BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN

BRIDGE NAME: _ _ _ _ _ _

LOCATION: ( Sta._ _ _ _)
 BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN
Design Data and Specifications BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN
i) Material Properties
Steel strength, Fy= 400 Mpa
Concrete strength, f'c = 28 Mpa
3
Concrete density, yc = 2400 Kg/m
3
Bituminous density, yb = 2250 Kg/m
The modulus of elasticity of steel, Es = 200 Gpa
ii) Bridge Span and Support Dimensions
Clear span of the bridge,Cs = 25 m
Road way width Rw = 7.32 m
Additional Curb width Cw = 0.8 m
Curb depth Cd = 0.25 m
Abutment Width, Wrs = 0.4 m
Diaphragm Width Dwi = 0.25 m
Girder Spacing, Gs = 2.32 m
Diaphragm Spacing, Ds = 5 m
Skewness= 0 deg
Concrete Barriers are used 1
Thickness of Asphalt Layer (Wearing Surface) = 75 mm
Concrete Cover for the slab (bottom) = 25 mm
Concrete Cover for the slab (top) = 60 mm
Concrete Cover for the girders = 50 mm
iii) Reinforcement Sizes
Diameter of main reinforcement for the girders = 32 mm
Diameter of main reinforcement for the slab = 16 mm
Diameter of distribution reinforcement = 12 mm
Diameter of temperature reinforcement = 12 mm
Diameter of shear reinforcement = 12 mm
Diameter of main reinf for diaphragms = 12 mm
Diameter of stirrups for diaphrams= 16 mm
* Design Method: LRDF

iv) Current Construction Costs (Unit price)

Material Unit Unit Price
Reinforcing bars kg
3
Concrete m
Formwork m2
3
Asphalt (bitumen) m
Steel Pipe kg
Steel bearings pcs
Stone Masonry m3

Longitudinal section of a Box-Girder Bridge

Cross Section of a Box-Girder Bridge

Design Data
 Box-Girder Bridge Design (25 m, C/C spacing of bridge) 26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)
0
1. Typical Section 175
1.1. Deck Thickness > 175mm >
- Minimum recommended thickness of the slab, to control deflection is t smin=175 mm [AASHTO Art. 5.14.1.3.1a] mm
Or (Gs+3000)/30 =177.33mm > 175mm 170 177.33
- htf > 1/20
- htfof>clear
1/20span
of clear
between
span fillets
between fillets =1/20(2.32*1000-250-2*50)= 98.5mm 98.50 90 100 =1/20(2.32*1000-250-2*50)= 98.5mm
- htf > 1/18
- htf
of>effective
1/18 of effective
length of length
flange of flange =1/18(2.32*1000-250)= 115mm 115.00 110 120 =1/18(2.32*1000-250)= 115mm

Use ts= 180 mm 180 180

1.2. Web Thickness No. of bars in a row 3

Minimum thickness of the web, b min=200 mm without prestressing duct. [AASHTO Art. 5.14.1.3.1c] bmin
bars in one
3 bars
rowinrequire
one rowa beam
requirewidth
a beam
of: width of: 0 Φ
bmin= 3Φ+2(1.5Φ)+2*cover =242mm [bmin= 300mm, AASHTO Art. 5.10.3.1.1] 240 242
Use b= 250 mm 250
Actual bar spacing= 16mm 16 Dw
1.3. Girder Depth 1350 25.4
Structure depth, Dw = 0.06L for simple span T- beams (L=C s +Wrs) 25400
Dw=0.06*25400= 1524 1520 1524
0 Use Dw= 1530 mm b= 250 mm 1530
Dw = 1530 mm
1.4. Girder Spacing and overhang 250
Gs = 2.32
Numbers of girders, Ng =INT(Rw/Gs)+1
Ng= 4 ( Four girders with c/c spacing of 2.32 m is used.) Four
Cx=0.5(Rw-(Ng-1)Gs) = 0.18 m 0.18
Cx+Cw = 0.98 m (Overhang) 0.98
Number of lanes loaded = Int (7.32/3.6)=2 2 2.03333333
2. Deck Design
ts = 180 mm (deck thickness )

2.1. Weight of components

1) Top flange (180mm thick) =0.18*2400*9.81/1000 = 4.24 KN/m2
2) Wearing surface (75mm thick) = 0.075*2250*9.81/1000 =1.66 KN/m2
3) Overhang Slab (185mm above slab) =0.185*2400*9.81/1000 =4.36 KN/m2
4) Curb (250mm above slab) =0.25*2400*9.81/1000 =5.89 KN/m2
5) Barriers -------------------------------------------------- = 3.6 KN/m

#REF! #REF! #VALUE!

2.1. Dead load moments

An approximate analysis of strips perpendicular to girders will be considered.

The strips vshall be treated as continuous beams with span length equal to the c/c distance between girders. The girders are assumed rigid.
For case in applying load factors, the bending moments will be determined for slab dead load, wearing surface and vehicle loads
separately.
2.1.1 Slab dead load
A one-meter strip width is taken for the analysis.

Who= 4.36
Wcb= 5.89 KN/m
Ws= 4.24 KN-m/m
Who+Wcb= 10.25 4.82
Ws'=Who+Wcb-Ws= 6.01
2.32

8.9632 8.963
Me = Ws(Cx+Cw)^2/2+Ws'*Cw(Cw/2+Cx) 5.806331 5.806 Influence segment coeff.
= 4.24*0.98^2/2+6.01*0.8*(0.8/2+0.18) =4.82 KN-m/m 4.030469 4.03 -2.76 -0.1
Moment at supports 4.9184 4.918 14.769 -0.33
Mb=Mc = 4.24*(-0.1)*2.32^2+4.82*(-0.1)= -2.76 KN-m/m 4.9184 4.918 8.948
Mws= 1.826 KN-m/m Mws 1.826
A1= 8.963 KN/m B1= 4.03 KN/m RA= 14.769 KN/m
A2= 5.806 KN/m B2= 4.918 KN/m RB= 8.948 KN/m
Influence segment coefficient for moment is obtained from tables.
where:
- Me = End moment at support A (exterior girder)
- Mws= moment due to dead weight of the slab
- Mb and Mc are support moments at supports B and C respectively
- B1, B2, A1 and A2 are shear forces at the left and right of supports B and A respectively.
- RB and RA are reactions at supports B and A respectively.

Top flange Design 3

2.1.2 Wearing Surface

Wdw= 1.66 0.03

0.2988 0.299 1.851

1.5523241 1.552 4.225
Mew = Wdw*Cx^2/2 =0.03 KN-m/m 2.2988759 2.299
Moment at supports 1.9256 1.926 -0.8964784
Mbw=Mcw = 1.66*(-0.1)*2.32^2+0.03*(-0.1) =-0.896 KN-m/m 1.9256 1.926 -0.896
Mbr 2.133
Ar= 0.299 KN/m Br= 2.299 KN/m RA= 1.851 KN/m Mdw 0.715
Al= 1.552 KN/m Bl= 1.926 KN/m RB= 4.225 KN/m 0.71478272
Mbr = 2.133 KN-m/m Mdw= 0.715 KN-m/m
where 2.14368
Mew = end moment at support A due to wearing surface (exterior girder)
Mbw and Mcw are support moments at supports B and C due to wearing surface respectively
Bl, Br are shear forces at the left and right of supports B respectively.
RA and RB are reactions at supports A and B respectively.
2.1.3 Barriers
Me= BL*(Cx+Cw)=(3.6+0)*0.98= 3.528 KN-m/m BL*(Cx+Cw)
Mb=Mc = 3.528*(-0.1)=-0.353 KN-m/m 3.528 -0.353
Moh 5.388
2.1.3 Moment due to overhang
Moh= A2*0.4*Gs =5.806*0.4*2.32=5.388 KN-m/m
3. Vehicular Live Load
When decks are designed using the approximate strip method (Art. 4.6.2.1) and the strips are transverse, they shall be designed for the 145
KN axle load (Art. 3.6.1.3.3). The design truck load shall be positioned transversely to produce maximum force effects.
3.1. Maximum Positive Live Load Moment
For repeating equal spans, the maximum positive bending moment occurs near the 0.4 points of the first interior span.
The equivalent width of the strip over which the live load is applied is:
E=660+0.55Gs = 1936 mm

0.4*Gs= 0.928 m

(on the
Position of the second wheel = 0.4*Gs+1.8 = 2.728 m > 2.32 m (on the second span) second span)
Using moment distribution method, 1936
Reaction due to the above loading (maximum raection and moment at the interior girder) 1.936
Ra= 32.726 KN Rb= 109.909 KN mp 1.2
Rb1= 39.774 KN Mmaxp = 30.369 KN-m Mp 18.824
Rb2= 70.134 KN 68.125
Mp = 1.2*30.369 KN-m/1.936m =18.824 KN-m/m
Rb= 1.2*109.909 KN/1.936m =68.125 KN/m
3.2. Maximum Interior Negative live load moment
The critical placement of live load for maximum negative moment is at the first interior support.
The width of equivalent transverse strip is E=1220+0.25*Gs

The equivalent width, E= 1800 mm

Using moment distribution method, 1800
1.8
Ra= 14.98 KN Rb= 112.387 KN mp 1.2
Rb1= 57.52 KN MmaxN = -30.497 KN-m Mn -20.331
Rb2= 54.867 KN 74.925
MmaxN = 1.2*-30.497 KN-m/1.8m =-20.331 KN-m/m
Rb= 1.2*112.387 KN/1.8m =74.925 KN/m

Top flange Design 4

 3.3. Maximum Live Load reaction on Exterior Girder
The maximum live load reaction on the exterior girder is obtained when the exterior wheel is placed 300mm from the curb.

