ChatGPT Bible: 3 Books in 1.

All you
need to know about Artificial
Intelligence and its Integration to
Improve your Business Ryan Turner
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CHATGPT BIBLE
3 books in 1

RYAN TURNER
 © Copyright 2023
The contents of this book may not be reproduced, duplicated, or transmitted
without the written permission of the author or publisher. Under no circumstances
shall the publisher, or the author, be held liable or legally responsible for any
damages, compensation, or monetary loss due to the information contained in this
book. Either directly or indirectly.
Legal notice: This book is copyrighted. This book is for personal use only. You may
not modify, distribute, sell, use, quote, or paraphrase any part or content of this
book without the consent of the author or publisher.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
HOW DOES THE AI WORK?
CHATGPT FEATURES
CHATGPT AND FREELANCE
HOW CHATGPT CAN HELP YOU GENERATE PROFITS
METHODS TO MONETIZE
HOW THE AI WILL CHANGE THE FUTURE OF MARKETING
CONCLUSION
CHAT GPT & SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING
LEARN ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CHATGPT
ADVANCED CHATGPT SET-UP
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CHATGPT IN THE MARKETING WORLD
CREATION OF AN INTEGRATED MARKETING STRATEGY
SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
INTEGRATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTO SOCIAL MEDIA
HOW THE AI WILL CHANGE THE FUTURE OF MARKETING
CONCLUSION
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
In the fast-paced modern world of marketing, it is increasingly
important to keep up with the times and find new ways to stand out
from the competition.
As technology continues to evolve, the tools and strategies available
to marketers must also adapt to changes and innovations. Among
the ocean of innovations that have crowded the world, there is one
technology that has gained prominence in recent years: it is artificial
intelligence, also known as AI.
Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful tool for marketers,
offering a range of benefits and possibilities that were previously not
even imaginable. Among the programs based on this technology,
ChatGPT, a free open-source artificial intelligence capable of
interacting in a manner extremely similar to that of a human being,
has made its mark. This innovation is increasingly opening the door
to a world in which human-machine collaboration is possible even in
typically creative fields such as marketing.
This book was created to provide a tool for all marketing
professionals who want to stay ahead of the curve and understand
the potential of artificial intelligence. In the course of this handbook,
we will discover what artificial intelligence and ChatGPT are, how
they work, and what to do to set them up and customize them for
your business.
Next, we will explore the world of marketing and how artificial
intelligence can be leveraged to improve performance and customer
relationships. From automating tasks to optimizing communication
strategies to measuring the effectiveness of a campaign, we will
cover everything you need to integrate your marketing plan with
artificial intelligence.
We will also delve into the social media channel, which is
increasingly important for creating effective communication, and
provide you with practical tips for implementing AI in the creation of
increasingly personalized content.
Finally, we will examine how the future of marketing will change due
to the evolution and increasing application of artificial intelligence in
this field.
Whether you are a marketing professional new to artificial
intelligence or a seasoned practitioner looking to explore this topic
further, this book will provide you with all the information you need to
make the most of AI's potential.
 INTRODUCTION
If you are wondering what chatgpt is and what it can be used for,
through this ebook we will try to answer all questions.
ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot developed by
OpenAI and released in November 2022. The name "ChatGPT"
combines "Chat," referring to its chatbot functionality, and "GPT,"
which stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, a type of large
language model (LLM).
ChatGPT uses natural language processing to create human-like
dialogues. The language model can answer questions and compose
various written content, including articles, social posts, essays,
codes, and emails.
In particular, it allows you to create digital content, provide answers
to questions, correct answers, transcribe a text and summarize it; in
short, it offers an interesting alternative to Google search.
In general, artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) models
rely on a lot of training and roll out to reach an ideal level of
performance. We can say that AI is not yet conquering the world, but
this step is not so far away.
We close this brief intro with an Altman quote from OpenAI:
"it is interesting to watch people begin to debate whether powerful
artificial intelligence systems should behave the way users want or
their creators intend. The question of what values we align these
systems with will be one of the most important debates society has
ever had."
Let us now begin our journey into the "matamond" starting with AI
and then moving on to ChatGPT, what it could be used for and how it
could help us earn money.
Brief history of artificial intelligence and ChatGPT
Although several definitions of artificial intelligence (AI) have
emerged in recent decades, John McCarthy offers the following
definition: "it is the science and engineering of creating intelligent
machines, particularly intelligent computer programs"; AI can thus be
defined as the ability of a machine to exhibit human capabilities such
as: reasoning, learning, creativity and planning. It is nothing more
than the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,
particularly computer systems. Specific applications of artificial
intelligence include: expert systems, natural language processing,
speech recognition and computer vision.
However, decades before this definition, Turing, often referred to as
the "father of computer science," asks the question, "Can machines
think?" From there, he offers a test, now famously known as the
"Turing Test," in which a human must try to distinguish between an
answer provided by a computer and an answer provided by a
human.
Artificial intelligence enables systems to understand its environment,
relate to what it perceives, solve problems and act toward a specific
goal. The computer receives the data processes it and responds.
 HOW DOES THE AI WORK?
In general, artificial intelligence systems work by ingesting large
amounts of labeled training data, analyzing the data for correlations
and patterns, and using these patterns to make predictions about
future states. In this way, a chatbot fed with text examples can learn
to generate realistic exchanges with people, or an image recognition
tool can learn to identify and describe objects in images by reviewing
millions of examples. New and rapidly improving generative artificial
intelligence techniques can create realistic text, images, music and
other media.
AI programming focuses on cognitive skills that include:
⦁ ​Learning.
This aspect of AI programming focuses on acquiring data and
creating rules on how to transform it into usable information. The
rules, called algorithms, provide computing devices with detailed
instructions on how to complete a specific task.
⦁ ​Reasoning.
This aspect of AI programming focuses on choosing the right
algorithm to achieve the desired result.
⦁ ​Self-correction.
This aspect of AI programming is designed to continuously refine the
algorithms and ensure that they provide the most accurate results
possible.
⦁ ​Creativity.
This aspect of artificial intelligence uses neural networks, rule-based
systems, statistical methods, and other artificial intelligence
techniques to generate new images, new text, new music, and new
ideas.
Why is artificial intelligence important?
Artificial intelligence is important for its potential to change the way
we live, work and play. It has been effectively used in business to
automate tasks performed by humans, including customer service
work, fraud detection and quality control. In a number of areas, AI
can perform tasks much better than humans, particularly when it
comes to repetitive, detail-oriented tasks such as analyzing large
numbers of documents. AI tools often complete tasks quickly and
with relatively few errors. Because of the 'huge dataset it can
process, AI can also provide companies with information about their
operations that they may not be aware of. The rapid expansion of
generative AI tools will be important in fields ranging from education
to marketing and product design.
What are the applications of AI?
Artificial intelligence has made its way into a wide variety of markets;
here are two examples:
⦁ ​Artificial intelligence in business. Machine learning algorithms
are being integrated into customer relationship management (CRM)
and analytics platforms to discover information on how to serve them
better. Chatbots are being incorporated into Web sites to provide
immediate service to customers. The rapid advancement of
generative artificial intelligence technology such as ChatGPT is
expected to have far-reaching consequences: job elimination,
product design revolution and business model disruption.
⦁ ​Artificial intelligence in education. Artificial intelligence can
automate assessment, giving educators more time for other
activities. It can assess students and adapt to their needs, helping
them work at their own pace. AI tutors can provide additional support
to students, making sure they stay on track. Technology could also
change where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing
some teachers. As demonstrated by ChatGPT, Bard and other large
language models, generative AI can help educators create course
and other learning materials and engage students in new ways.
What is ChatGPT?
ChatGPT is a natural language processing tool (the language model
can answer questions and assist you with tasks, such as composing
emails, essays, and codes) driven by AI technology that enables
human-like conversations and more. ChatGPT was created by
OpenAI, a research and artificial intelligence company, which
launched the tool on November 30, 2022.
It is currently open to the public for free because it is in its research
and feedback-gathering phase; a paid subscription version called
ChatGPT Plus was launched in early February.
How does ChatGPT work and what are the differences with a search
engine?
ChatGPT runs on an architecture called Generative Pre-trained
Transformer (GPT); the specific GPT used by ChatGPT is optimized
from a GPT-3.5 series model, according to OpenAI.
Generative artificial intelligence models of this type are tested on
large amounts of information taken from the Internet, including Web
sites, books, articles and more.
ChatGPT is a language model created to hold a conversation with
the end user while a search engine indexes Web pages on the
Internet to help the user find the required information. The free
version of ChatGPT does not have the ability to search the Internet
for information but uses information learned from "training" data to
generate a response, which also leaves room for error.
Another big difference is that ChatGPT has access to information
only up to 2021, whereas a normal search engine such as Google
has access to more recent information.
If you are a ChatGPT Plus subscriber, you have access to Bing
integration in ChatGPT, which allows the chatbot to access the
Internet. Since it has the ability to index the Web, the main difference
between ChatGPT Plus and a search engine is the chatbot's ability
to understand natural language prompts and provide conversational
responses.
Although it looks very impressive, ChatGPT still has limitations.
These limitations include:
⦁ ​the inability to answer questions formulated in a specific way
and the lack of quality in the answers he provides, which at times
may seem plausible but may not make practical sense or may be
overly verbose.
⦁ ​Instead of asking for clarification of ambiguous questions, the
model simply guesses the meaning of your question, which can lead
to unwanted answers to questions.
⦁ ​ChatGPT's data are limited until 2021 and it does not provide
sources for its responses.
The latter two problems, however, have been solved through the
integration of ChatGPT into Bing as the default search engine (as we
saw earlier). A Bing plug-in gives ChatGPT the ability to index the
Internet and provide citations (the Bing plug-in is limited to ChatGPT
Plus subscribers at the moment, but will be free for all in the future).
 CHATGPT FEATURES
The main feature of Chat GPT is to generate responses like those
provided by humans, in a text box, therefore, it is suitable for
chatbots, conversations on artificial intelligence systems and virtual
assistants.
Overall, his language skills are impressive, although he has clear
limitations in the real world-for example, although he excels in
technical language, he cannot be relied upon for health information
above that of a qualified medical professional.
OpenAI has released a feature set of the ChatGPT plug-in to
enhance the initial capabilities of the chatbot. it will be bigger and
better than ever, with the ability to tap into the knowledge and
functionality of many third-party applications; the initial set of plug-ins
has already been launched, with popular platforms such as Expedia,
Klarna, Slack, Wolfram, OpenTable, Shopify and others.
How can people use ChatGPT?
The model has many functions, and in addition to answering simple
questions it can compose essays, describe art in great detail, create
artistic suggestions, have philosophical conversations, and even
code.
There are several ways to use it, here are a few:
⦁ ​Essay writing.
⦁ ​Creating an app.
⦁ ​Writing codes.
⦁ ​Building your resume.
⦁ ​Writing Excel formulas.
⦁ ​Summarize the contents.
⦁ ​Writing a cover letter.
⦁ ​Starting a business on Etsy.
⦁ ​Writing an article or post.
⦁ ​Translating
⦁ ​Drafting a business plan.
To get the AI to execute one of these requests, all you have to do is
type the prompt into the chatbot.
One of the most powerful features of ChatGPT is the "act as" or "act
as" prompt.
This command allows users to enter a person or character they
would like ChatGPT to adopt for a conversation or desired outcome.
Using this prompt, people can simulate a conversation with a
historical figure, a fictional character, a professional role, a
professional or even a celebrity. This feature can be used for a wide
range of applications: from role-playing games to marketing
campaigns and in the creation of real-world products.
For example, a salesperson might use the "act like" prompt for a
product launch marketing campaign, simulating a conversation
between a customer and his or her celebrity. This approach creates
a personalized and engaging experience for the customer,
increasing the likelihood of sales and retention.
The "act as" or "act as" prompt can also be a powerful tool for
personal development; in fact, by simulating conversations with
successful people, individuals can gain insights and perspectives; for
example: someone seeking career advice could use the "act as"
prompt to simulate a conversation with a successful entrepreneur or
industry leader, gaining valuable insights and guidance on how to
achieve their goals. For students, a conversation with a historical
figure or teacher can be helpful for more effective and enjoyable
learning.
To use the "act as" prompt, simply include the phrase "act as"
followed by a description of the role or person ChatGPT should
assume in the conversation.
The "act like" prompt in ChatGPT is a powerful feature with a wide
range of applications. Whether you are a marketing professional, a
potential employee, or simply someone looking to explore new
perspectives, this feature can help you achieve your goals in an
engaging and interactive way.
If you want to get the most out of the OpenAI chatbot, you need to
understand what the best ChatGPT prompts are; below are two of
them with some suggestions for getting the best possible result with
respect to your prompt:
⦁ ​The best ChatGPT prompts for marketing:
If you hope to attract the attention of your customers or possible
customers, ChatGPT can help you compose engaging marketing
content for your advertising campaign. For example, if you want to
introduce a new product to your buyers, start by telling ChatGPT
about the product and its features. Then ask the bot to:
⦁ ​You can ask to write a persuasive email campaign for
customers about the "xyz product" with name "abc";
⦁ ​You can ask to write a message in the subject line of the email
that is persuasive and entices users to open the email. The email is
about "abc campaign" with idea name "uvi" and details "...".
⦁ ​Ideas for social media posts:
⦁ ​You can ask ChatGPT to generate engaging Instagram
captions about your product/servicexxx. If you are not satisfied with
the options ChatGPT has given you, you can always ask the bot to
regenerate its response, or you can further refine its response by
providing some details such as: tone, audience interests, what action
you want the user to take after seeing the post.
 CHATGPT AND FREELANCE
ChatGPT, as we have already learned in previous chapters, can be
used for a varied amount of tasks, including: content creation,
customer service, translation services, virtual writing assistance,
data analysis, and more. It can also be integrated into chatbots and
with other conversational artificial intelligence systems to provide
users with a more human-like experience.
One of ChatGPT's main strengths is its ability to generate consistent
text based on the input it receives. For example, if you provide a
message such as "Write a story about a prince charming who saves
a princess from an evil ogre," ChatGPT will generate a story that
meets the criteria you set.
In addition to its text generation capabilities, ChatGPT also has the
ability to answer questions, summarize text, translate between
languages, and perform other natural language processing tasks.
This makes it a versatile tool that can be used in a wide range of
fields, from marketing to education to technology.
Overall, ChatGPT is a powerful tool that has the potential to
revolutionize the way we interact with artificial intelligence systems,
making them more accessible and intuitive for users.
Below are the best uses of ChatGPT for freelancers:
⦁ ​Virtual Event Planning: Chat GPT can assist in planning virtual
events, such as webinars, conferences, and product launches, by
generating agendas, sending invitations, and managing attendees.
⦁ ​Customer support: they can use Chat GPT to provide fast and
efficient customer support by answering frequently asked questions,
solving customer problems, and providing product information.
⦁ ​Translation services: Chat GPT can be used to translate
content into multiple languages, making it easier to expand your
customer base and reach a global audience.
⦁ ​Virtual Writing Assistant: Chat GPT can assist in their writing
process by providing suggestions for sentence structure, vocabulary,
and style, as well as help with research and event control.
⦁ ​Virtual personal assistant: Chat GPT can act as a virtual
personal assistant, performing tasks such as scheduling
appointments, making reservations, and keeping track of to-do lists.
⦁ ​Data analysis and visualization: in data-related fields, Chat
GPT can be used to analyze and visualize large amounts of data,
helping to identify trends, patterns and insights.
⦁ ​Chatbot development: they can use Chat GPT to create
chatbots for their customers, providing a more personalized and
human-like experience.
⦁ ​Social management: Chat GPT can help you manage your
social media accounts by generating captions, posting updates, and
responding to comments and messages.
⦁ ​Web site development: Chat GPT can assist in Web site
development by generating Web site copy, creating landing pages,
and optimizing Web site content for search engines.
⦁ ​Market Research: Chat GPT can help conduct market
research, collecting data on consumer behavior, market trends, and
competitive analysis.
⦁ ​Content creation: they can use Chat GPT to generate original,
high-quality content for their customers, such as blog posts, articles,
and product descriptions.
As we have seen from the activities above, there are several uses
that can be made by ChatGPT freelancers, however, providing a
product created 100 percent by artificial intelligence tools is a major
risk, as these tools can make serious mistakes that could lead to a
freelancer being fired or even sued.
ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence, so it will try to provide an answer
based on its programming and what it has "learned" about how best
to handle queries; however, much of the information available on the
Internet is inaccurate or set up in a way that is difficult for a machine
to process.
There are some concerns in the freelance community in using
ChatGPT as it could sour relationships with clients, and put the
freelancer at risk of losing work.
In general, we can assume that it all depends on how you use
artificial intelligence tools in your freelance work and what
safeguards you put in place to ensure that everything produced by AI
is correct.
In conclusion, Chat GPT is a powerful tool that can help perform
various tasks and help companies and individuals create high-quality
content. Although it can automate some aspects of content creation,
it is unlikely to completely replace the need for human writers.
Ultimately, Chat GPT represents an exciting new development in the
world of content creation, and its potential benefits are sure to be felt
in the years to come.
 HOW CHATGPT CAN HELP YOU
GENERATE PROFITS
Improving your profits with ChatGPT is not difficult; in fact, this
application can be used to create paid services such as: blog texts,
ebooks, articles.
Of course, there is no shortage of limitations given by the
technology: the data range depends on software updates, and like all
"machines" it could be subjected to attack by viruses that could find
and spread sensitive data.
ChatGPT could become an ally for increasing business and
freelance productivity. The ways of using this AI are varied and we
have already seen several of them in previous chapters, and it could
therefore be found to be a very useful tool for performing various
tasks, particularly repetitive ones, for which perhaps a real-time
response is needed.
ChatGPT may have started a revolution in the world of work,
although not all realities are yet ready for this evolution.
You can easily use ChatGPT to create apps and services without
any knowledge of programming languages and also use it for affiliate
marketing, startups, and more.
Below we try to quickly analyze how ChatGPT can generate
revenue:
⦁ ​Create an app, Web site, or service: one way to make money
with ChatGPT is to create a product, and for that you don't have to
learn programming. ChatGPT can help you translate your ideas into
real products with detailed instructions on how to use frameworks,
toolchains, programming languages, etc.
⦁ ​Get business ideas: to make money with ChatGPT you need to
be able to leverage the system to its full potential. In case you didn't
know, ChatGPT is good at churning out new ideas for passive
income. For example, you can run the prompt to ask about ideas
according to your preferences. Once you enter the promt, ChatGTP
will ask you a series of questions to figure out what you would like to
focus on. After that, the AI chatbot will tailor business ideas that
meet your skills and expectations.
⦁ ​Translation verification and review: Although ChatGPT was not
created specifically for translation, the AI chatbot is rapidly emerging
as a reliable translation tool. Trained on a large corpus of texts in
dozens of languages and deployed on a conversational interface,
ChatGPT offers unprecedented flexibility in translation, far more than
traditional translation tools can offer. With ChatGPT you can
customize translations to your specific needs and provide feedback
on adjustments you would like to see.
⦁ ​E-mail marketing services: the chatbot is good at writing e-
mails in various ways and can convince the user to click on a link to
buy products or subscribe to a service. You can add your own
affiliate link and this will probably make money. Next, you need to
create an e-mail list around your targeted marketing campaign using
lead magnets, e-mail subscriptions and more. Now create a
compelling e-mail campaign using ChatGPT that should include your
benefits, services offered and affiliate link. Email affiliate marketing is
definitely one of the profitable ways to earn money using ChatGPT
without much effort.
⦁ ​Create videos with ChatGPT: You can ask ChatGPT to come up
with video ideas in a particular category and later, you can ask them
to write the script as well; once you rework the video with even the
narration you can post it on YouTube and make it monetizable.
⦁ ​Freelancing and content creation: companies are now
incentivizing people using artificial intelligence tools such as
ChatGPT to make more professional and well-researched content.
Freelancers are not just limited to writing blog posts; they can also
use ChatGPT for translation, digital marketing, proofreading, writing
product descriptions, and more. Fiverr now has an AI services
category separate from the other categories, where you can find jobs
related to content editing, technical writing, and more. So if you use
ChatGPT well enough, go ahead and freelance in your area of
expertise.
⦁ ​Become a virtual assistant: ChatGPT is a fairly easy tool to use
however, not everyone has the time or inclination to take advantage
of it. For these cases and more, you can become a full-fledged
human assistant using ChatGPT and helping other users use the
tool. Since ChatGPT has had access to the Internet, the things it can
do have increased dramatically. With the best ChatGPT plugins and
the right skills, anyone can use the AI chatbot to make money. From
simple tasks like sending emails and messages to help users perfect
their code to language translations, there is a lot that can be done.
All you need to possess to be a virtual assistant is extensive
experience and knowledge of ChatGPT.
⦁ ​Create an AI chatbot: Since the launch of ChatGPT, demand for
chatbots has increased; companies, institutions, schools and
individuals want to create custom chatbots. One way to make money
is to "train" an artificial intelligence and create front ends. To create
an AI chatbot, you do not need to be a programmer; in fact, you can
ask ChatGPT to help you with this as well.
In conclusion, ChatGPT offers a great opportunity for people to earn
extra income from the comfort of home. As we also mentioned
earlier, there are several ways to earn using this artificial intelligence-
based chatbot platform, such as answering questions, participating
in surveys, creating a website, and writing content. Whether you are
a beginner or an experienced user, there are tips and tricks to help
you maximize your earnings, including focusing on simple questions,
increasing your rating, and using multiple devices.

