Chapter 9 - 2D Bar Element

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM
CHAPTER 9
2-D BAR ELEMENT
Dr. Le Thanh Long
ltlong@hcmut.edu.vn
Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Outline
9.1. The stiffness matrix
9.2. The equivalent nodal loads
9.3. The element stress
9.4. Examples


Considering the bar below Local coordinate Global coordinate
system system
x, y X, Y
, ,
1 dof at one node 2 dofs at two nodes


In 2D problems:
ui 
u  ui cos  vi sin   l
'
i m  
 vi 
ui 
v  ui sin   vi cos   m l   
'
i
 vi 
where l = cosθ, m = sin θ
In the matrix form:
ui'   l m  ui 
 '   v 
v
 i   m l  i
or u i'  Tu i
where, the orthogonal matrix: =

−
4


The 2-node location matrix of the bar is presented in the matrix below:
 ui'   l m 0 0   ui 
 '   v 
v
 i   m l 0 0
 '    i 
u j   0 0 l m  u j 
 v 'j   0 0 m l   v j 
 
or = với = 0
0
The force at nodes has the same transformation:

f'  Tf


The element matrix in 2D
Local coordinate system:
' '
EA  1 1  ui   fi 
   '    '
L  1 1  u j   f j 
Add the horizontal displacement, and we have

1 0 1 0   ui'   f i ' 
    
EA  0 0 0 0   vi'   0 
 '    '
L  1 0 1 0  u j   f j 
 
0 0 0 0   v 'j   0 
or =


k 'Tu  Tf
Multiplying TT on both sides of the equation:
T T k 'Tu  f
The element stiffness matrix for a 2D bar element is as follows:
k  T T k 'T
It is a symmetric matrix 4x4.
Explicit form: u i vi uj vj
 l2 lm l 2 lm 
 
EA  lm m 2 lm m 2 
k
L  l 2 lm l 2 lm 
 2 2 
 lm  m lm m 
where X j  Xi Y j  Yi
l  cos  , m  sin  ,
L L 7

9.2. The equivalent nodal loads

Similar to chapter 6, the equivalent nodal load vectors are
determined by the formula:
1 T 1 T 1 T
U   [ ] { }dV   [f ] {p}dV   [f ] {q}dS
2 2 2
Therefore,
{f }e   [N ]T {g}e dV   [N ]T {p}e dS  [N ]Tx0 P  [N ']Tx0 M
Where, [N] is the matrix of interpolation functions, is the

volume force, is the surface force, P is the concentrated
force, M is the moment.

9.3. The element stress

The element stress in 2D is written as:
 ui 
v 
 u 'i   1 1 l m 0 0  i 
  E  EB    E    
u ' j   L L  0 0 l m  u j 
 v j 
Therefore,
 ui 
v 
E  i
  l m l m  
L u j 
 v j 

9.4. Examples
Example 9.1:
A framework consisting of two bars (E, A, and L) subjected to the

load is shown in the figure.
Determine:
1. The displacement of node 2.
2. The stress of each bar.
10

9.4. Examples
Using the local coordinate system, we have the element stiffness
matrices:
EA  1 1
k '1     k '2
L  1 1 
Since these two matrices belong to two different local

coordinate systems, we have to transfer them to the same global
coordinate system.
11

9.4. Examples
Topo table
Element 1: = 45°, = =
 1 1 1 1
 
EA  1 1 1 1
[k1 ] 
2 L  1 1 1 1 
 
  1 1 1 1 
Element 2: = 135°, =− , =
 1 1 1 1 
 
EA  1 1 1 1
[k2 ] 
2 L  1 1 1 1
 
 1 1 1 1  12

9.4. Examples
The global stiffness matrix is established by a sum of element
stiffness matrices
 1 1 1 1 0 0 
 1 1 1 1 0 0 
 
EA  1 1 2 0 1 1 
[K ]   
2 L  1 1 0 2 1 1
 0 0 1 1 1 1
 
 0 0 1  1  1 1 
The finite element equations system for the whole structure:

 1 1 1 1 0 0   u1   F1 X 
 1 1 1 1 0 0   v   F 
   1   1Y 
EA  1 1 2 0 1 1  u2   F2 X 
    
2 L  1 1 0 2 1 1  v2   F2Y 
 0 0 1 1 1 1 u3   F3 X 
    
 0 0 1  1  1 1 v F
  3   3Y  13

9.4. Examples
Boundary conditions (BC):
u1  v1  u3  v3  0, F2 X  P1 , F2Y  P2
Apply the boundary conditions, we obtain the finite element
equations system in brief form as:
EA  1 1 u2   P1 
    
