2020 3rd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies – iCoMET 2020
Cost Benefit Based Analytical Study of Automatic
Meter Reading (AMR) and Blind Meter Reading
(BMR) used by PESCO(WAPDA)
Muhammad Yousaf Ali Khan
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Gomal University,
D.I.Khan, KPK, Pakistan.
myousafak@gu.edu.pk
Muhammad Ali
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Gomal University,
D.I.Khan, KPK, Pakistan
alijaved@gu.edu.pk
Abstract— The Automatic meter reading and
Blind meter reading has been analyzed in this research
work. The main focus is on its cost benefit outcome. In
recent past, to reduce power losses different researches are
conducted specially on smart meter reading by WAPDA.
Those researches were mostly based on atomization of
meters. However, this research is focused on developing
such meters that will work in all weather conditions. The
cost analysis is also kept in mind. A blind meter reading
system has been proposed. The outcome of this work is
unique idea as it is compatible with existing automatic
metering system as no big changes are needed to be
incorporated. It is focused on the development of new
procedure and standard operating procedure only in the
form of BMR.
The existing metering system is discussed in detail
and its disadvantages are pointed out at the end. The
Automatic Metering system is studied with its financial
feasibility and it’s presented that the cost analysis of AMR
is too high and it’s neither advisable nor feasible to switch
to AMR system. Then comparative studies are presented
between AMR, Existing meter reading system and BMR
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Muhammad Ibrahim
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Gomal University,
D.I.Khan, KPK, Pakistan.
ibrahimwapda2013@yahoo.com
Hamayun Khan
Department of Electrical
Engineering,
Ehtasham Mustafa
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Gomal University,
D.I.Khan, KPK, Pakistan.
ehtashammustafa@gu.edu.pk
Gomal University,
D.I.Khan, KPK, Pakistan.
hamayunkhan@gu.edu.pk
system which is introduced by USAID. The research is
focused on comparing the AMR and BMR metering
systems in term of its viability on the basis of economic
feasibility, its financial analysis, its losses and capital
investment of the systems.
It has developed an insight picture of the existing
and new meter reading systems of WAPDA distribution
companies. The cost benefit analysis is done and on the
basis of study it was its concluded that the Bling Meter
Reading system is far better than automatic meter reading.
Keywords—Distribution Companies (DESCO’s), Automatic
Meter Reading (AMR), Blind Meter Reading ( BMR).
I. INTRODUCTION
New technologies incorporation is need of the day. The
available engineering techniques are the tools on which we can
develop new communication procedures to get the most
optimum and simplified data transfer methods for power
meters billing process that is free from errors and theft.
By using this method means that, we do not require any wire
which as a result has high accurateness over a wide range with
robustness and consistency. The deteriorating capability in the
process of meter reading system is causing too much problems
in the entire system of billing process of power distribution.
The electromechanical meters are so lousy that cannot be used
any more. The power distribution companies need to switch to
the modern digital meters with use of modern communication
systems for data transfer.
The country is having shortage of Electricity since a decade that
has created a lot of disturbance in our domestic as well as
industrial and commercial activities. The one of major problem
is also the theft of Electricity by Domestic as well as Industrial
sectors. Due to this shortage and theft of electricity the country
is facing great loss in form of less GDP growth. Different ways
are needed to be explored to fix the crisis and bridge the shortfall
of supply and demand of electricity. One aspect of the problem
is to install efficient and correct billing system which is not
possible unless we introduce smart and advance metering
system. The country is facing its biggest short fall in Electricity
since a decade which is the main hurdle in the development. This
has damaged our industrial and commercial activities severely.
We need to adopt different ways to meet the shortfall of
Electricity. This requires a multidimensional approach. We
cannot rely on the development of alternate energy resource only
as we need to focus on conserving the existing energy resources
as well. The extravagant use of energy needs to be curbed down.
The DESCO’s needs to adopt smart procedures and sense of
awareness amongst the clients. A system is needed that curbs the
theft of energy and allow clients to monitor the use of energy and
have knowledge of expected billing of the energy used. This can
be achieved by deploying modern and smart meter reading
system.
