LESSON 1: FUNCTIONS, FUNCTION NOTATIONS, AND EQUATION

FUNCTION
IT IS A SPECIAL KIND OF RELATION IN WHICH TWO DISTINCT ORDERED
PAIRS HAVE THE SAME FIRST ELEMENT

IN AN EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES, x AND y, THE VARIABLE y MAY BE

EXPRESED f(x), IF EVERY VALUE OF x RESPONDS TO A SINGLE VALUE OF y.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE-INPUT (x)

DEPENDENT VARIABLE-OUTPUT (y)

The value that a function takes in is called the input or the independent variable while the
corresponding value that it produces is the output or the dependent variable

EXAMPLE.
Assume that you are in a grocery store. Each grocery item has its own corresponding price.

This is an example of a function wherein the independent variable is the grocery item while
the dependent variable is its price.

Let f(x) = 3x − 2, find f(2).

f(2) = 3(2) – 2

f(2) = 4
Function can be expressed in different ways.

1. A table of values

x -4 -1 0 1 2
y -8 -5 -9 -3 -2

2. Ordered pairs

{(-1, 6), (-3,-7), (0, 2), (-1, 1), (2, -2)}

1|Page
3. Graph

4. An Equation
y = 3x - 4

PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS
It is a function composed of two or more expressions for the different
parts of the domain.

EXAMPLE.

{
3 x if x <0
g ( x )= −1 if x=0
2
x if x >0

LESSON 2: FUNCTIONS VS. RELATIONS

RELATION
Is a set of objects such as numbers, grouped with one another which may or may not
represented a pattern, simply a set of ordered pairs that are arranged in orderly manner

TYPES OF RELATION

ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE
Each value of independent variables (x) is unique and it’s associated with a unique value of
the dependent variable (y).

EXAMPLE:

2|Page
 EXAMPLE:

x y x y

1 2 3 6

2 4 5 2

3 6 7 4

4 8 9 1

MANY-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE

Two or more values of x is associated with the same value of y.

EXAMPLE:

x y x y

2 3 1 2

4 7 3 4

6 9 5 6

8 2 7 8

ONE-TO-MANY CORRESPONDENTS

Some small values of x are associated with more than one value of y.

EXAMPLE:

x y x y

1 2 3 6

2 4 5 2

3 6 7 4

4 8 9 1

MANY-TO-MANY CORRESPONDENCE

 Some values of x and y are associated with more than one value of their
correspondents.

EXAMPLE:

3|Page
 x y x y

2 3 1 2

4 7 3 4

6 9 5 6

8 2 7 8

LESSON 3: EVALUATING AND GRAPHING FUNCTIONS

TABLES OF VALUES

 A graphic organizer or chart that helps determine two or more points that can be
used in creating graphs

EXAMPLE:

Consider the function f(x) = 4x+1.

The values of the function for the given values of x are shown in the table of values
below.

X f(x)
-2 -7
-1 -3
0 1
1 5
2 9

EXAMPLE 1.

Evaluate f(x) = {x + 3 if x < 1

{x²- 6 if x = 1

{√ x+ 3 if x > 1

When (a) x=0, (b) x=1, and (c) x=3

SOLUTION:

A. Since x=0<1, we use the first expression, i.e. f(x) = x + 3. Substitute 0 in the
expression then simplify.

4|Page
f(x) = x + 3

f(0) = 0 +3

f(0) = 3

B. Since x=1, we use the second expression, i.e. f(x) = x² - 6. Substitute 1 in the
expression then simplify.

f(x) = x² - 6

f(1) = (1)² - 6

f(1) = 5
C. Since x =3 >, we use the third expression, i.e. f(x) =√x+3. Substitute 3 in the expression
then simplify

f(x) = √x+3

f(3) =√3+3

f(3) =√6

EXAMPLE 2.

Sketch the graph of the function f(x) = x²+ 2x – 2

Solution:

1. Tabulate some arbitrary values of x

x f(x)

-2

-1

2.
To obtain the corresponding values of f(x), evaluate the function at the chosen values
of x.

x f(x)

5|Page
 -2

-1

3.
Plot the ordered [pairs in the Cartesian plane.

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

LESSON 2: DOMAIN AND RANGE OF FUNCTION

LINEAR FUNCTION

 Function that has a degree of 1 and whose graph is a straight line: the domain
and range of a linear function are both the set of real number.