2 L  1 1   v2   P2 
Solving the above equations system, we obtain the displacement at
node 2
u2  L  P1 
   
v
 2 EA  P2 
14

9.4. Examples
The axial stress in each bar element is
0
 
E 2 L 0 2
1   1 1 1 1  P   ( P1  P2 )
L 2 EA  1  2 A
 P2 
 P1 
 
E 2 L  P2  2
2  1 1 1 1    ( P1  P2 )
L 2 EA  0  2 A
 0 
15

9.4. Examples
Example 9.2:
A framework’s parameter is:
P = 1000 kN, L = 1m, E = 210 Gpa,
A1,2 = 6 x 10-4 m2 for elements 1 and 2,
A3 = 6 2 x 10-4 m2 for element 3.
Determine the displacement and
reaction forces.
16

9.4. Examples
Element 1: θ = 900, l = 0, m = 1
0 0 0 0
 0 1
(210 x109 )(6 x104 ) 0 1
[k1 ]  ( N / m)
1 0 0 0 0
 
0 1 0 1
Element 2: θ = 00, l = 1, m = 0
1 0 1 0 
 0 0 0 
(210 x109 )(6 x104 )  0
[k1 ]  ( N / m)
1  1 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 0
Element 3: θ = 450, l = ,m=
 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
 
(210 x109 )(6 2 x10 4 )  0,5 0,5 0,5 0.5
[k3 ]  ( N / m)
2  0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 
 
 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  17

9.4. Examples
The global stiffness matrix:
 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5
 1.5 0 1 0.5 0.5 
 
5
 1 0 1 0 
[K]  1260 x10   ( N / m)
 1 0 0 
 1.5 0.5 
 
Sym. 0.5 
The finite element equations system for the whole structure:
 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5  u1   F1 X 
 1.5 0 1 0.5 0.5  v   F 
   1   1Y 
5
 1 0 1 0  u2   F2 X 
1260 x10      
 1 0 0 v
  
2 F2 Y 
 1.5 0.5  u3   F3 X 
    
Sym. 0.5 v F
  3   3Y 
  
18

9.4. Examples
Boundary conditions:
u1  v1  v2  0, v '3  0, F2 X  P, F3 X '  0
From the relationship between the local and global coordinates, we have:
 2 2  u3  2
v '3       (u3  v3 )  0
 2 2   v3  2
Thus, u3 – v3 = 0
This is a multipoint constraint (MPC)
Similarity for the force at node 3:
 2 2   F3 X  2
F3 X '     ( F3 X  F3Y )  0
 2 2   F3Y  2
Therefore, F3X + F3Y = 0
19

9.4. Examples
Applying the load and boundary conditions on the finite element
equations system for the whole structure by deleting rows and columns
1, 2, and 4, we obtain:
 1 1 0  u2   P 
   
1260x105  1 1.5 0.5 u3    F3 X 
 0 0.5 0.5  v3   F3Y 
Besides, from MPC and the force at node 3, the finite element equations
system can be written as:
 1 1 0  u2   P 
   
1260x105  1 1.5 0.5 u3    F3 X 
 0 0.5 0.5 u3    F3 X 
 1 1  P 
5   u2   
1260x10  1 2      F3 X 
 u3   
 0 1    F3 X  20

9.4. Examples
From the third equation, we obtain: F3X = - 1260 x 105u3
Substitute it on the second equation and rearrange it, we obtain:
5  1 1 u2   P 
1260x10     
 1 3  u3   0 
Solve the above equations system, we obtain:
u2  1 3P   0.01191 
  5    ( m)
u3  2520x10  P  0.003968
From the global finite element equations system, we can determine the
reaction forces  F1 X   0 0.5 0.5  500 
F   0 0.5 0.5 u  500 
 1Y    
  2  
5 
 F2Y   1260x10  0 0 0  u3    0  (kN )
F      
3X   1 1.5 0.5   v3   500
   
 F3Y   0 0.5 0.5   500 
21

References
1. Phan Đình Huấn, “Bài tập Phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn”, NXB
Tổng hợp Tp. HCM, 2011.
2. Tirupathy R., Chantrupatla & Ashok D. Belegundu, “Introduction

to Finite Elements in Engineering”, 4th Ed., PrenticeHall, 2006.
22

23

Chapter 9 - 2D Bar Element

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Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.2. The equivalent nodal loads

9.3. The element stress

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

where, the orthogonal matrix: =

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

The force at nodes has the same transformation:

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

Add the horizontal displacement, and we have

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.2. The equivalent nodal loads

Where, [N] is the matrix of interpolation functions, is the

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.3. The element stress

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

A framework consisting of two bars (E, A, and L) subjected to the

1. The displacement of node 2.

2. The stress of each bar.

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Since these two matrices belong to two different local

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

The finite element equations system for the whole structure:

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

2. Tirupathy R., Chantrupatla & Ashok D. Belegundu, “Introduction

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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