FLUORIDE CONTENT IN WATER AND IT’S EFFECTS TO

HUMAN HEALTH
PRESENTED BY:

SHARAT S NADUVINAMANI
USN : 3BR17CV100

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. Shiva Kumar K. Mtech (Structures) Mr. Raviteja U. Mtech (Structures)

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department Of Civil Engineering, BITM, Bellary Department Of Civil Engineering, BITM, Bellary
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Contents
 Abstract

 Introduction

 History Of Fluoride Content In Water And It’s Effects To Human Health

 Fluoride Contamination In water

 Fluoride Affected Regions

 Fluoride Affected Regions In Ballari

 Effects Of Fluoride In Water On Human Health

 Removal Of Fluoride Content In Water

 Conclusions

 References
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Introduction
 Water is one of the most important substance. It
composes approximately 70% of human body.
 It is evidently clear that water is one of the prime
. element responsible for life on earth.
 But there is evidence of widespread contamination
of water resources in many areas.
 One of those contaminants is FLUORIDE. Many
regions of were identified as endemic for
fluorosis and about 66 million people in these
regions are at risk of fluoride contamination
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History Of Fluoride Content In Water And It’s Effects To

Human Health
 The history of water fluoridation can be divided into three periods. The
first (c. 1901–1933) was research into the cause of a form of mottled
tooth enamel called the Colorado brown stain.
 The second (c. 1933–1945) focused on the relationship between
fluoride concentrations, fluorosis, and tooth decay, and established that
moderate levels of fluoride prevent cavities.
 The third period, from 1945 on, focused on adding fluoride to
community water supplies.In the first half of the 19th century,
investigators established that fluoride occurs with varying
concentrations in teeth, bone, and drinking water.
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1909 photograph by Frederick McKay of G.V. Black (left), Isaac Burton

and F.Y. Wilson, studying the Colorado brown stain.

 In the second half they speculated that fluoride would protect against
tooth decay, proposed supplementing the diet with fluoride, and
observed mottled enamel (now called severe dental fluorosis) without
knowing the cause.
 In 1874, the German public health officer Carl Wilhelm Eugen Erhardt
recommended potassium fluoride supplements to preserve teeth.
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Fluoride Contamination In Water

 When present in concentration of 0.8-1.0 mg/L, fluoride is

beneficial for calcification of dental enamel especially for the
children below 8 years of age.
 At higher concentrations (1.5-2.0 mg/L), fluoride effects
adversely and leads to dental fluorosis.
 At still higher concentration ,(3-6mg/l) skeletal fluorosis
occurs.
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Prescribed limit of fluoride by different organizations

Name of the organization Desirable limit (mg/L)

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 0.6-1.2

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) 1.0

The Committee on Public Health Engineering 1.0

Manual and Code of Practice, Government of
India
World Health Organization (International Standards 1.5
for Drinking Water)
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Different levels of fluoride content in water

Fluoride concentration in mg/l Effects
1.0 Safe limits

1.0-3.0 Dental Fluorosis

3.0-4.0 Stiffened and brittle bones and joints

4.0-6.0 and above Deformities in knee and hip bones, and

finally paralysis, making the person
unable to walk or stand

Source: Meenakshi And Maheshwari R C. 2006. Fluoride In Drinking Water And

Its Removal. Journal Of Hazardous Materials 137: 456–463
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Fluoride Contamination In Water

Tap Water
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Fluoride Affected Regions

Fluoride Affected Regions In World In Ground Water

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Fluoride affected regions in India

A recent publication of the Geological Survey of India
(GSI) names areas that should go on fluoride red alert: Fazilka
and Jalalabad in the border district of Ferozepur in Punjab;
parts of Gurgaon, Rewari, Mahendergarh, Hisar, Fatehabad
and Faridabad in Haryana; Unnao, Rae Bareilly and
Sonbhadra in Uttar Pradesh; Sidhi district in Madhya Pradesh;
Beed district in Maharashtra; Nalgonda district in Andhra
Pradesh and Dindigul district in Tamilnadu. Recent studies
have shown that the fluoride content in tube-well water in
Fazilka is 6 to 12 mg per litre. Almost 70 per cent of Fazilka's
population suffers from dental decay. Jalalabad is not much
better off. Although the surface water is less contaminated,
tube wells pump out water that contains high fluoride content.
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The States Highly Affected By Fluorosis In India

The States Highly Affected By Fluorosis In India

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Fluoride affected regions in Karnataka

Top Five Districts

 Kolar, Dharwad, Haveri, Tumakuru, Chitradurga,

Gadag and Ballari districts are all affected by
fluoride-richwater. In Tumakuru district, there are
pockets where cattle affected by skeletal fluorosis
struggle to even stand.
 Data from the health department shows over 13
lakh people suffer from fluorosis in Karnataka.
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Fluoride Affected Regions In Ballari

Ground Water Quality

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Fluoride Affected Regions In Ballari

