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Plant Breeding Reviews
Volume 43
Plant Breeding Reviews
Volume 43
Edited by
Irwin Goldman
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Madison, WI, USA
This edition first published 2020
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Name: Goldman, Irwin, 1963– editor.
Title: Plant breeding reviews / edited by Irwin Goldman.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2020. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019026412 (print) | LCCN 2019026413 (ebook) | ISBN
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Cover Design: Wiley
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Set in 10/12pts Melior by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributorsix
1. Maria Isabel Andrade: Sweetpotato Breeder, Technology

Transfer Specialist, and Advocate 1
Jan W. Low and Edward Carey
I. Early Years 3
II. Research for Devlopment in Southern Africa 7
III. The Advocate and Team Player 18
IV. The Mentor at Work and in her Community 21
V. Awards and Service 24
Literature Cited 25
Publications 26
2 Development of Cold Climate Grapes in the Upper
Midwestern U.S.: The Pioneering Work of Elmer
Swenson 31
Matthew D. Clark
I. A Cold Climate Grape Industry 32
II. Elmer Swenson 37
III. Grape Improvement in the Midwest 53
IV. Summary and Future Prospects 57
Acknowledgments 57
Literature Cited 58
3 Candidate Genes to Extend Fleshy Fruit Shelf Life 61
Haya Friedman
I. Introduction 62
II. Available Methods for Breeding and Genetic
Manipulations 66
III. Cuticle Structure and Effect on Fruit Shelf Life 68
IV. Candidate Genes for Cell‐Wall Modification
and Fruit Softening 69
V. Ethylene‐Biosynthesis Pathway and Effect
on Fruit Ripening 77
v
vi Contents
VI. Usefulness of Components of the Ethylene‐Response

Pathway for Delay of Fruit Ripening 79
VII. Fruit‐Ripening Delay Based on Manipulation of
Upstream Transcription Factors 81
VIII. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 84
Acknowledgments 85
Literature Cited 86
4 Breeding Naked Barley for Food, Feed, and Malt 95

Brigid Meints and Patrick M. Hayes
I. Introduction 96
II. The Nud Gene 97
III. Traits of Interest Related to Nud 98
IV. Selecting for β‐Glucan and Starch Type 102
V. Feed Barley Breeding and Quality 104
VI. Food Barley Breeding and Quality 106
VII. Malting Barley Breeding and Quality 108
VIII. Brewing 111
IX. Distilling 112
X. Conclusions and Future Directions 113
Acknowledgments 114
Literature Cited 114
5 The Foundations, Continuing Evolution, and Outcomes

from the Application of Intellectual Property
Protection in Plant Breeding and Agriculture 121
Stephen Smith
I. Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Rights,
and the Thesis Underlying this Review 125
II. The Philosophical Basis of IP and IPR and the Need
to Establish Appropriate Balances 128
III. Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Rights,
and their Associations with Plant Breeding and
Agriculture 133
IV. The Global Framework within which IPR Applicable
to Plant Breeding Resides 143
V. The Development of Formal Mechanisms of
Intellectual Property Rights for Plant Varieties
and Plant‐Related Subject Matter 148
VI. Forms of Intellectual Property Protection Available
to Plant Breeders and Trait Developers 156
Contents vii
VII. Associations Between IP Systems and the Generation

of Benefits 176
VIII. Concluding Comments: Looking to the Future 188
6 The Use of Endosperm Genes for Sweet Corn

Improvement: A review of developments in endosperm
genes in sweet corn since the seminal publication in
Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 1, by Charles Boyer
and Jack Shannon (1984) 215
William F. Tracy, Stacie L. Shuler, and
Hallie Dodson‐Swenson
I. Introduction 217
II. Economics 218
III. Endosperm Development 219
IV. Endosperm Mutants, Germination, and Seedling
Vigor in Sweet Corn 233
V. Future Prospects 234
7 Gender and Farmer Preferences for Varietal Traits:

Evidence and Issues for Crop Improvement 243
Eva Weltzien, Fred Rattunde, Anja Christinck,
Krista Isaacs, and Jacqueline Ashby
I. Introduction 245
II. Methods 247
III. Cases Documenting Gender Differentiation for Trait
Preferences 250
IV. Findings on Gender‐Specific Trait Preferences 256
V. Issues for Gender‐Responsive Crop Improvement 264
Acknowledgments 273
8 Domestication, Genetics, and Genomics of the

American Cranberry 279
Nicholi Vorsa and Juan Zalapa
I. Domestication and Breeding 281
II. Life History Parameters 285
III. Taxonomy 287
IV. Cytology 288
viii Contents
V. Traits of Interest 289

VI. Heritability of Traits 297
VII. Molecular Markers 297
VIII. Nuclear and Organellar Genome Assembly 302
IX. Linkage Mapping and SNP Markers 303
X. Marker‐Trait Association Studies 305
XI. Future Prospects 308
Acknowledgments 310
9 Images and Descriptions of Cucurbita maxima in

Western Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries 317
Alice K. Formiga and James R. Myers
I. Introduction 318
II. Challenges of Identifying Cucurbits in Historical
Sources 319
III. Distinguishing Cucurbita maxima 321
IV. Where was Cucurbita maxima Present in South
America Before the Arrival of Europeans and how
Early Could it have Arrived in Europe? 327
V. Cucurbita maxima in Herbals and Botanical and
Agricultural Books 329
VI. Cucurbita maxima in Art 335
VII. Cucurbita maxima in Botanical Paintings 344
VIII. Cucurbita maxima in Genre Paintings and Still Lifes 346
IX. Conclusion and Future Prospects 349
Acknowledgments 350
Author Index 357