METHODS TO MONETIZE
EMAIL MARKETING WITH CHATGPT

In this section we will discover together some practical examples on

how to leverage ChatGPT's technology to get personalized emails in
no time.
Generating newsletters for subscribers based on their
interests or past purchases.

Sample prompt: "Write the text of a personalized email to a customer

who recently purchased a hiking backpack, including tips for
upcoming purchases and special offers."
Writing copy capable of persuading newsletter subscribers to
take a specific action.

Sample prompt: "Write copy for an email promoting a limited offer on

a popular product, including a strong call-to-action."
Creation of specific email templates with different types of
messages, such as newsletter, promotional, or non-empty
carts.

Example prompt: "Write the text of an email for an abandoned

shopping cart, also include a personalized message and a special
offer.
Implementation of an automated email sequence with the
goal of converting prospects into customers.

Sample prompt: "Write the text of three emails to automate a new

subscriber campaign for a wellness company. Include a welcome
email and an email with buying tips.
Generate an information-oriented email campaign with a
goal of conversion over time.
Sample prompt: "Write the text of five emails for a communications
campaign for an IT company. The target audience is small business
owners; also include useful tips and ideas for using the product."
Create a newsletter to update and engage subscribers.

Sample prompt: "Write the text of a cooking blog newsletter, include

recipe ideas and a special offer."
Crafting a useful email to convert clicks and maximize ROI.

