaries of the required area y-axis
y = 0 x − 2 = 0  x = 2 f(x)= x-2
2
2 𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫0 (0 − (𝑥 − 2))𝑑𝑥 = − [ 2 − 2𝑥]
x-axis
0 (2,0)

𝐴 = −2 + 4 = 2 unit area (0,-2)

Ex. 3: Find the area bounded by 𝒚1= √𝒙 and 𝒚2= 𝒙𝟐

Points of intersection (which represent the boundaries of area)
𝑦1 = 𝑦2 y-axis Y2=x2
√𝑥 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 → 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑦1= √𝑥
(1,1)

𝑥 (𝑥 3 − 1) = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1

1 1 x-axis
𝐴 = ∫0 (𝑦1−𝑦2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (√𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 0,0

1
2 3 𝑥3 1
𝐴 = [ 𝑥2 − ] = unit area
3 3 0 3

Ex. 4: Find the area bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐

Points of intersection (which represent the boundaries of area)

𝑦1 = 𝑦2 → 𝑥 2 + 2 = 4 − 𝑥 2 y-axis

2𝑥 2 − 2 = 0 → 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = −
+1
f(x)=x2 +2
1
𝐴 = ∫−1((4 − 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 2 + 2)) 𝑑𝑥
f(x)=4-x2
x-axis
-1 1

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 82

Mathematic (1)

1
1 2) 2𝑥 3
𝐴= ∫−1(2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [2𝑥 −
3
]
−1

2 2 8
𝐴 = (2 − ) − (−2 + ) = unit area
3 3 3

Ex. 5: The area bounded by the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and the line 𝒚 = 𝟒 is

divided into a two equal portions by the line= 𝒄 , find c?
y-axis
2
To find the area between 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 4
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦 = 0𝑥 2 = 4 → 𝑥 = − +2
2 y=4
𝐴 = ∫−2(4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 A2
𝑥3 32 y=c
= [4𝑥 − ] = unit area
3 −2 3 A1
Now, the line y=c is divided the total area x-axis
𝐴 32
In to two equal portions𝐴1= =
2 6

To find the area between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑐

−
𝑥 2 = 𝑐 → 𝑥 = +√𝑐

𝑐
+√𝑐 2 √𝑐 2 𝑥3 √
𝐴1= ∫−√𝑐 (𝑐 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 (𝑐 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑐𝑥 − ]
3 0

𝑐 √𝑐 4 32 4
= 2 [𝑐√𝑐 − ]= 𝑐 √𝑐 →  = 𝑐 √𝑐
3 3 6 3

32 8 3
𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = 2𝐴1 →  = 𝑐 2 → 𝑐 = 2.52
3 3

Ex. 6: Find the area of the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒙 + 𝒚 =

𝟐

To find points of intersection 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥

Let𝑥 2 = 2 − 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 83

Mathematic (1)

𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1
y-axis
1 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫−2(𝑦2−𝑦1) 𝑑𝑥
(-2,4)
1 y=2-x
𝐴= ∫−2[(2 − 𝑥 ) − 𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
(1,1)
1
𝑥2 𝑥3 27 9
𝐴 = [2𝑥 − − ] = = unit area x-axis
2 3 −2 6 2

Ex. 7: Find the area bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, x-axis and 𝒙 = 𝒆

y-axis x=e
Boundaries of the required area (points of intersection) y=ln (e,1)
x
Let ln 𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = 𝑒 0 = 1 ‫الحد السفلي للتذامل‬ x-axis
(1,0)
𝑦1 = ln 𝑥 𝑦 = ln 𝑒  𝑦 = 1 point (e ,1 )
𝑒 𝑒
∫1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solving by integration by parts:

1
u = ln 𝑥  𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥𝑣 = 𝑥

𝐼 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 ∗ 𝑑𝑢

1
𝐴 = ln 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 = [𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 ]1𝑒

𝐴 = (𝑒 ln 𝑒 − 𝑒) − (1 ln 1 − 1)