Subject Index 365
Contributors
Jacqueline Ashby
Senior consultant, Gender and Breeding Initiative (GBI), CGIAR
Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas
Edward Carey
Sweetpotato Breeder, International Potato Center, Kumasi, Ghana
Anja Christinck
Seed4change, Research & Communication, Gersfeld, Germany
Matthew D. Clark
Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota‐Twin
Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
Hallie Dodson‐Swenson
Syngenta Seeds, Wilmington, DE, USA
Alice K. Formiga
Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR, USA
Haya Friedman
Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural
Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
Patrick M. Hayes
Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR, USA
Krista Isaacs
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
Jan W. Low
Principal Scientist and Co‐leader of the Sweetpotato for Profit and
Health Initiative, International Potato Center, Nairobi, Kenya
ix
x Contributors
Brigid Meints
Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR, USA
James R. Myers
Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR, USA
Fred Rattunde
Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
Stacie L. Shuler
Syngenta Crop Protection, Slater, IA, USA
Stephen Smith
Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
William F. Tracy
Madison, WI, USA
Nicholi Vorsa
Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension Center,
Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ, USA
Eva Weltzien
Madison, WI, USA
Juan Zalapa
USDA‐ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Department of
Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
1
Maria Isabel Andrade: Sweetpotato

Breeder, Technology Transfer
Specialist, and Advocate
Jan W. Low
Principal Scientist and Co‐leader of the Sweetpotato for Profit and
Health Initiative, International Potato Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Edward Carey
Sweetpotato Breeder, International Potato Center, Kumasi, Ghana
ABSTRACT
Dr. Maria Isabel Andrade has not followed the more typical path of being a
breeder in an academic institution or a private company. She developed a pas-
sion for a crop long neglected by the world, sweetpotato, in large part because
it is a crop of the poor, predominantly cultivated by women in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Hence, to be able to breed, she had to become on advocate for the crop,
demonstrating its practical potential to not only address food insecurity but
that the orange types, largely unknown in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), could
also effectively tackle vitamin A deficiency. Most of her career has been spent
in Mozambique, where her tireless efforts to develop and deliver improved
drought-tolerant orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties have been a model for
others to emulate. Her ability to recognize the importance of collaborating with
nutritionists and agricultural economists to develop innovative mechanisms
to ensure that the improved orange-fleshed varieties could make a difference
to human health and wealth has resulted in growing awareness and recogni-
tion of the concept of biofortification, that is breeding for enhance micronu-
trient quality in staple crops. As a collaborative member of the breeding team
at the International Potato Center, she has demonstrated that an innovative
accelerated breeding scheme could effectively deliver quality varieties. Over
the years, she has mentored hundreds of staff members and students, helping
Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 43, First Edition. Edited by Irwin Goldman.
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1
2 Jan W. Low AND EDWARD CAREY
to build a community of practice that recognizes that for scientists to make a

difference in SSA, they must stretch their mandate and engage in delivery and
often advocacy. This chapter describes the evolution of this unique career of a
most amazing woman driven by her faith in god and the power of agriculture to
improve nutrition among those most in need.
KEYWORDS: sweetpotato, Africa, Mozambique, breeding, accelerated breeding,

drought tolerance, orange-fleshed, vitamin A, advocacy
Maria Andrade in an Exhibition Booth on Sweetpotato Research in Mozambique at the

Conference held in Kigali, Rwanda in 2015 (credit: J. Low).
I. EARLY YEARS
II. RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Technology Transfer in the First Decade
B. Building the Evidence Base Through Collaborative Research
C. Breeding in Africa for Africa
III. THE ADVOCATE AND TEAM PLAYER
IV. THE MENTOR AT WORK AND IN HER COMMUNITY
V. AWARDS AND SERVICE
A. Awards
B. Boards and Other Representation
LITERATURE CITED
PUBLICATIONS
A. Articles and Chapters
B. Papers at Workshops
C. Project Reports
Maria Isabel Andrade 3
ABBREVIATIONS
ABS Accelerated Breeding Scheme

AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa
AVRDC World Vegetable Center
CGIAR Referred to just by its acronym since 2010, but formerly
meant Consultative Group for International Agricultural
Research
CIAT Centro International de Agricultura Tropical:
International Center for Tropical Agriculture
CIP International Potato Center
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)
IDRC International Development Research Center
IIAM Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique:
National Agrarian Research Institute (2004 to date)
INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agronómica, National
Institute of Agronomic Research, Mozambique
INIA National Agriculture Research Institute, Cabo Verde
IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
NIRS Near‐Infrared Spectrometer
NGOs Non‐governmental organizations
OFSP Orange‐fleshed sweetpotato
SARRNET Southern Africa Root Crop Research Network
SASHA Sweetpotato Action for Security and Health in Africa
SETSAN Technical Secretariat for Food Security and Nutrition in
Mozambique
SPHI Sweetpotato for Profit and Health Initiative
SSA Sub‐Saharan Africa
SUN Scaling Up Nutrition
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VAD Vitamin A deficiency
I. EARLY YEARS
Maria Isabel Vaz de Andrade was born on July 28, 1958, to Maria
Vaz Andrade, in the town of São Filipe, on the small Island of Fogo,
Cape Verde. She was the seventh of 10 children to her mother and the
eleventh of 14 children to her father, a man so renowned for his work
ethic that there is a song about him: “If you look for someone rich, don’t
go to Francisco Andrade, but if are looking for a hardworking man, go
to him.” Her father was a seafarer and, later, a shop owner on Fogo,
and her mother sold homemade pastries in the town. Because of her
parents’ hard work, the family never went hungry, supplementing their
modest incomes with maize, cassava, beans, squash, sweetpotato, and
watermelon grown on a small rented plot, often re‐planting the maize
due to unreliable rains in the dry climate. Maria knew early that she
would go into agriculture, and at the age of five refused to go to the
store to buy butter for her mother to make a cake, swearing that she was
going to study coffee and leave and work in Angola to help her family
and change the life of people who suffer from hunger in Africa. She did
get a gentle spanking from her father for that bit of impertinence.
Maria’s parents emphasized food, nutrition, and education for their
children, recognizing that education was the key to a successful future.
At the local grade school, Maria learned addition and subtraction
quickly, using chalk on a slate tablet. When she was 15 years old, Maria
left Fogo for the first time when she moved to Santiago, the capitol, to
attend high school, returning home only for summer vacations. She
lived with her older brother Braz and his family, who cared for her and
shared the work ethic of their father. For example, after getting 85% on
a physics exam, she hurried to her brother’s workplace hoping to be
rewarded for her success, but her brother was not sympathetic, asking
her why she didn’t do better. As a result, she improved.
After receiving her high school diploma in 1978, Maria taught math
and natural science at the high school level from 1978 to 1980, where
she quickly realized that enthusiasm and commitment are key to suc-
cess, inspiring students and being inspired by what they could do
together. She had an opportunity to study medicine in France via Sen-
egal, but was interested in studying in the United States, idolized as
“Mecca” by most Cape Verdeans, and in 1980 received a scholarship
from the African American Institute to study agronomy at the Univer-
sity of Arizona in Tucson. As an undergraduate, she was fortunate
to be exposed to an outstanding teacher and researcher, Dr. Albert K.
Dobrenz, whom she worked for as an undergraduate, helping with
drought response trials of maize, among other things. Completing her
bachelor’s degree in 1984, she quickly completed her masters with a
thesis on the genetics of guar under Dr. Ray at the University of Arizo-
na, before returning to Cape Verde to a position in the National Institute
of Agricultural Research (INIA in Portuguese), Cape Verde.
Life on a university campus in the USA in the early 1980s was an eye‐
opener for Maria, but she kept her focus on working hard to make the
most of her good fortune. Maria was able to enjoy the wonderful inter-
national social life, forging friendships and professional ties that would
be important later in her career. Among her peers, Maria was famous for
having a great time dancing, without needing to drink alcohol. While at
the University of Arizona, she married her high school sweetheart, who
would be the father of her two daughters.
When she returned to Cape Verde, it took some time to identify root
crops as an important area where she could devote her career energies.
She had wanted to work in plant pathology, but the position was already
occupied. Her Director, Horacio Soares, a great supporter, assigned her
to the maize program under Carlos Silva, but soon it became clear that
the career opportunities in the maize program were limited. Tomato
improvement was another possibility offered, but Maria was interested
in working on important staple food crops for the people of her country.
She was a member of a cohort of agricultural staff who had trained at
the University of Arizona. The University’s relationship with Cape Verde
also involved placing a faculty mentor, Vicky Makariam, in the country
to provide mentoring and guidance to the recent graduates. Knowing the
importance of cassava and sweetpotato in the Cape Verdean diet, Maria
decided to set up a program in this area. At the University of Arizona,
Maria also interacted with Marcio Porto, an agronomist and plant phys-
iologist who would later head the cassava program in Brazil and go on
to work for Centro International de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), whose
regional office in Africa was based at the International Institute of Tropical
Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria. He recognized the potential in this area.
Her Director and faculty mentor were supportive. The next years (1985
to 1989) kept her busy assembling and evaluating germplasm collections
for each crop and developing and disseminating recommended agro-
nomic practices to extension services. During this time, she s upervised
graduate students, served on thesis defense committees, and participated
in short courses on cassava multiplication and breeding at IITA. Also, in
1987, Maria gave birth to her first daughter, Tania.
During this period, Maria learned about the need for sensitivity,
patience, and respect when dealing with farmers. A memorable example
is when the African Cassava Mosaic Virus had been identified in the
country, and by quick action Maria and a colleague concluded it could
be eliminated by destruction of the cassava crop in the affected area.
The team drove out to the affected area in their shiny pickup trucks
and explained to the farmers what was going to happen. The farmers
politely, but firmly, informed them that any large‐scale destruction of
their important food crops would result in a large‐scale destruction of
Maria and her colleagues! The team left, and over the course of time,
developed other solutions, including the identification and deploy-
ment of resistant varieties.
With the focus on root crops, the opportunity to study for the PhD soon
arose, and in 1989, Maria enrolled at North Carolina State University
for a degree in Plant Breeding and Plant Physiology under the guidance
of Dr. Wanda Collins, the sweetpotato breeder there. Wanda was a role
model and mentor, demanding hard work, but also providing support
when things did not go as planned. Her thesis, titled Physiological
basis of yield stability in sweetpotato, was co‐supervized by Dr. Raper,
a physiologist. At North Carolina, Maria’s leadership skills and respon-
sibility were recognized as she served stints as the Secretary of the
African Students Association and as the Secretary of the Graduate Stu-
dents Association in the Department of Horticulture. Once again, Maria
would interact with peers and develop relationships that would last a
lifetime. While in Arizona she had been largely oblivious to the scourge
of racism, she did not escape from North Carolina completely naïve, but
when treated with anything other than respect, she took her business
elsewhere. Maria completed her research in 1993 and returned to Cape
Verde to resume her leadership of the national root crops program, and
complete her thesis write‐up. She returned briefly to the USA to give
birth to her second daughter, Emalisa, in S eptember 1993, and in 1994
she was awarded the PhD.
With a doctorate under her belt and the importance of root crops
increasingly recognized, Dr. Andrade joined the FAO as a National
Expert with the Root and Tuber Crops Program, where she continued to
support the work of the Cabo Verdean national root and tubers program.
This productive period saw the release of cassava and sweetpotato vari-
eties, the development of systems for the maintenance and dissemina-
tion of high‐quality planting materials to farmers, the implementation
of hybridization and selection programs for both cassava and sweetpo-
tato, and training of national scientists and technicians. In addition,
she interacted with IITA and the International Potato Center (CIP) and
AVRDC1 to introduce new cassava and sweetpotato germplasm to Cape
Verde. During a study tour to IITA with national program colleagues,
Maria met the head of cassava breeding at IITA at that time, Dr. Alfred
Dixon, who told her that IITA was looking for a regional agronomist
to be based in Mozambique (like Cape Verde, a Portuguese‐speaking
country) under the Southern African Root Crops Research Network, a
project that IITA was managing with CIP providing expertise on sweet-
potato. Maria, who had just become a single mother, applied for the
position, fought strongly to overcome skepticism by the largely male
search committee about her potential for success with the job, but fortu-
nately succeeded, most likely due to the support of Dr. Margaret Quinn,
1 AVRDC is now known as the World Vegetable Center.