Sample prompt: "Write the text of an email dedicated to Black Friday

discounts. Include a strong value proposition, social proof and a
clear call-to-action."
Come up with ideas for an email campaign that will engage
subscribers and increase conversions.

Sample prompt: "Find five ideas for an email campaign for a clothing
store dedicated to women in their 20s and 30s."
Craft an email for a specific segment of the target audience.

Sample prompt: "Write the text of an email for a fitness company.

The target audience is gym newbies; also include personalized
advice and special offers."
Write catchy headlines to increase email open rates.

Sample prompt: "Write the title of 10 emails for a company that sells
cosmetics. Use friendly language and create a sense of urgency in
the reader.
Product suggestions for inclusion in personalized offers in a
newsletter.

Sample prompt: "What products would you recommend to a person

who is interested in outdoor sports?"
OPTIMIZE SEO WITH CHATGPT
All marketers recognize the essential value of a well-done SEO
(Search Engine Optimization) and the large amount of time this
activity requires for the results to be effective. This is where
ChatGPT comes in with its ability to simplify this process, support in
keyword research, meta-description writing and other SEO-related
tasks.
In the next few lines you will find some useful practical examples to
give you an idea of how ChatGPT can support you in this delicate
and crucial step of a marketing strategy.
Keyword search

Sample prompt: "Write a list of 10 keywords with high search volume

and interest for a blog post about sustainable food consumption."
Writing titles and descriptions

Sample prompt: "Write a meta-title and description for a website

dedicated to selling organic gardening products."
Content optimization

Sample prompt: "SEO-optimize the content of a blog post devoted to

the benefits of physical activity."
Header tags realization

Example prompt: "Write H1, H2 and H3 tags for a blog post about
the benefits of yoga, creating links to products on the site.

XML site map creation

Sample prompt: "Write an XML sitemap for a website dedicated to

selling organic beauty products."
Identification tags
Sample prompt: "Write a list of tags for a website dedicated to selling
eco-friendly household products."
Identifying alt tags

Example prompt: "Add alt tags to images featured in a blog post

devoted to the benefits of artificial intelligence."
Social media optimization

Sample prompt: "SEO-optimize social media posts promoting

climbing products."
Data analysis

Example prompt: "Set up analytics for a website selling organic

beauty products and monitor performance."
3 WAYS TO INTEGRATE AI INTO YOUR SOCIAL
STRATEGY

Implementing artificial intelligence in social media strategy is easier

than it may seem. In fact, nowadays there are so many AI-based
tools that can be leveraged to make social media communication
more efficient.
In the next few pages we will discover three ways to incorporate
artificial intelligence into social media communication planning.
Using AI to create simple content and posts

All professionals have one main enemy: time. Many struggle to find
time to record viral videos or create detailed Instagram stories,
others spend hours pondering how to write a post that can
communicate everything while staying under a certain word count.
Although artificial intelligence is not yet capable of writing complete
blog posts, it can be useful in creating content for social media.
Some artificial intelligence tools can recognize context from broader
content and create social media posts to promote it. In addition to
this, there are AI tools with dashboards and other functions related to
planning and managing social media projects. They also can analyze
historical reports and recommend the best posting times for
maximum impact.
Notable programs in this area include HubSpot, a program capable
of automatically creating social posts based on the metadata of the
link that was copied and pasted. After entering the post's
attachments, such as the URL, you will see a short title or meta
description of the page along with its link and a photo. Finally, you
can schedule the content to be published at the desired time.
Monitor and analyze channels

Writing content and providing prompt responses are only half the
battle that every social media manager faces while managing social
media. A huge part of marketing on this digital channel, in fact, is
managing and continuously monitoring social channels.
Fortunately, today artificial intelligence can take on a good portion of
this work and help you make better marketing decisions in the
process. This is because artificial intelligence can collect data from
millions of posts, at scale, and use that data to make predictions and
decisions.
Managing a social channel is quite a complex job, but some of these
tasks such as discovering interesting influencers and completing
audience analysis can be handled by AI-based tools such as
Socialbakers. It is an AI-based social media management platform
that can provide detailed audience information, discover potential
influencer marketing, and use an intelligent monitoring and planning
dashboard.
Then there are other tools with the ability to analyze historical reports
and provide recommendations on when and how often to publish
based on the data collected, while also generating detailed analyses
of key competitors.
Finally, Linkfluence's Radarly software is useful for professionals
who need support in evaluating the millions of pieces of data that
social media audiences produce every day. This translates into
measuring your brand's impact, detecting online trends, and gaining
specific insights into your target audience.
Create, optimize and manage social media ads

As mentioned earlier, artificial intelligence is able to develop social

media posts and optimize it to get as many clicks and conversions
as possible by leveraging AI predictive technology.
For example, Phrasee has developed technology that does just that
for short-form advertising text for use on platforms such as Facebook
and Instagram. The program pulls data from past marketing assets,
including emails, social media copy, and other online posts to
determine what content will be effective.
Starting with this analysis, the program can show you which aspects
of past ads were weak or strong. You can then draft new copy and
test its effectiveness or use the content suggested by the software
itself.
Then there are artificial intelligence tools that can handle some of the
most important tasks in post management, such as optimizing bids,
breaking down a budget, or identifying which social channels are
most likely to improve the performance of your ad.

CREATION OF FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM

POSTS
To help you fully understand the potential of ChatGPT in creating
effective posts for Facebook and Instagram, on the next few pages
we will look at some practical examples for implementing this
technology in your daily social media marketing activities.
Creating a carousel of images

ChatGPT can help you generate a list of 10 eye-catching photos

capable of attracting your audience.
Sample prompt: "Write a list of 10 eye-catching and relevant photos
to create a Facebook carousel for an interior design company."
Identify the right target audience for your ads

AI can be useful in identifying a well-defined target audience for your

Facebook and Instagram posts.
Example prompt: "Write a list of 10 audience segments to get highly
targeted and relevant Facebook ads for a travel agency."
Ideas for new tests

ChatGPT can be useful in case you want to come up with some

innovative new ideas for social channels.
Sample prompt: "Write a list of 10 innovative, data-driven ideas for
testing Facebook ads for an e-commerce business."
Set clear goals

Artificial intelligence can help you set clear, measurable goals.

Sample prompt: "Write a list of 10 clear and measurable goals for an
Instagram advertising campaign carried out by a company selling
women's shoes."
New targeting strategies for social media

AI can also be used to create targeted and effective strategies for

targeting the target audience.
Sample prompt: "Write a list of 10 effective, customized targeting
strategies to use on Instagram for a company that sells natural
beauty products."
CREATE ASTROLOGY BLOG

You have to understand that there are many people who are
interested in astrology and are looking for information on this topic
online. This means that there is a market for astrology blogs, but
there are also many other people who are already publishing content
on this topic. So if you want your blog to be successful, you need to
create quality content that is unique and interesting to your audience.
One of the best ways to make money through an astrology blog is to
monetize your site through affiliate programs. These programs allow
you to earn a commission for each sale that is made through your
affiliate link. For example, you can promote books, tarot card reading
tools, or astrology courses.
In addition, you can earn money through advertising. There are
many companies that will pay for advertising on your site, but you
need to make sure that the advertising is relevant to your audience.
For example, if you are writing about astrology, you might promote
products related to spirituality, such as crystals or candles.
Another way to make money through your astrology blog is to offer
personalized consultations. If you are an experienced astrologer, you
can offer your services to readers of your blog. For example, you
could offer a tarot card reading or natal astrology session to your
readers.
To grow your audience, you need to create quality content that is
relevant to your audience. For example, you could write a post about
the zodiac signs and how they influence people's personalities. In
addition, you should promote your site through social media, through
paid advertising, and through sponsored posts on other websites.
Finally, you must be patient and consistent. Don't expect to make
money right away with your astrology blog. It will take time and effort
to create quality content and grow your audience. But if you are
passionate about astrology and are willing to work hard, you can
create a successful blog and earn money through your site.
Here is a detailed guide on how to make money by creating an
astrology blog through ChatGPT:
Step 1: Identify your market niche.
The first step in creating a profitable astrology blog is to identify your
niche market. There are many types of astrology, so it is important to
decide which topic you want to focus on. For example, you can write
about natal astrology, karmic astrology, Vedic astrology, financial
astrology, or more.
Decide what topic you want to focus on and start creating content
specific to that niche. In this way, you will attract a more specific and
interested audience, increasing your chances of monetizing your
blog.
Step 2: Create high-quality content
Once you have identified your niche market, it is important to create
high-quality content that is unique and interesting to your audience.
Write informative, inclusive, and entertaining posts that grab your
audience's attention.
Also, make sure your content is well written and free of grammatical
errors. Use images and videos to make your posts more engaging
and interactive.
Step 3: Promote your blog
To attract visitors to your blog, you need to promote it on social
media and through paid advertising. Use popular social platforms
such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and TikTok to promote your
posts and interact with your audience.
In addition, you can use paid advertising on platforms such as
Google Ads or Facebook Ads to reach a larger audience.
Step 4: Monetize your blog
Once you have created high-quality content and promoted your blog,
it is time to monetize it. There are many options available for
monetizing an astrology blog. Here are some of the most common
options:
Affiliate programs: you can earn a commission for each sale that is
made through your affiliate link. You can promote books, tarot card
reading tools, or astrology courses.
Advertising: you can earn money through advertising on your site.
There are many companies that will pay for advertising on your site,
but you need to make sure that the advertising is relevant to your
audience.
Personalized consultations: if you are an experienced astrologer, you
can offer your services to readers of your blog. You can offer a tarot
reading or natal astrology session to your readers.
Sale of digital products: you can sell digital products such as ebooks,
audios and videos that relate to astrology.
Sponsorships: you can earn money through sponsored posts on
other websites or social media. Sponsorships can include promoting
a product or service that is related to astrology or your specific niche.
Step 5: Build your email list
An email list is a great way to maintain direct contact with your
audience and promote your products or services. Offer your readers
an incentive, such as a free ebook or a personalized astrology
report, to sign up for your email list.
Once you have an email list, you can send periodic newsletters,
promotions and other useful information to your readers. This can
help increase your traffic and sales.
Step 6: Maintain an active online presence
To keep your audience engaged and interested in your blog, it is
important to maintain an active online presence. Respond to your
readers' comments and questions on social media and on your blog.
This will show that you are attentive to your audience's needs and
care about their well-being.
Also, continue to create new content and promote it on social media
and through other online sources. This will help keep your blog fresh
and interesting to your audience.
In conclusion, creating an astrology blog can be a profitable
business if done correctly. It is important to identify your niche
market, create high-quality content and actively promote it. In
addition, you must be willing to experiment with different
monetization options to find the one that works best for you. With
persistence and dedication, you can create a successful astrology
blog and generate passive income.