EXAMPLE:

y= 3x+5 y= -2x + 6

6|Page
 y= 4x-

QUADRATIC FUNCTION

Function that has a degree of 2 and whose graph is a parabola.

EXAMPLE:

5 x² + 11x – 35 = 0 -4 x² - 7x + 12 = 0

2 x² - 4x -2 = 0

POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

Function involving nonnegative integer power.

EXAMPLE:

f(x) = x² + 3x + 2 2a + 5b

f(b) = 4b2 – 6

SOME RESTRICTIONS TO CONSIDER WHEN FINDING THE DOMAIN AND

RANGE.

o Radical with even indices

o Fraction ( Denominators must not be equal to zero)

UNIT 2: LESSON 1 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FUNCTION

ADDITION OF FUNCTIONS

 The sum of two functions

Denoted as: (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)

EXAMPLE 1:

f(x) = 3x -2

g(x) = x²- 5x + 5

Substitute the given values

(f + g ) (x) = f (x) + (g)

= (3x-2) + (x² - 5x + 5 )combine like terms

= x² +3x – 5x -2 + 5

7|Page
Answer: (f + g ) (x) = x² - 2x + 3

EXAMPLE 2;

f (x) = -8 x² + 4x

g(x) = 5 x² - 3x + 2

Substitute the given values

(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) combine like terms

= (-8 x² + 4x) + ( 5 x² - 3x + 2)

= -8 x² +5 x² + 4x – 3x + 2

Answer: (f + g) (x) = -3 x² + x + 2

EXAMPLE 3:

f(x) = -3x² - 8

g(x) = 6 x² - 3x + 2

Substitute the given values

(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x)

=( -3 x²-8) + (6 x²-3x + 2)combine like terms

= -3 x²+6 x²-3x – 8 + 2

Answer: (f + g ) (x) = 3 x² - 3x – 6

SUBTRACTION OF FUNCTION

 Difference of two functions.

Denoted as: (f-g) (x) = f(x) – g (x)

EXAMPLE 1.

f(x) = 3x -2

g(x) = x² - 5x + 5

Substitute the given values

(f-g) (x) = f(x) – g (x)

=(3x- 2) – (x² + 5x + 5)

= (3x -2) + (-x²+ 5x – 5)combine like terms

8|Page
 = -x² + 3x + 5x – 2 – 5

Answer: (f –g) (x) = -x²+ 8x – 7

EXAMPLE 2.

f(x) = 8 x² + 2x – 3

g(x) = -2 x² - 5x + 4

Substitute the given values

(f-g) (x) = f(x)- g(x)

= (8 x² + 2x – 3) – (-2 x² -5x + 4)

= 8 x² + 2x -3 + 2 x² + 5x – 4 combine

= 8 x² + 2 x² + 2x + 5x – 3 -4 like terms

Answer: (f-g) (x) = 10 x² + 7x – 7

Let’s try to put an input

(f-g) (-2)

(f-g) (x)= 10( -2)² + 7 ( -2)-7

=10 (4) – 14 -7

= 40 – 14 – 7

= 26 – 7

Answer: ( f- g) ( -2)= 19

EXAMPLE 3.

f(x) = 2 x² - 4x + 1

g(x) = - x² -3x – 1

Substitute the given values

(f – g) (x) = (2 x²-4x+1) – (-x²-3x-1)

=2 x² - 4x + 1 + x² + 3x + 1) combine like

= 2 x² + x² - 4x + 3x + 1 + 1 terms

Answer: (f- g) (x) = 3 x² - x + 2

Let’s try to put and input

9|Page
 (f-g) (-1)

(f-g) (x) =3(-1)² - ( -1 ) + 2

= 3(1) + 1 +2

= 3+ 1+ 2

=4+2

Answer: ( f-g ) (x) = 6

LESSON 2: MULTIPLICATION OF FUNCTION

Multiplication of Functions is denoted as

(f•g)(x)=f(x)•g(x)

EXAMPLE 1:

f(x)= x+2

g(x) = x- 4

Substitute the given values

(f•g)(x)=f(x)•g(x)

=(x+2) •(x+4) since this is binomial,use

=x²-4x + 2x – 8 foil method

Answer: (f • g ) ( x ) = x²-2x -8

EXAMPLE 2.

f(x) = x+4

g(x)= 2x² - 3x +2

Substitute the given values

(f•g)(x)=f(x)•g(x)

= (x+4) • (2x² - 3x +2)combine like terms

= 2x²-3x²+2x+8x²-12x+8

Answer: ( f • g ) ( x )= 2x²+ 5x² -10x + 8

10 | P a g e
LESSON 3: DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS

DIVISION

f f (x )
 The quotient of two functions f(x) and g(x) is denoted by ( ) (x) = ( ).
g g (x)

EXAMPLE 1.