The existing meter reading system needs to be investigated and
precision should be brought to the reading system of meters. The
system that has automation and is independent of human
involvement. The existing system has manual module that has
great potential of theft as well as wrong billing possibilities. The
new meter reading system BMR is introduced by WAPDA
recently with the help of USAID. These meters are installed by
different DESCO’s by replacing old meters and is getting good
feedback. The aim of our research is to investigate the difference
between AMR and BMR meter reading system and to propose
the best one by keeping in view of benefit and cost ratio.
The recent research papers published on modern and efficient
meter reading system has focused on automation of meter
reading system. The research conducted the Ascent Group
published has focused on how to optimize the billing practices
by using the technology in meter reading system [1]. This is done
in order to drop operating costs of billing process. Bangladesh
researchers reported that the despite too much monotonous
system of manual meter reading where meter reader goes door
to door and take the meter reading than billing is done by
entering that data into the software. However, this activity has
too much error at the end. This needs to be done in such a manner
to minimize human involvement as to reduce vested interests. It
has reported that by computerizing the existing system of meter
reading the cost of process will reduce too much [3]. The Flaws
in present manual meter reading system have been reported [31].
AMR system is proposed on the basis of using modern
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communication means for the transfer of the digital meter
readings automatically. The practical communication is
achieved through different communication procedures available
now days like, Wi Fi, PLC, ZigBee, RF and other available
methods. One of the major way is using the GSM technique as
well. The power line communication at control center is used to
transmit the commands to the digital meter that is followed by
the response from meter to the main center on the same
communication line. The modern system GSM is also deployed
in the modern digital meter reading system. The system uses the
modulation of frequencies for transfer of meter data to the main
computer center [8].
By using Wi-Fi technique, the data is communicated through
the device using radio. The process that involves the ZigBee
technology is for the two-way communication. Though it’s
used for low range application but in this type of data transfer
the data collecting device and the digital meters communicate
with one another through transceivers mounted on them for
transfer of data. The number of modules can reach to 65,000 in
a ZigBee device [9].
This research is focused to adopt new semi -automatic meter
reading system that eliminate the flaws from conventional meter
reading system. Then on the basis of cost benefit ratio, our
proposed system is compared with Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR).
Our proposed system is referred as a Blind Meter Reading
System (BMR). This research is focused on finding the capacity
of stand-alone systems and by considering it, cost reduction in
electricity is proposed. This will also help in theft control as well
as the client control over electricity usage and hence energy
conservation can be achieved. The world is focused to develop
cost effective meter reading system that is capable of energy
conservation as well as theft control.
The main focus of BMR is to control theft of energy and reduce
the cost of meter reading system at the same time. This can be
compared by considering initial costs of both BMR and AMR
systems in a same electricity sub-division of Pakistan. The
ground realities of Pakistan’s social life are also considered.
The case study will suggest the lower cost system and would
be recommended for installation. The commercially available
AMR and BMR systems are compared in this work.
By studying the recent systems deployed, we can understand
the process of automatic meter reading system. How the
system is commissioned and how can we can apply the BMR
instead of AMR system. A complicated and costly system is
required for real time communication in case of the AMR
system. The system works when data is acquired from client
meter automatically through wireless system and then
transferred to online processing section for analysis.
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Energy cost reduction is the main concern of future in power
sector. The cost may be reduced by using digital energy meters,
control and monitoring of the energy system and through
refining the process of distribution network of power
distribution companies. The process of digitizing the local
metering smart billing system, the energy consumption may be
ensured. The process can further be optimized by automating
the meter’s data through human free communication network.
This will also ensure the process transparent and the energy
audit will also be facilitated for the energy sector management.
The main advantage of real time meter data collection through
modern digital means will ensure the integrity of the data [8].
The digital meters installed for the collection of bills as per real
consumption will increase the trust between supplier and
consumer of the system. This will also limit the involvement
of staff of Distribution Company in calculation of bills and
hence will limit the vested interests of individuals. The
installation of new systems or with the replacement of existing
systems or by upgrading it, the opportunities will be created
for improving the system performance in steps. The permanent
installation is mostly preferred over the temporarily
installation of the digital equipment’s of the power distribution
system [3].