The equivalent width of the strip over which the live load applied is:
E=660+0.55Gs = 1800 mm 1800
Using moment distribution method, the reactions at supports A and b becomes 1.8
Ra= 75.176 KN Rb= 74.399 KN mp 1.2
Rb1= 69.824 KN 50.117
Rb2= 4.574 KN 49.599
Ra = 1.2*75.176 KN/1.8m =50.117 KN-m/m
Rb= 1.2*74.399 KN/1.8m =49.599 KN/m 1
4. Select Resistance Factors 1 1
Strength Limit States (RC) 1 1 0.95
Flexure & Torsion Flexure & Torsion 1 i) Strength Limit State 1.00 1.05
Resistance Factor = 1 Shear & Torsion 1 ii) Service Limit State 0.90 1
Bearing on Concrete 1 0.70
5. Select Load Modifiers Concrete in strut & Tie model 0.70
i) Strength Limit State 1
i) Ductility 0.95 1.25 [Art. 1.3.3] dc 1.25
ii) Continuous 0.95 1.50 [Art. 1.3.4] dw 1.5
iii) Importancy 1.05 1.75 [Art. 1.3.5] LL 1.75
Load Modifier = 0.95 1.00 FR 0.75
1
6. Select Applicable Load Combinations 1
i) Strength Limit State U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00(FR+TG)

7. Investigate Strength Limit State

Temperature gradient effect reduces gravity load effects.Because temperature gradient may not be there, assume TG=0
Thus, U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM))

8. Design Moment and Reaction Computaions

Ra= 0.95*[1.25(14.769)+1.5(2.299)+1.75*1.33(50.117)]=131.63 KN/m = 131.63 KN/m 131.630
Ma= 0.95*[1.25(-4.82)+1.5(0.03)+1.75*1.33(0)]= -5.68 KN-m/m = -5.68 KN-m/m -5.680
Mmaxp= 0.95*[1.25(Moh-Mws)+1.5(Mbr+Mdw)+1.75*1.33(Mp)]= 49.91 KN-m/m 49.910 30.016
MB= 0.95*[1.25(Mb)+1.5(Mbw)+1.75*1.33(Mn)]= -49.509 KN-m/m -49.509 = -49.509 KN-m/m
-49.509 49.509
For
reinfor For reinforcement computation, negative moment may be taken at face of support. The T-beams are bmin wide.
cement Thus, we calculate moments at support B , bmin=250mm.
KN-m/m
Mb-Ws*(bmin/2)^2/2+B2*(bmin/2)
MDC= Mb-Ws*(bmin/2)^2/2+B2*(bmin/2)=-2.76-4.24*(0.125)^2/2+4.918*0.125=-2.178 KN-m/m -2.178
Mbw-Wdw*(bmin/2)^2/2+Bl*(bmin/2)
MDW= Mbw-Wdw*(bmin/2)^2/2+Bl*(bmin/2)=-0.896-1.66*0.125^2/2+1.926*0.125=-0.668 KN-m/m -0.668
MLL= 1.2*(-30.497+54.867*0.125)/1.8=-15.759 KN-m/m -23.805 -15.759
Mneg= 0.95*[1.25*(-2.178)+1.5*(-0.668)+1.75*1.33*(-15.759)]= -38.383 KN-m/m = -38.383 KN-m/m
-38.383 38.383

9. Reinforcement
a) Positive Moment Reinforcement
dp= 147 dp=147 mm (effective depth,dp=180-16/2-25)
Mmaxp= 49.91 KN-m/m 1.000

Checking the adequacy of the section 1.000 131.63

The section is checked for the maximum design moment whether the initial depth under consideration is sufficed or not.
49.91E+6 The section is sufficed!
#REF!
dic =Sqrt( ) =85.23mm The section is sufficed!
0.254*b*f'c As, provided 85.23
ρ =0.0068 ( Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars) 1004.8 0.00680
ρ > ρ min Ok! 1.000 94.77
As=0.0068*1000*147 = 1000.3mm2 0.00680
S =201mm Use Φ 16 c/c 200 mm (As, provided= 1004.8 mm2) 1.000 1000.30
1.000 200.000 200
1.000 Φ
b) Negative Moment Reinforcement 1
dn= 112 dn=112 mm (effective depth,dn=180-16/2-60)
Mneg= = -38.383 KN-m/m
ρ =0.0092 ( Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars) 1057.68 0.00921
ρ > ρ min Ok!
As=0.0092*1000*112 = 1031.81mm2 1 0.00920
S =195mm Use Φ 16 c/c 190 mm (As, provided= 1057.68 mm2) 1.000 1031.81

Top flange Design 5

 190
c) Distribution Reinforcement
The amount of distribution reinforcement at the bottom of the slab to distribute the loads may be taken as a percentage of the primary
reinforcement and a minimum spacing of 250mm.

Pe= min[67,3840/√Se] 67
Pe = Percentage of distribution reinforcement
Se = Clear spacing of geiders = Gs-bmin
Se = 2320-250 =2070 2070
Thus Pe= min [67, 3840/sqrt (2070 )] = 0.67 67% 84.40 67.00
673.22
As= Pe*Asp = 673.22mm2 ( Using 12 mm diameter reinforcing bars) 0.67
Sdi =min(3.14 (dd)21000/Ati,250] = Min (160,250 ) 167.91 16 160 160
S = 167.91 mm Provide Φ 12 c/c 160 mm at bottom, longitudinal direction.

d) Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily temperature
changes. For members greater than 150 mm in thickness, the steel should be distributed equally on both sides.
Ast≥ 0.75Ag/Fy
Where: Ag is the gross concrete area
337.5
Ast = 0.75*1000*180/400=337.5 mm2/m
168.75
Top layer Ast = 1/2*337.5= 168.75 mm2/m 669.87 66 660 450
Spacing =min (3.14 (dt)21000/Ast, 450, 3ts) = Min (660, 450 ,540 ) 540
S = 669.87 mm Provide Φ12 c/c 450 mm at top, longitudinal direction.

10. Investigation of Service Limit State

i) Durability
For durability, adequate cover shall be used (for bottom of cast in place slab the cover is 25mm). A 25mm concrete cover is provided here,
thus there is no problem of durability.

a) Check positive moment reinforcement

The load factors used above in all dead and live loads are taken as unity.
Thus, Mp= 30.016 KN-m/m 30.016 KN-m/m

Reinforcement :
Mpu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 972.34
AS =
fs*j*dp OK!
30016000
AS = = 972.34mm2/m OK!
(0.6*400)*0.875*147
b) Check negaitive moment reinforcement
Mn = -23.80547 KN-m/m -23.805 23.805
Reinforcement :
Mnu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 1012.14
AS =
fs*j*dn OK!
4
23805470
AS = = 1012.14mm2/m OK!
(0.6*0.4)*0.875*112

ii) Control of Cracking.

Cracking may occur in the tension zone for RC members due to the low tensile strength of concrete. The cracks may be controlled by
distributing steel reinforcements over the maximum tension zone in order limit the maximum allowable crack widths at the surface of the
concrete for given types of environment.
Components shall be so proportioned that the tensile stress in the mild steel reinforcement at the service limit state, f sa doesn’t exceed.
Fs≤Fsa
Fsa=Z/(dc*A)1/3 ≤ 0.6fy
Z=23000N/mm
dc= concrete cover + (diam. of bars/2)
- clear cover to compute dc≤50mm
Ac= 2dcS
Fr=0.63√ (fc’)
Where:
Z= Crack width parameter
Ac= area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinforcement are bounded by the surfaces of the
cross section and a line parallel the neutral axis divided by the number of bars (mm2), clear cover here also≤50mm.
S = spacing of bars. 3.33 2.66
Fr = modulus of rupture 11
Fr=0.63√ (fc’) = 3.33 Mpa 0.8fr = 2.66 Mpa
If fs > fsa, then the area of reinforcing bars has to be increased by reducing the spacing of bars.

Top flange Design 6

 a) Ppositive moment reinforcement

26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)

Ec = 0.043Yc1.5(fc')1/2 d1= 33 mm
=26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete) d2= 68 mm
n= 7 dp= 147 mm
dn= 112 mm

2
The equivalent concrete area, n*Ap = 7033.600 mm
2
0.5*bX =n*Ap*(d2-X)+n*An*(dp-X) X= 43.37 mm 43.37 -28.87472 115.615093 43.37018625 1000000000
500 1 28.87472 -3133.27504
3 2 2
Icr=(b*X )/3+(n*Ap*(d2-X) )+(n*An*(dp-X) ) = 110.969 *E+06 mm4 79510003 27192717.3 4266776.768 1.11E+08
fs=(n*MPu*(dp-X))/Icr = 196.21 Mpa For bottom steel, dc= 1.96E+02
303.54 196.21
240 110.969
For bottom steel, dc=33 mm, A= 2*33*200 =13200mm2 13200 240
fsa=23000/(dc*A)1/3 = 303.54 Mpa fsa =240 Mpa 240 fsa ( =240 Mpa
where:
X is the neutral axis depth from top fiber < No problem of cracking
MPu= unfactored max positive moment 11 (Provide Φ16 c/c 200 mm)
Icr = moment of inertia of the composite transformed section
The above results show that :
Trial Δs= 0 mm (change in spacing of bars)
Try S = 200 mm As =1004.8 mm2 0 1004.8 200
Ap =1004.8mm2, S=200mm dp=147mm, n=Es/Ec =7, d2=68 mm, An =1057.68mm2, Mpu=30.016 KN-m/m
Upon substitution, the corresponding values become: 43.37 -28.87472 115.615093 43.37018625 1000000000
X=43.37 mm, Icr= 110.969E+06 mm4, fs=196.21Mpa, fsa=303.54Mpa 500 1 28.87472 -3133.27504
fs= 196.21 Mpa < fsa ( =240 Mpa) 79510003 27192717.3 4266776.768 1.11E+08
No problem of cracking 1.96E+02 196.21 110.969
Provide Φ16 c/c 200 mm No problem of <
cracking 303.54 240 240
13200 fsa =240 Mpa 240 fsa ( =240 Mpa
b) Negative moment reinforcement

d1= 33 mm
d2= 68 mm
1.26764E+22 dp= 147 mm
dn= 112 mm

2
The equivalent concrete area, n*An = 7403.760 mm
0.5*bX2=(n-1)*Ap*(d1-X)+n*An*(dn-X) X= 33.86 mm 33.86 -26.86512 94.5891475 33.86201377 1000000000
3 2 2
Icr=(b*X )/3+(n*Ap*(d1-X) )+(n*An*(dn-X) ) = 58.152E+06 mm4 45203989 12942467.7 5226.441262 5.82E+07
fs=(n*MPn*(dp-X))/Icr = 223.91 Mpa 2.24E+02 223.91 58.152
Where:- MPn= unfactored negative moment For top steel, dc= 190.69
For top steel, dc=68 mm, A= 2*68*190 =25840mm2 25840 240
fsa=23000/(dc*A)1/3 = 190.69 Mpa fsa = Mpa fsa ( = Mpa
25 (change in spacing of bars)
Trial Δs= 25 mm (change in spacing of bars)
Δs S = 165 mm As =1217.94 mm2 25 1217.94 165.00000 16.5 16.00
An =1217.94mm2, S=165mm dn=112mm, n=Es/Ec =7, d2=68 mm, Ap =1004.8mm2, Mpn= -23.80547 KN-m/m
Thus, the corresponding values of X, Icr, fs and fsa are: 35.64 -29.10876 100.388459 35.63984972 1000000000
X=35.64 mm, Icr= 64.85E+06 mm4, fs=196.21Mpa, fsa=199.87Mpa 500 1 29.10876 -2307.63072
fs= 196.21 Mpa < fsa ( =199.87 Mpa) 22440 49711570 15089899.2 49015.79771 6.49E+07
No problem of cracking 196.213256 196.21 64.85
Thus, Provide Φ16 c/c 165 mm No problem of <
cracking 199.87 240 240
10890 fsa =240 Mpa fsa ( =199.87 Mpa
Investigation of Fatigue Limit State 0 3.66
Fatigue need not be investigated for concrete decks in multi-girder applications. [AASHTO Art 9.5.3]

Top flange Design 7

 1) Bottom Flange Thickness
- Minimum recommended thickness of the bottom slab, tsb,min=140 mm [AASHTO Art. 5.14.1.3.1a]

- tb > 1/30
- tb of> clear
1/30 span
of clear
between
span between
webs webs =1/30(2.32*1000-250-2*50)= 65.67mm 65.67 60
Use tb= 140 mm

2. Reinforcement
a) Reinforcement parallel to the girder span
dp= As = 0.4% flange area = 0.4%(total flange width*bottom slab thickness)
Total flange width= 7210mm
As=0.4% (7210*140) =4037.6mm2=560mm2/m
S = min(450,359) Provide Φ 16 c/c 350 mm
1.000
b) Transversal Reinforcement 1
The transverse reinforcement to girder span, As=0.5%flange area
dn= As = 0.5% flange area = 0.5%(total flange width*bottom slab thickness)
Total flange width= 7210mm
As=0.5% (7210*140) =5047mm2=700mm2/m
S = min(450,287) Provide Φ 16 c/c 280 mm

c) Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided near surfaces of concrete
exposed to daily temperature changes. For members greater than 150 mm in thickness, the steel should be
distributed equally on both sides.
Ast≥ 0.75Ag/fy
Where: Ag is the gross concrete area
262.5
Ast = 0.75*1000*140/400=262.5 mm2/m
131.25
Top layer Ast = 1/2*262.5= 131.25 mm2/m 861.26 86
2
Spacing =min (3.14 (dt) 1000/Ast, 450, 3ts) = Min (860, 450 ,420 )
S = 861.26 mm Provide Φ12 c/c 420 mm at top, (on both directions).

