Five Kingdom System

R.H.
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Whittaker
 Kingdom Plantae

➔ Multicellular Eukaryotes
➔ Photoautotrophs (Chlorophyll containing organisms)
➔ Few members are Heterotrophs

➔ Bladderwort
Insectivorous plants
➔ Venus Flytrap
➔ Pitcher Plant
➔ Cuscuta - Parasitic Plant
➔ Plant Cells:
● Eukaryotic
● Prominent Chloroplast
● Cell wall- Cellulose

Kingdom Plantae

Algae Bryophyte Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm

 Kingdom Animalia

➔ Multicellular, Eukaryotes, Heterotrophic, Without cell wall.

➔ Directly or indirectly depend on plants for food.
➔ Generally digest their own food (Holozoic).
➔ Store food - Glycogen or Fat.
➔ Majority - Locomotion.
➔ Sexual Reproduction & Embryological development is
generally seen.
 Viruses, Viroids & Lichens

➔ R.H. Whittaker - Gave no place to Virus, Viroids, Prions &

Lichens in any of 5 Kingdoms.

➔ Virus
➔ Non cellular, Ultramicroscopic.
➔ Obligate parasite.
➔ Inert outside host cell.
➔ On edge of living & non-living.
 History of Viruses
1892
- Called venom or
poisonous fluid.
Mosaic Disease - Smaller than Bacteria
- Can passed through
D.J. Ivanowsky bacteria-proof filters.

1898

Extract of infected Spray on Healthy Infected Plant

M.W. Beijerinck Tobacco plant Plant (Contagium vivum fluidum)
 History of Viruses
1892

➔ Virus- Crystallized
➔ Crystals- Largely
Proteins
W.H. Stanley
➔ Require Specific
Host & obligate
intracellular
parasites.
 Facts About Virus
➔ Virus
➔ Nucleoprotein (Proteins + RNA/DNA)
 The protein coat made of small subunits called capsomeres.

➔ Plants viruses generally contain - ssRNA

➔ Animal viruses generally contain – ss/dsRNA or dsDNA
➔ First Virus Discovered- TMV
➔ TMV has RNA as Genetic Material.
 Structure of Virus

Plant Virus Animal Virus Bacteriophage

 Plant diseases by viruses: Mosaic formation, leaf rolling and

curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted
growth.
 Plant Virus Animal Virus Bacteriophage

Plant Animal Bacteria

Host

ss- RNA or ds- DNA or ss- RNA ds-DNA

Genetic Material DNA or ds-RNA

Rod shaped or Polyhedral Tadpole shape

Shape
Cylindrical

Symmetry Helical Radial __

 Viroids

➔ In 1971, T.O. Diener discovered a new

infectious agent that was smaller than
viruses and caused potato spindle tuber
disease.
➔ It was found to be a free RNA; it
lacked the protein coat that is found
in viruses,hence the name viroid.
➔ The RNA of the viroid was of low
molecular weight.
 Prions

➔ Certain infectious neurological diseases were

found to be transmitted by an agent consisting of
abnormally folded protein.
➔ The agent was similar in size to viruses. These
agents were called prions.
➔ The most notable diseases caused by prions are bovine
spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) commonly
called mad cow disease in cattle and its analogous
variant Cr–Jacob disease (CJD) in humans.
 Lichens

➔ Lichens are symbiotic associations i.e. mutually

useful associations, between algae and fungi.
➔ The algal component is known as phycobiont and
fungal component as mycobiont, which are
autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively.
➔ Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide
shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its
partner.
➔ Lichens are very good pollution indicators – they do
not grow in polluted areas.
Dr. Sunil Bose
BSc (Hons), MSc & PhD
Young Scientist Award
CSIR-UGC-NET (AIR-67), IIT-GATE (AIR-
72), ICMR-JRF(AIR 43) and SRF, ICAR-NET
(60%), HP-SET (SR 3).
Author of 6 International Research Papers

@sunil.bose.5 @SunilBose18