Chapter 9 - 2D Bar Element

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM
CHAPTER 9
2-D BAR ELEMENT
Dr. Le Thanh Long
ltlong@hcmut.edu.vn
Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Outline
9.1. The stiffness matrix
9.2. The equivalent nodal loads
9.3. The element stress
9.4. Examples


Considering the bar below Local coordinate Global coordinate
system system
x, y X, Y
𝑢𝑖′ , 𝑣𝑖′ 𝑢𝑖 , 𝑣𝑖
1 dof at one node 2 dofs at two nodes


In 2D problems:
𝑢𝑖
𝑢𝑖′ = 𝑢𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑙 𝑚 𝑣
𝑖
𝑢𝑖
𝑣𝑖′ = −𝑢𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝑚 𝑙 𝑣
𝑖
where 𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
In the matrix form:
𝑢𝑖′ 𝑙 𝑚 𝑢𝑖
′ =
𝑣𝑖 −𝑚 𝑙 𝑣𝑖
or 𝐮′𝑖 = 𝐓𝐮𝑖
𝑙 𝑚
The orthogonal matrix: 𝐓 =
−𝑚 𝑙


The location of bar is presented in the matrix below:
𝑢𝑖′ 𝑢𝑖
𝑙 𝑚 0 0
𝑣𝑖′ −𝑚 𝑙 0 0 𝑣𝑖
=
𝑢𝑗′ 0 0 𝑙 𝑚 𝑢𝑗
0 0 −𝑚 𝑙 𝑣𝑗
𝑣𝑗′
or 𝐮′ = 𝐓𝐮 với 𝐓= 𝐓 0
0 𝐓
The force at nodes has the same transformation:

𝐟 ′ = 𝐓𝐟


The element matrix in 2D
Local coordinate system:
𝐸𝐴 1 −1 𝑢𝑖′ 𝑓𝑖′
= ′
𝐿 −1 1 𝑢𝑗′ 𝑓𝑗
Add the horizontal displacement, we have
𝑢𝑖′ 𝑓𝑖′
1 0 −1 0 ′
𝐸𝐴 0 0 0 0 𝑣 𝑖 0
→ =
𝐿 −1 0 1 0 𝑢𝑗′ 𝑓𝑗′
0 0 0 0 𝑣𝑗′ 0
or 𝐤 ′ 𝐮′ =𝐟 ′


𝐤 ′ 𝐓𝐮 = 𝐓𝐟
Multipling both side for 𝐓 𝑇 :

𝐓 𝐓 𝐤 ′ 𝐓𝐮 = 𝐟
The element stiffness matrix for a 2D bar element as follows:

𝐤 = 𝐓𝐓𝐤′𝐓


Explicit form:
𝑢𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑢𝑗 𝑣𝑗
𝑙2 𝑙𝑚 −𝑙2 −𝑙𝑚
𝐸𝐴 𝑙𝑚 𝑚2 −𝑙𝑚 −𝑚2
𝒌=
𝐿 −𝑙2 −𝑙𝑚 𝑙2 𝑙𝑚
−𝑙𝑚 −𝑚2 𝑙𝑚 𝑚2
where
𝑋𝑗 − 𝑋𝑖 𝑌𝑗 − 𝑌𝑖
𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝐿 𝐿

9.2. The equivalent nodal loads

𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑓 𝑒 = 𝑁 𝑔 𝑒 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑁 𝑝 𝑒 𝑑𝑆 + 𝑁 𝑥0 𝑃 + 𝑁′ 𝑥0 𝑀
where:
[N] is the matrix of shape functions, 𝑔 𝑒 is the volumn
force, 𝑝 𝑒 is the surface force, P is the concentrated force , M is
the moment.