WRITE PERFECT PRESS RELEASES

Writing press releases can be a profitable way to earn money. Press
releases are used by companies and organizations to promote their
products, services and initiatives. If you have good writing and
communication skills, you could find work as a freelance press
release writer.
Here are some steps you can follow to start earning money writing
press releases:
Step 1: Acquire the necessary skills
To write high-quality press releases, it is important to acquire the
necessary skills. You can do this by participating in writing courses,
reading articles about press releases, and following industry trends.
In addition, you should be familiar with AP style guidelines and
journalistic style.
Step 2: Create a portfolio
Creating a portfolio of sample press releases you have written will
help you showcase your talents and expertise to companies and
organizations. You can create a website or blog to host your portfolio
or use freelance platforms such as Upwork or Fiverr to promote your
services.
Step 3: Create contacts
To get started as a freelance press release writer, you will need to
build a network of contacts. This can include companies and
organizations you have already worked with, friends and family
members who can recommend you to others, or even female
colleagues and co-workers. In addition, you can attend networking
events to meet new people and let them know you are available for
work.
Step 4: Create job offers
Create job ads that promote your services as a freelance press
release writer. These ads should include information about you, your
portfolio, and your prices. You can promote your ads on social media
platforms such as LinkedIn and Twitter or on freelance sites such as
Upwork or Freelancer.
Step 5: Maintain active communication with your customers
Once you have started working as a freelance press release writer, it
is important to maintain active communication with your clients. Ask
them for feedback on your work and ask questions to better
understand their needs and expectations. This will help build trusting
relationships with your clients and ensure that your work meets their
needs.
In conclusion, earning money writing press releases can be a
lucrative business if you are willing to put in place the necessary
steps to create a successful business. Acquiring the necessary skills,
creating a portfolio of work samples, making contacts and job offers,
and maintaining active communication with your clients are all
important steps to building a successful career as a freelance press
release writer. Here are some additional tips that you may find
helpful:
Be flexible: As a freelance press release writer, you will need to be
flexible and willing to work with clients who have different needs. Be
ready to modify your writing style and adapt it to the client's needs.
Do research: Before writing a press release, be sure to do extensive
research on the product or service the company or organization is
promoting. This will help you create a more accurate and detailed
press release.
Write clearly and concisely: Press releases should be written clearly
and concisely so that the reader can easily understand the message.
Avoid complex sentences and difficult words, and try to keep the
press release short and to the point.
Meet deadlines: Press releases are often requested by a specific
date. Be sure to meet the deadlines set by the client to avoid
problems and ensure that your work is appreciated.
Maintain your reputation: Reputation is everything when it comes to
working as a freelance press release writer. Make sure you deliver
high-quality work and maintain your reputation as a reliable and
competent professional.
In summary, writing press releases is an excellent opportunity to
earn money as a freelance writer. By following the steps above, you
can create a successful career and build a loyal clientele. Remember
that press release writing takes time and effort, but with practice and
determination, you can become an expert in the field.
Here is a step-by-step guide on how to make money writing press
releases:
Step 1: Gain knowledge about writing press releases
To write quality press releases, it is important to gain knowledge
about writing this type of text. There are several online resources
that can help you learn the right techniques for writing press
releases, such as online guides, video tutorials, and free or paid
training courses.
Step 2: Search for job opportunities
Once you have acquired the knowledge, look for job opportunities as
a press release writer. There are several online platforms, such as
Upwork or Freelancer, where you can find freelance jobs.
Alternatively, you can look for job ads on media agency websites or
job websites such as Indeed or LinkedIn.
Step 3: Prepare a portfolio
Before looking for a job, prepare a portfolio showing your previous
work. You can create a personal website, or use platforms such as
Behance or LinkedIn to showcase your writing skills and style.
Include at least 3-5 examples of press releases you have written in
the past.
Step 4: Write a test press release
Start writing a test press release that can showcase your skills.
Choose an interesting topic and write a complete press release. You
can use this as an example to show your writing skills when looking
for work.
Step 5: Create a network of contacts
Create a network of contacts in the communications and journalism
industry. Attend networking events, join writers' groups, and
participate in online discussions to build relationships with other
professionals in the field.
Step 6: Work hard and gain experience
To become a good press release writer, you must work hard and
accumulate experience. Always try to improve your writing skills,
read articles and books on writing, and keep writing press releases
whenever you have the opportunity.
With these six simple steps, you can start making money writing
press releases.

TRANSLATING TEXTS
It is important to keep in mind that earnings will depend on the
number of translations that are requested and the amount of work
you are able to complete. In addition, it is important to maintain a
high level of accuracy in your translation and always comply with the
terms and conditions of the client or company you are working with.
Step 1: Register on a freelance work platform
The first step to earning by translating texts through ChatGPT is to
register on a freelance work platform such as Upwork, Freelancer or
Fiverr. Here you can find many clients who need translation services.
Step 2: Learn how to use ChatGPT
To use ChatGPT to translate texts, you need to familiarize yourself
with the technology and learn how to use it. There are many tutorials
available online that can help you understand how ChatGPT works
and how best to use it to translate texts in different languages.
Step 3: Find customers
Once you have learned how to use ChatGPT, you can start looking
for clients. On freelance job platforms such as Upwork, Freelancer,
or Fiverr, you can search for translation job listings and offer your
services. In addition, you can directly contact companies or
individuals who may need translations.
Step 4: Offer translation services at competitive prices
To compete in the marketplace, it is important to offer translation
services at competitive prices. However, never undervalue your work
and remember that your time and expertise are valuable.
Step 5: Provide high-quality service
To ensure that your clients return and recommend you to others, it is
important to provide high quality service. This means meeting
deadlines, using accurate language, and making sure the translation
is faithful to the original.
Step 6: Expand your network of contacts
As you work on translations for clients, try to establish working
relationships with them. That way, they might recommend you to
other potential clients, helping you expand your network of contacts.
Step 7: Sell to the right customers
In addition to clients on freelance work platforms, there are also
clients who specialize in certain fields that may need translations.
For example, you might sell your translation services to companies
in specific industries, such as the automotive industry or the fashion
industry.
In conclusion, earning by translating texts through ChatGPT takes
some effort, but with a little practice and a focus on quality, you can
build a successful career in translation.
ANALYZE PHONETICS

Step 1: Learn the basics of phonetics

First of all, it is important to have a basic understanding of phonetics
and the correct pronunciation of words in the language you want to
analyze. There are many books and online resources available for
learning the basics of phonetics.
Step 2: Select a target
Choosing a goal for your phonetic analysis can help you focus your
efforts and determine the type of work you want to do. For example,
you might choose to analyze the pronunciation of words in a specific
geographic region or of a specific group of speakers.
Step 3: Collect audio data
To analyze phonetics, it is necessary to have access to audio data.
There are many online sources where you can find audio recordings
of speeches, interviews, podcasts, and more. You may also consider
recording audio yourself, if you have access to a good quality
microphone.
Step 4: Transcribe the audio data
Once the audio data has been collected, it needs to be transcribed.
Automatic transcription tools exist, but they often produce unreliable
results. Manual transcription requires more time and effort, but
produces more accurate results.
Step 5: Analyze the data with ChatGPT
After transcribing the data, ChatGPT can be used to analyze it.
ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence that can recognize and generate
natural language text. One can use ChatGPT to analyze the
phonetics of the transcribed data and obtain useful information about
pronunciation, accent, and other aspects of the spoken language.
Step 6: Interpret the results and apply them
Once you have the results of the analysis, you need to interpret them
and apply them to your goal. For example, you could use the data to
improve your own pronunciation or to create a product or service that
helps others improve their pronunciation.
Step 7: Sell your services
Finally, one can start selling one's phonetic analysis services to
those who need to improve their pronunciation or who are looking for
information about pronunciation in a particular geographic region.
You can use freelance sites such as Upwork or Fiverr to offer your
services, or create your own website and promote it through social
media.

CREATE MUSICAL LYRICS

Writing music lyrics requires creativity, inspiration and expression

skills, but artificial intelligence can help ignite the spark of inspiration
and offer new ideas. In this detailed guide I will explain how to use
ChatGPT to create music lyrics in various genres, including rap, trap,
and pop.
Step 1: Understand ChatGPT and how it works
ChatGPT is a free open-source artificial intelligence that can
generate text autonomously. This technology uses a neural network
to learn and understand natural language, and has extensive
knowledge of terms, phrases, and concepts. This means it can
generate text consistently and accurately, providing a source of
inspiration and new ideas.
Step 2: Choose the music genre
Before you start using ChatGPT, it is important to choose the genre
of music you want to write for. For example, rap and trap require
more rhythmic and aggressive lyrics, while pop requires more
melodic and catchy lyrics. Once you choose the genre, it will be
easier to determine the tone and style of the lyrics.
Step 3: Use ChatGPT to generate ideas.
Once you have chosen a genre, you can use ChatGPT to generate
ideas for text. There are several ways to do this: you can enter a
specific idea or theme and let ChatGPT come up with a series of
possible verses, or you can enter a keyword and see what
associated words and phrases it suggests.
For example, if you want to write rap lyrics on the theme of violence,
you can enter "violence" as a keyword and see what terms and
phrases ChatGPT suggests, such as "blood," "knife," "shoot," "hate,"
"revenge," and so on.
Step 4: Process the text
Once you have the ideas, you can elaborate the text using your own
creativity and personal style. It is important to keep in mind that
ChatGPT can suggest phrases and words, but it does not have the
ability to create a complete and coherent text on its own. Therefore,
you must use your own judgment and experience to create text that
makes sense and is engaging.
Step 5: Review and improve the text
Once the text has been created, it is important to review it carefully
and make any corrections or improvements. You can use spelling
and grammar correction tools to help with revision.
Step 6: Sell your texts
Once you have created lyrics, you can sell them to musicians and
producers. You can use specialized online platforms, such as
Songbay and BeatStars, to upload your lyrics and sell them.
Once you have created your music lyrics through ChatGPT, you can
consider several options for monetizing your creativity. Here are
some tips on how you can sell your music lyrics:
Selling your music lyrics to music producers and independent artists:
you can contact music producers and independent artists and offer
them your music lyrics. This is a common way to earn money
through lyric writing, as there are many people looking for original
music lyrics.
Sell your music lyrics on music selling websites: there are several
websites that allow music producers to buy original music lyrics. You
can upload your lyrics to these sites and sell them to potential
buyers.
Collaborate with artists to create complete songs: if you have a
particular aptitude for writing music lyrics, you might consider
collaborating with music artists to create complete songs. In this way,
you can earn a percentage of the song's earnings.
Offer your music lyrics writing services on freelance websites: there
are several freelance websites where you can offer your music lyrics
writing services and find potential clients.
In summary, writing music lyrics is a creative activity that requires
passion and commitment. If you are good at writing lyrics, you can
use ChatGPT to create original music lyrics and monetize your
creativity through various sales options.

CREATE SETS AND SCRIPTS

Creating a screenplay requires a good deal of creativity and
imagination, but also great attention to detail and narrative
consistency. The use of ChatGPT may seem at first glance to be an
unorthodox way to write a screenplay, but it can actually prove to be
an interesting option for those seeking to experiment with new
creative techniques.
With its ability to generate text autonomously, ChatGPT can be used
as an assistant in dialogue and plot writing.
Here is a detailed guide on how to do it.
Step 1: Understand the structure of the script
Before you start writing, it is important to understand the structure of
the screenplay. A traditional screenplay consists of three parts: the
introduction, development, and conclusion. The introduction
introduces the characters and setting, the development describes
the plot and main conflicts, and the conclusion resolves the main
conflict and closes the story.
Step 2: Prepare ChatGPT
Make sure you have access to ChatGPT and know how to use it to
generate text. There are several options for doing this, including free
online programs and Python libraries.
Step 3: Gather information
Before you start writing the script, gather information about the
genre, setting, and characters. This will help ChatGPT generate a
more accurate and coherent text.
Step 4: Generate the text
Use ChatGPT to generate the text of your screenplay. Start with the
introduction, describing the setting and characters. Continue with
development, describing the plot and main conflicts. Finally,
conclude with the resolution of the main conflict and the closing of
the story.
Step 5: Review and correction
Once the script is completed, it is important to revise and proofread it
to ensure consistency and accuracy. Also, be sure to check grammar
and syntax.
Step 6: Selling the script
Once your script is completed, you can sell it to film producers,
television studios, or online content distributors. Look for the correct
contacts and send them your script. In some cases, you may need to
get an agent or representative to help you with the sale.
In conclusion, ChatGPT can be a useful tool for earning money by
writing screenplays. Follow these simple steps to create high-quality,
saleable screenplays. However, remember that AI cannot replace
the creativity and expertise of the human author. Use ChatGPT as a
support tool to improve your work, but not as a substitute.
After using ChatGPT to create your scripts, there are several options
for selling your work and making money.
Direct selling to producers: you can search for film and TV series
producers and contact them directly to submit your script. You can
submit the script through email or through online platforms such as
InkTip and The Black List.
Screenwriting contests: entering screenwriting contests is a great
way to get your work noticed and gain exposure. In addition, some
contests offer cash prizes and the chance to meet producers and
agents in the industry. Some of the most popular contests are the
ScreenCraft Screenwriting Competition, the Nicholl Fellowship, and
the Austin Film Festival.
Online sale: you can sell your scripts online through platforms such
as Amazon or Lulu. In this way, you can reach a wide audience and
sell your work worldwide.
Literary agencies: literary agencies specialize in representing writers
and can help you find a buyer for your screenplay. However, it is
important to choose an agency that has experience in the
screenwriting field and is willing to represent emerging writers.
In summary, selling your script can take some time and effort, but
with quality work and an effective marketing strategy, you can find
interested buyers and make money from your efforts with ChatGPT.