Let’s find the quotient of the following given:

f(x)=5x + 10

g(x)= x² + 3x + 2

f f (x )
( ) (x) = ( )
g g (x)

5 x+10
= 2
x +3 x +2

5 ( x+ 2)
= cancel liked terms.
( x+2 ) (x+1)

f 5
Answer: ( ) (x) =
g x+1

EXAMPLE 2.

Let’s find the quotient of the following given:

f f (x )
( ) (x) = ( )
g g (x)

f(x) = 5x + 10

g(x) = 5x + 5

5(x +2)
= cancel liked terms.
5(x +1)

f ( x +2)
Answer: ( ) (x) =
g ( x +1)

LESSON 4: COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

Denoted as: (f • g) (x) = f ( g(x) )

11 | P a g e
EXAMPLE 1.

f(x)= 3x -1

g(x)= x 2 – 2x + 1

(f • g) (x) = f ( g(x) )

= f ( x 2−2 x+1 ¿

= 3( x 2−2 x+1 ¿−1

= 3 x 2 – 6x + 3 – 1

Answer: (f • g) (x) = 3 x 2 – 6x + 2

EXAMPLE 2.

Let’s find the quotient of the following given:

f(x) = 2x-1

g(x) = x² + 3x – 1

(f • g) (x) = f ( g(x) )

= f(x² + 3x – 1)

=2 (x² + 3x – 1)-1

=2 x²+ 6x-2-1

Answer: (f • g) (x) =2 x²+ 6x -3

EXAMPLE 3

f(x) = x² - x – 3

g(x) = 5x – 2

(f • g) (x) = f ( g(x) )

= f (5x – 2)

= (5x – 2)² + ( 5x – 2 ) -3

= 25x² - 20x + 4 -5x + 2 – 3

Answer: (f • g) (x) = 25x² - 25x + 3

FOIL METHOD:

(5x – 2) ( 5x – 2 )

12 | P a g e
25 x²- 10x-10x + 4

25 x² - 20x + 4

UNIT 3: LESSON 1 RATIONAL EQUATIONS

RATIONAL EXPRESSION

 A fraction who’s numerator and denominator are both polynomial; can be

A
written in the form , where A and B are both polynomial and B ≠ 0
B

EXAMPLE 1.

3 x−2 x2 +1
, ,
x−2 x−1 x+ 6

RATIONAL EQUATION

 An equation that contains at least one rational expression.

EXAMPLE

3 x−2
= 1, =2
x−2 x−1

LEAST COMMON DEMINATOR

 The least common multiple of the denominators of a given set of equations.

EXAMPLE

4 x−2
The LCD of 2 and 2 is (x-2) (x+2) (x+1)
x −4 x +3 x +2

SOLUTIONS (or) ROOTS

 A solution to the rational equation. Values that satisfy the given rational
equation.

EXAMPLE

6
The value x=3 is a solution to the rational equation =3
x−1

13 | P a g e
EXTRANEOUS

 Values that emerge from the process of solving the equation but not satisfy a
given rational equation because it makes some quantities in the equation
undefined.

EXAMPLE

5 x−10
In solving 2 = 1, x will be equal to 2 and 3. However, 2 is an extraneous solution
x −4
since using 2 as a value of x makes the denominator equal to zero; thus, the rational
expression will be undefined.

EXAMPLE OF RATIONAL EQUATION

EXAMPLE 1

X 4
= get the LCD which is 3 (x+1)
x+1 3

4
3 ( x+ 1 ) ¿ = ) 3 ( x+ 1 )
3

3(x +1) ( x ) 4 ( 3 ) (x+1)

= cancel like terms.
x +1 3

3(x) = 4 (x+1)

3x= 4x + 4

3x – 4 + 4

-(-x = 4)

x= x-4

EXAMPLE 2

4 y
= get the LCD which is 3(y+4)
y+ 4 3

3 ( y +4 ) ( y 4+4 )= 3y 3 ( y +4)
3 ( 4 ) ( y +4) 3( y )( y +4 )
= cancel like terms
y+ 4 3