9.3. The element stress

The element stress in 2D is written as:
𝑢𝑖
𝑢′𝑖 1 1 𝑙 𝑚 0 0 𝑣𝑖
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 = 𝐸𝐁 =𝐸 − 𝑢𝑗
𝑢′𝑗 𝐿 𝐿 0 0 𝑙 𝑚
𝑣𝑗
Therefore,
𝑢𝑖
𝐸 𝑣𝑖
𝜎 = −𝑙 −𝑚 𝑙 𝑚 𝑢𝑗
𝐿
𝑣𝑗
10

9.4. Examples
Example 1:
A frame work consisting of two bar members (E, A and L) with

moment-free connections.
Find:
1. The displacement of the second node
2. The stress of both bar members
11

9.4. Examples
Using the local coordinate system, we have the element stiffness
matrices:
𝐸𝐴 1 −1
𝑘′1 = = 𝑘′2
𝐿 −1 1
Since these two matrices belong to two different local
coordinate systems, we have to transfer them to the same global
coordinate system.
12

9.4. Examples
Bar no.1:
2
𝜃 = 45°, 𝑙=𝑚=
2
Bar no.2:
2 2
𝜃 = 135°, 𝑙=− , 𝑚=
2 2
Using explicit form, we have the element stiffness matrices:
1 1 −1 −1
𝑇 𝐸𝐴 1 1 −1 −1
𝑘1 = 𝑇1 𝑘′1 𝑇1 =
2𝐿 −1 −1 1 1
−1 −1 1 1
13

9.4. Examples
1 −1 −1 1
𝑇 𝐸𝐴 −1 1 1 −1
𝑘2 = 𝑇2 𝑘′2 𝑇2 =
2𝐿 −1 1 1 −1
1 −1 −1 1
We are now ready to establish the global stiffness equation
as a sum of expanded element stiffness matrices and we obtain as
an intermediate result
1 1 −1 −1 0 0 𝑢1 𝐹1𝑋
1 1 −1 −1 0 0 𝑣1 𝐹1𝑌
𝐸𝐴 −1 −1 2 0 −1 1 𝑢2 𝐹2𝑋
𝑣 =
2𝐿 −1 −1 0 2 1 −1 2 𝐹2𝑌
0 0 −1 1 1 −1 𝑢3 𝐹3𝑋
0 0 1 −1 −1 1 𝑣3 𝐹3𝑌
14

9.4. Examples
Boundary conditions:
𝑢1 = 𝑣1 = 𝑢3 = 𝑣3 = 0, 𝐹2𝑋 = 𝑃1 , 𝐹2𝑌 = 𝑃2
The final system to solve then reads
𝐸𝐴 2 0 𝑢2 𝑃1
𝑣 =
2𝐿 0 2 2 𝑃2
which has the following solution.
𝑢2 𝐿 𝑃1
𝑣2 = 𝐸𝐴 𝑃2
15

9.4. Examples
The axial stress in each of the bar elements can be calculated from
0
𝐸 2 𝐿 0 2
𝜎1 = −1 −1 1 1 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
𝐿 2 𝐸𝐴 1 2𝐴
𝑃2
𝑃1
𝐸 2 𝐿 𝑃2 2
𝜎2 = 1 −1 −1 1 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝐿 2 𝐸𝐴 0 2𝐴
0
16

9.4. Examples
Example 2:
A frame work’s parameter is:
𝑃 = 1000 𝑘𝑁, 𝐿 = 1𝑚,
𝐸 = 210 𝐺𝑃𝑎,
𝐴 = 6.0 × 10−4 𝑚2 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2,
𝐴 = 6 2 × 10−4 𝑚2 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 3.
Find the displacement and
constraint forces
17

9.4. Examples
Bar no.1:
𝜃 = 90°, 𝑙 = 0, 𝑚=1
0 0 0 0
210 × 109 6.0 × 10−4 0 1 0 −1 (𝑁/𝑚)
𝑘1 =
1 0 0 0 0
0 −1 0 1
Bar no.2:
𝜃 = 0°, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚=0
1 0 −1 0
9 −4
210 × 10 6.0 × 10 0 0 0 0 (𝑁/𝑚)
𝑘1 =
1 −1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
18