WRITING PUBLIC SPEECHES (EVENT

SPEAKERS ECT)

Trying to motivate and inspire an audience during a public speech is

a highly valued art in a variety of fields, from sports to business, from
politics to religion. Public speeches often require a great deal of
creative effort, research and analysis, as well as the ability to engage
and connect with the audience. Artificial intelligence is now offering
new possibilities in this field through advanced tools such as
ChatGPT, which can create motivational or public speeches in
innovative and effective ways. In this guide, we will explore how to
use ChatGPT to create high-quality speeches tailored to the specific
needs of your audience, and how to take advantage of the revenue
opportunities opened up by this technology.
Here is a detailed guide on how to earn by writing motivational
speeches or public speeches through ChatGPT:
Step 1: Understand the kind of speech you want to write
Before you start writing a motivational or public speech, it is
important to understand the kind of speech you want to create.
Motivational speeches can range from speaking to a small room of
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corrisponde al giro esterno della seconda cavea, donde si saliva alle
logge superiori di archi laterizii, destinate per le donne e per la plebe.
Da questo deambulacrum, non è superfluo al visitatore delle rovine
di Pompei il sapere come si goda del più delizioso orizzonte, poichè
rimpetto si abbia il Vesuvio, a settentrione i monti Irpini, ad oriente i
monti Lattarj, sulla china dei quali posa Sorrento, e a mezzodì Napoli
e le sue isole avvolte come da una rosea nebbia trasparente.
Forse a diminuzione di spesa, e forse anche a renderlo proprio agli
spettacoli di naumachia, se si avessero voluti offrire, ma che però il
fatto d’essere città marittima esclude che vi si avessero a dare,
perchè certo sarebbero riusciti inferiori ad ogni aspettazione ed a
quelli che offerir si potevano sul mare stesso, l’edificio era stato
costruito in una specie di bacino, scavato in parte artificialmente, per
modo che l’arena si trovasse tanto al di sotto del livello del suolo per
quanto le mura si elevavano al disopra.
Vien misurato il più gran diametro dell’anfiteatro di 130 metri, il più
piccolo di 102. La direzione dell’ovale è da N. a S.: alle sue estremità
si trovano i due principali ingressi, i quali mettono all’arena di forma
elittica.
Appunto per la suindicata ragione, che l’arena era incavata nella
terra, l’ingresso settentrionale che riesce a quella e che forma un
breve porticato a vôlta, ha il pavimento lastricato di pietra vulcanica
in declivio, ed ha nei lati l’incanalatura per ricevere le acque.
Due grandi nicchie sono a destra ed a sinistra di tale ingresso, le
quali dovevano contenere le statue di due benemeriti cittadini, e di
chi fossero ce lo rivelano le opportune iscrizioni che sotto di esse si
leggono.
Quella a destra è così concepita:
C . CVSPIVS C . F . PANSA PONTIF
D . VIR . I . D . [120]

Quella a sinistra, così:

 C. CVSPIVS . C . F . PANSA PATER D . V . I . D .
IIII QVINQ . PRAEF ID . EX D . D . LEGE PETRON . [121]

Più avanti fornirò gli schiarimenti intorno a questa legge Petronia,

della quale si fa nella iscrizione cenno, riservandoli essi
all’argomento degli spettacoli gladiatorii.
Il marchese Arditi, nel trattare della legge Petronia, saviamente
opina che l’iscrizione e la statua del prefetto Cuspio Pansa siano
state collocate nell’anfiteatro prima del tremuoto dell’anno 63, ed
anche prima della sospensione degli spettacoli ordinata da Nerone
nel 59.
Avanti d’entrare nell’arena, o sia nella gran piazza de’ combattimenti
e delle caccie, detta appunto arena, dalla sabbia che vi era sempre
sparsa, onde il sangue che si versava dagli uomini e dalle fiere, a
scanso di ribrezzo, avesse presto a iscomparire, trovasi a destra e a
manca l’entrata in un criptoportico, o corridojo circolare sotterraneo
rischiarato da numerosi spiragli, da cui per diversi vomitorj si
ascendeva a’ gradini della prima e seconda cavea, dove sedevano i
magistrati e i più cospicui cittadini e i collegi. Questo sotterraneo,
che girava tutt’all’intorno dell’anfiteatro, è degno di considerazione
per la sua forma intatta e per non riscontrarsi in alcun altro
anfiteatro. Le pareti di questo portico hanno tuttavia iscrizioni scritte
in rosso ed in nero, che accennano a nomi de’ magistrati, forse
benemeriti dei ludi al circo, e leggonsene altre contenenti officiosità
pel loro indirizzo e tal altra eziandio che suona ingiuria, o lode a
talun combattente. Ho già notato come fosse insito nel costume de’
Pompejani di dare sfogo ai sentimenti proprj, esprimendoli sui muri
delle case o di qualunque altro edificio.
Ma eccoci nell’elissi dell’anfiteatro. Appena entrato, io sperimentai,
alzando la voce, l’eco che vi regna, e che già rammentai al lettore
quando dipingendogli l’estrema catastrofe, affermai, come essa
avesse contribuito a rendere maggiore l’orrore della situazione.
L’arena, tutta recinta d’un parapetto, o podio dell’altezza di circa due
metri, sul quale alzavasi eziandio un graticcio di ferro, per tutelare gli
spettatori dal furore delle fiere che, istigate dal combattimento,
avrebbero potuto gittarsi su di essi. Siffatto parapetto era tutto
dipinto a soggetti convenienti al luogo; ma l’azione dell’aria ve li ha
fatti tutti sparire. Si rammenta da chi si trovò all’epoca della scoperta
di questo monumento, che fu il 16 novembre 1748 [122], che fra tali
dipinture una vi fosse che raffigurava un lanista o maestro de’
gladiatori, che in mezzo a questi, armato di bacchetta (rudis) era in
atto di giudicare cui spettasse colla vittoria nella lotta il premio del
vincitore, sul quale svolazzavano due genii alati recanti corone nelle
mani.
Ma non si smarrirono le iscrizioni, che nel parapetto stesso si
lessero, dedicate a memorare i nomi di que’ magistrati che meglio
avevano contribuito alla restaurazione dell’anfiteatro, rifacendo i
cunei e riparando le altre rovine, che erano stati altresì i
sovrintendenti, o prefetti degli spettacoli.
Eccole, quali sono riferite dalle Guide e dagli illustratori di Pompei.
MAG . PAG . AVG . F . S . PRO . LVD . EX . D . D .
T . ATVLLIVS . C . F . CELER . II . VIR . PRO . LVD . LV . CVN
C . F . C . EX . D . D
L . SAGINIVS . II . VIR . I . D . PRO . LV . LV . EX . D . D . CVN
N . ISTACIDIVS . N . F . CILIX . II . VIR . PRO . LVD. LVM
A . AVDIVS A . F . . RVFVS . II . VIR . PRO . LVD .
P . CAESETIVS . SEX . F . CAPITO . II . VIR . PRO . LVD . LVM
M. CANTRIVS. M F. MARCELLVS. II. VIR. LVD LVM CVNEOS. III F. C.
EX. D D. [123]

Importa che io qui traduca una nota che Bréton appone a queste
interessanti iscrizioni.
«Queste iscrizioni, scrive egli, presentano un enigma assai difficile a
sciogliere. Che vogliono esse dire queste parole PRO LVD, pro
ludis? Si è creduto dover tradurre per i giuochi, e scorgere quindi
nell’iscrizione la menzione dei giuochi che venivan celebrati
nell’anfiteatro [124] da certi magistrati. Questa interpretazione
sarebbe stata accettabile, se nella terza iscrizione non si trovassero
le parole PRO LVD . LVM . che il P. Garrucci legge pro ludorum
luminatione, per l’illuminazione dei giuochi, e Mommsen pro ludorum
luminibus; per i lumi dei giuochi. Questa spiegazione non essendoci
sembrata in tutto soddisfacente noi abbiamo consultato uno de’
nostri dotti colleghi, il signor Léon Rénier, noto per gli studj speciali
che ha fatti dell’epigrafia antica. I nostri lettori saran lieti di trovar qui
le sue risposte, delle quali abbiamo creduto adottare le conclusioni
così ben motivate.
«L’interpretazione del P. Garrucci, e quella di Mommsen, dice Léon
Rénier, proverebbero, se si fosse costretti d’attenervisi, che si davan
dei giuochi con illuminazione nell’anfiteatro di Pompei, ciò che non
mi pare da ammettere. Ecco come io interpreto il passo
dell’iscrizione: Marcus CANTRIVS, Marci Filius MARCELLVS duum
VIR PRO LVDis LVMinatione, CVNEOS III Faciendos Curavit EX
Decreto Decurionum. PRO LUDis, LVMinatione, cioè in luogo dei
giuochi e dell’illuminazione, ch’ei doveva dare nell’occasione della
sua elezione alle funzioni di Duumviro. L’elissi della congiunzione et
non ha nulla che debba sorprenderci: era essa di regola nello stile
epigrafico. (Ved. Morcelli, De Stylo inscr. p. 4486 ed. Rom.) Gli onori
municipali si pagavano ordinariamente con giuochi, spettacoli,
distribuzioni di sparsioni, ecc.: spese improduttive che si
scontravano talvolta come qui, con altre spese equivalenti il cui
effetto era più durevole. In una iscrizione di Djemilah (l’antica
Colonia Cuiculitanorum), che io ho pubblicato in una memoria che fa
parte dell’ultimo volume della Società degli Antiquari di Francia, si
vede un magistrato di questa città erigere una basilica, in luogo
d’uno spettacolo di gladiatori ch’ei doveva dare. Si potrebbero citare
molti esempi analoghi.
«Le interpretazioni del P. Garrucci e di Mommsen sono affatto
congetturali; la mia si appoggia sopra esempj che mi sembrano
concludenti. Il primo ne è fornito da un’iscrizione di Roma edita dal
Fabretti Inscript. Domestic. p. 243 n. 556, e da Orelli p. 3324, la
quale termina così: POPVLO VISCERATIonem GLADIATORES
DEDIT LVMINAtionem LVDOS Junoni Sospitæ Magnæ Reginæ
SOLIS FECIT.
«Il secondo si trova in un’iscrizione della raccolta di Muratori pl. 652.
n. 6, nella quale si legge:
..... VS . SPORTVLAS ITEM FIERI ET
..... PVERIS NVCES SPARGI DIE Suprascripto ET
LVMINATIONE