Bottom flange Design 8

 Deck Overhang Design

According to AASHTO Bridge Design Manual (Art. 2.7), curbs will be designed to resist a lateral force of 7.3 KN/m
applied at the top of the curb or the railing load of 44.5Kn whichever produces larger force effect.

Moment due to Live Load

1.825 M1=7.3*Cd= 1.825 KN-m/m
M2 =44.5*Ph/E 20.43 E= 0.833*Ph+1.143 1.851

345 M2 = 20.43KN-m/m E=1.851 m

M2 will be taken for design. will be taken for design.
Mdl=Mb+Mbw 4.82 0.896 5.716
Moment due to Dead Load
Mdl=Mb+Mbw4.82+0.896=5.716 KN-m/m
Mu = 1.3*M2+Mdl M2
Design Moment, Mu 33.990
Mu = 33.99 KN-m/m 33.990
617
b=1000mm
d =Cw-cover-Φ/2 d =617mm d = D+Cw-cover-Φ/2
150 15.000 ### 15
ρ = 0.00025 ρmin = 0.0021 ( Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars)
As As =ρmin *b*d 0.0021 Φ
1295.7 As= 1295.7 mm2/m Use Φ 16 c/c 150 mm

Temperature Reinforcement 356.25 178.125

Ast = 0.75*(180+10)*1000/400=356.25 mm2 634.61 63 630 450
Spacing =min(3.14 *(dt)2*1000/Ast,450) = Min(630,450 )
Use Φ12 mm rebars c/c 450mm 1.7777778 2 0.2222222 3

Φ 16 c/c 150 mm

3 Φ12
Design of Barriers

Strength limit state and extreme event limit state are considered for the design of barriers. The design forces for
a TL-4 barrier as per AASHTO: Table A13.2.1 is used.

Fig: Cross section of a bridge

600
175 230
75 289.01
H= Barrier height= 0.85 850 area of barrier 1814
top width= 150 0.164875 25.8 93.6
cover= 25
bottom width= 380

Design forces for a TL-4 barrier (AASHTO: Table A13.2.1)

Direction Force (KN) Length(m)
Transverse (Ft) 240 1.07
Longituidinal (Fl) 80 1.07
Vertical (Fv) 80 5.5

Ft  R w

  8H M b  M wH 
2
L 
2
2 M L lt
Rw   8M b  8M w  c c  and Lc    t 
2 I c  Lt  
 H  2  
2 Mc

Where:
Mb - additional flexural resistance of beam in additionto Mw, if any, at top of wall (KN-m)
Mw - flexural resistance of the wall about its vertical axis (KN-m)
Mc - flexural resistance of cantilevered walls about an axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the bridge (KN-m/m)
H - height of wall
Lt- longitudinal length of distribution of impact force, Ft (KN)
Lc - critical length of yield line failure pattern (m) 28 400
i) Flexural capacity of the wall about vertical axis, M w
78.5 diam of Hori bars= 10 φ φ
c/c spacing for Hori bars 200 number of bars, nb= 5.25 5
25920 3.55 3 236.67 230
bar 2-d2 d1 235 1 5
40
40mm
row -1 235
235mm 235
row-2 240
235mm 100
row-3
240mm
row-4
100mm
row-5

* bar 1 is on the inside face and bar 2 is on the outside face

* Provide 5φ10 horizontal bars, L= 25920mm on both faces (spacing of bars is as shown in the
above diagram)

 a
M  As f y  d  
 2
w

for extreme limit state φ =1

φ10, A=78.5mm2
392.5 As,tot=nb*A= 5*78.5=392.5mm2
a=As,totf y /(0.85f c ' b)
7.76 392.5*400
a= =7.76mm
0.85*28*850

Calculation of Mw
measured from measured from
row the outside face Mw1 the inside face Mw2 230
d1 (bar1) d2 (bar2) 850 150 0
1 110 3.332 110 3.332 810 150 0
2 110 3.332 110 3.332 575 150 0
3 110 3.332 110 3.332 340 150 0
4 307 9.522 307 9.522 100 347 150
5 340 10.554 340 10.554 0 380 250
Total 30.072 30.072
35.38
35.38 Mwi =Mw1/H= 35.38KN-m/m Mwo =Mw2/H= 35.38KN-m/m

Thus, Mw= (2*MwixMwo)/3 =35.38KN-m/m 35.38

ii) Flexural capacity of the wall about horizontal axis, M c
78.5 diam of vert bars= 10
c/c spacing for Vert. bars 300 number of bars, nb= 4.3 5 min spacing?
85φ10 c/c 300mm, L=1840mm
d 1840

2
Bridge length
25.4
3 84.66667 85

4
1350
5

85φ10 c/c 300mm, L=1350mm

 a
M c  As f y  d  
 2
for φ=10, A=78.5mm2
As,tot=nb A =5*78.5mm2/m
=392.5mm2/m
a=As,totf y /(0.85f c ' b) 6.60
a=6.6mm

Calculation of Mc
d=measured from
Location dave Mc Hi
the outside face
1 120
120 18.322 510
3 120
4 317
333.57 51.982 340
5 350

Thus, Mc= ∑(Mci*Hi)/∑Hi 27018.1 31.786

= 31.786KN-m

 L  8H M b  M w H 
2
Lt =3430.671mm (Mb=0)
Lc    t 
2 2 Mc

 
2
2 M L
Rw   8M b  8M w  c c 
2Lc  Lt  H  =249.74KN ( >240KN) OK!

Shear Capacity Check

Design of Longitudinal Girders 26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)
Diaphragm loadDiaphragm
on exteriorload
girder
on =
interior
(Di*(Dw-ts)*(Gs-b)/2)Yc
girder = (Di*(Dw-ts)*(Gs-b))Yc
1. Dead load effect due to web and diaphragm wt. Own weight of web= b*(Dw-ts-tb)Yc
Structural depth, Dw = 1530 mm 7.12 8.22
Web width, b= 250 mm 7.12 16.44
Own weight of web= b*(Dw-ts-tb)Yc=7.12KN/m. , Yc=2400 Kg/m3
Weight of bottom flange weight of bottom flange
Exterior girder: tb*be*Yc=3.82KN/m. 3.82 tb*be*Yc
Interior girder: tb*bi*Yc=7.65KN/m. 7.65 tb*bi*Yc
23.718 0.926
2. Slab reactions (dead loads & live loads) transferred to girders 4.225 25.4
Exterior Girder 326.5043
Reactions, DC: RA = 14.769+7.12+3.82=25.709 KN/m (including web wt) 12.8545
DW: RA = 1.851 KN/m ω=RA (KN/m) 4.11

Moments, DC: M(x)= 326.504X-12.855X^2 301.2186

DW: M(x)= 23.508X-0.926X^2 11.859
8.22
Interior Girder
Reactions, DC: RB = 8.948+7.12+7.65=23.718 KN/m (including web wt.)
DW: RB = 4.225 KN/m 1

Moments, DC: M(x)= 301.219X-11.859X^2

DW: M(x)= 53.658X-2.113X^2

3. Distribution factors for Moments and Shears

The distribution factors for moment and shear for both external and internal girders are obtained from the empirical formula given in
Table Art 4.6.2.2-1 of AASHTO 1998.

3.1.1 Distribution factors for Moment

a) Interior
Girder beams with
distribution factorconcrete decks:
with multiple [Table
presence factor Art 4.6.2.2b
included mg is, and 2b-1]
One Lane loaded:
mgSIm=0.06+(Gs/4.3)0.4*(Gs/L)0.3*(Kg/Lts3)0.1 for preliminary design, (Kg/Lts3)=1 and L is c/c of bridge length.

Two or more lanes loaded:

mgmIm=0.075+(Gs/2.9)0.6*(Gs/L)0.2*(Kg/Lts3)0.1
Skew correction factor= 1-C1(tanθ)1.5; C1=(Gs/L)0.5*(Kg/Lts3)0.25
mgslm= 0.441 and mgmlm= 0.617
Skew Correction Factor =1
Thus, mgslm= 0.441 and mgmlm= 0.617

b) Exterior beams: [Table Art 4.6.2.2d and 2d-1]

One lane loaded: Lever Rule 0.517 0.431
∑MB=0 , R=0.431P mgsem= 1.2*0.431= 0.517

Two or more lanes loaded

mgmem=e*mgmIm 0.18
where, e=0.77+Cx/2.8 Cx= 0.18 m 0.834 1 <
e= 0.834 <1, thus use e=1 mgmem= 0.617

3.1.2 Distribution factors for Shear

a) Interior beams (L= 25.8
mgslv= 0.36+Gs/7.6= 0.665 0.36+Gs/7.6 0.665 0.665
mgmlv= 0.2+Gs/3.6-(Gs/L)^2= 0.797 0.2+Gs/3.6-(Gs/L)^2= 0.797 0.797
Skew correction factor= 1+0.2(Kg/Lts3)0.3tanθ
Skew Correction Factor =1 mgslv= 0.665 and mgmlv= 0.797
b) Exterior beams
One lane loaded: Lever Rule
mgsev= 1.2*0.431= 0.517 0.517

Two or more lanes loaded

mgmev=e*mgsIv where, e=0.6+Cx/3 0.66
e= 0.66 mgmev= 0.526

Girder Design 13
 0
Influence Lines for Bending Moment and Shear Force
* Slab bridges shall be designed for all vehicular live loads specified in AASHTO Art. 3.6.1.2 including the lane load.

4. Distributed Live Load Force Effects 0 2.54 5.08 7.62 10.16 12.7
Single design vehicular load is considered for design.
i) Influence Line for Live Load Moment (Truck Load) Rank 16 1611.40 11.43
At X = 11.43 m, Mtr(x) =1627.088 KN-m (IM is considered.) Max effect 1627.088 1627.088 11.43 Max effect
# 9 0.275 6.985 18.42 5.064125 3.881625 2.699125 3.881625 2.699125 1391.6031
# 10 0.3 7.62 17.78 5.334 4.044 2.754 4.044 2.754 1456.2
9.3KN/m
# 11 0.325 8.255 17.15 5.572125 4.174625 2.777125 4.174625 2.777125 1510.4781
8 12 0.35 8.89 16.51 5.7785 4.2735 2.7685 4.2735 2.7685 1554.4375
145 145 35
11.43
12.70 6.29
5.00 4.35
6.35 2.42
11.430 0.00
6.29 15.73
15.73 4.350 20.03
20.03 2.420 11.43
11.43 6.290
15.73
20.03 4.35
2.42
6.29
2.42
25.40 0.000 4.35 11.43
25.400 0.00 6.2865
4.3515
15.73
15.73 4.82
5.8 20.03
20.03 11.43
11.43 4.82
5.57 2.4165
0.00 0.00 0 00 00 00 0 0 11.430
00 0 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0
0 00 0 0 00
0
0.00 5
0.00 10
0 15 20 25 30
1331 944.708
X is the position of the rear wheel

ii) Influence Line for live Load Moment (Tandem Load) Rank 12.7
0 Select the position of the wheel where moment is maximum 18 X = 12.7 m Mtm(x) =1331 KN-m (IM is considere
At X = 12.712.70
m, Mtm(x) =1331 KN-m (IM is12.70
considered.) Max. effect 1331 1331 12.7 Max. effect
13.900 0.00
18.00
0.000 12.70 18.000 13.90
13.90 0.000
0 25.40
12.70
12.70 0.00
19.20
20.4
0.00
13.90
13.90 11.43
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0
0 00 12.7
180
22
23 0.6
0.625 15.24
15.875 10.16
9.536.35 0.4
0.375 0.230708661 0.0614173
0.205708661 0.0114173 0.23070866
0.0364173 0.20570866 0.061417323 93.602362
0.036417323 77.352362
85.477362
24 0.65 16.51 8.89 0.35 0.180708661 0.18070866 0.011417323
0 0 5.75 1 0.830708661 0.6614173 0.83070866 0.661417323
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 11
25.400
25.40
25.40
0.00
0.00
1
0
0 -1
-1
0 4.3
4.3
4.3 0.8310 8.6
8.6
8.6 0.6610 1 0
0.831 0.661
0
0 1.62 4.3
4.3 1.62 110 110 8.6
8.6 1.6
1.75
0 00 00 00 00
0 0 0 0 30.00 0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
0
iii) Influence Line for Shear Force (Truck Load) 25.40
Vtr =288.602 KN/m 288.602
At position where x =0 m , the shear force due to truck load, Vtr=288.602 KN x =0 m Vtr=288.602 KN
0 0
0 0 9.3KN/m
0 0
0
145
25.4
145
1 0 1.2 0 16.2 16.2 0 0
25.4 0 0 35 -1 1.2 0.953 17.400 17.400 0 0
25.4 0 0 -1 1.2
0.953
1 0 1.6 1.2 1.6 0
0 20.831 1.2
0.661
2 0

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

iv) Influence Line for Shear Force (Tandem Load)

At position where X =0 m , the shear force due to tandem load, Vtm =214.803 KN X =0 m Vtm =214.803 KN

110 110

1 0.953

0 0
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

5. Select Resistance Factors 1 1

Strength Limit States (RC) 1 1 0.95
Flexure & Torsion Flexure & Torsion 1 i) Strength Limit State 1.00 0.95
Resistance Factor = 1 Shear & Torsion 1 ii) Service Limit State 0.90 1

Girder Design 14
 6. Select Load Modifiers Concrete in strut & Tie model 0.70 1.05
i) Strength Limit State 1
i) Ductility 0.95 1.25 [Art. 1.3.3] dc 1.25
ii) Redundancy 0.95 1.50 [Art. 1.3.4] dw 1.5
iii) Importancy 1.05 1.75 [Art. 1.3.5] LL 1.75
Load Modifier = 0.95 1.00 FR 0.75

7. Select Applicable Load Combinations

i) Strength Limit State U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00FR+TG)
Seismic Force Effects 1
From EBCS-8, the site and acceleration coefficients are selected for the particular site condition. 0.05 Site coefficient =
For zone I Acceleration coefficient = 1
a= Site coefficient = 1 Zone I I
A = Acceleration coefficient = 0.05 Zone II 1
Zone III
The seismic horizontal force is, FH = Wb*a*A Zone IV
where: Wb is the total weight of the bridge
Weight of components Wt. (KN) 141.745
Top flange 775.92 Thus, FH = 141.745 KN 70.8725
Wearing surface 312.646 Earth quake force transferred to one support is 1/2FH = 70.8725 KN
Overhang Slab & Curbs 242.974 (This force is applied at the bearings)
Barriers 185.760 Total dead load reaction transferred at one support is 1/2W b
1/2Wb = 1417.445 KN
Girders (internal & external) 734.997 The coefficient of friction between the bearing and concrete beam seat
Bottom flange 582.596 at abutment, μ is:
Total weight, Wb 2834.890 μ = 0.5 > 708.723

The frictional resistance force developed between the interface is μ * dead load reaction = 708.723 KN > 70.8725 KN. 1000
Earth quake force is negligible. 1

8. Investigate Strength Limit State

It is necessary to calculate moment and shear force at different locations to determine the bar cut off points and to calculate
spacing of stirrups.

9. Design Shear and Moment Computaions

Distribution factors for moments and shear forces, mg is applied only on live load forces.
a) Interior Girder
i) Shear Force 0.797
X Vtr Vtm Vln Vdc Vdw VD VDU
0 0 288.602 214.803 118.110 301.219 53.658 1099.252 679.027 324.150
0.1 2.54 256.102 192.803 95.669 240.975 42.924 925.408 564.261
0.2 5.08 223.602 170.803 90.428 180.732 32.19 774.355 463.204
0.3 7.62 191.102 148.803 85.334 120.488 21.456 623.497 362.264
0.4 10.16 158.602 126.803 80.389 60.244 10.722 472.834 261.442
0.5 12.7 126.102 104.803 75.590 0.000 -0.012 322.368 160.738
0.55 13.97 109.852 93.803 70.940 -30.121 -5.379 244.151 108.591
0.6 15.24 93.602 82.803 66.437 -60.243 -10.746 166.130 56.562
0.65 16.51 77.352 71.803 62.082 -90.365 -16.113 88.305 4.651
288.602 118.110 1099.252 1099.252
VDmax=0.95*[mgv*1.75[1.33*Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+(1.25*Vdc+1.5*Vdw)] = 1099.252 KN
ii) Moment 0.617
X Mtr Mtm Mln Mdc Mdw MD MDU
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00000
2.54 650.500 489.720 269.999 688.587 122.659 2156.895 1379.194 811.24582
5.08 1135.900 867.680 479.999 1224.154 218.054 3806.443 2439.218 1442.20814
7.62 1456.200 1133.880 629.999 1606.703 286.184 4948.642 3180.072 1892.88694
10.16 1611.400 1288.320 719.999 1836.233 327.050 5583.495 3601.755 2163.28224
12.70 1601.500 1331.000 749.999 1912.743 340.651 5710.999 3704.269 2253.39402
13.97 1534.638 1310.430 742.499 1878.555 337.227 5566.611 3620.776 2215.78267
15.24 1426.500 1261.920 719.999 1836.235 326.988 5331.156 3487.612 2163.22229
16.51
1611.400 1277.088
1331.000 1185.470 682.499 1740.598 309.932
3704.269 4950.979
5710.999 3259.595 2050.53011
110
2253.39402 2253.394
MDmax=0.95*[mgm1.75[1.33*Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+(1.25*Mdc+1.5*Mdw)] = 5710.999 KN-m

Girder Design 15
 b) Exterior Girder
i) Shear Force 860.166 213.931 0.526
X Vtr Vtm Vln Vdc Vdw VD VDU
0 0 288.602 214.803 118.110 326.504 23.508 860.166 563.943 213.931
0.1 2.54 256.102 192.803 95.669 261.201 18.804 718.492 465.036
0.2 5.08 223.602 170.803 90.428 195.897 14.100 591.858 375.177
0.3 7.62 191.102 148.803 85.334 130.594 9.396 465.354 285.395
0.4 10.16 158.602 126.803 80.389 65.290 4.692 338.979 195.691
0.5 12.7 126.102 104.803 75.590 -0.013 -0.012 212.732 106.065
0.55 13.97 109.852 93.803 70.940 -32.665 -2.364 147.640 60.068
0.6 15.24 93.602 82.803 66.437 -65.316 -4.716 82.678 14.148
0.65 16.51 77.352 71.803 62.082 -97.968 -7.069 17.844 -31.694
288.602 118.110 #REF!
VDmax=0.95*[mgv*1.75[1.33*Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+(1.25*Vdc+1.5*Vdw)] = 860.166 KN
ii) Moment
0.617
X Mtr Mtm Mln Mdc Mdw MD MDU
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2.54 650.500 489.720 269.999 746.385
53.736 2127.315 1368.069 800.121
5.08 1135.900 867.680 479.999 1326.899
95.524 3753.847 2419.433 1422.423
7.62 1456.200 1133.880 629.999 1741.543
125.363 4879.595 3154.091 1866.906
10.16 1611.400 1288.320 719.999 1990.316
143.254 5504.560 3572.043 2133.570
12.70 1601.500 1331.000 749.999 2073.218
149.197 5628.741 3673.289 2222.415
13.97 1534.638 1310.430 742.499 2052.468
147.688 5503.038 3605.148 2200.155
15.24 1426.500 1261.920 719.999 1990.250
143.191 5252.139 3457.831 2133.441
16.51 1277.088 1185.470 682.499 1886.564
135.708 4876.045 3231.336 2022.272
3673.28948 2222.415
MDmax=0.95[mgm1.75[1.33*Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+(1.25*Mdc+1.5*Mdw)] = 5628.741 KN-m

Checking the adequacy of the section 5710.999

The section is checked for the maximum design moment whether the initial depth under consideration is sufficed or not.
Interior Girder, MD = 5710.999 KN-m 5710.999
5710.999*E+6 (The section is 1.53
sufficed!)
dic =Sqrt( ) =588.323 mm.
0.254*b*f'c 588.323
Effective flange width, bi
1/4*Effective span =6.35 m 1/4*Effective span 6.350
bi,top < 12*tmin+bw = 2.41 m bi,top= 2.320 2.410
average spacing of adjacent beams= 2.32 m average spacing of adjacent beams
2.32

1/4*Effective span =6.35 m

bi,bot < 12*tbf+bw = 1.93 m bi,bot= 1.930 1.93
average spacing of adjacent beams= 2.32 m

Check depth: d = 588.323mm (The section is sufficed!)