14 | P a g e
12= y 2+ 4y

- (- y 2-4y + 12 = 0)
2
y + 4y – 12 = 0

( y-2) ( y+ 6) = 0

y-2 = 0 y+ 6 = 0

y=2 y=-6

CHECKING:

y=2

4 y
=
y+ 4 3

4 2
=
2+ 4 3

4 2
=
6 3

2 2
=
3 3

y=2 is a solution

y=-6

4 y
= -2 = - 2
y+ 4 3

4 −6
= y= -6 is a solution
−6+ 4 3

4
= -2
−2

LESSON 2: RATIONAL INEQUALITIES

INEQUALITY

 Shows a comparison between different quantities or expressions using the

symbols≠ ,<, ≤ ,>, ≥.

15 | P a g e
RATIONAL INEQUALITY

 Uses any of the symbols ≠ ,<, ≤ ,>¿ ≥ and contains at least one rational
expression.

CRITICAL VALUE

 Number that makes the expressions undefined or equal to zero.

EXAMPLE 1: Solve the rational inequality

2x
≥1
x+1

SOLUTION

2x
≥1
x+1

2x
– 1 ≥0
x+1

2 x− ( x +1 )
≥0
x +1

2 x−x −1
≥0
x+1

x−1
≥0
x+ 1

x-1=0 x+1=0

x=1 x=-1

2x
≥1
x+1

1 ≥1

x = 1 is a solution

2 (1) 2
=
1+ 1 2

2(−1)
=0
−1+ 1

16 | P a g e
x = -1 is not a solution

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

( - ∞, - 1 ) ( -1, ] [ 1, ∞ ) interval notation

INTERV (- ∞, - 1) (-1,] [1, ∞)
AL
TEST -2 0 2
NUMBER
S
X-1 - - +
X+1 - + +

X−1 + - +
X +1

INTERVAL NOTATION ( - ∞, - 1 ) U [ 1, ∞ )

EXAMPLE 2

x 2−2 x−8 ¿ ¿ ¿0
x +3

( x−4 ) (x +2)
¿0
x +3

x - 4=0 x+2=0 x+3=0

x=4 x=-2 x=-3

-4 -3 2..5 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2 2
(−2) −2 (−2 )−8 (−3) −2 (−3 ) −8
¿¿
−2−3 −3+3

16−8−8 4+ 4−8 9+6−8

7 1 0

0 0 7
7 1 0

0
is not a solution
7

17 | P a g e
INTERV (∞, - (-3,- (-2,4) (4,∞)
AL 3) 2)

Test -4 -2.5 2 5
Number
s

x-4 - - - +

x+2 - - + +

x+3 - + + +

( x 4)(x + 4) - + - +
x+3

INTERVAL NOTATION: (-3), -2 U (4, ∞)

UNIT 4: LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

RATIONAL FUNCTION

p (x)
 A function of a form f(x)= , where p(x) and 9(x) are
9(x)

1
√ x can be expressed as x
2

1
√2 x can be expressed as x
2

1
√3 x can be expressed as x
3

3
√2 x 3 can be expressed as x \
2

EXAMPLE OF RATIONAL FUNCTION

3
y
2

x +5
f (x)
x

18 | P a g e
 2
x−4 x
m ( x) = 2
3 x +1

5 x −30
Q(x )
10 x+20

EXAMPLE OF NOT RATIONAL FUNCTION

5
x −4 x+1

2 x−5
y=
x−x

LESSON 2: REPRESENTING RATIONAL FUNCTION THROUGH TABLE, GRAPH

AND EQUATIONS

TABLE OF VALUES

 Arbitrary values of x .

 Composed of values x and f(x) or y that satisfy the given portion.

EXAMPLE

x+1
f(x) =
x

x -2 -1 0 1 2
f(x) 1 0 undefin 2 3
2 1 2
ed

−2+1
f(-2) =
−2

−1
−2

1
Answer: f(-2) =
2

−1+ 1
f(-1) =
−1

Answer: f(-1) = 0

19 | P a g e
 0+1
f(0) =
0

Answer: f(0) = undefined

1+ 1
f(1) =
1

2
Answer: f(1) =
1

2+ 1
f(2)=
2

3
Answer: f(2) =
2

ASYMPTOTE

 A line that a curved approaches but does not intersect.

