Chapter 7 - Approximation in Finite Element Method

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM
CHAPTER 7
APPROXIMATION
IN FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Dr. Le Thanh Long
ltlong@hcmut.edu.vn
Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Outline
7.1. Approximation method
7.2. Approximation on a reference element
7.3. Geometric transformation

7.1. Approxiamtion method

• Using Finite element method
We try to approximate u by a continuous piecewise linear

function. To this end we introduce a mesh on the interval I consisting of
n subintervals, and the corresponding space of all continuous
piecewise linears. Since we are dealing with functions vanishing at the
end-points of I, we also introduce the following subspace , of
that satisfies the boundary conditions
, = ∈ : 0 = =0


1. General interpolation problem
The scope of this section is the interpolation theory of functions

defined on an interval [a, b]. For an integer ≥ 0, denotes the space
of the polynomials in one variable, with real coefficients and degree at
most
A mesh is an    a, b  indexed collection of intervals with non-zero
measure I i 
  x1,i , x2,i 
o i  N
forming a partition of Ω, i.e.,


1. General interpolation problem
The simplest way to construct a mesh is to take (N +2) points in Ω such

that:
xo  a  x1  ...  xn  b : yi  f ( xi )i  n
and to set x1,i  xi and x2,i  xi 1 for 0 ≤ i ≤ N. The points in the set
 x0 ,..., xN 1 are called the vertices of the mesh. The mesh may have a
variable step size
hi  xi 1  xi , 0  i  N


2. Lagrange polynomial
The Lagrange polynomials associated with the nodes are defined to be
n
Ln ( x)   yk Lkn ( x)
k 0
where Ln(x) is called an approximation space x = xj; j ≠ k

and = 1 or = ∀ ≤
As we can see:
k k
x  xj
L ( x)  
n j  0, j  k
xk  x j
Thus, Ln(x) is the equation that we need to find
x  xm
or Lkn ( x)   mn  0,k  m
xk  xm
where n is the number of nodes
xm is the location of a node 6


3. Hermite polynomial
Hermite functions are not only continuous across element boundaries,
but their first derivatives are also continuous across boundaries.
Given that xi, aki ϵ R where i = 1,2,…,n; k = 0,1,2,…, pi-1; and xi ≠ xj,
∀i ≠ j, where, p1 + p2 + … + pn = N. Determine the polynomial H(x)
which has degH(x) ≤ N – 1 satisfies the condition as:
H ( k ) ( xi )  aki , i  1, 2,..., n; k  0,1,..., pi  1
When n is an integer and positive number, we can obtain the Hermite
polynomials as:
nd n  x2
x2
H n ( x)  (1) e n
(e ), n  0,1, 2,...
dx
7


1. Shape function
Linear and quadratic two-dimensional isoparametric finite elements are
presented in the figures below in linear element and in the local
coordinate system
q8 q6
 (1,1)
q5 (-1,1)
3 4 3
4 q7
y
v
q2
u (0,0)
M(x,y) q4 
q1
1 q3 1 2
2 (-1,-1) (1,-1)
x
8


1. Shape function
Shape functions’ properties:
The shape functions have a number of interesting properties. Most

importantly, they have a value of either 0 or 1 at a node - the variation
of the shape functions over an element is shown in the figure below. A
2
second property of the shape functions is that they sum to 1 N
i 1
i 1
9
.

1. Shape function
The four-node quadrilateral shown in the figure before is the

simplest member of the quadrilateral family. It is defined by
1  1 1 1 1  (e)
x x   N1 
   1 x2 x3 x4   N (e) 
 y    y1 y2 y3 y4   2( e ) 
     N3 
 u x   u x1 u x 2 ux3 ux 4   (e) 
 u y   u y1 u y 2   N 4 
   u y3 uy4 
10


1. Shape function
1
The shape functions are: N 1  1   1   
4
1
N 2  1   1   
4
1
N 3  1   1   
4
1
N 4  1   1   
4
These functions vary linearly on quadrilateral coordinate lines ξ = const
and η = const, but are not linear polynomials as in the case of the three-
node triangle.
11


1. Shape function
• We can present the shape functions in a general way as:
1
Ni  1   i 1   i 
4
where (i ,  i) in the coordinate of node i.
• The deformation field of nodes is presented as:
u = N1q1 + N2q3 + N3q5 + N4q7
v = N1q2 + N2q4 + N3q6 + N4q8
12


1. Shape function
The matrix form of the deformation field: u = Nq
where:
 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0
N 
0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4 
we can obtain the coordinates of one specific point using shape

functions:
x = N1x1 + N2x2 + N3x3 + N4x4
y = N1y1 + N2y2 + N3y3 + N4y4
13


2. The Jacobian matrix
In the following derivations we need the Jacobian of two-dimensional

transformations that connect the differentials of {x, y} to those of {ξ,η}
and vice-versa:
 f   f 
f f x f y     x 
  or
 x  y   f   J  f 
   
f f x f y     y 
 
 x  y 
Here J denotes the Jacobian matrix of (x, y) with respect to (ξ, η)
 x y 
   
J  
 x y 
   
14


2. The Jacobian
Similarity, we have also:

f f  f   f   f 
 
x  x  x  x    
or  f   j 
f f  f     f 
 
y  y  y  y    
where j is the Jacobian matrix of (ξ, η) with respect to (x, y):
   
 x x 
j 
   
 y y 
15


3. Examples
Example 7.1: Find the shape functions in both coordinates
1 2 3
-1 0 1
1 2 3
16


3. Examples
Solution:
Applying the Lagrange polynomial, we have
(  0)(  1) 1
N1 ( )    (  1)
(1  0)(1  1) 2
[  (1)](  1)
N 2 ( )   (  1)(  1)
[0  (1)](0  1)
[  (1)](  0) 1
N 3 ( )    (  1)
[1  (1)](1  0) 2
17