0.42*d = 247.096 mm > 180 mm (T beam ) 247.096
Effective depth = 1368 mm >
1368
Exterior Girder, MD = 5628.741 KN-m 5,628.74 1368 T beam
5628.741*E+6 (The section is 1.53
sufficed!)
dic =Sqrt( )= 608.139 mm.
0.254*b*f'c 608.139
Effective flange width, be
1/8*Effective span =3.175 m 1/8*Effective span 3.175
be-0.5bi < 6*tmin+bw/2 = 1.205 m bet= 2.140 1.205
average spacing of adjacent beams= 0.98 m beb= 1.090 average spacing of adjacent beams
0.98
0.125
Check depth: d = 608.139mm (The section is sufficed!) >
255.418
0.42*d = 255.418 mm > 180 mm (T beam ) Φ 1368
Effective depth = 1368 mm T beam
Development length, lb =
as= 803.84 Development length, lb =1215.29 mm

Girder Design 16
 Reinforcement
a) Flexure
Interior Girder Exterior Girder
x (m) MD AS No. of bars Length MD AS No. of bars Length
0.00 5.08 2156.90 4219.278 6 Φ32 28535 2127.315 4161.415 6 Φ32 28535
7.62 4948.64 9680.443 7 Φ32 13810 4879.595 9545.374 6 Φ32 13810
10.16 5583.49 10922.329 1 Φ32 7515 5504.560 10767.918 2 Φ32 7515

Crack control
Positive moment reinforcement- Interior Girder KN-m/m
M= 3704.269 KN-m/m 3704.269 0.000 0 4219.278
3180.072 11069.58913 11069.589
Reinforcement : 3704.269 12894.27943 12894.279
Mpu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 12894.28
AS =
fs*j*d 12894.28
3704269000
AS = = 12894.28mm2 (Provided reinforcement)
(0.6*400)*0.875*1368
Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =7515 mm,
Positive moment reinforcement- Exterior Girder 0.000 0 4161.415
M= 3673.289 KN-m/m 3673.289 3673.289 3154.091 10979.15123 10979.151
Reinforcement : 3673.289 12786.44349 12786.443
Mnu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 12786.44
AS =
fs*j*d 12786.44 803.84
4
3673289000
AS = = 12786.44mm2 (Provided reinforcement)
(0.6*400)*0.875*1368
140 1210 180
Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =7515 mm 250 785
n As d bi/be
Critical Moment of Inertia 1 7.00 11726.169 1368 2320
Interior Girder 14
X int = 296.54 mm 296.54
Icr, int = 113.308*E+9 mm4 113.308
1 7.00 11571.758 1368 2140
Exterior Girder 14
X ext = 307.681 mm 307.681
Icr, ext = 110.535*E+9 mm4 110.535

fsint 245.199 fsext 246.654

Int. girder fs=245.199MPa, (fsa=240Mpa), the section cracks. Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =7515 mm,

Ext. girder fs=246.654MPa, (fsa=240Mpa), the section cracks. Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =7515 mm

240.000 50 240 1090

b) Shear Design
Nominal shear resistance
The section is check for maximum shear and thus shear reinforcements are designed.
2.534
Vc+Vs where: Vn is the nominal shear strength
Vn = min.
0.25*f'cbvdv = 2.534 MPa Vc = shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
bv = effective web width
Vc = 0.083β*sqrt(f'c)bvdv β= 2 dv = effective shear depth
Vs = Avfyd/S S = spacing of shear reinforcement

Spacings d=
Determine VU (the design shear force) at a distance dv from face of support. 1464 2.320

Av f y d v cot  Av f y
S  
Vs 0.083 bv f 'c

for VU < 0.1f 'cbvdv, S< 0.8dv < 600 mm

for VU > 0.1f 'cbvdv, S< 0.4dv < 300 mm

Girder Design 17
 Interior girder m 32.476
d-a/2 = 1447.762 mm a =Asfy/0.8fc'beff d-a/2 1447.762
dv =max 0.9d= 1317.6 mm dv = 1447.762 mm a = 32.476 0.9d 1317.6
0.72D = 1101.6 mm d =1464 mm 0.72D 1101.6
1447.762
Vs=(Vu/ϕ)-Vc, ϕ=0.9 1013.4334 1158.2096 246.392
Vn=2.534 MPa and f'c=28Mpa Vn/f'c = 0.091 (<0.25) OK
M D / dv  0.5VD cot 0.091
x   0.002
Vn/f'c = 0.091
Es As
From chart
x(m) Vu Mu Assumed θ εx (E-3) θ β Vs Spacing of bars
1.45 1000.164 1229.398 39 1.521 39.063 1.799 825.32 Φ 12 c/c 180 mm
2.54 925.408 2156.895 40 2 40.50 1.55 781.84 Φ 12 c/c 190 mm
5.08 774.355 3806.443 40 2 40.5 1.55 614.002 Φ 12 c/c 240 mm
7.62 623.497 4948.642 40 1.813 39.939 1.647 430.963 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
10.16 472.834 5583.495 40 1.839 40.017 1.634 265.627 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
12.70 322.368 5710.999 40 1.838 40.014 1.634 98.442 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm

1464 2.140
Exterior girder
m 34.725
d-a/2 = 1446.64 mm a =As*fy/0.8fc'beff d-a/2 1446.64
dv =max 0.9d= 1317.6 mm dv = 1446.64 mm a = 34.725 0.9d 1317.6
0.72D = 1101.6 mm d =1464 mm 1012.648 0.72D 1101.6
1446.64
Vn/f'c = 0.091 MPa 1157.312 285.752
1446.64
From chart
x(m) Vu Mu Assumed θ εx (E-3) θ β Vs Spacing of bars
1.45 779.414 1212.538 36.8 1.409 38.454 1.867 569.463 Φ 12 c/c 280 mm
2.54 718.492 2127.315 37 2 41 1.55 552.124 Φ 12 c/c 290 mm
5.08 591.858 3753.847 37 2 40.5 1.55 411.42 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
7.62 465.354 4879.595 36.972 1.909 40.227 1.597 263.394 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
10.16 338.979 5504.560 36 1.794 39.882 1.657 113.446 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
12.70 212.732 5628.741 37 1.791 39.873 1.659 -27.145 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm

iii) Deformations

Deflection and camber calculations shall consider dead load, live load, erection loads, concrete creep and shrinkage. Immediate (Instantaneous)
deflections may be computed taking the moment of inertia as either the effective moment of inertia Ie, or the gross moment of inertia Ig.
Distribution factor for deflection mg is the ratio of the number of lanes loaded to number of girders. mg = NL/Ng = 0.5
mg = NL/Ng = 0.5
The long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage may be taken as the immediate deflection multiplied by the following factor.
(3 to 1.2) As’/As ≥1.6 if ddl is calculated using Ie.
(4)As’/As ≥ 1.6 if ddl is calculated using Ig.
Where:
ddl is the total dead load deflection.
mm
Interior girder cross section Interior Girder
ts= 180 mm 180 Yt, int= 853.90 990300 845620500
4
Dw = 1530 mm 1530 Ig, int = 3.852E+11 mm
bw= 250 mm 250 Mcr, int = 1502.16 Mpa 1502.16
bi,top = 2320 mm 2320
bi,bot = 1930 mm 1930
Dw-ts = 1350 mm 1350
tbf= 140 mm 140
Mcr = fr*Ig/Yt
fr = 0.63*√ (fc’) = 3.33 Mpa 3.33
Exterior girder cross section 980 855
Exterior Girder
bet = 2140 mm 2140 Yt, ext= 941.01 840300 790732500
4
beb= 1090 mm 1090 Ig, ext = 2.615E+11 mm
Mcr, ext = 925.39 Mpa 925.39

Girder Design 18
 Total moment due to dead and live load (unfactored)
Interior Girder
MDU int= 3704.269 KN-m 3704.269
3673.289
Exterior Girder
MDU ext= 3673.289 KN-m
a) Dead load deflection and camber 2834.89
The effective moment of inertia is calculated using the following equation: #REF!
Ie=(((Mcr/MDU)3)*Ig)+(1-((Mcr/MDU)3))*Icrt 0.066687 0.93331302 1.314E+11 131.439
Interior Girder
Icrt, int= 113.308*E+9 mm4 Ie, int= 131.439*E+9 mm4 (Effective Moment of Inertia)

Exterior Girder 0.01598855

Icrt, ext= 110.535*E+9 mm4 Ie, ext= 112.949*E+9 mm4 (Effective Moment of Inertia)
0.98401145 1.129E+11 112.949

Maximum Dead load moment

Interior Girder, Mmax DL = 2253.394 KN-m 2253.394
Exterior Girder, Mmax DL = 2222.415 KN-m 2222.415
1.31439E+11
The maximum dead load deflection of the girders is obtained by integrating twice the DL moment equation. 0.1314388
Thus, the maximum dead load moment at the mid span becomes:
ddl, int = 1/EIe*(50.2*X^3 - 0.99*X^4 -16194.55X) = 36.572 mm
ddl, ext = 1/EIe*(54.42*X^3 - 1.07*X^4 -17553.59X) = 46.099 mm
Camber =ddl+long term deflection, Long term deflection = 3*ddl 46.099 31.75
Camber =ddl (1+3)= 165.342 mm (average of interior and exterior girder)

b) Live Load Deflection

dmax=L1/800 (L1 is in mm); the permissible limit = 31.75 mm 25400/800 =31.75 mm

In the computation of live load deflection, design truck load alone or design lane load plus 25% of truckload is considered.
i) Deflection due to truck load
Pi1 =Pi2 = 145 KN 145
Pi3 = 35 KN 35
Pi1 Pi2 Pi3
The second load is to the

-1.27 left
X1
at X1=11.43 m, Mtr =1627.088 KN-m/m (Location of maximum truck load) 15.73 9.67
The maximum deflection of the bridge due to truck load occurs at a wheel load position where moment is a maximum. In general, the
deflection at the point of maximum moment, X1, due to each truck load at a distance 'a' from the left support is given by:

X1 11.43
b 13.97 of the center
dki=Pi*b*x(L12-b2-x2)/6EcIcL1 (for x < a)
where:
dki = deflection due to each truck load. 9.67
a = location of the load to be considered 15.73
b=L1-a X=L1-X1 ( X is the point where deflection is computed, for the first load, X=X1)
The second load is to the left ,-1.27m, of the center

a) First Load 0.0138m= 31863.4745 202.5662

a =11.43 m, b =13.97 m, x =11.43 m 13.8mm 5.36E+08 1.20E-02
145*13.97*11.43 1.20E+01
dk1= (25.4^2-13.97^2-11.43^2) =0.0138m= 13.8mm
6*3.516*E+6*25.4 3.52E+06 3.52E+00
3.52E+15 26752