9.4. Examples
Bar no.3:
1 1
𝜃 = 45°, 𝑙= , 𝑚=
2 2
0.5 0.5 −0.5 −0.5

210 × 109 6 2× 10−4 0.5 0.5 −0.5 −0.5
𝑘3 =
2 −0.5 −0.5 0.5 0.5
−0.5 −0.5 0.5 0.5
(𝑁/𝑚)
19

9.4. Examples
The final system to solve then reads
20

9.4. Examples
Boundary condition:
𝑢1 = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 0, 𝑣à 𝑣′3 = 0, 𝐹2𝑋 = 𝑃, 𝐹3𝑥′ = 0.
which has the following solution.
2 2 𝑢3 2
𝑣′3 = − 𝑣 = −𝑢3 + 𝑣3 = 0
2 2 3 2
2 2 𝐹3𝑋 2
𝐹3𝑥′ = = 𝐹3𝑋 + 𝐹3𝑌 = 0,
2 2 𝐹3𝑌 2
21

9.4. Examples
Thus:
𝑢3 − 𝑣3 = 0
𝐹3𝑋 + 𝐹3𝑌 = 0
This is a multipoint constraint

Using the boundary conditions, we can obtain:
1 −1 0 𝑢2 𝑃
1260 × 105 −1 1.5 0.5 𝑢3 = 𝐹3𝑋
0 0.5 0.5 𝑣3 𝐹3𝑌
22

9.4. Examples
1 −1 0 𝑢2 𝑃
→ 1260 × 105 −1 1.5 0.5 𝑢3 = 𝐹3𝑋
0 0.5 0.5 𝑢3 −𝐹3𝑋
1 −1 𝑢 𝑃
2
→ 1260 × 105 −1 2 𝑢 = 𝐹3𝑋
3
0 1 −𝐹3𝑋
The axial force in the third bar can be calculated as:
𝐹3𝑋 = −1260 × 105 𝑢3
23

9.4. Examples
Using the previous results, we can rewrite the equations system as:
1 −1 𝑢2
5 𝑃
1260 × 10 =
−1 3 𝑢3 0
Thus we are able to gain the displacment of node 2 and 3:
𝑢2 1 3𝑃 0.01191
𝑢3 = 5
= (𝑚)
2520 × 10 𝑃 0.003968
24

9.4. Examples
We also able to calculate the constraint force of the frame
𝐹1𝑋 0 −0.5 −0.5 −500

𝐹1𝑌 0 −0.5 −0.5 𝑢2 −500
𝐹2𝑌 = 1260 × 105 0 0 0 𝑢3 = 0.0 (𝑘𝑁)
𝐹3𝑋 −1 1.5 0.5 𝑣3 −500
𝐹3𝑌 0 0.5 0.5 500
25

References
1. Phan Đình Huấn, “Bài tập Phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn”,
NXB Tổng hợp Tp. HCM, 2011.
2. Tirupathy R., Chantrupatla & Ashok D. Belegundu,

“Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering”, 4th Ed.,
PrenticeHall, 2006.
26

27

Chapter 9 - 2D Bar Element

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Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.2. The equivalent nodal loads

9.3. The element stress

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

The force at nodes has the same transformation:

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

Multipling both side for 𝐓 𝑇 :

The element stiffness matrix for a 2D bar element as follows:

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.1. The stiffness matrix

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.2. The equivalent nodal loads

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

9.3. The element stress

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

A frame work consisting of two bar members (E, A and L) with

1. The displacement of the second node

2. The stress of both bar members

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

The final system to solve then reads

which has the following solution.

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

0.5 0.5 −0.5 −0.5

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

which has the following solution.

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

This is a multipoint constraint

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

𝐹1𝑋 0 −0.5 −0.5 −500

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

2. Tirupathy R., Chantrupatla & Ashok D. Belegundu,

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Machine Design – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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