«Quest’ultima iscrizione è un’iscrizione funeraria, nella quale non

v’ha questione nè di giuochi nè di spettacoli, ciò che mi fa pensare
che in quella dell’anfiteatro di Pompei non vi sia connessità fra le
parole LVD e LUM; queste parole designano due spettacoli differenti,
che i nuovi magistrati dovevano dare al popolo e da cui un decreto
dei decurioni gli aveva dispensati, loro imponendo l’obbligo di
applicare alla costruzione dell’anfiteatro una somma almeno
equivalente a quella ch’essi avevano così economizzata» [125].
Per quanto ragionate codeste conclusioni, non mi so risolvere ad
accettarle; perocchè fin quando io trovi, come in questa iscrizione di
Marco Cantrio, che cuneos tres faciendos curavit, che, cioè, veggo
menzionata un’opera, allora ben posso spiegarmi il pro ludis del
modo che interpretò Rénier, vale a dire in sostituzione dei giuochi;
ma quando trovo il pro ludis come nell’iscrizione
M . OCULATIUS M . F . VERVS II VIR PRO LUDIS

che ho riferita nel Capitolo precedente del Teatro Comico e che

stava sulla soglia del medesimo in lettere di bronzo, senz’altra
indicazione che m’additi cosa siasi dato o fatto in luogo dei giuochi,
allora mi è permesso di dubitare che l’interpretazione di Rénier abbia
sciolto l’enigma e di credere piuttosto che possa intendersi il pro
ludis, come magistrato sopra i giuochi, cioè sovrintendente degli
spettacoli.
E tanto più mi confermo in ciò, in quanto io non abbia rinvenuto
autorità che mi convinca che gli spettacoli dati dai nuovi magistrati,
fossero un verace obbligo inerente alla loro nomina; anzi che una
liberalità, quantunque forzata, e che però potesse intervenire decreto
di decurioni a sostituire ad una spesa obbligatoria un’altra spesa.
Ritornando ora alla difesa del podio, vuolsi osservare come anche
un canal d’acqua vi corresse lungh’esso; onde così non fosse
permesso alle fiere di accostarvisi di troppo.
La cavea era regolata e distribuita del modo stesso che accennai,
parlando de’ teatri, nei capitoli antecedenti, partita cioè in tre zone
col mezzo di due gallerie. La più bassa riserbata, come pur testè ho
detto, ai principali magistrati, ai capi della colonia, a’ sacerdoti e
sacerdotesse ed il posto che ognun d’essi occupava sopra i gradini
era circoscritto in due linee col corrispondente numero distinto in
rosso; e quel numero doveva corrispondere alla tessera che si
presentava entrando all’impiegato denominato Locarius, o
pigionante di sedili. Il quale occupava prima i posti negli spettacoli, o
li accaparrava per cederli poi a chi giungesse tardi, contro
determinato prezzo.
L’affaccendarsi di costui era singolarmente per le dame, imitate pur
dalle moderne, che ultime sempre giungevano allo spettacolo,
trattenute dalle lunghe e studiate toelette; onde il nostro Savioli,
facendo allusione nella sua Ode Il Teatro a siffatta consuetudine,
cantava:

Tardi ai roman’ spettacoli

L’altera Giulia venne,
Ma i primi onor del Lazio
Su l’altre belle ottenne.

Marziale, ne’ suoi epigrammi, parla di questi locarii nel verso:

Hermes divitiæ locariorum [126];

ed io, tenendo conto di tali inservienti de’ pubblici trattenimenti,

addito origini di pratiche pur oggidì sussistenti, e riconfermo il
concetto del Savio, che disse nulla essere nuovo sotto il sole.
Questa prima cavea dell’anfiteatro era divisa da una precinzione di
pietre di tufo dall’altra cavea superiore e conteneva diversi muri
traversali che ripartivano il podio stesso. Così aveva quattro
ripartimenti, due verso le porte di cinque gradini, e due altri nel
mezzo del giro di quattro gradini assai più larghi e spaziosi, aventi
poi ognuno le proprie porte separate.
La media, o seconda cavea era assegnata ai cittadini distinti, e più
agiati, ai diversi collegi e ai militari ed aveva trenta gradini.
Termina finalmente colla summa cavea costituita di diciotto fila di
gradini ed era riserbata al popolo e dietro di esso si collocava la
plebe, dopo la quale, in bell’ordine di archi sorgevano le logge per le
donne, che si formavano degli archi stessi sorretti da colonne, alle
quali logge, per essere coperte, Calpurnio chiamò col nome di
cattedre ne’ versi in cui rammenta di aver dovuto ascendere fin su su
nell’ultima fila dell’Anfiteatro, per essere la infima e media cavea
occupate da magistrati e cavalieri:

Venimus ad sedes, ubi pulla sordida veste

Inter femineas spectabat turba cathedras,
Nam quæcumque patent sub aperta libera cœlo,
Aut eques aut nivei loca densavere tribuni [127].

Tutta la cavea ha quaranta scaglioni con altrettanti vomitorj per i

quali gli spettatori entravano ed uscivano ordinatamente; solo le
donne avevano una separata gradinata onde accedere ai loro posti;
lo che dinota ancora un riguardo che a’ dì nostri non si serba al
gentil sesso ne’ teatri, e ciò malgrado che allora fosse dal diritto
romano considerata la donna poco più di cosa, e adesso si pretenda
che i costumi illeggiadriti ne abbiano senza confronti migliorate le
condizioni.
Abbiamo già veduto nel precedente capitolo, come a temprare agli
spettatori del Teatro Tragico gli ardori canicolari, fosse stato in
Pompei e nelle altre città della Campania, prima che altrove,
immaginato il velario, cagione di tanto scandalo a’ puritani scrittori di
allora: or bene l’Anfiteatro pompeiano usava esso pure il più sovente
di questa salutare costumanza. Dirò di più: la distesa del velario era
tanto desiderata e voluta, che il Theatropola, od impresario di teatro,
o chi dava le feste, si affrettava, nel pubblico annunzio che
scrivevasi sui muri delle principali vie o de’ luoghi più affluiti di gente
ad indicare che le vele e le tende non sarebbero mancate. Ho già
recato nel capitolo nel quale parlai delle vie e degli affissi, quello in
cui Valente Flamine perpetuo di Nerone, avvertendo che ai 28 marzo
(V. Kal. aprilis) si darebbe una caccia, si dà premura di soggiungere
che vi sarebbero i velarii, et vela erunt: ora, a meglio constatare la
buona usanza, ne recherò due altri.
Un Ottavio, od un Onesimo, procuratore, poichè gli scrittori non
sanno leggere che questi due nomi sotto la lettera O della seguente
iscrizione, così annunzia una caccia, venatio, che darebbe a’ 29 di
ottobre la famiglia gladiatoria di Numerio Popidio Rufo, che a’ 20
Aprile si alzerebbero le antenne, mala, ed i velarii, vela,
nell’anfiteatro.
N . POPIDI
RVFI . FAM . GLAD . IV . K . NOV . POMPEIS
VENATIONE ET . XII . K . MAI
MALA . ET . VELA . ERVNT
Q . PROCVRATOR . FELICITAS . [128]

Si argomenta da tale avviso che i velarii si rizzassero nell’anfiteatro

appena che il caldo incominciasse vivamente a farsi sentire e a dar
fastidio la sferza del sole e che, se si credeva avvertire una caccia
gladiatoria, ancorchè lontana, perchè più spettacolosa, non toglieva
che prima si facessero altri minori divertimenti nell’anfiteatro; senza
di che non avrebbe senso il dirsi che si rizzerebbero antenne a vele
nell’aprile, per una caccia che dovesse seguire sei mesi nell’ottobre.
L’altro manifesto che si lesse su d’un muro della Basilica si esprime
così:
N . FESTI AMPLIATI
FAMILIA . GLADIATORIA . PVGNA . ITERVM
PUGNA . XVI . X IVN VENAT . VELA. [129]