𝐴 = 0 − (−1) = +1 unit area

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 84

Mathematic (1)

y-axis x=e
y=ln x
Or (e,1)
𝑦1 = ln 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦
1
𝐴 = ∫0 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑑𝑦 (1,0)
x-axis

𝐴 = ∫(𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
0

𝐴 = [𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦 ]10 = (𝑒 − 𝑒) − (0 − 𝑒 0 ) =0 − (−1) = +1 unit area

VECTORS
Scalar quantities defined by magnitude only (time, length), while vector
quantities defined by magnitude and direction such as (velocity, force,
acceleration)
The magnitude of the vector is represented by ∣AB∣ or ∣v∣
 Equal vectors: two vectors ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 are equal if and only if they have the
same direction and length.
 Unit vector: is a vector of magnitude equal to one unit.
⃗ )
 Zero vector: is a vector of length equal to zero (denoted by 𝑂
⃗ is a non-zero vector then we define (−𝑉
 if 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗1 ) as the vector which

has ⃗ but opposite in direction

same magnitude of 𝑉
 Addition:
if ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 are given two vectors and AB and BC represented ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2
respectively then the sum of ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 (denoted by ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ) as
⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 =𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶
C
V1 +V2
V2
A ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 B
 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 85
Mathematic (1)

 Length of the vector:

If 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑗 + 𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∣ 𝒗 ∣= √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐

Example 1:
Find ∣ ⃗𝑽 ∣ if 1) ⃗𝑽 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝒌
2) ⃗𝑽 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑩 where A(1,2,-1), B(3,1,-2)
Solution:
⃗ ∣= √22 + (−3)2 + 12 = √14 unit length
1) ∣ 𝑽

2) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (3 − 1)𝑖 + (1 − 2)𝑗 + (−2 + 1)𝑘 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∣= √22 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 = √6 unit length

∣ 𝐴𝐵

ALGEBRAIC DEFINITION
If ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k
⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k
then:
1. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 =⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 if and only if a1 = a2 , b1 = b2 , c1 = c2

2. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = (a1+a2) i + (b1+b2) j + (c1+c2) k

3. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 – ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = (a1- a2) i + (b1 - b2) j + (c1 - c2) k

4. r ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 = r (a1 i + b1 j + c1 k)
= (ra1) i + (rb1) j + (rc1) k where r is any real number
Example2:
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟏 = 2i – 3j +2k , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟐 = i+2j – k then

1. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = (2+1) i+(-3+2) j+(2-1) k = 3i – j + k

2. 2⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 =2 (2i-3j+2k)= 4i – 6i + 4k

3. 3⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 – ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = (6i – 9j +6k) – (i +2j – k) = 5i – 11j +7k

4. ∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ∣ = √22 + (−3)2 + 22 = √17 unit

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 86

Mathematic (1)

5. ∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣ = √12 + 22 + (−1)2 = √6 unit

6. ∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣ = √32 + (−1)2 + 12 = √11

Note: ∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣≠∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ∣ +∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣

UNIT VECTORS
If 𝑉⃗ is a non zero vector, then the unit vector in the direction of v
⃗
𝑉
(denoted by 𝑈𝑣) is defined as: 𝑈𝑣 = where ∣ ⃗𝑉 ∣ is length of ⃗𝑉.
∣ ⃗⃗𝑉 ∣
Example 3:
If A(2,3) then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 =(2 − 0)𝑖 + (3 − 0)𝑗 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 [ note O is the origin]
SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS (OR DOT
PRODUCT)
If ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 are two vectors with 𝜃 the angle between them, then we

define the scalar product (or dot product) of ⃗⃗⃗

𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 denoted by ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 .
⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 as: ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟏 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟐 =∣ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟏 ∣∣ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟐 ∣ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 . 𝑽
𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 ∣∣ 𝑽
∣𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 ∣

Properties of dot product:-

1) ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1

2) If ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = 0 then either ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 = 0 or ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = 0 or ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 perpendicular to ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2

3) 𝑉⃗. 𝑉⃗ =∣ 𝑉⃗ ∣∣ 𝑉⃗ ∣ cos 𝜃 =∣ 𝑉 ∣2

4) 𝑖. 𝑖 =∣ 𝑖 ∣ ∣ 𝑖 ∣ cos 𝜃 = 1, 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑗. 𝑗 = 𝑘. 𝑘 = 1
𝜋
5) 𝑖. 𝑗 =∣ 𝑖 ∣ ∣ 𝑗 ∣ cos = 0, 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑖. 𝑘 = 𝑗. 𝑘 = 0
2

6) 𝑖𝑓 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 87

Mathematic (1)

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 . 𝑽
𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 . 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 . 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟏 . 𝒄𝟐

Example 4: Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑽𝟏 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟐 𝒊𝒇 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟑𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌

Solution: ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = (3 ∗ 2) + (1 + 3) + (−2 ∗ 4) = 6 + 3 − 8 = 1

Example 5 Find the angle 𝜽 between ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑽𝟏 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟐 = 𝒋 + 𝒌

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 .⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 0+1+0 1 1
cos 𝜃 = = = =
∣⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ∣∣⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣ √12 +12 ∗√12 +12 √2.√2 2

1 1 𝜋
cos 𝜃 = → 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 60 =
2 2 3

Example 6 Show that ⃗⃗⃗

𝑉1 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍

⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ≠ 0 , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ≠ 0

∴ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2

Note: if two non-zero vectors are orthogonal (normal or perpendicular),

then the dot product of these two vectors are equal to zero.
Example 7 Show that the ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 is right at A where A(1,0,1), B(2,1,0) and
C(1,2,3)
Sol:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = i + j − k C

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝐴𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵. 𝐴𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 ∗ 0) + (1 ∗ 2) + (−1 ∗ 2) = 0
A B

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is orthogonal to 𝐴𝐶
∴ 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗

VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS (CROSS PRODUCT)

The vector product of two vectors ⃗⃗⃗

𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 denoted by ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 is:-

⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉 𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 where

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 88

Mathematic (1)

⃗
1) 𝑉 is orthogonal to both ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2

2) The direction of 𝑉⃗ follows the direction of the thumb in a right hand rule:-

3) 𝑉⃗ =∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ∣∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣ sin 𝜃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟑
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟏 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟐 =∣ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟏 ∣∣ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟐 ∣ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

𝜽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟐

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟏
Properties of cross product: D C

1) ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = −⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉 2

2) If ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 is parallel to ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 then ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = 0 𝜃
A B
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉 1
3) ∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣= Area of parallelogram having ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 as adjacent

side of it.
∣AB∣ ∣AD∣ sin 𝜃
Area if ∆ ABC =
2

∣⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ∣ ∣⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣ sin 𝜃 ∣⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ×⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣
= =
2 2

∴ Area of parallelogram ABCD = 2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶

=∣ 𝑽𝟏 ∣∣ 𝑽𝟐 ∣ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 =∣ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣

4) 𝑖 × 𝑗 = −𝑗 × 𝑖 = 𝑘 ( noting that the angle between the vectors i and j equal to

90o)

also: 𝑗 × 𝑘 = −𝑘 × 𝑗 = 𝑖
𝑘 × 𝑖 = −𝑖 × 𝑘 = 𝑗
but : 𝑖 × 𝑖 = 𝑗 × 𝑗 = 𝑘 × 𝑘 = 0
5) If (a) and (b) are scalars then (𝑎⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ) × (𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ) = 𝑎𝑏(⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 )

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 89

Mathematic (1)

6) If ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉3 are vectors then

a) ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗2 + ⃗⃗⃗

𝑉1 × (𝑉 𝑉3 ) = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉3

b) (⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ) × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉3 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉3 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉3

Example 8 3i × 4j = 12(i × j) = 12k

Example 9 i × (j + k) = i × j + i × k = k − j = −j + k

Using determinants to find the cross product:

If ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘

Then we can write ⃗⃗⃗

𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 as a determinant as follow:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = |𝑎1
𝑉1 × 𝑉 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

But if we have ⃗⃗⃗

𝑉2 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 we should write the determinant as:

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1

Example 10 Find ⃗⃗⃗

𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 𝒊𝒇 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒌

Solution:

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 = |2 −1 1 | = 𝑖 (2 − 0) − 𝑗(−4 − 1) + 𝑘(0 + 1)
1 0 −2

= 2𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 𝑘
Example 11

Find a vector of 5 units orthogonal to the vectors:

⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑉2 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋
To find a vector orthogonal to these two given vectors, we should find the cross
product for them as follow:

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 90

Mathematic (1)

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = |1 −1
𝑉1 × 𝑉 1| = 𝑖 (0 − 1) − 𝑗(0 − 2) + 𝑘(1 + 2)
2 1 0
=−𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉3
Here ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉3 is a normal (orthogonal) vector for ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 .
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ×⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 −𝑖+2𝑗+3𝑘
The unit vector  𝑢𝑉3 = =
∣⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 ×⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉2 ∣ √(−1)2 +22 +32

The vectors required = 5 𝑢𝑉3

−𝑖+2𝑗+3𝑘 −5 10 15
=5∗ = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
√14 √14 √14 √14
SOLVED PROBLEMS ON VECTORS
Q1: Given the points A (1, 0, 1), B(x, 1, 1) and C (2, 1, 0). Find x if the area
√𝟑
of triangle ABC is square units.
𝟐
Solution
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘
𝐴𝐵 = (𝑥 − 1)𝑖 + 𝑗 , 𝐴𝐶
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶 = |(𝑥 − 1) 1 0 | = −1𝑖 + (𝑥 − 1)𝑗 + (𝑥 − 2)𝑘
1 1 −1
∣⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵×𝐴𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∣ √3
The area of the ∆ ABC = =
2 2

√(−1)2 +(𝑥−1)2 +(𝑥−2)2 √3

= ⇒ 1 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 3
2 2

2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3 = 0
6±√36−4∗2∗3 √3
𝑥= 𝑥 = 1.5 ±
2×2 2
Q2: Show that the triangle ABC is right at A where A (1, 1, 1) B (2, 3, 4)
& C (2, 2, 0)
Solution:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 , 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵. 𝐴𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 + 2 − 3 = 0 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵. 𝐴𝐶
That mean the triangle ABC is right at A.

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 91

Mathematic (1)

⃗ = 𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 , determine the scalar and

Q3: If 𝐴 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐵
vector products.

⃗ =2∗1+4∗3−3∗2=8
Scalar product: 𝐴. 𝐵

Vector product:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴×𝐵 ⃗ = |2 4 −3| = 17𝑖 − 7𝑗 + 10𝑘
1 3 2

Q4: Given A(1,2,-1), B(2,-1,3) and C(3,2,4) find:

1) A vector orthogonal to the plane which passes through A,B,C
2) The area of ∆ ABC.
Solution:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 4𝑘 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 2𝑖 + 5𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶 = |1 −3 4| = −15 𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
2 0 5
∣⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵×𝐴𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∣ √(−15)2 +32 +62 √270
Area ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = = =
2 2 2
⃗ = 𝒂𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 and 𝒗
Q5: given the two vectors 𝒖 ⃗ = 𝟐𝒂𝒊 + 𝒂𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌.
Find value of (a) that make the two vectors perpendicular.
Solution:
𝑢
⃗ ⊥ 𝑣 (given)
𝑢. 𝑣 = 0 ⇒ (𝑎 ∗ 2𝑎) + (−2 ∗ 𝑎) + (1 ∗ −4) = 0
2𝑎2 − 2𝑎 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 2 = 0 ⇒ (𝑎 − 2)(𝑎 + 1) = 0
𝑎 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = −1

 APPENDIX Trigonometric Function 92