The system is rapidly adopting the new approaches as mentioned
here:
i. The evolvement of Software development
ii. The cost reduction of different equipment’s and
control components.
iii. The reduction in emission intensification and
improving energy management
iv. The competent/skilled staff Demand increases.
The meter reading system is developed in recent past by
incorporation the modern approaches into the system. The
approach of Automatic meter reading (AMR) with improvement
in the meter management and reporting procedure, the
improvement in the system is made. The main concern here is
the cost of implementing new technologies for a country like
Pakistan. The financial position of the Power distribution
companies is not that good enough to adopts the AMR
technology at the moment. An approach of transition nature is
required to go onto the system in steps.
The USAID has started a pilot project in the distribution
companies to launch BMR meter reading project and study the
effects of the pilot projects in all aspects. The BMR system will
be comprise of the digital power meters as well as the
rearrangement of the entire meter reading procedure as to
optimize the entire network of meter reading and billing process.
The distribution company is responsible for efficient energy
monitoring system. The supplier needs to manage all the data
recovery and reporting process. That includes discrepancies
pointed out by the monitoring team at level-1. The process of the
billing is also needed to be monitored for error free processing.
A. Automatic Meter Reading(AMR) System
The AMR system is the electronic collection of data through
communication transmission mean from any data collection
device as shown in figure 1. This limits human errors and
interference of manual data entry. The data is captured the meter
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interface module forwarded to central computer section through
the data concentrator system [32].
The first version of AMR system was introduced almost 70
years ago when the fixed carrier analogue system was used for
meter reading. The system was using ripple controlling
approach. The system was adopted to get control of the
domestic and commercial consumers load management at time
of maximum load period. The system was designed on the
principle of using conventional high voltage transformers to
couple communication signals between 30 Hz to 50 kHz. The
signal would be transmitted on high voltage lines after it.
Ripple control system uses the carrier frequencies between the
bands of 30 Hz to 1 kHz. This approach was used till 1980 until
new technology was introduced. The system introduced after
1980 was having slightly better data transmission rate than the
previous method of RC. The distribution companies of
different countries start working on efficient data transmission
techniques since then and went to use frequencies upto 500
kHz. The companies were focus to limit the noise in
transmission and optimize the signal to noise ratio of data
transmission. The attenuation of the signal was also one of the
main area of research. This problem was solved when the data
transmission became bi-directional. The advancement in the
meter reading and transmission of data techniques were
subjected to the use of high frequencies in MHz. By the use of
high frequencies for data transmission the interference level of
the signals was reduced. The complete process of automatic
meter reading development is presented in [4].
Today the advance AMR systems are using complicated and
routing protocols. These routing protocols help to achieve
maximum efficiency in data transmissions process. It Seems
that in the future the companies of power transmission will use
even much higher frequencies in the GHz range that will help
to achieve higher data throughput and much higher bandwidth.
One of the important aspect of the system is to design an
energy profile system which may be approached with various
methods employing multifarious technologies to it. With the
use of these technologies data can be send from transmitting
end to the receiving end in the most optimized way.
 Fig. 1 Automatic Metering Reading (AMR) System
B. Blind Meter Reading(BMR) System
BMR system is integration of semi automation in the existing
system without spending too much money by replacing the
system all together at once. The system is having digital energy
meters that are installed at consumer premises followed by
energy monitoring system as shown in figure 2. The energy
monitoring system is designed to check the theft and electric load
of consumer. Single and three phase digital electric meters are
used by BMR. The manufacturer of the meters is Vertex
Electronics Pvt Limited. The digital meters have additional
feature of maximum kVarh load at any instant with MDI. The
follow up team visits the premises and note the discrepancies if
found. The distribution companies deploy the monitoring team
that manage all received data from field and point out
discrepancies in the data and forward the authenticated data. This
information is used to compute the billing cost which includes,
Fuel Adjustment charge, energy cost and the Taxes. The system
also maintains energy consumption profile of all consumers in
software. The distribution company deploys different control
mechanism to manage the system efficiently through this
approach. The final step is to print the accurate bills and
distribute among the consumers timely.
Figure 2: Blind Metering Reading (BMR) device
III. COST AND BENEFIT ANALSIS OF BMR & AMR SYSTEMS
The two systems are compared on the basis of benefit cost ratio.