Girder Design 19
 b) Second Load 3.52E+06 0.00E+00
a =15.73 m, b =9.67 m, x =11.43 m 0.01259m= 12.59mm
145*9.67*11.43 2.32E+04 3.19E+02
dk2= (25.4^2-9.67^2-11.43^2) =0.01259m= 12.59mm
6*3.516*E+6*25.4 5.36E+08 1.38E-02
1.38E+01
c) Third Load
a=20.03 m, b=5.37 m, x=11.43 m 0.00195m= 1.95mm 3.18E+01
35*5.37*11.43 3.87E+03 4.21E+02
dk3= (25.4^2-5.37^2-11.43^2) =0.00195m= 1.95mm
6*3.516*E+6*25.4 5.36E+08 3.04E-03

dkt=∑dki= = 13.8+ 12.59+ 1.95 = 28.34mm 3.04E+00

Using the method of superposition, the total live load deflection due truck load is the sum of each deflections, d ki’s.
Thus, compare the value obtained with the permissible limit.
Interior girder, dkt=∑dki1+∑dki2 = 28.34mm 28.88mm 2.89E+01
Similarly for exterior girder, ∑dkt= 32.98mm
33.62 mm 16.06

ii) Deflection due to tandem load

The max. deflection of the interior girder due to tandem load occurred when a single concentrated tandem load is acting at the mid span.
dtl=Pstl*L13/48EcIc
where: dtl = deflection due to tandem load.
Pstl = Single concentrated tandem load = 110KN 110
dtl= 2*110*25.4^3/(48*3516249.53) = 0.02136m = 21.36 mm 2.14E+01 2.14E-02
2.14E+01

iii) Deflection due to lane load

WL1=9.3 18.6
dLa = 5*WL1*L14/(384EIe) = 5*(9.3*2)*25.4^4/(384*3516249.53) = 0.02867m = 28.67 mm 0.02867m = 28.672.87E-02
mm
2.87E+01
Thus, the total live load deflection becomes:
dk = 0.25*dkt+dla 36.915 3.69E+01
dkt = (0.25*32.98)+28.67 =36.915 mm (for 25% of truck load) 18.458 3.69E+01
-1.33E+01
dmax=mg*dkt= 0.5*36.915=18.458mm (< 31.75mm) The deflection is within the limit. <

Investigation of Fatigue Limit State

U=0.75*(LL+IM)
U= Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m spacing.
For single vehicular load, maximum moment results when the two front axles are on the span and the rear axle is out of the span.
Mmf= 0.75*1.15(Mmax)
Mmax occurs at x = 13.97 m and equals to 1373.088 KNm 0 5.572
Mg SIm = 0.441/1.2= 0.368
Mmf= 0.75*1.5*Mg SIm*(Mmax) = 568.458KN-m 1.2 0.441
Mmf= the maximum moment for fatigue. 0.368
161.5 <
a) Tensile live load stresses
for interior girder
d = 1368 mm, x = 296.54 mm, Icr=113.308*E+9 mm4 296.54 1.13308E+11 7
fsmax = n*Mf*(d-x)/Icr 37.63 296.54 mm 1368
fsmax= 37.628 Mpa

b) Reinforcing Bars
The stresses range in straight reinforcement bars resulting from fatigue load combination shall not exceed.
If fsmax < ff , then there is no problem of fatigue. Otherwise increase area of reinforcing bars.
ff is the stress range.
fmin is the minimum live load stress where there is stress reversal. For simply supported slab bridge, r/h is 0.30 and fmin is zero.
ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h) =145+55*0.3=161.5Mpa 161.5
fs < ff (37.628 < 161.5 Mpa) OK! fs ff

THE DESIGN IS COMPLETED!

Girder Design 20
Design of Bearing (Using 60 durometer reinforced bearing)
Design Data:
Expandable span length of the bridge =25.4m
Dead Load reaction/girder= 354.876KN
Exterior girder=0.5L(25.709+1.851)=350.012KN
Interior girder=0.5L(23.718+4.225)=354.876KN
Live Load reaction (without inpact)/girder=mgv*[Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]=324.15KN
Maximum temperature change is 21 deg. C
- Δshrinkage = Girder shortening due to concrete shirinkage = 2mm
Shear modulus of elastomer is 0.9 to 1.38Mpa (For this bearing deign, use G=1Mpa)
γ=Load factor for uniform temp and etc1.2
Constant amplitude of fatigue treshold for Category A =165MPa

1. Temperature Movement
Thermal coefficient of normal concrete, α, is 10.8x10-6/oC
ΔTemp= αΔT L= 0.0000108*21*25.4*1000=5.76mm 21?

2. Girder Shortening
Δsh= 2mm
Bearing maximum longitudinal movement= γ(Δsh+ΔTemp) = 1.2*(2+5.76)=9.312mm

3. Determination of the minimum bearing area

According to S14.7.5.3.2, the maximum compressive stress limit under service limit state for bearings
fixed against shear deformations:
11 σs < 1.66GS < 11MPa
ζL < 0.66GS
where:
ζs = service average compressive stress due to the total load (MPa)
ζL = service average compressive stress due to live load (MPa)
G = shear modulus of elastomer (MPa)
S = shape factor of the thickest layer of the bearing

To satisfy the 11MPa limit, the minimum bearing area, Areq, should satisfy:
Areq > (354.876+324.15)*1000/11=61729.64 (mm2) 61729.64

For a first estimate, 205.765467

-choose a width of W=(Width of girder bottom flange – 2(chamfer +edge clearance) 96000
W=350-2(12.5+12.5)=300mm and L=320mm
Trial size of bearing is 300mm x 320mm, A=96000 >61729.64 (OK!)
The shape factor of a layer of an elastomeric bearing, Si, is taken as the plan area of the layer divided
by the area of perimeter free to bulge.

Si = LW/[2hri(L + W)]
where:
L = length of a rectangular elastomeric bearing (parallel to the longitudinal bridge axis) (mm)
W = width of the bearing in the transverse direction (mm)
hri = thickness of ith elastomeric layer in elastomeric bearing (mm)

4.Compressive stress
Shape factor under total load, STL,(S14.7.5.3.2-3)
STL>σs/1.66G
where:
σs = PTL/Areq
PTL= maximum bearing reaction under total load
STL> (679.026*1000/96000)/(1.66*1)
> 4.26
Shape factor under live load, SLL,
SLL>σL/0.66G
where:
σL = PLL/Areq
PLL= maximum bearing live load reaction
SLL> (324.15*1000/96000)/(0.66*1)
> 5.12
Thus, the minimum shape factor of any layer is 5.12
Notice that if holes are present in the elastomeric bearing their effect needs to be accounted for when
calculating the shape factor because they reduce the loaded area and increase the area free to bulge.

5.Elastomer Thickness
Using the shape factors of STL and SLL calculated above, determine the elastomer thickness.
hri(TL) < (LW)/[2(STL)(L + W)]
hri(TL) < 320*300
2*4.26(320+300)
< 18.17

hri(LL) < (LW)/[2(SLL)(L + W)]

320*300
hri(lL) <
2*5.12(320+300)
< 15.12 min ?
0
Use an interior elastomer layer thickness of hri =15mm
The corresponding shape factor is: 620
S = (LW)/[2(hri)(L + W)]= 5.16 5.16

Check compressive stresses

-average compressive due to toal load
σs = PTL/A = 679.026*1000/96000=7.07Mpa 8.57 < MPa <
i. ζs=7.07MPa < 1.66GS(=8.57MPa) Ok!
ii. 1.66GS (=8.57MPa) < 11MPa Ok!

-average compressive due to live load

σL = PLL/A = 324.15*1000/96000=3.38Mpa 3.41 MPa <
i. ζs=3.38MPa < 0.66GS (=3.41MPa) Ok!

6. Compressive deflection
Deflections of elastometric bearings due to total load and live load alone will be considered separately.
Instantaneous deflection is be taken as:
δ=∑εihri (S14.7.5.3.3-1)
where: εi = instantaneous compressive strain in ith elastomer layer of a laminated bearing
hri = thickness of ith elastomeric layer in a laminated bearing
Values for εi are determined from test results or by analysis when considering long-term deflections.
Obtain εi from Fig. C14.7.5.3.3.1 of AASHTO. 7.07 0.0553
For ζs=7.07MPa and S=5.16, the value of εi= 0.0553

7. Shear deformation
The bearing is required to satisfy:
hrt >2Δs (S14.7.5.3.4-1)
hrt > 2*9.312=18.624mm
where: hrt =total elastomer thickness (sum of the thicknesses of all elastomer layers)
Δs =maximum shear deformation of the elastomer at the service limit state
8. Combined compression and rotation
Rectangular bearings are assumed to satisfy uplift requir ements if they satisfy:
σs > 1.0GS(θs/n)(B/hri)2 (S14.7.5.3.5-1)
where: n = number of interior layers of elastomer (interior layers are bonded on each face).
hri, thickness of ith elastomeric layer =15 mm
= σs =maximum compressive stress in elastomer =7.07MPa
B = length of pad if rotation is about its transverse axis or width of pad if rotation is about its
longitudinal axis. B=L=320mm
θs = maximum service rotation due to the total load (rads).
It will include the rotations due to live load and construction load (assume 0.005 rads)
The rotation at a point , x, due to each live load at a distance 'a' from the left support is given by:

EI x 
pbx2
 L  b2 
pb 2
(for x<a)
2L 6L

Thus, the rotation at the left support is obtained by setting x=0.

EI  0   
pb
L 2  b 2 
6L

Location of Loads Rotation, θ

Girder EIeff
1st (145KN) 2nd (145KN) 3rd (35KN) θ
Interior 3.52E+15 b=13.97m b=9.67m b=5.37m -0.0031 rad
Exterior 3.02E+15 b=13.97m b=9.67m b=5.37m -0.0036 rad

Rotation due to DL
 wL3
 DC 
24 EI e
Girder EIeff w θ
Interior 3.52E+15 23.718KN/m -0.0046 rad 23.718
Exterior 3.02E+15 25.709KN/m -0.0058 rad 25.709
Long term rotation produced by creep effect should be considered in the calculation of camber.
θdL=3*θDC= 3*0.0058=0.0174 rad

θdesign=mg*θLL+=θdL+θalw = 0.5*(0.0036)+0.0174+0.005=0.0242 rad

8.1 Uplift requirement
To determine the number of interior layers of elastomer, nu, for uplift
nu > 1.0GS(θs)(B/hri)2/σs
1.0*1*5.16*0.0242(320/15)^2
nu >
7.07 9
> 8.04
8.2 Shear deformation requirement
To prevent excessive stress on the edges of the elastomer, rectangular bearings fixed against shear
deformation must also satisfy:
σs < 1.875GS[1 – 0.2(θs/n)(B/hri)2]

The number of interior layers of elastomer, nc,required to limit compression along the edges.
-0.20(θs)(B/hri)2 -2.20273778
nc >
[σs/1.875GS-1] 0.73074935
> 8.18 99 Exterior
8.18099347
layers
Use 9 interior layers, 15mm thick each 9
Exterior layers 9mm thick each (< 70% of the thickness of the interior layer) 9
 mm thick each
9. Bearing maximum rotation
Instantaneous deflection is :
δ=∑εihri ( εi=0.0553)
δ= δ =10*0.0553*15=8.295mm 10
Bearing rotational capacity: <
θcapacity=2δ/L= 0.052 rad OK!
θdesign= 0.0242 rad (< 0.052 rad) OK!