 Groundwater quality studies conducted in parts of Bellary districts revealed that the fluoride content
is beyond permissible limits (1 mg/litre is the limit fixed by Bureau of Indian Standards).
 Fluorosis results from ingestion of water or food with excess fluoride content over long periods and
by in haling atmospheric/industrial pollutants.
 This results in major health disorders like dental and skeletal fluorosis (that affect the teeth and
bones respectively) and non skeletal fluorosis, besides inducing aging.
 These harmful effects, being permanent and irreversible, are detrimental to the economy and human
resource development of the country.
 As per resource estimation overall stage of Ground water development is 51.36% where in different
taluks it ranged from 22.71 to 97%. Hospet and sandur taluks falling in Safe category with the stage
of ground water development 35.18% and 25% where the balance ground water potential may be
utilised with different abstraction structures suitable with reference to its topography and the aquifer
geometry
 The taluks like Hadagali , H.B.Halli where the ground water development reached almost saturation
point with 87 to 97% falling in semi critical to OE category.
 Especially in H.B.Halli taluk almost all the dug wells are dry during pre monsoon period and water
levels are deep during post monsoon period besides a large number of bore wells were drilled in these
areas and putting stress on ground water potential.
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Effects Of Fluoride In Water On Human Health

Some people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of the MPL over many years
could get bone disease (including pain and tenderness of the bones); children may get
mottled teeth which is known as Fluorosis.
Types Of Fluorosis:
 Dental Fluorosis
 Skeletal Fluorosis
 Non-Skeletal Fluorosis

Dental fluorosis, also called mottling of tooth enamel, is a developmental disturbance of

dental enamel caused by the consumption of excess fluoride during tooth development.
The risk of fluoride overexposure occurs at any age but it is higher at younger ages. The
enamel may be pitted, rough and hard to clean. The spots and stains left by fluorosis are
permanent and may darken over time.
Skeletal fluorosis, is a bone disease caused by excessive accumulation of fluoride in the
bones. In advanced cases, skeletal fluorosis causes pain and damage to bones and joints.
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Effects Of Fluoride In Water On Human Health

Dental Fluorosis Skeletal Fluorosis

Several deaths due to the high concentration of fluoride poisoning on humans. The cause of
death in the acute & chronic fluoride was taken in high concentration by water or food and
found poisoning with the fluoride levels in the gastric contents and blood being High
permissible limit by WHO, USEPA respectively.
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Removal Of Fluoride Content In Water

In order to avoid contracting such a serious disease it is necessary to provide
drinking water to the people, which does not contain fluoride in excess of permissible
value of 1.5 mg/l. Hence some of the methods are generally used for removing the
fluoride from water and it is called as Defluorination.
Some Of Defluorination Methods
 Nalgonda Technique
 Ion Exchange Adsorption Method
 Reverse Osmosis Method
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Some Of Defluorination Methods

Nalgonda Technique Reverse Osmosis Method

Ion Exchange Adsorption Method

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Conclusion
 Fluoride is essential for human beings as it helps in normal mineralization of bones
and formation of dental enamel.
 Natural contamination of groundwater by fluoride causes irreparable damage to
plant and human health.
 High oral intake of fluoride results in physiological disorders, skeletal and dental
fluorosis, thyroxin changes and kidney damage in humans.
 Several physical and chemical defluorination methods have been designed to treat
high fluoride waters.
 Hence Defluorination methods can serve as a best methods for water treatments.
Such methods would be cost effective and helps to get water which is fit for
drinking.
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References
1. Bureau Of Indian Standards, Drinking Water Specification (First Revision) Is 10500, 2012
2. Ambika S R, And Prasad S J. 1998. Fluoride Contamination Of Ground Water.
3. Government Of India Ministry Of Water Resources Central Ground Water Board Ground
Water Information Booklet Bellary District, Karnataka State
4. Fluoride In Drinking-water Background Document For Development Of WHO Guidelines For
Drinking-water Quality

5. Fluoride Pollution In Drinking Water And Its Adverse Effect On Humans & Animals Vikas
Kaushik , Suneet Kumar , Mahipal Singh Sankhla , Rajeev Kumar , 2018

6. Seasonal Distribution Of Fluoride Level In Ground Water Hospete Taluk, Bellary District
Karnataka, India And Its Suitability Assessment For Drinking Purposes Maradi Sangrama
Nayaka, T. Suresh1, Manjappa S, And Suresh B, 2018
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7. Fluoride Removal from Water by various techniques: Review Sanghratna S. Waghmare and Tanvir
Arifin , 2015

8. Fluorides in water crippling villagers , Article Published in Times of India , Published date :Sep
22, 2019

9. With 365 affected habitations, Karnataka is 4th worst fluoride-contaminated state , Article
Published in Times of India , Published date : Mar 4 2019

10. Mysore, Bellary in project on fluorosis , Article Published in : The New Indian Express,
Published date: 22nd July 2010

11. Hydrological studies with special reference to fluoride in ground waters of Sandur taluk, Bellary
district, Karnataka by Prof S.M.Kalagudi.
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