The results of both AMR and BMR systems are calculated and
presented in this section.
Blind Meter Reading (BMR) system is based on replacement of
the existing faulty Meters with quality digital energy meters and
reducing the cost of energy monitoring system. In the BMR
system theft before the meter’s connection can be removed by
clip-on meters that eliminate the loose connections approach.
The energy conservation due to the replacement of sluggish
meters and reduction of theft from the system will be of great
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benefit. The benefit cost ratio of the system is then calculated
and compared with the existing and AMR meter reading system.
The calculations are shown below.
A. BMR Cost Analysis
The Cost for BMR is subjected to the cost of replacing existing
sluggish meters with the new digital meters and cost on the
monitoring of meter reading process. The clip on meters will
be used to eliminate theft from the system. The insulated cables
will be placed for distribution in order to avoid loose
connections from distribution line. The communication
materials and software devices will be purchased for
monitoring the meter reading process.
The data is taken as mentioned here:
(a)Single phase meters replacement cost.
Number of single phase meters to be replaced =2600
Rate of single phase meter/ per unit cost = 1900(Rs)
Net cost on single phase meters replacement = 49,40,000(Rs)
(b)Three phase meters replacement cost.
Number of three phase meters to be replaced =550
Rate of three phase meter/ per unit cost =6500(Rs)
Net cost on three phase meters’ replacement =35,75,000(Rs)
(c)Energy monitoring system cost.
Net cost on energy monitory system = Rs.10,20,000 (Rs)
Net cost Total ( a+b+c ) = 95,35,000(Rs)
B. AMR Cost Analysis
AMR project is implemented with incorporating cost analysis
of the new digital meters, the Lids with boxes as well as covers.
These expenditures will be added with expenditures on
hardware, software installation. These all items will be
included as they need to be either replaced or purchased.
Incorporating all these expenditures will give us true figure of
benefit cost ratio of automatic meter reading. This ration will
be compared to BMR system.
AMR Cost is calculated by adding the cost of meters to be
replaced and cost on its communication module. The cost of
the materials are taken from the material management section
of Distribution Company.
(a)AMR meters replacement cost.
Meters to be replaced in numbers =3000
Per meter cost =7500(Rs)
Meter replacement cost =22,500,000(Rs)
(b)Installation cost of meters for AMR system.
Meters to be installed in numbers =3000
Cost of installation on single meter =2800(Rs)
Net cost on AMR meters installation =8,400,000(Rs)
(c)Communication and hardware modules installation cost.
Total module per meter cost =2,000 (Rs)
Cost on installation of 3 thousand meters =6,000,000(Rs)
(d)Operation and Maintenance cost of AMR
Operational and Maintenance cost =2,200,000(Rs)
Net Cost (Total)= (a+b+c+d) =39,100,000(Rs)
Benefit Cost Ratio comparison of AMR and BMR
AMR Project Benefit cost ratio =0.80
BMR Project Benefit cost ratio =3.25
The cost analysis comparison of BMR and AMR is shown in fig.
3 value.
Fig. 3 Cost Analysis of AMR and BMR
The optimum ratio of benefit cost is set to be (1) by DESCO’s
for Pakistan. The project was presented by showing the benefit
cost ratio, if the benefit cost ratio is less than one the project is
not selected for implementation and it is re-designed and
presented again for approval.
Now analyzing the benefit cost ratio of both proposed projects of
BMR and AMR. The benefit cost ratio of AMR comes out to be
0.80 which is not suitable for implementation but on the other
hand benefit cost ratio of BMR is 3.25 which means its suitable
to be implemented. Hence it will be implemented in DESCO’s.
C. Comparing AMR and BMR on the Basis of Value of Return
BMR value of return =four Months
AMR value of return =sixteen Months The
term value of return gives us the time duration in which the
amount invested on the project is recovered. Hence the lesser the
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duration the better it is. By looking into the value of return
duration, BMR is recovering the invested money in four months
while the AMR takes sixteen months to recover the investment.
BMR is better than AMR in this aspect as well.