Or bene, nel cornicione dell’anfiteatro sì avvisano ancora alcune

pietre aventi dei fori, ne’ quali si infliggevano le aste od antenne
(mali, o mala come è scritto nella surriferita iscrizione) a cui venivano
raccomandati i capi del velario e le funi che lo sostenevano.
Abbiam veduto superiormente come alle due estremità della elissi
dell’anfiteatro vi fossero due porte: noterò ora che un’altra più
piccola ve ne fosse, la quale era detta Libitinense, il cui scopo
avverrà di conoscere più avanti, parlando de’ gladiatori.
Per questa porticina entravano poi le bestie feroci, le quali, per
l’angustia di essa, non avrebbero potuto ritornare indietro o volgersi
dai lati. Una cameretta vi è presso, forse lo spoliario, luogo nel quale
i gladiatori uccisi venivano spogliati delle loro armi e delle loro
vestimenta, come troviam ricordato in Seneca ed in Lampridio [130]:
in essa si trovarono le ossa d’un leone. Questa circostanza e l’altra
che già ricordai di eguali avanzi di leoni rinvenuti nelle vicinanze
avvalorano l’affermazione di chi scrisse che il cataclisma
sorprendesse i Pompejani intenti ai giuochi dell’anfiteatro. Per lo
meno ci provano che recenti ne dovessero essere stati i divertimenti.
In quanto a me, non sono alieno del dividere l’opinione di coloro che
osservarono che il novissimo giorno fosse pure un dì a’ ludi circensi
destinato, confermandone altresì il fatto d’essersi trovati verso
l’ingresso e ne’ corridoi dell’anfiteatro sei scheletri, a fianco di essi
due braccialetti, due anelli, una moneta ed altri frammenti d’oro,
quattro belle monete di bronzo, un involto di drappi ed una lampada.
Perchè avrebbero dovuto rinvenirsi questi scheletri e questi oggetti
in luogo ordinariamente chiuso, oltre che all’estremità della città, se
non per essere stato in quel giorno aperto a pubblico divertimento?
Non si potranno ad ogni modo per questi dati abbastanza
significanti, avere per sognatori coloro che la detta opinione
sostennero.
Altre piccole camere vi sono ai lati delle due porte principali ed erano
i cataboli, o stalle in cui le belve attendevano d’essere lanciate
nell’anfiteatro.
Finalmente chiuderò la descrizione dell’anfiteatro pompejano col far
cenno del triclinio, che di contro al principale ingresso di esso si
vede. Era uso presso gli antichi che il giorno innanzi l’esecuzione dei
condannati a morte si imbandisse loro un publico banchetto,
chiamato libero. In cotale occasione si largheggiava ad essi di ogni
ricercata vivanda. Chateaubriand, che di tal costume favella ne’ suoi
Martyrs, non può trattenersi dallo scagliarsi contro di esso, come di
raffinamento della legge e come brutale clemenza del paganesimo;
l’una, perchè voleva rendere la vita cara a quelli che dovevano
perderla; l’altra, che non considerando l’uomo che fatto per i piaceri,
ne lo voleva colmare nel mentre che spirava. Anche i gladiatori,
devoti a morte, poichè non avvenisse mai che talun d’essi non
restasse sull’arena, avevan diritto, prima del giorno dello spettacolo,
a questo publico pasto. Era poi nella piazza cinta di muro, in
prossimità al triclinio, che i gladiatori attendevano l’ora di entrare alla
lotta nell’anfiteatro.
Ora poichè conosciamo il luogo che in Pompei serviva d’arringo a’
giuochi circensi, e coll’anfiteatro di questa città, possiam dire di
conoscere quelli pure delle altre e anche quello più famoso di Roma;
passiamo a trattare de’ ludi, che più frequentemente solevano
celebrarsi in essi, e delle persone che vi pigliavano parte.
I più consueti e desiderati spettacoli dell’Anfiteatro erano le corse,
che prima si facevano, come già vedemmo, nel Circo; i ludi gladiatorj
e le cacce, che son le venationes che abbiamo in più affissi veduto
annunziate in Pompei. Le danze, le pantomime, i canti e i suoni dei
tibicini e dei fidicini erano divertimenti minori a’ quali prestavasi bensì
l’anfiteatro, ma piuttosto a riempire gli intermezzi e ad illudere
l’impazienza del publico che stava attendendo i principali spettacoli
annunziati, anzi che a costituire di per sè un vero trattenimento.
Le Corse, o fazioni degli Auriga, il lettore s’è accorto essere state
introdotte fin dai primordj di Roma, per aver io al principio ricordato il
giuoco de’ Trojani: il qual non fosse infatti che un armeggiamento a
cavallo. Molto più in onore in Grecia erano tenute le Corse, dove i
vincitori ne’ giuochi olimpici vennero consegnati alla immortalità dagli
inni di Pindaro. Colà, per responso della Pizia, a’ siffatti giuochi
annettevasi la salute della Grecia. Furono perfino misurate le epoche
dalle olimpiadi, ogni olimpiade essendo lo spazio de’ quattro anni
che scorrevano fra due celebrazioni de’ giuochi olimpici. Dall’una
all’altra olimpiade si contavano cinque anni, benchè non fossero se
non se quattro compiuti. Presso gli storici la prima olimpiade
comincia nel 776 prima di G. C. e 24 avanti la fondazione di Roma.
Dopo la 340.ª olimpiade, che finì coll’anno 440 dell’Era Volgare, più
non si trovano gli anni calcolati per mezzo delle olimpiadi.
Or si fu nella vigesima quinta olimpiade che presso quella nazione
ebbe luogo la corsa del carro a due cavalli; nella ventottesima quella
dei cavalli da sella; nella novantottesima corse con due cavalli da
maneggio nello stadio, e nella susseguente si attaccarono ad un
carro due giovani puledri condotti a mano ed un’altra corsa di un
puledro montato a guisa d’un cavallo da sella.
In Roma e nelle città italiane, dove massime negli ultimi tempi della
republica ed in quelli dell’impero si grecizzava, era più che ovvio che
que’ giuochi si importassero con quelle discipline e seguissero nel
circo dapprima e poi nell’anfiteatro e s’introducessero le corse dei
cocchi o de’ carri, currus, detti anche bighe se tirate da una coppia di
cavalli, quadrighe se da quattro. Dione nel lib. XXIX, cap. 28, parla
delle corse dei cavalli che fecero parte dei giuochi famosi che diede
Pompeo e de’ quali dirò ancora più avanti.
Le fazioni degli auriganti che si vennero presto istituendo e le quali
aspiravano alla palma nei ludi circensi, erano quattro in Roma,
distinte dal vario colore delle vestimenta loro, cioè verde, ceruleo,
rosso o bianco, onde appellavansi Prasinæ, Venetæ, Russatæ,
Albatæ. Svetonio ne fa sapere essersene di poi aggiunte altre due,
l’una di stoffa aurata, e l’altra di panno porporino. I principi perfino si
onoravano d’esserne i capi; così Caligola della Prasina, Vitellio della
Veneta. I guidatori (agitatores) montarono in prezzo e i poeti li
celebrarono, come ne fanno fede, oltre que’ di Marziale, anche i
vecchi epigrammi di M. Aurelio Dione, di Diocle, di Pompeo Eusceno
e di Fuseo. Così rimasero ricordati i nomi di Incitato caro a Caligola,
di Prasino caro a Nerone, di Passerino e Tigri diletti a Domiziano e di
Scorpo a Nerva; del quale Scorpo dettò Marziale il seguente
pomposo epitaffio:

Ille ego sum Scorpus, clamosi gloria Circi

Plausus, Roma tui deliciæque breves:
Invida quam Lachesis raptum trieteride nona,
Dum numerat palmas, credidit esse senem [131].

L’interessamento generale, la division delle opinioni, il parteggiar di

tutti per questa o quella fazione d’auriganti, e le scommesse furon
tali e tante, che parve fino un delirio. Giovenale così della fazion
Prasina attesta la propria simpatia e predilezione:

Totam hodie Romam circus capit et fragor aurem

Percutit, eventum viridis quo colligo, panni [132];

e più tardi a’ tempi di Giustiniano, per la contenzione delle fazioni

Prasina e Veneta, tanta nacque sedizione in Bisanzio che il monaco
Zonara, nel suo libro Degli Imperatori Greci, scrisse essersene
occasionata la strage di quasi quarantamila uomini; d’onde poi si
avesse ad abolire la designazione delle fazioni.
I vincitori nelle corse de’ giuochi circensi, proclamati per tali dal
Pretore, come ne ammonisce Giovenale in que’ versi:

. . . . similisque triumpho
Præda caballorum Prætor sedet [133],

uscendo dalla porta trionfale del circo fra le ovazioni frenetiche del
popolo, colle palme raccolte e della corona di lentischio recinta la
fronte, spesso assisero conviva alla mensa imperiale.
Passo rapido ora da questo subbietto, perocchè fosse, a mio
sentimento, mal propria l’arena dell’anfiteatro pompeiano a siffatto
genere di ludi, e vengo invece più distesamente a dire de’ gladiatorj,
che tutto attesta essere stati assai frequenti in Pompei.
Ed è a questo punto ch’io pongo dapprima la descrizione del Ludo
Gladiatorio che esisteva e che venne discoperta dagli scavi in
Pompei.
Ma non pensi il lettore ch’io m’intenda parlare di quella taberna, che
da parecchie Guide vien detta la Scola dei Gladiatori, la quale fu
scoperta il 12 aprile 1847 ed a cui valse un tale titolo unicamente
perchè nell’esterno di essa si trovò un’insegna dipinta che
rappresentava un combattimento di gladiatori. L’angustia di questa
esclude assolutamente ch’essa potesse servire allo scopo al quale si
vorrebbe destinata, poichè la scuola de’ gladiatori suppone che
abbia un locale atto all’esercizio della scherma e capace di
contenere, oltre i duellanti, anche il lanista, o loro maestro. Ora una
tale taberna non era atta a tanto. Più probabile è invece ch’essa
appartenesse a qualche theatropola, o impresario di pubblici
spettacoli, il quale vi tenesse ricapito per la vendita delle tessere
teatrali, o per l’allestimento dei ludi o per l’ingaggio dei gladiatori.
Tale insegna, comunque difesa da un piccolo tetto, è pressochè tutta
omai cancellata: sotto di essa vi si lesse in addietro la seguente
iscrizione:
ABIAT (HABEAT) VENERE (VENEREM) POMPEIIANA (M) IRADAM (IRATA)
QVI HOC LAESERIT [134].

Queste scorrezioni di dizione ci rivelano però il linguaggio volgare e

l’approssimazione fin d’allora all’italiano.
Ma del resto farò osservare che il soggetto dell’insegna non può in
alcun modo forzarci a ritenere a qualunque costo che la taberna
dovesse aver un’attinenza coll’arte gladiatoria e con ispettacoli, da
che sembri che il combattimento di due gladiatori fosse tema assai
frequente delle insegne, se Orazio, nella satira settima del Lib. 11,
potè lasciare scritto:

. . . . . atque ego, cum Fulvi, Rutubæque,

Aut Placideiani contento poplite miror
Prœlia, rubrica picta aut carbone: velut si
Re vera pugnent, ferient, vitentque moventes
Arma viri [135].

Il Ludo Gladiatorio piuttosto e veramente, a quante le ricerche

diligenti fatte hanno condotto a ritenere, è quell’edificio al fianco
orientale del Foro triangolare, del quale parlando, ho già mentovato,
che per tanto tempo si continuasse a designare per quartiere di
soldati. Tale designazione non era stata, siccome avvenne di tanti
altri edifici di Pompei, determinata dal capriccio, ma sì dall’esservisi
trovate alcune armature e ceppi entro i quali costrette ancora le ossa
dei piedi di varii scheletri, che s’era supposto essere stati di soldati in
punizione, i quali erano stati sorpresi dalla estrema eruzione del
Vesuvio e dalla finale catastrofe senza potersi svincolare da essi.
Questi ceppi si conservano al Museo Nazionale di Napoli e
costituisconsi di una lunga e duplice barra di ferro, avente ad eguali
intervalli venti perni rialzati che sulla cima finiscono in anelli. Tra
l’uno e l’altro di questi perni il colpevole doveva collocare i piedi, che
vi venivano serrati da un ferro traversale, che passava per quegli
anelli, ed a fianco stava la serratura a chiave che assicurava un tal
ferro.
In tutto questo edificio, scoperto nel 1766 e completamente
sbarazzato nel 1794, si contarono al momento delle prime indagini,
non meno di sessantatrè scheletri e si è questo considerevole
numero di scheletri che farebbe persistere taluno scrittore, — cui
pare improbabile che una città di non molta importanza per
popolazione come Pompei potesse contare un numero sì forte di
gladiatori, — a voler ravvisare in questo edificio una caserma di
soldati; tanto più che una piazza forte come questa dovesse invece
avere una guarnigione e per conseguenza una appropriata caserma.
Ma il P. Garrucci stabilì in una sua memoria, inserita nel tredicesimo
numero del Bollettino Archeologico Napoletano del gennaio 1823,
che quest’edificio non potesse essere che un Ludo de’ gladiatori. Nè
del resto può sembrare improbabile in Pompei il numero suddetto di
gladiatori, da che si avverta, e noi l’apprendemmo dalle iscrizioni che
riprodussi, come l’epoca dell’ultima eruzione che seppellì Pompei
coincidesse colla stagione ordinaria degli spettacoli più strepitosi
dell’anfiteatro, e che doveva pur esser quella in cui i più doviziosi
romani, che possedevan ville nel delizioso golfo napolitano,
solevano ritrovarsi nelle loro villeggiature. D’altronde se la questione
numerica della popolazione dovesse essere non solo un irrecusabile
argomento, ma ben anco un semplice argomento od una seria
congettura, non si saprebbe, per egual titolo, trovar la ragione
d’essere del vasto anfiteatro. Ma ho già notato invece che agli
spettacoli di Pompei intervenissero pure dalle vicine terre e castella
e, i fatti storici alla mano, ciò si è incontrovertibilmente da me
stabilito.
Questo Ludo adunque è un vasto parallelogramma, nel quale i
gladiatori venivano istruiti a combattere da un lanista o maestro di
scherma. Era questi o il proprietario d’una compagnia di tali uomini,
che li locava a chi volesse offrire uno spettacolo gladiatorio; od
anche solo l’istruttore de’ gladiatori appartenenti allo stato, e perciò
detti cæsarei. Tale parallelogramma era tutto circondato di portici e
d’architettura dorica a due piani, sostenuti da sessantaquattro
colonne di tufo rivestite di stucco e scannellate nella parte inferiore.
Nel giro del portico terreno vi sono molte camere, ed in quelle verso
il lato occidentale si trovarono i suddetti istrumenti di punizione.
Nell’interno del portico, sulle colonne e nelle camere erano graffite
parecchie iscrizioni, fra le quali è riportata da tutti e non per anco
decifrata con soddisfazione, e per me affatto di colore oscuro, la
seguente:
VHI . K . FEBR .
TABVLAS POSITAS
IN MVSCARIO
CCC . VIIII . SS . CCCC . XXX .