IITA’s Director of the Crop Improvement Division. Maria, with her two
little girls, moved to Maputo to embark on the work of a lifetime.
During her time with IITA in Mozambique, there were some great sup-
porters and influences who helped her to overcome many challenges
both in the professional and personal realms. Dr. Andrew Uriyo, one of
the managers of SARRNET based at IITA, was a consistent supporter and
Dr. Michael Bassey, Director of International Cooperation, provided for-
mative advice and counseling that would help to shape Maria’s mission.
Dr. Bassey, who had previously worked for the Canadian International
Development Research Center (IDRC), knew of the potential for nutri-
tious crops (in this case, a soybean utilization project they had funded
in Nigeria) to make a large difference when researchers developed their
skills in technology transfer to ensure that farmers benefit directly from
research results. He was also strong in his support of the need for women
to be given the opportunity to take a leading role in improving food secu-
rity. This vision was an affirmative guide to Maria’s work and provided
moral support throughout her professional life. Further, Maria’s hard
work and fiery capacity to get things done was recognized and supported
by Dr. Rodomiro Ortiz, Deputy Director of Research and Director for
Research for Development at IITA, in the first half of the 2000s. Maria’s
life also took a decisive turn in 1996, when she met her colleague to be,
Dr. Jan Low. As Maria says, Jan, an agricultural economist, “also taught
me the real value of very hard work.”
A powerful faith in God plays a very strong role in Maria’s life. This
became particularly important during the early years in Mozambique.
The hard‐working single mother with two small children to raise in a
new environment, thought it would be best to take her children to the
Catholic church, just next door to her house, where they could stay late
if she needed to work late. However, Maria realized that she needed to
monitor the children’s experiences a little more closely, particularly
when a friend from the church inquired about the failing health of her
child’s grandmother, who one child had said lived with them and said
needed an extra gift from the church, which the child happily received
on grandma’s behalf. In truth, Grandma was living back in Cape Verde
and was in very good health.
II. RESEARCH FOR DEVLOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
A. Technology Transfer in the First Decade

Maria Andrade’s 22‐year relationship with Mozambique began in 1996,
when she joined the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
(IITA) as their regional cassava and sweetpotato agronomist for the

Southern Africa Root Crop Research Network (SARRNET).2 This was
a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) fund-
ed network run by IITA, which among the Consultative Group for
International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) is responsible for cassava
in SSA, and the International Potato Center (known by its Spanish acro-
nym CIP), the CGIAR center responsible for sweetpotato. At the time of
her arrival, Mozambique had been at peace for just four years, following
a brutal and destructive 16‐year civil war. Her office was based in the
Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agronómica (INIA), whose staffing
and infrastructure had suffered considerably during the war years. The
Government was committed to rebuilding, but operating conditions
both at the station and in the field were challenging. In fact, her prede-
cessor in the position just lasted one year before resigning.
Cassava was the major food crop in Mozambique, followed by maize.
Sweetpotato was the fifth most important food crop in the country. In
other Southern African countries at the time, maize was the dominant
staple, followed by cassava. Sweetpotato was widely grown, but
typically on small plots with a major constraint being lack of access
to sufficient planting material, particularly after a dry season lasting
4–6 months.3 In the 1990s, there were few resources for breeding, and
those that existed were concentrated on maize. The decade of the 1990s
is renowned for declining investment in agriculture in general and
overseas development assistance for agriculture in particular. Hence,
both IITA and CIP were breeding at their headquarters in Nigeria and
Peru, respectively, with promising clones from those programs and
other sources around the world sent to Mozambique for varietal selec-
tion. The network concept was built on the idea that critical research
could be undertaken by selected countries with results shared by all,
to efficiently utilize very limited financial resources. Cassava received
about 70% of the operational funds; sweetpotato just 30%.
A major achievement during this period was Maria’s efforts to assist
INIA to revive Mozambique’s national root and tuber crop program. INIA
had just two bachelor level staff at headquarters with no background in
roots and tubers; this was true capacity strengthening from the ground
up. The work also required collaborating with district level agriculture
2 Countries covered by SARRNET include Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa,

Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana, Namibia, and Angola. Tanzania also participated but was
not backstopped by Andrade as there was an agronomist based in Tanzania to do so.
3 Note that sweetpotato is propagated in the tropics using cuttings from vines, which
are perishable.
extension agents and four non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), such

as World Vision, that were engaged in food security projects. In addition,
Maria backstopped eight other Southern African countries, visiting each
country on average twice per year, in addition to the annual SARRNET
partners’ meeting. Most country visits are straightforward, but in the
case of Angola, a civil war was still on‐going. As part of a supervisory
team for the Seeds of Freedom project (1998–2000) in collaboration with
World Vision, it was necessary to fly into many multiplication sites as
road travel was too dangerous. Strong stomachs were required, as pilots
took off and landed at steep inclines to avoid missile attacks.
During this period, her direct boss at IITA, Rodomiro Ortiz, a geneticist
leading the crop improvement division, provided excellent mentoring
in research design and analysis, and in fundraising skills. Substan-
tial support on network management came from Andrew Uriyo and
Michael Bassey coordinating IITA’s efforts outside Nigeria. Ted Carey,
from CIP’s regional office in Kenya, also provided sweetpotato clones
for testing and collaborated with Maria in numerous joint training exer-
cises. Thirty‐eight orange‐fleshed varieties arrived for selection in 1997
in Mozambique and were evaluated at INIA’s Umbeluzi station, just
outside the capital, Maputo.
However, 1996 also marked the year of initiation of deep friend-
ships and collaborations among a group sometimes referred to as the
“Ladies in Orange” (Fig. 1.1). Being a divorced mother, with two young
Fig. 1.1. Three of the Ladies in Orange: (left to right) Maria Andrade, Jan Low, and
Regina Kapinga (2007).
children, in a field dominated by men and needing to travel a third of

your time cannot be easy. That year Maria Andrade connected with Jan
Low, an agricultural economist working for the International Food Pol-
icy Research Institute, based in Mozambique, but who had just finished
a post‐doctoral stint with CIP in Kenya and had developed a passion
for orange‐fleshed sweetpotato. Then there was Lurdes Fidalgo, a nutri-
tionist leading the nutrition division at the Ministry of Health, and,
finally, Regina Kapinga, a Tanzanian agronomist who backstopped
SARRNET efforts in Tanzania. All recognized the potential contribution
of orange‐fleshed sweetpotato for reducing vitamin A deficiency, a major
public health problem in SSA, but particularly severe in Mozambique,
where 69% of children under five were vitamin A deficient. Given that
the dominant sweetpotato varieties in SSA are white‐fleshed, lacking
any pro‐Vitamin A (beta‐carotene), the marginal shift to orange‐fleshed
types would supply a rich source of Vitamin A that could be grown by
any farmer. Just 125 g (a small root) of most orange‐fleshed sweetpotato
(OFSP) varieties provides the daily vitamin A needs of a young child.
Recognizing the need to address the underlying problem of insuffi-
cient vitamin A in the diet, Low and Fidalgo were instrumental in getting
Helen Keller International to finance provincial level trials of OFSP
varieties in 1998 that Maria had only been able to test at INIA head-
quarters due to funding limitations. The team convinced the donor that
this was a necessary complementary action to the high‐dose vitamin A
capsule distribution effort starting at the same time to help resolve the
underlying problem of inadequate intakes of vitamin A. High‐dose
capsules need to be administered every six months until the infant
reaches five years of age. Promising results of OFSP varietal performance
compared to local checks were presented at the Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development in April 1999 (Fig. 1.2) at what probably was
the first workshop promoting integrated agriculture‐nutrition strat-
egies for addressing vitamin A deficiency. Subsequently, in July 1999,
the government approved its Strategy for Combating Micronutrient
Deficiencies, emphasizing both short‐ and longer‐term approaches
for reducing iodine, iron, and vitamin A deficiencies. Nine OFSP vari-
eties from the selection efforts were released later that year, the first in
the country. However, there were no funds to multiply and distribute
planting material or “seed” of these materials.
Then fate intervened. In February and March 2000, devastating
floods hit southern and central Mozambique, killing 700 and leaving
over 44,000 families homeless and many more with complete crop loss.
Low and Andrade were able to capitalize on the OFSP varieties being
available and OXFAM GB invested in the CIP‐INIA‐Ministry of Health
Fig. 1.2. The presenters at the first multisector meeting concerning OFSP in Mozam-
bique (1999) (Maria second from left, middle row).
team to coordinate an effort that reached 108,000 affected households

in the provinces of Gaza, Maputo, Inhambane, and Sofala. Over 47 hect-
ares of multiplication plots were established, so that this distribution
occurred in the 2000/2001 season. As the OFSP varieties can begin to be
harvested at 3 months, this crop provided critical calories and nutrients
during the hunger season. What was unique, however, was the collab-
oration with Fidalgo’s nutrition division to design a concurrent nutri-
tion education campaign. In this campaign, community theater groups
introduced the new OFSP type and its nutritional benefits. Decorated
material worn as skirts, known as capulanas, were produced en masse
that carried the slogan “O Doce que Dá Saúde”—the Sweet that Gives
Health—and were distributed along with a radio campaign effort. In
essence, this multidisciplinary effort turned disaster recovery into a
development opportunity effort.
The success of the disaster response effort raised the interest of
USAID‐Mozambique, who subsequently funded a 4.5‐year project at
the level of $4.5 million dollars on Accelerated Multiplication and
Distribution of Health Planting Materials of the Best High Yielding
Varieties of Cassava and Sweetpotato. The government of Mozambique