3. Examples
Similarity, we have shape functions of real elements:
N1 ( x) 
 x  x2  x  x3 
 x1  x2  x1  x3 
N 2 ( x) 
 x  x1  x  x3 
 x2  x1  x2  x3 
N 3 ( x) 
 x  x1  x  x2 
 x3  x1  x3  x2 
18


3. Examples
Example 7.2: Find the shape functions of the 4-node quadrilateral

using Lagrange polynomial
4 (-1,1) 3 (1,1)
1 (-1,-1) 2 (1,-1)
19


3. Examples
Solution:
Applying the Lagrange polynomial, we have

 1  1 1
N1 ( , )  L1 .L1  .  (1   )(1   )
1  1 1  1 4
  (1)   1 1
N 2 ( , )  L2 .L2  .  (1   )(1   )
1  (1) 1  1 4
  (1)   (1) 1
N 3 ( , )  L3 .L3  .  (1   )(1   )
1  (1) 1  (1) 4
  1   (1) 1
N 4 ( , )  L4 .L4  .  (1   )(1   )
1  1 1  (1) 4
20


3. Examples
Example 7.3: Considering the 3-node triangle element in the real
coordinate shown in the figure below:
The node variables linked with the nodes 1, 2, 3 are T1 = 500, T2 = 600,
and T3 = 700, respectively. Interpolate the temperature at point A(5,2).
21


3. Examples
Solution:
Method 1: Interpolation on the real elements
The interpolation functions are written as:
1
N1 ( x, y )  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  x( y2  y3 )  y ( x3  x2 )
2A
1
N 2 ( x, y )  ( x3 y1  x1 y3 )  x( y3  y1 )  y ( x1  x3 )
2A
1
N 3 ( x, y )  ( x1 y2  x2 y1 )  x( y1  y2 )  y ( x2  x1 )
2A
where A is the area of triangle 1-2-3
1 1 1
1
A  det  x1 x2 x3 
2
 y1 y2 y3 
22


3. Examples
1 1 1
1 13
where x1 = 2, y1 = 2, x2 = 7, y2 = 1, x3 = 5, y3 = 4  A  2 7 5 
2 2
23  3 x  2 y 2 1 4
N1 ( x, y ) 
13
2  2x  3y 4 6 3
N 2 ( x, y )   N1 (5, 2)  , N 2 (5, 2)  , N 3 (5, 2) 
13 13 13 13
12  x  5 y
N 3 ( x, y ) 
13
The temperature at point A is interpolated by the equation:
4 6 3
TA  N1 (5, 2)T1  N 2 (5, 2)T2  N 3 (5, 2)T3  .50  .60  .70  59.230
13 13 13
Method 2: Interpolation on the reference elements
See in Ref. “Bài tập Phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn”
23


3. Examples
Example 7.4: Considering 3-node element on the reference and real coordinates
3
3 5
3 2
1
2
3 2 1
1 1 2 4 5
3
Find the real coordinates of A’ that is an image of A, where A has the
reference coordinate: = , =
Find the Jacobian matrix of the geometric transformation at point A.
24


3. Examples
Solution:
Find A’
3 3
We have x   N i ( , ) xi , y   N i ( , ) yi
i 1 i 1
and N1 ( , )  1     , N 2 ( , )   , N 3 ( , )  
Thus, using the given parameter, we have:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
x A '  N1 ( , ) x1  N 2 ( , ) x2  N 2 ( , ) x3  (1   ) x 2  x 5  x 4 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
y A '  N1 ( , ) y1  N 2 ( , ) y 2  N 2 ( , ) y3  (1   ) x 2  x 3  x 5 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
25


3. Examples
The Jacobian matrix of the geometric transformation at point A
 
J11  ( N1 x1  N 2 x2  N 3 x3 )  [(1     ).2   .5   .4]=3
 
 
J12  ( N1 y1  N 2 y2  N 3 y3 )  [(1     ).2   .3   .5]=1
 
 
J 21  ( N1 x1  N 2 x2  N 3 x3 )  [(1     ).2   .5   .4]=2
 
 
J 22  ( N1 y1  N 2 y2  N 3 y3 )  [(1     ).2   .3   .5]=3
 
 3 1
J  
 2 3 
26

References
1. Phan Đình Huấn, “Bài tập Phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn”, NXB
Tổng hợp Tp. HCM, 2011.
2. Tirupathy R., Chantrupatla & Ashok D. Belegundu, “Introduction

to Finite Elements in Engineering”, 4th Ed., PrenticeHall, 2006.
27

28

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Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.2. Approximation on a reference element

7.3. Geometric transformation

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.1. Approxiamtion method

We try to approximate u by a continuous piecewise linear

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.2. Approximation on a reference element

The scope of this section is the interpolation theory of functions

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.2. Approximation on a reference element

The simplest way to construct a mesh is to take (N +2) points in Ω such

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.2. Approximation on a reference element

where Ln(x) is called an approximation space x = xj; j ≠ k

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.2. Approximation on a reference element

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Shape functions’ properties:

The shape functions have a number of interesting properties. Most

7.3. Geometric transformation

The four-node quadrilateral shown in the figure before is the

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

we can obtain the coordinates of one specific point using shape

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

In the following derivations we need the Jacobian of two-dimensional

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Similarity, we have also:

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Example 7.1: Find the shape functions in both coordinates

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Applying the Lagrange polynomial, we have

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Similarity, we have shape functions of real elements:

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Example 7.2: Find the shape functions of the 4-node quadrilateral

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Applying the Lagrange polynomial, we have

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

7.3. Geometric transformation

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering