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Example: solve 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑚. 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑚2 . 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
[ 𝑚2 . 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 3𝑚. 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0 ] ÷ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 4 = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 4) = 0
Then 𝑚1 = −1 , 𝑚2 = 4
Hence 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 . 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 . 𝑒 4𝑥
Example: solve 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 3) = 0
Then 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 3
𝑥Hence 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 . 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 . 𝑥𝑒 3
H. W. solve
1) 2𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0
2) 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
3) 𝑦 ′′ − 10𝑦 ′ + 25𝑦 = 0
5- 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢. 𝑦1 + 𝑣. 𝑦2
6- The general solution is 𝑦𝑔 = 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐
𝑚 2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 2 = −4
𝑚 = ±√4. √ −1 = ±2𝑖
𝑦1 = sin(2𝑥) , 𝑦2 = cos(2𝑥)
𝑦1 𝑦2 sin(2𝑥) cos(2𝑥)
𝑤 = |𝑦 ′ ′| = |
𝑦2 − |
1 2 cos(2𝑥) 2 sin(2𝑥)
1
∗∗ sec(𝑥) =
cos(𝑥)
1 sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)
𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢′ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos(𝑥) − sec(𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥
2 sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)
1 sec 2 (𝑥) + sec(𝑥) . tan(𝑥)
= ∫ cos(𝑥) − 𝑑𝑥
2 sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)
1
= sin(𝑥) − ln[sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)]
2
−
𝑓(𝑥) sec(𝑥) 1
′
𝑣 = . 𝑦1 = − . sin(2𝑥) = . 2 sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥) = −sin(𝑥)
𝑤 2 2 cos(𝑥)
𝑣 = ∫ 𝑣′ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = cos(𝑥)
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢. 𝑦1 + 𝑣. 𝑦2
1
= (sin(𝑥) − ln[sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)] . sin(2𝑥)) + (cos(𝑥) . cos(2𝑥))
2
𝑦𝑔 = 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐
1
= (sin(𝑥) − ln[sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)] . sin(2𝑥)) + (cos(𝑥) . cos(2𝑥))
2
+ (𝑐1 . sin(2𝑥) + 𝑐2 . cos(2𝑥))
H. W. solve 1) 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = sec(𝑥)
1
2) 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 =
sin(𝑥)
𝑒 −𝑥
3) (𝐷2 + 3𝐷 − 2)𝑦 =
𝑥
Example: solve: 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥
Solution: Let 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0
Assume 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑚. 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑚2 . 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
Sub in equation 𝑚2 . 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 3𝑚. 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 4) = 0
𝑚1 = −1 , 𝑚2 = 4
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 . 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2 . 𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
𝑥𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴. 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵. 𝑒 2
𝑥𝑦𝑝′ = 𝐴. 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝐵. 𝑒 2
𝑥𝑦𝑝′′ = 𝐴. 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝐵. 𝑒 2
𝑥𝐴. 𝑒𝑥 + 4𝐵. 𝑒2𝑥 − 3(𝐴. 𝑒𝑥 + 2𝐵. 𝑒2𝑥 ) − 4(𝐴. 𝑒𝑥 + 2𝐵. 𝑒2𝑥 ) = 2𝑒𝑥 + 3𝑒2
𝑥𝐴. 𝑒𝑥 + 4𝐵. 𝑒2𝑥 − 3𝐴. 𝑒𝑥 + 6𝐵. 𝑒2𝑥 − 4𝐴. 𝑒𝑥 + 8𝐵. 𝑒2𝑥 = 2𝑒𝑥 + 3𝑒2
−
𝑥6𝐴. 𝑒 𝑥 − 6𝐵. 𝑒 2𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 2
− −1
= 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑒6𝐴. 𝑒 𝑥 = 2
3
− −1
𝑥6𝐵. 𝑒 2𝑥 = 3𝑒 2 =𝐵 ⇒
2
𝑥−1 𝑥 −1 2
= 𝑝𝑦 .𝑒 + 𝑒.
3 2
−
𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥 −1 2
𝑒 𝑦𝑔 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 . + 𝑐2 . 𝑒 4𝑥 + .𝑒 + 𝑒.
3 2
Solution:
𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 = 0 ⇒ (𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 3) = 0
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 3
𝑥𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 . 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2 . 𝑥𝑒 𝑚2
𝑥𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 . 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 . 𝑥𝑒 3
) 𝑥𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑠 (𝐴. 𝑒 3 when 𝑠 = 2
𝑥𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴. 𝑥 2 . 𝑒 3
𝑥𝑦𝑝′ = 𝐴. 𝑥 2 . 3. 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 . 2. 𝐴. 𝑥 = 3𝐴𝑥 2 . 𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝐴𝑥. 𝑒 3
𝐴𝑦𝑝′′ = 3𝐴𝑥 2 . 3. 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 . 6𝐴𝑥. +2𝐴𝑥. 3. 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 . 2