10. Stability of elastomeric bearings

The bearing pad should be designed to prevent instability at the service limit state by limiting the average compressive
stress to one half the estimated buckling stress.
For the bridge deck free to translate horizontally
h rt
G 1 . 92 2 .67
   where, A  L and B 
2A  B  L 
S S  2  1 
s cr

S 1
2L 
W  4W 
hrt=9(15)+2(9)= 153mm hrt=
1.92*153/320
A= = 0.101
5.16Sqrt(1+2*320/300)
2.67
B= = 0.057
5.16(5.16+2)(1+320/4*300) G/(2A-B) =
<
G/(2A-B) =6.9MPa (<7.07Mpa) Revise the design!

11. Bearing Steel Reinforcement

The reinforcement should sustain the tensile stresses induced by compression on the bearing. With the
present load limitations, the minimum steel plate thickness practical for fabrication will usually provide
adequate strength.
At the service limit state:
hs > 3hmaxσs/f y (S14.7.5.3.7-1)
where:
hmax = thickness of thickest elastomeric layer in elastomeric bearing
ζs= hmax=15 mm, ζs=7.07MPa
Fy = yield strength of steel reinforcement = 400MPa
hs(TL) > 0.8 mm 0.8

At the fatigue limit state:

hs > 2hmaxσL/ ΔF TH ζL= 3.38MPa
ΔFTH =constant amplitude fatigue treshold for category A 0.4
hs(LL) > 0.61 mm 10
Use 10 steel reinforcement plates. hs= 1 mm thick each
If holes exist in the reinforcement, the minimum thickness is increased by a factor equal to twice the
gross width divided by the net width. Holes in the reinforcement cause stress concentrations.

The total height of the bearing, hrt :

hrt = cover layers + elastomer layers + shim thicknesses 2Δ =
=2(9)+9(15)+10(1)= 163mm (> 2Δ = 2*9.312=18.624mm) Ok! Ok!
4 0
Elastomeric Bearings (grade 60 Shore A Durometer hardness) 0 0
9 interior layers, 15mm thick each -1 8 8 0
2 Exterior layers 9mm thick each -1 0 18 18
10 steel reinforcement plates. hs= 1 mm thick each 0 28 28
Total thickness of bearing is 163 mm 0 38 38
Bearing size: 300mm (transverse) x 320mm (longitudinal) 0 48 48
0 58 58
 ABUTMENT DESIGN

Enter Preliminary Dimensions and Material Properties

Bottom width of the foundation on the left side,BL1= 1.00 m

Bottom width of the toe on the right side,BL3 = 3.75 m
slope V:H = 2.5
Top width of the abutment cap, X= 0.20 m
Depth of the abutment cap, Bf1= 0.25 m
Depth of the base concrete, ht= 1.00 m
Depth of the base concrete, hh= 1.00 m
Roadway grade, Rgr = 856 m
Footing elevation to bottom of footing, EB = 851 m
Allowable stress of the foundation Soil,sall = 250 Kpa
Friction angle of the backfill material,δ = 18 degrees
Density of the backfill material,γbm = 18.9 KN/m3
Cohesion of the backfill material, C = 0
Unit weight of the abutment,γm = 24 KN/m3 (Stone masonry)
Unit weight of the abutment cap (beam seat), γac = 24 KN/m3 (Stone masonry)
Soil thickness (surcharge), ts = 0.22 m
Percentage of creep, shrinkage & temperature = 10 % of DL
Passive Pressure is ignored.
Height, H2 = 2.00 m
CALCULATIONS Ebd=Rgr-Dw
1 DIMENSIONS
Ebd=Rgr-Dw =856-1530/1000=854.47m
Net height of the abutment, Hnet=(Rgr-Eb-ts)= 4.78
H1=Ebd-EB-hh-Bf1 = 2.22m
B1=H1/Slope=2.22/2.5=0.89m
BL2=B1+Wrs+X = (0.89+0.4+0.2)=1.49 m 1.49
B2=Wrs+X = 0.4+0.2=0.6 m
B=BL1+BL2+BL3 = 1+1.49+3.75=6.24m 6.24

Abutment Design Page 25

2 LOADS
i) Dead Load Reaction
Rdl= 1551.136KN (DL reaction from the deck slab and girders)
ii) Live Load Reactions
Rlli=(max(Vtrl,Vtml)+Vln)
Vtr = 288.602KN, Vtm =214.803KN, Vln = 118.11KN
Rlli = 1076.16KN

iii) Wind Load on Live Loads

WL=1.46(Rgr-Eb+1.8) ,1.8m above roadway surface.
WL = 1.46*(856-851+1.8)=9.928KN
iv) Breaking Force, Brf
Brf=0.25*(2P2+P1)NL ,Braking force,25%, 1.8m above roadway surface.
=0.25*(2*145+35)*2= 162.5KN
v) Earthquake Force, EQ
EQ =70.8725 KN (This force is applied at the bearings)
vi) Creep, shrinkage & temperature...(10% of DL)
CR_SH_TU = 107.616 KN
vii) Lateral active earth pressure
sult = 1.5Sall = 375Kpa
ϕ=1.5δ= 27deg.
Ѳ=180-tan-1(H1/B1) = 111.87 deg.
η=(1+Sqrt(Sin(δ+Ѳ))Sinϕ)/(Sin(δ+Ѳ)SinѲ)2 = 2.399
Ka= (Sin(ϕ+Ѳ))2/(ηSin2Ѳ(Sin(Ѳ-δ))) = 0.296
γ= 180-(δ+Ѳ)= 50.13deg.
Pmax=kaγbmHnet -2C√Ka
= 0.296*18.9*4.78-(2*0*√0.296) =26.741 KN/m2
Pa=0.5PmaxHnet
= 0.5*26.741*4.78=63.911 KN/m
Pah=Pa*Sinγ=49.066 KN/m Pah=Pa*Sinγ
Pav=Pa*Cosγ=40.953 KN/m Pav=Pa*Cosγ
viii) Lateral passive earth pressure
Passive earth pressure is ignored.
Pmaxp=kpγbmHnet +2C√Kp = 0 KN/m2
Pp=0.5PmaxH2 = 0 KN/m
Pph=Pp*Sinγ = 0 KN/m Pph=Pp*Sinγ
Ppv=Pp*Cosγ = 0 KN/m Ppv=Pp*Cosγ
ix) Dead load Surcharge
qss= γbm*ts
= 18.9*0.22 =4.158Kpa
Pressure =kaqss= 1.23 KN/m
Qsh=kaqssSin(γ)= 0.944 KN/m
Qsv=kaqssCos(γ)= 0.788 KN/m
x) Live load Surcharge heq
Pressure=kaheqγbm= 4.872 KN/m
Qlh=Pressure Sin(γ)= 3.682 KN/m
Qlv=Pressure Cos(γ)= 3.191 KN/m
3 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Strength I:DC=1.25, EV=1.35, EH=1.5, LL=1.75, BR=1.75, LS=1.75, WS=0, WL=0,
ES=1.5, CR_SH_TU=0.5
Strength Ia:DC=0.9, EV=1, EH=0.9, LL=1.75, BR=1.75, LS=1.75, WS=0, WL=0,
ES=0.75, CR_SH_TU=0.5
Abutment Design Page 26
 Total Width of the abutment = 8.92m
Moment Factored Factored
Unfactored Factored Forces Factored Forces Arm from Pt. Unfactored Moments Moments
Loads (Strength I) (Strength Ia) A Moments (Strength I) (Strength Ia)
W1 802.80 1003.50 722.52 1.88 1505.25 1881.56 1354.73
W2 285.15 356.44 256.64 4.05 1154.88 1443.59 1039.39
W3 32.11 40.14 28.90 4.05 130.05 162.57 117.05
W4 65.51 81.89 58.96 4.25 278.41 348.01 250.57
W5 116.22 145.28 104.60 4.65 540.05 675.07 486.05
W6 190.53 238.16 171.48 4.80 913.60 1142.00 822.24
W7 214.08 267.60 192.67 5.57 1193.14 1491.42 1073.83
Vertical Loads

W8 91.53 114.41 82.37 4.94 452.45 565.56 407.20

W9 234.07 292.58 210.66 4.80 1122.35 1402.94 1010.12
W10 805.85 1007.31 725.27 5.57 4491.27 5614.09 4042.15
W11 632.21 790.26 568.98 1.88 1185.38 1481.73 1066.85
RDL 1551.14 1938.92 1396.02 3.95 6126.99 7658.73 5514.29
RLL 1076.16 1883.28 1883.28 3.95 4250.83 7438.96 7438.96
Pav 195.76 264.27 195.76 6.24 1221.51 1649.04 1221.51
Ppv 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qsv 33.61 45.37 33.61 6.24 209.70 283.09 209.70
Qlv 28.46 38.42 28.46 6.24 177.60 239.76 177.60
TOTAL 6,355.18 8,507.84 6,660.18 24,953.47 33,478.14 26,232.21
Brf 162.50 284.38 284.38 6.58 1069.25 1871.19 1871.19
EQ 70.87 0.00 0.00 3.25 230.34 0.00 0.00
Horizontal Loads

WL 9.93 0.00 0.00 6.58 65.33 0.00 0.00

CR,SH,TU 107.62 53.81 53.81 4.78 514.40 257.20 257.20
Pah 234.54 351.80 211.08 1.59 373.69 560.54 336.32
Pph 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qsh 40.26 60.39 36.24 2.39 96.23 144.34 86.61
Qlh 32.84 49.26 29.56 2.39 78.49 117.73 70.64
TOTAL 658.56 799.64 615.06 2,427.73 2,951.01 2,621.96
∑M 30,527.13 23,610.25

Stability and Safety Criteria

1 Eccentricity %=(emax-e)*100/emax

Design Margin
V ∑M Xo=∑M/V e=B/2-Xo emax=B/4 Remark
(%)
Strength I 8,507.835 30,527.13 3.588 -0.468 1.560 69.99 OK!
Strength Ia 6,660.179 23,610.25 3.545 -0.425 1.560 72.76 OK!

2 Sliding %=(φs*Fr-H)*100/φs*Fr φs = 0.8

Design Margin
V tanδ Fr=V*tanδ φs *Fr HL Remark
(%)
Strength I 8,507.835 0.33 2765.550 2212.440 799.642 63.86 OK!
Strength Ia 6,660.179 0.33 2164.952 1731.962 615.058 64.49 OK!