Dal pianterreno si ascendeva per mezzo d’una scala in angolo

presso le camere ad uso di prigione al piano superiore. Non fa ora
all’argomento mio di tener conto degli oggetti, fra’ quali molti
muliebri, qui rinvenuti negli scavi: perocchè debba affrettarmi ad
entrare più spiccio nel tema di questi gladiatori.
Roma aveva parecchi di questi ludi, e furon noti il Ludus Gallicus, il
Dacicus, il Magnus, il Mamertinus, l’Æmilius. A questi non eran
preposti soltanto i lanista ma de’ procuratores, tratti dalle classi
cittadine più distinte, ed avevano inoltre proprj medici e chirurghi per
curarne l’esistenza e la prestanza, come farebbesi di polli che si
vengano nutricando per le delizie de’ banchetti. Tacito però non a
torto chiamò il ludo sagina gladiatoria [136], ingrassamento
gladiatorio. Nè meno celebri furono i ludi di Capua e di Ravenna; dal
primo eruppe Spartaco e sappiam com’egli fosse il capo della
rivoluzion servile: al secondo, di proprietà dello stato, appartiene il
Gladiatore che è il protagonista della bella tragedia dell’Halm,
tradotta dall’egregio prof. dott. Giuseppe Rota, d’alcun brano della
quale, a chiarimento del mio soggetto, infiorerò tra poco queste
pagine.
Quale si avessero origine i Gladiatori, esporrò sotto brevità.
I funerali e la religione li produssero. Gli Etruschi gli usarono ne’
funerali, essendo loro credenza che l’anime de’ morti coll’uman
sangue si propiziassero. Epperò i captivi di guerra, gli schiavi tristi e
colpevoli, comperati, si immolavano nelle funebri pompe. Dagli
Etruschi venne il costume a’ Romani, prima però che a questi, passò
con determinate modificazioni ne’ riti, a’ popoli della Campania.
Fu nell’anno 490 della fondazione di Roma, che Marco e Decimo
Bruto offersero pubblicamente in Roma nel Foro Boario spettacolo di
gladiatori, in occasione della morte di Giunio, loro padre: i tre figli di
Emilio Lepido, augure, ne fecero lottare undici coppie nel foro per tre
giorni, poi venticinque i figliuoli di Valerio Levino; indi crebbero
vieppiù. Già vedemmo di Lucio Silla, come i ludi gladiatorii ordinasse
per testamento nelle sue esequie. Cesare, in memoria della figlia, ne
presentò seicentoquaranta; Tito, delizia del genere umano, continuò
tali conflitti per cento giorni; il buon Trajano, l’amico di Plinio, per
centoventitrè, offerendo duemila combattenti.
Nè fu più ragione il funerale o la religione soltanto a siffatti spettacoli;
ma i gladiatori si diedero ben anco a semplice titolo di divertimento,
e i magistrati primarj entrando in carica, a ingrazianarsi il popolo,
glieli offrivano a spettacolo; onde perfino tale divertimento stesso
gladiatorio si appellasse munus, sia che intender si volesse dato
gratuitamente, sia perchè dato per l’officio.
È fatto menzione da Svetonio, nella vita di Claudio, come questo
Cesare, prima di disseccare il lago Fùcino, vi volesse dare uno
spettacolo di naumachia, e che i gladiatori che vi dovevano
combattere, passando prima d’innanzi all’imperatore gridando: Ave,
Imperator, morituri te salutant: — Salve, o Imperatore, que’ che
vanno a morire ti salutano, — Claudio lor rispondesse: Avete vos, —
state sani; ond’essi, il saluto interpretando come un perdono e una
dispensa dal battersi, più non volessero infatti pugnare; tal che
Claudio, indegnato, rimanesse in forse se farli tutti perire di ferro e di
fuoco; ma poi lanciandosi dal suo seggio e girando intorno il lago
d’un passo tremante e ridicolo, un po’ con minacce, un po’ con
promesse, li obbligasse a combattere.
Era dunque una vera frenesia per codesti giuochi e così fu spinta,
che tali combattimenti diventarono presto un mestiere, e il popolo
sovrano a pagarli e fin le dame a carezzarne i campioni.
Or chi erano questi sciagurati che mettevano a prezzo il loro sangue,
la loro vita?
Due specie vi avevano di gladiatori: la prima di coloro che venivano
astretti ad assumere siffatto mestiere; l’altra di coloro che
volontariamente lo esercitavano. Venivano essi, cioè, della prima
specie, trascelti fra diverse classi della società, o erano schiavi che a
tal uopo vendevansi o prigionieri di guerra, che dopo aver servito a
decorare i trionfi de’ comandanti vittoriosi, riservavansi ai pubblici
giuochi; o finalmente colpevoli di crimini o condannati per causa di
ribellione.
Tuttavia accadde, — ed ecco come avvenisse che vi fossero atleti
della seconda specie, — che si vedessero scendere ne’ circhi a
combattere co’ gladiatori anche liberi cittadini, sia che fossero spinti
a così degradarsi dall’ingordigia del danaro, ed appellavansi
auctorati, sia che fossero mossi da una stolta ambizione.
La degradazione era necessaria conseguenza della professione da
chiunque venisse essa abbracciata; perocchè, comunque liberi,
questi auctorati erano tenuti ad un solenne giuramento, che ben
valeva una verace schiavitù. La formula di tal giuramento si può
leggere nei frammenti di Petronio Arbitro: In verba juravimus, uri,
vinciri, verberari, ferroque necari, et quidquid aliud Eumolpus
jussisset: tanquam legitimi gladiatores, domino corpora animosque
religiosissime addicimus [137]. Essere uccisi dal ferro, cioè, quando
cadevano vinti che dovevano allora sommettersi all’ultimo e mortale
colpo del vincitore; abbruciati o flagellati, quando avessero
timidamente pugnato o si fossero vilmente sottratti al ferro. A questo
fine nell’arena e sulla scena erano sempre i Lorarii, o Mastigofori
altramente detti, schiavi destinati ad infliggere loro le summentovate
pene.
Erano inoltre diverse le classi de’ gladiatori. V’erano i secutores,
inseguitori addestrati a combattere coi retiarii, prendendo il nome dal
modo onde inseguivano l’avversario, che avendo tentato di gittar su
di essi la sua rete, senza esservi riuscito, era costretto fuggire,
finchè gli fosse dato di ricuperar la rete, di cui si valeva. Così
sappiamo de’ retiarii, altri gladiatori che, oltre la rete colla quale
cercavano avvolgere i secutores, erano pure armati d’un forcone a
tre rebbi, tridentes. — Myrmillones chiamavansi que’ gladiatori che
ponevansi a pugnare contro i retiarii o contro i Traci, thraces,
gladiatori pur questi armati di coltello con arma ricurva, come
Spartaco che vuolsi appunto nativo di Tracia, che combattevano alla
foggia del loro paese. I Myrmillones portavano l’elmetto gallico con
l’immagine d’un pesce per cresta. In una tomba presso la porta
Ercolano in Pompei si trovò scolpita una figura di essi. Giovenale
così delle prime tre sorta di gladiatori fa cenno, staffilando i nobili
degenerati del suo tempo, che spudoratamente a questo infame
mestiere si erano dati.

. . . hæc ultra quid erit nisi ludus? Et illud

Dedecus Urbis habes: nec mirmillonis in armis
Nec clypeo Gracchum pugnantem, aut falce supina
(Damnat enim tales habitus; sed damnat et odit):
Nec galea frontem abscondit: movet ecce tridentem,
Postquam librata pendentia retia dextra
Nequidquam effudit, nudum ad spectacula vultum
Erigit et tota fugit agnoscendus arena.
Credamus tunicæ, de faucibus aurea quum se
Porrigat, et longo jactetur spira Galero.
Ergo ignominiam graviorem pertulit omni
Vulnere, cum Graccho jussus pugnare secutor [138].

Gli scavi di Pompei offersero del pari, in un basso rilievo in istucco

su d’una tomba, la figura d’un’altra specie di gladiatori, detti
Samnites, la cui origine ci è svelata da Tito Livio in quel passo cui
già accennai nel capitolo della Storia: Campani odio Samnitium
gladiatores eo ornatu armarunt, samniticumque nomina
appellarunt [139].
Questi Sanniti credesi anche si chiamassero col nome di
hoplomachi, se pure non fossero designati con questo nome altri
differenti atleti: ed erano essi gladiatori codesti che pugnavano
armati da capo a’ piedi.
Essedarii dicevansi coloro che combattevano dall’essedo, veicolo da
me già spiegato nel capitolo Le Vie; Andabati quelli che battevansi
sui cavalli; Dimachœri che usavano di due gladii, o spade; Laquearii
che cercavano abbattere il proprio competitore col laccio; Supposititii
o surrogati, che subentravano al gladiator vinto, misurandosi col
vincitore per contendergli la definitiva vittoria; Pegmares quelli che
servivano nell’anfiteatro a subitanee trasformazioni, da pegma
ch’erano appunto macchinismi scenici; Postulatitii coloro ch’erano
dati nello spettacolo in soprappiù del numero regolare indicato
nell’annuncio, a fine di soddisfare la richiesta (postulata) del publico;
e Meridiani, finalmente, certi gladiatori armati alla leggiera, che
combattevano per modo d’interludio, a mezzo giorno, dopo terminati
i combattimenti colle fiere.
Nè certo ho con questi menzionati i nomi tutti delle tante specie di
gladiatori, che nella frenesia di que’ spettacoli si vennero
studiosamente immaginando.
Più tardi adunque, come già ci avvertirono i succitati versi di
Giovenale, superando ogni ritegno e pregiudizio, scesero nell’arena
cavalieri perfino e senatori. Come s’è veduto avvenire che uomini
dell’ordine equestre montassero la scena sotto di Giulio Cesare; fu
pur sotto di esso che in Roma primi obliassero il decoro del loro
ordine Furio Leptino e Aulo Caleno, senatori; ma rotto il freno e
precipitando ognor più la pubblica moralità in basso, si vedevano
offerirsi a indecente e brutto spettacolo di nudità e di degradazione
nel circo nani e pigmei, donne e fra queste anche matrone.
Il perchè Giovenale così flagella l’inverecondo costume:

Endromidas Tyrias et femineum ceroma

Quis nescit? vel quis non vidit vulnera pali?
Quem cavat assiduis sudibus scutoque lacessit,
Atque omnes implet numeros, dignissima prorsus
Florali matrona tuba; nisi si quid in illo
Pectore plus agitat, veræque paratur arenæ.
Quem præstare potest mulier galeata pudorem
Quæ fugit a sexu? Vires amat [140].

Pare, ed a ragione, così di troppo conculcata la dignità umana; ma

che si dirà dinanzi il fatto di Nerone che fe’ pugnare in un giorno
nell’Anfiteatro 40 senatori e 60 cavalieri? Dopo l’umiliazion della
donna, succedeva quella dell’autorità. Che rimaneva omai di
venerando e sacro?
Quelli nondimeno che fra tutti costoro destavano maggior pietà,
erano indubbiamente i prigionieri di guerra, ai quali Tertulliano
concede l’epiteto d’innocenti, per distinguerli da’ gladiatori di
mestiere.
Nessuna guerra, dice Giusto Lipsio, non fu giammai più distruttiva
pel genere umano quanto i giuochi del circo. Infatti si sa da Plinio il