D. Comparing the Financial Aspect of the Projects
On the basis of studies conducted by data provided by PESCO
the Financial Internal Rate of Return of both the projects are
presented here:
BMR project FIRR = 84 percent
AMR project FIRR =15.5 percent
Now looking into the FIRR of both the project it’s clear that
BMR is having much higher value when it’s compared to AMR
E. Comparing Economic indicators of AMR and BMR
On the basis of studies conducted by data provided by PESCO
the Economic Analysis of both the projects are presented here.
BMR project EIRR = 95 percent
AMR project EIRR =17 percent
It’s also clear from EIRR of both projects that AMR is
having too less ratio than BMR. Hence BMR project is feasible
on economic indicator as well.
IV. CONCLUSION
This work was focused to design and implementation a system
of meter reading that can replace the existing manual meter
reading system of DESCO’s with minimum changes in the
infrastructure. Despite minimum changes in infrastructure still
the system shall be capable enough to remove flaws and theft
from existing system with low cost model. The Proposed BMR
technique is compared in all aspects with that of AMR
approach and results are presented for analysis. The start of
work is taken by introducing existing meter reading system of
DESCO’s. The distributed network of the manual meter
reading system is analyzed. Then we introduced the working
of AMR and BMR, analyzed different steps which involve in
the commissioning of AMR and BMR meter reading system.
For data analysis and case study, we selected Sikandar pura
subdivision of PESCO. We estimated the cost of implementing
both AMR and BMR meter reading system in this sub-division
and then applied the financial, economic and cost benefit ratio
formulas on both of the system. The results are then compared
by looking into the socio-economic situation of country in
general and PESCO in particular. After comparison, it was
deduced that BMR is having the lower cost as compared to
AMR. Hence all the testing parameters investment, benefits,
turnover, financial and economic impact of the projects proves
that in our domestic environment the best meter reading system
to be incorporated in Sikandar pura sub-division is Blind Meter
Reading system. This was suggested in the end that the system
which is proposed and partially installed by USAID in some
parts of PESCO distribution network is the recommended
system for our future.
Statistics of the Result
Paper concludes that results are suggested on the basis of
statistical analysis as reported here:
1. Blind Meter Reading is having 3.25 Benefit Cost Ratio
while AMR is having 0.80. This higher ratio of BMR
suggests that this technique of meter reading is best for
Pakistan. Hence DESCO’s can switch on to the BMR
phase wise.
2. The BMR system is achieving Value of Return in four
months while AMR achieves it in sixteen months. The
lesser duration means that the recovery of initial cost
is recovered earlier hence BMR is better suitable then
AMR.
3. The Blind Meter Reading has internal financial return
of about 84 percent while in case of AMR it is 15
percent. These percentages show that BMR is having
edge over AMR in financial liabilities of project as
well.
4. The Blind Meter Reading has internal economic return
of about 95 percent while in case of AMR it is 17
percent. These percentages show that BMR is having
edge over AMR in economic indicators of Project too.
5. By implementing the BMR system the losses of
DESCO’s can be reduced.
6. The problem of overbilling will also be removed from
system and there is no need of advance unit’s
calculation.
7. The DESCO’s recovery cycle and management
system of Progress/Discrepancies will be improved
significantly.
The two systems after the comparison are both giving positive
results. The correctness of billing and theft control are achieved
in both systems. Technically evaluation on the basis of cost
benefit ratio suggests that Blind meter reading system is best
suited in Pakistan electricity distribution system. The system will
be relatively cheaper and appropriate for implementation in
future for meter reading.
V. FUTURE WORK
The suggested meter reading system can be expanded in future
for larger networks of distribution companies. The system can
be of great use, once the previous data of consumers is available
on line. The history of previous years’ load is available and
hence real time decision of energy theft can be reported in the
system in sub-division of DESCO’s. The advancement in the
system can be done by introducing Geographical Information
System (GIS) in the system. This will help the location of the
client on google earth app. The map will help to know the exact
position of the customer meter which is of great use for
planning of the future electricity load for forecasting and
utilization. This will also help to locate the High Tension and
Low Tension network on the map. The GIS will be useful to
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contain the consumer type, data, consumption details and meter
information.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors are thankful to the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, for
providing supervision and guidance.
The authors are also thankful to PESCO office, Peshawar for
providing us the relevant data.
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