EXAMPLE

x=3

VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE

 A vertical line of the form x=a which curve approaches but never touches.

 Vertical line that passes through the zeros of the denominator.

EXAMPLE 1

x+ 2
f(x)=
x−2

x-1 = 0

x= 1

20 | P a g e
EXAMPLE 2

2 x +5
f(x)
x +3

x+3 = 0

x= - 3

-3 -2 -1

HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE

 Horizontal line of the form y = b which the curve approaches but never touches.

 Just see the degree of numerator (n) and denominator (m).

 n<m=y=0

 n = m = leading coefficient

EXAMPLE;

3 x +1
f(x) n=1 m=1
4 x−1

3
Leading coefficient =
4

 n > m = no horizontal asymptote

EXAMPLE 1

3 x +1
f(x) =
x +2

Vertical asymptote:

x+2=0

Answer: x = -2

Horizontal asymptote:

3
y= or 3
1

21 | P a g e
EXAMPLE 2

2 x +5
f(x) = 2
x −4

Vertical asymptote
2
x −4=0

√ x 2= √ 4
Answer: x = 2

Horizontal asymptote

y=0

EXAMPLE 3
2
x +4
f(x) = 2
( x−1)

Vertical asymptote
2
(x−1) =0

√(x−1)2 = √ 0
x–1=0

Answer: x = 1

UNIT 5: LESSON 1 LAWS OF LOGARITHM

FIRST LAW: ADDITION

Denoted as: logn (mn) = logb m+ logb n

LOGARITHM OF A PRODUCT

 The logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of the logarithms of it’s factors.

EXAMPLE

 Expand this single logarithm expression:

Log6 (2x) = log6 2 + log6 x

Log2 (x y) = log2 x + log2 y

22 | P a g e
Log3 (5mb) = log3 5 + log3 m + log3 b

 Expanded logarithm expressed in single logarithm

Log2 6 + log2 x + log2 y = Log2 (6xy)

Log9 5 + log9 x+ log9 y = log9 (5xy)

log b+ log b z+ log b y=logb=(6 zy)

SECOND LAW: SUBTRACTION

m
Subtraction denoted as: logb ( ¿= logb m – logb n
n

LOGARITHM OF QUOTIENT

 Equal to the logarithm of numerator minus the logarithm of the denominator.

EXAMPLE

The logarithmic expression

 Expand this single logarithm expeession:

2
log = log 2 – log 3
3

8m
Expand log ( )
n

= log 8m – log n

Answer ; log 8 + log m – log n

5x
Log2 ( )
y

= log2 5x – log2 y

Answer : log2 5 + log2 x – log2 y

Express in single logarithm

( log2 x 2 y 3 – log2 x ) – log2 y

23 | P a g e
 2 3
x y
=( ) – log2 y
x

= log2 xy 3- log2 y
3
xy
= log2
y

Answer : log2 xy 2

Write log2 ¿ ¿ – 3x + 2 ) – log2 ( x-1) in single logarithm

 ¿ ¿ – 3x + 2 ) – log2 ( x-1)
2
x −3 x +2
= log2 ( )
x−1

( x−1 ) (x−2)
= log2 Factors of 2 is
x−2

Answer ; log2 ( x – 2 ) -1 • -2 = -3

LESSON 3

THIRD LAW : EXPONENTS AND POWERS

EXPONENTS LAW OF LOGARITHM

 Denoted as logb mn= n logb m

LOGARITHM OF POWER

 The logarithm of a power mn to the base b is equal to the product of the

exponent n and

the logarithm of m to the base b.

EXAMPLE ;

 Log2 x 3

= 3 log2 x

 Logy 2 x 2

=Logy 2 + logy x 2

=logy 2 + 2 logy x

24 | P a g e
  Log4 bc 4

=log4 b +log4 log4 c 4

=log4 b + 4 log4 c

4
bc
 Log2
d

=log2 b + 4 logz c - logz d

b
 Log 2
c

=log b – 2 log c

 log x 2 y 3

= 2 log x + 3 log y

 log ¿ ¿

= log x 4 x 2 = 4 log x + 2 log x = 2 ( 2 log x + log x )

 logz √ x

1 1
= log x = log x
2 2

log √ x 2
3


2 2
= log x = log x
3 3

 log 3
√3 ab2
c

1
= ( log3 a + 2 log3 b – log3 c )
5

25 | P a g e
26 | P a g e