itself contributed $1 million dollars to this work. Maria Andrade led
this effort, collaborating with 124 partner organizations, with the dis-
semination effort for these two crops reaching 93 of Mozambique’s
141 districts across all provinces except Niassa. Maria trained and
coordinated partners in improved rapid multiplication techniques that
led to the establishment of over 500 hectares of conventional multi-
plication of cassava and sweetpotato plots across the country. A key
mentor during this period was Malachy Akoroda, a root and tuber pro-
fessor from Nigeria, who also had experience in large‐scale dissemina-
tion efforts. Over 1.3 million families received high‐quality planting
material. Efforts were also made to promote diversified utilization of
the crop (most sweetpotato roots in Mozambique are just steamed or
boiled), with over 200 trainers of trainers instructed in how to make
processed products and engage in market development. Varietal selec-
tion continued during this period, with 87 selection trials across major
agro‐ecological zones being conducted. Yield studies during the period
indicate that on‐farm yields of sweetpotato under the rain‐fed, unfer-
tilized conditions faced by smallholder Mozambican farmers rose from
5.6 tons per hectare in 2001 to 11–13.6 tons per hectare in 2005. For
cassava, average yields moved from 6.0 tons per hectare to 11–14 tons
per hectare.
B. Building the Evidence Base Through Collaborative Research

To put the situation in context, during the 1990s the nutrition
community was quite focused on resolving micronutrient deficiencies
through providing periodic high‐dose supplements that did not require
changing behaviors. There was very little evidence of the effective-
ness of so‐called food‐based approaches as an effective way of tackling
vitamin A deficiency. In 2002, Jan Low, now with Michigan State
University, received a grant to conduct a proof‐of‐concept project4 to test
whether using an integrated agriculture‐nutrition education‐marketing
approach using OFSP as the key entry point could be an effective strategy
for addressing vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among children under five
years of age. Maria Andrade provided the OFSP varieties and collabo-
rated on training the World Vision extensionists who implemented the
agronomic intervention. The positive results demonstrating significant
4 The Towards Sustainable Nutrition Improvement (TSNI) project (2002–2005) was

funded by the Micronutrient Initiative of Canada, USAID, the Rockefeller Foundation,
and HarvestPlus.
increases in vitamin A intakes and a 15% reduction in VAD prevalence

after an 18‐month intervention were key for demonstrating the poten-
tial impact of biofortification and integrated agriculture‐nutrition inter-
ventions (Low et al. 2017).
However, the need for breeding better OFSP in Mozambique instead
of relying on successful varieties bred elsewhere emerged. The most
well‐liked OFSP variety, ‘Resisto’, had excellent root yield, good taste,
and a smooth, oval shape favored by traders. However, during the dry
season, when sweetpotato is produced in valley bottoms where there is
sufficient residual moisture, even though ‘Resisto’ produced far more
roots than the local landrace ‘Canasumana,’ ‘Resisto’ had virtually no
vines left at harvest time, whereas ‘Canasumana’ had abundant vines.
Moreover, in 2005, after the study ended, there was a severe drought
throughout most of the country for three consecutive seasons, resulting
in the loss of over 50% of sweetpotato varieties. Logically, any varieties
surviving this devastating drought became candidates for consideration
as parents in breeding program to combat drought.
Armed with the positive nutrition findings and the clear need for
breeding, Andrade convinced the Rockefeller Foundation to invest in
a true breeding program for Mozambique5, including the training of
national collaborator in breeding at the Masters’ level. Joe DeVries of
the Rockefeller Foundation and a maize breeder became a long‐term
supporter of Andrade’s work and committed to building up national
sweetpotato breeding capacity across the region. The first crossing block
was established at Umbeluzi in August 2005, with partner INIA hav-
ing now been reformed to be IIAM—Instituto de Investigação Agrária
de Moçambique. Prior to this, only the Ugandan and South African
national programs had sweetpotato breeding programs established.
Maria and her team traveled throughout the country to collect any
sweetpotato varieties that had survived the prolonged drought. Fifty‐
eight were collected and characterized. Eight of these landraces were
included in the first polycross crossing block, consisting of 24 varieties.
C. Breeding in Africa for Africa

In 2006, Maria Andrade joined CIP, focusing henceforth only on sweet-
potato and leading CIP’s country program in Mozambique, continuing
dissemination efforts with an additional focus on processed product
development. Three of the four “Ladies in Orange” were now in the
5 The two-year project (August 2005–July 2007) was entitled Breeding for beta-carotene
rich drought-tolerant sweetpotato for the drought-prone areas of Mozambique.
same institutional home, with Regina Kapinga having joined in 2001