3 Bearing Capacity %=(φb*RI*qult-qmax)*100/(φb*RI*qult) φb = 0.5 2

sult= 500 Kpa RI=(1-(H/V))3= 0.720 qmax=Vn/(2*Xo*B)

Design Margin
Hn Vn Hn/Vn φb*RI*qult Remark
qmax (%)
Strength I 658.556 6,355.18 0.104 180.057 141.921 21.18 OK!
Strength Ia 658.556 6,355.18 0.104 180.057 143.648 20.22 OK!

Criteria (Abt)
Bill of Quantities 3 8.92
A) Reinforcement 8920
Deck Slab (top flange) Reinforcement
1. Main Reinforcement
1.1 Positive Reinforcement
Provide 130 Φ 16 c/c 200 mm, L=11030 mm
1.2 Negative Reinforcement
Provide 157 Φ 16 c/c 165 mm, L=11030 mm
2 Distribution Reinforcement
Bottom longitudinal
Provide 57 Φ 12 c/c 160 mm , L=29960 mm
3. Temperature Reinforcement
Top longitudinal
Provide 17 Φ 12 c/c 450 mm , L=25870 mm

4. Overhang
a) Main Reinforcement
Provide 173 Φ 16 c/c 150 mm , L= 2040 mm
b) Longitudinal direction
Provide 3 Φ 12 c/c 450 mm , L= 25920 mm
5. Barrier Reinforcements
5.1 Longitudinal bars
* Provide 5φ10 horizontal bars, L= 25920mm on both faces (spacing of bars is as shown in the above diagram)
5.2 Transversal bars
a) Provide85φ10 c/c 300mm, L=1840mm
b) Provide 85φ10 c/c 300mm, L=1350mm (To connect with the curb, see fig for detailings)

Bar Schedule for the deck slab (top flange)

Item Spacing Length Total No.
Bar Code Φ Total Wt.(Kg) Bar Shape
No. (mm) (mm) of Bars
1.1 1 16 200 11030 130 2264.13
1.2 2 16 165 11030 157 2734.37
2 3 12 160 29960 57 1516.46
3 4 12 450 25870 17 390.53
4a 5 16 150 2040 346 1114.52
4b 6 12 450 25920 6 138.10
5.1 7 10 25920 20 319.68
5.2a 8 10 300 1840 170 192.89 See detailings
5.2b 9 10 300 1350 170 141.53 See detailings
Total wt. = 8812.21 Kg.
6) Bottom Flange Reinforcement
6.1 Reinforcement parallel to the girder span
Provide Φ 16 c/c 350 mm

6.2 Transversal Reinforcement

Provide Φ 16 c/c 280 mm

6.3 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Provide Φ12 c/c 420 mm at top, (on both directions).

Bar Schedule for the bottom flange

Item Spacing Length Total No.
Bar Code Φ Total Wt.(Kg) Bar Shape
No. (mm) (mm) of Bars
6.1 1a 16 350 26300 21 871.90
6.2 2a 16 280 7210 94 1069.93
6.3.1 3a 12 420 26040 63 1456.78
6.3.2 4a 12 420 7210 18 115.25
Total wt. = 3513.85 Kg.
Girder Longitudinal Reinforcement Φ
i) Interior Girders 2 Number of Interior Girders
Number of Interior Girders = 2 2 Number of Exterior Girders
6 Φ 32 L =31495 mm, 7 Φ 32 L =13810 mm and 2 Φ 32 L =7515 mm 7 Φ 32 L =13810 mm
2 Φ 32 L =7515 mm
ii) Exterior Girders
Number of Exterior Girders = 2 6 Φ 32 L =13810 mm
6 Φ 32 L =31495 mm, 6 Φ 32 L =13810 mm and 3 Φ 32 L =7515 mm 3 Φ 32 L =7515 mm

iii) Nominal reinforcements at the side

Provide 7 Φ 12, L= 31495 mm at each side of the girder. 7
Bar Schedule for girder reinforcements 15 15
Item No. of No. of Length Total No.
Description Total Wt.(Kg) Bar Shape
No. Girders bars (mm) of Bars
1 6 31495 12 2386.57
Interior
2 2 7 13810 14 2784.33
Girders
3 2 7515 4 795.52
4 6 31495 12 2386.57
Exterior
5 2 6 13810 12 1046.47
Girders
6 3 7515 6 284.73
Nominal
7 4 14 25700 56 1278.01
reinf.
Nominal
8 4 2 25700 8 182.57
reinf.
11144.76 Kg.

Shear Reinforcement Kg.

i) Interior Girders A total of
A total of 210 Φ 12 of length 3340 mm with different spacing as shown in the details. mm with different spacing as shown in the details.
ii) Exterior Girders
A total of 182 Φ 12 of length 3340 mm with different spacing as shown in the details. 1.578666667
Wt. = 539.797 Kg. 0.888
Total Wt. of Shear reinforcement = 622.843+539.797 =1162.64 Kg 170 0
Main bar length 6910
Beam Seat 90 45
Main Bars A total of 52 Φ 12 of length 8870 mm , @ 200 mm is used. Main bar length 8870
372.427
Stirupps A total of 90 Φ 12 of length 4660 mm of stirrups at c/c 200 mm is used. 26
Bar shedule for shear, diaphragm and beam seat reinforcement 105 91
Item Total No. Length
Description Reint. Type Spacing Total Wt.(Kg) Bar Shape
No. of Bars (mm)
Int. Girder 210 3340 Φ 12 (and see 622.843
1 Shear reinf.
details)
Ext. Girder 182 3340 539.797

Int. Girder intermediate 210 300 Φ 12 (and see 55.944

1a
ties details)
Ext. Girder 182 300 48.485
Mian bars 52 8870 Φ 12 c/c 200 mm 409.581

2 Beam Seat
Stirrups 90 4660 Φ 12 c/c 200 mm 372.427

2049.08 Kg.
B) Concrete
1.1 Lean Concrete
Lean concrete for the foundation of the abutment (5cm thick)
Size: (BL1+BL2+BL3+0.50)*(Rw+2*Cw+0.50) (clarance of 25 cm on each side)
= (1+1.49+3.75+0.5)*(7.32+2*0.8+0.5) 63.49
= 63.49m2 3.17
Volume of concrete =3.17m3 (C-5)
1.2 Structurasl Concrete
No. Description Volume (m3)
1 Deck Slab (top flange) 41.42 41.42
2 Curbs 10.32 10.32
3 Longitudinal girders 31.22 31.218
4 Bottom flange 25.64 25.639
5 Beam Seat 7.81 7.81
6 Barriers 8.51 #VALUE! #VALUE!
124.91 #VALUE!
C) Abutment Masonry 134.07 134.07 Total volume of stone masonry =
Total volume of stone masonry =134.07 m3 m3

D) Area of Asphalt Layer 188.86

Area of Asphalt Layer = (Cs+2*Wrs)*Rw = 188.86m2 ( 75 mm thick) 188.86
Area of Asphalt Layer = (Cs+2*Wrs)*Rw =
E) Formwork 188.86m2 ( 75 mm thick)
No. Description Area (m2)
Top flange (deck slab) 201.498 7.81 201.498
1 Side 11.62
2 Curbs 13.932 13.932
3 Longitudinal girders 249.744 249.744
4 Bottom flange 180.250 180.250
5 Beam Seat 47.098 47.0976
6 Barriers 93.6 #VALUE!
Total area of formwork = 797.74 #VALUE!

Summary of Estimated Quantities and Cost

Item No. Description Unit Qty Unit Price Total Amount
1 Reinforcement Bars kg 25519.89 - -
2 Lean Concrete m3 3.2 - - -
3 Concrete m3 124.91 - -
4 Formwork m2 797.74 - -
5 Asphalt (Bitumen) m3 14.1645 - -
6 Stone Masonry m3 134.07 - -
7 Bearings each 8.00 - -
Total (A) - -
Design & Supervision Cost (10%A) - 10
Administration Cost (2%A) - 2
Sub Total (B) -
Profit Margin (25%B) - 25
Sub Total (C) -
VAT (15%C) - 15
Grand Total -
 1000
5 - 173Φ16 @150, L=2040

5 - 173Φ16 @150, L=2040

1 - 130Φ16 @200, L=11030

3 - 57Φ12 @160, L=29960 (lb=170)

4 - 17Φ12 @450, L=25870 (lb=170)

25800
2 - 157Φ16 @165, L=11030
1000

8920

Fig 1. Plan (top flange)

5 - 173Φ16 @150, L=2040 3 Φ12

4
2
3

180

1530

4a

140

800 2a 1 1a 3a

Fig 2. Bridge Section (deck slab reinforcements)

 1000
2a- 94 Φ16 c/c 280mm, l=7210mm

1a- 21 Φ16 c/c 350mm, l=26300mm

3a- 63 Φ12 c/c 420mm, l=26040mm

25800
4a- 18 Φ12 c/c 420mm, l=7210mm
1000

7210

Fig 3. Plan (bottom flange)

Reinforcement details

Girder section
150 150
180mm

14 Φ 12, L =25700 mm 2Φ12 shear reinforcement

1420

1420
(nominal bars) Φ 12, L = 3340 mm.
1350mm

200
105 Φ 12 shear reinf. for int.
15 Φ 32 for interior & 15 250mm & 91 Φ 12 for ext. girders,
Φ 32 for exterior girders of L= 3340 mm.
variable length.

105 Φ 12 ties. for int. & 91 Φ 12 for ext. girders, L= 300 mm.
Longitudinal girder
(Temp reinf. For the deck slab) Provide 17 Φ 12 c/c 450 mm , L=25870 mm
Dw = 1530 mm

a b c d e d c b a

2540mm 2540mm 2540mm 2540mm 5080mm 2540mm 2540mm 2540mm 2540mm

25.8 25800 mm

6 Φ 32 for interior & 6 Φ 32 for exterior girders L =31495mm

7 Φ 32 for interior & 6 Φ 32 for exterior girders L =13810mm

2 Φ 32 for interior & 3 Φ 32 for exterior girders L =7515mm

Fig 4. Shear reinforcement detailings

Shear reinforcements
a= 15 Φ 12 c/c 180 mm for interior & 10 Φ 12 c/c 280 mm for exterior girders, L= 3340mm on both sides.
b= 11 Φ 12 c/c 240 mm for interior & 9 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for exterior girders, L= 3340mm on both sides.
c= 9 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for interior & 9 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for exterior girders, L= 3340mm on both sides.
d= 9 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for interior & 9 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for exterior girders, L= 3340mm on both sides.
e= 17 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for interior & 17 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for exterior girders, L= 3340mm.
Reinforcement details

Beam seat 150 mm 150

200 mm 50 1530
Stirrups

1530 mm
Φ 12 c/c 200 mm, L = 4660 mm

1730 mm
26 Φ 12 c/c 200 mm, L =
1780 mm

8870 mm
1730 400 mm 400
1780 200
200 mm
600
250 mm
550 550 mm

600 mm
45 Φ 12 c/c 200 mm, L
= 4660mm

Fig 5. Reinforcement detailings of a beam seat