(based in Uganda) and Jan Low as Regional Director in late 2005. More-
over, CIP as an institution was strengthening its sweetpotato breeding
effort and Maria Andrade was a critical addition to that effort. From
its headquarters in Peru, Wolfgang Grüneberg led the team and Robert
Mwanga joined CIP from the Ugandan national program in 2009.
Edward Carey was hired to lead the breeding effort in West Africa in
2010, based in Ghana.
Recognizing the challenge in getting donors to fund breeding efforts
that take 8–9 years to produce improved varieties, Grüneberg realized
that by taking advantage of the vegetative nature of the crop, it would
be possible to cut down the time from crossing to varieties submit-
ted for release to 4–5 years instead of 8–9. It was named the Acceler-
ated Breeding Scheme (ABS). Given that each seed generated through
crossings is a potential variety, the first step is to make nine copies of
each seedling in the screenhouse. Then it is possible to have three sites
for the first observational trial instead of just one. Thus, the key to ABS
is that there are more sites earlier in the breeding cycle, and at least
one of those sites should be the stress environment of interest. Andrade
began working closely with Grüneberg, testing the ABS approach in
Mozambique beginning in 2006. The three initial sites include one highly
drought‐stressed environment, one exhibiting virus pressure, and one
with reasonable growing conditions in the Mozambican context. She
succeeded in demonstrating that ABS was a viable approach, with the
release of 15 drought‐tolerant OFSP varieties in 2011 (Andrade et al.
2016a), followed by seven additional varieties (four OFSP and three
purple‐fleshed) in 2016 (Andrade et al. 2016b); that is, the completion
of two cycles of breeding using the ABS approach (Fig. 1.3).
Beginning in 2009, CIP has been leading the 10‐year Sweetpota-
to Action for Security and Health in Africa (SASHA) project6, which
provides substantial support to its population development efforts in
Sub‐Saharan Africa. There are three sub‐regional sweetpotato support
platforms that support high‐throughput quality breeding. Each of these
platforms has a quality lab with a freeze drier and Near‐Infrared Spec-
trometer (NIRS) that can determine accurate dry matter, protein, carbo-
hydrate, beta‐carotene, and sugar analysis in just two minutes, along with
rough estimates of iron and zinc contents. All platforms have increasing
dry matter and beta‐carotene contents as core trait breeding objectives,
but the focus in the East and Central African program in Uganda is on
6 Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, with Jan Low as the project manager.
Fig. 1.3. Maria with her 2016 releases (credit: J. Low).
virus resistance, in the West African program in Ghana on low‐sugar

sweetpotato, and in the Southern African program in Mozambique on
drought tolerance. Each support platform backstops and provides virus
clean‐up services and NIRS access to national programs breeding
sweetpotato in their sub‐region. Maria Andrade leads the Southern
African program and currently backstops sweetpotato breeders in Malawi,
Zambia, Madagascar, South Africa, and Mozambique.
Building on the strong relationship Maria has with Joe Devries of the
Rockefeller Foundation, which, together with the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation, heavily invested in the creation of the Alliance for a Green
Revolution in Africa (AGRA) in 2006, SASHA project manager Jan Low
negotiated for AGRA to agree to support national sweetpotato breeding
programs and training a cohort of sweetpotato breeders, which CIP
breeders would backstop and support, including convening an annual
Sweetpotato Breeders (now referred to as Speedbreeders) meeting as
a learning and information exchange opportunity. This enabled the
training of nine breeders at the doctoral level and two breeders at the
Fig. 1.4. Speedbreeders decked out in orange sunglasses at the 2015 annual meeting.
master’s level, including Jose Ricardo of IIAM in Mozambique. Maria

specifically supports or collaborates with breeders in Malawi, Zambia,
Madagascar, and South Africa7, providing seed to test, visiting their
programs, and offering NIRS and virus clean‐up services upon request.
These efforts have paid off, with 41 varieties released by the other
Southern African countries since 2009, 30 of which are orange‐fleshed
and 11 non‐orange‐fleshed. Moreover, two of the Mozambican varieties
Maria bred were tested and released in Ivory Coast in 2015 and are
performing well in the United Arab Emirates. Since 2015, she has
also been sharing seed from her crossing program with a breeder in
Bangladesh, attending an Asian sweetpotato breeders’ forum annually.
As of 2018, there are 14 SSA countries engaged in the Sweetpotato
Breeding Community of Practice (Fig. 1.4) and Maria Andrade serves
as an inspirational example to all on what can be achieved.
Maria has long collaborated with Jose Ricardo of IIAM, with all
varieties released as joint CIP‐IIAM products, but in 2014 a post‐
doctoral fellow, Godwill Makunde, also joined her team. The challenge
of breeding for drought‐tolerant varieties that can survive under small-
holder management in different agro‐ecologies has led the team to
7 Note that Angola and Madagascar do varietal selection based on varieties received from
CIP, whereas Malawi, Zambia, and South Africa have breeding programs. Malawi bred
and released five OFSP and four non-OFSP varieties since 2009, Zambia four OFSP and
one non-OFSP, and South Africa four OFSP and released one CIP-bread OFSP variety.
explore a broader range of traits needed by successful varieties than

were originally present in the initial breeding program in 2006. These
include:
Exploring vine survival after long dry spells (Andrade et al. 2017).
Vine length and stem diameter are indicators for vine survival and are
highly heritable. Varieties with erect (short) and thick stems had better
survivability.
1. Nutritional quality and stability over successively later harvesting

periods (Alvaro et al. 2018).
2. Ability to sprout after storage in the sand or in the ground. The
number of sprouts can easily be determined, with high numbers
being a desirable trait.
3. Good taste has proved to be a critical factor influencing adoption.
The protocol for on‐farm assessment has become more detailed
since 2005, capturing not just cooked appearance and taste but
also starchiness and presence of fiber. Moreover, the appearance,
taste, and tenderness of cooked leaves is assessed at approximately
90 days after planting.
Details describing advances in sweetpotato breeding methods applied

in SSA have been described in detail in two book chapters (Grüneberg
et al. 2015; Mwanga et al. 2017). Andrade is currently engaged in
validating the concept of heterotic increments for both root and foliage
yield in sweetpotato, maintaining two distinct breeding populations
in Mozambique. In addition, there is an ongoing breeding effort in
Mozambique to raise iron and zinc contents in OFSPs. Progress in raising
iron contents is faster than in zinc. Non‐iron enhanced varieties have
1.8 mg/kg on average, whereas there are several clones above 4.0 mg/kg
emerging from the 2017 trials. In 2018, the design of a study began to
assess the bioavailability of the iron found in a clone with a 4.4 mg/kg
iron content. If there is adequate bioavailability found, this would be
a breakthrough in the ability to address iron deficiency, as the micro-
nutrient problem is even more widespread than vitamin A deficiency.
A multimeal feeding trial to establish bioavailability is scheduled for
early 2019.
Note that dissemination efforts did not stop in Mozambique during
the development of the breeding program, following the philosophy of
“use the best you have while breeding for better.” Moreover, dissem-
ination efforts in other SSA countries intensified under the auspices
of the Sweetpotato for Profit and Health Initiative (SPHI), which was
launched in 2009. The goal of the SPHI is to combat undernutrition and
improve incomes through providing 10 million African households in

17 target countries access to improved varieties of sweetpotato and their
diversified use by 2020. Mozambique under Andrade’s guidance has
been a leader in disseminating improved OFSP varieties at scale, with
different projects utilizing different delivery models. She has traveled
and trained extension personnel in all of Mozambique’s ten provinces
and in all of its 141 districts, except one (Moma in Nampula province).
III. THE ADVOCATE AND TEAM PLAYER
The old saying that necessity is the mother of invention is true. Advocacy
is defined as any action that argues for a cause. In many instances,
scientists feel that if a clear argument or evidence is p resented, wise
governments and donors will invest. However, in the resourced con-
strained environment of Mozambique, sweetpotato in the 1990s was
not a policy priority.
The uniting of the four “Ladies in Orange” was the critical mass needed
to unleash a new way of doing advocacy in the world of the CGIAR. The
color orange clearly represents the carotenoids found in Vitamin A rich
foods as well as being a color of passion. Maria Andrade has been at the
forefront of designing new ways to promote the OFSP. Mozambique was
the first country to paint vehicles orange with the logo “O Doce que Dá
Saúde” or “The Sweet that Gives Health.” As they moved through the coun-
tryside, people would approach asking what does it mean and where can
I get the planting material? The capulanas have already been described,
but in addition there have been hats, T‐shirts for adults and children, ties,
and even fashion shoes. The campaign (Fig. 1.5) has included billboards,
community theater, decorated market stalls, participation in national and
provincial exhibitions, radio programs, and consistent television cover-
age. Maria engages consistently with government officials, particularly
encouraging them to come to field events and exhibitions. Nothing is
more convincing that watching a young child eat its first OFSP root—the
look of enjoyment and the inevitable reach for another root.
Because of the April 1999 multisectoral meeting looking at the poten-
tial of OFSP, in July 1999 the Mozambican government approved its
Strategy for Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies, emphasizing both
short‐ and longer‐term approaches for reducing iodine, iron, and vita-
min A deficiencies. The strategy for reduction of vitamin A deficiency
argues forcefully for complementary approaches: the distribution of
vitamin A capsules and interventions to improve diet quality, while at
the same time increasing the number of calories consumed. In addition,
Fig. 1.5. (a) Decorated market stall promoting vine and root sales. (b) Women in Capulanas
dancing. (c) Branded vehicle.
the Plan of Action for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty 2000–2004

specifically mentions increasing the consumption of foods rich in vita-
min A as one the key activities to be undertaken to combat malnutri-
tion. This meant that Mozambique was at the forefront of acknowledg-
ing the role biofortification could play in improving diet quality. Every
food security, nutrition, or poverty document since then continues to
integrate biofortification and OFSP as part of the solution. In the nutri-
tion sector, OFSP has been adopted as a mainstream technology for
combating vitamin A deficiency by the Technical Secretariat for Food
Security and Nutrition in Mozambique (SETSAN) and in the country’s
strategy in the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement.
Mozambique is also the only country to date to have the collection of

disaggregated data on OFSP varieties versus non‐OFSP varieties as part
of its national sample survey of agriculture protocol. From this source,
we know that by 2015, 32% of the sweetpotato grown in M ozambique
was orange‐fleshed. In 2014, the Minister of Agriculture and Rural
Development, José Pacheco, commented that “one of these days, I will
be known as the Minister of orange‐fleshed sweetpotato”.
Maria’s passion for OFSP has been contagious. Work on developing
processed products using orange‐fleshed sweetpotato as a key ingredient
began in 2003, and her laboratory has backstopped recipe development for
bread, juices, crisps, and a range of dishes using OFSP. As most sweetpo-
tato in Africa is eaten boiled or steamed, the promotion of diversified prod-
ucts using OFSP is part of the advocacy campaign to change the image of
sweetpotato as a crop of the poor towards being a healthy food for all.
One to catch the OFSP bug was the program officer for her USAID
funded dissemination project, Irene de Souza. In her retirement, Irene
launched a company specializing in OFSP food products, which were
sold regularly each weekend at a food court linked to a crafts market
and at catered events. Her flagship products were OFSP cheesecake and
roasted roots.
As Maria’s work gained more recognition, she became increasingly
involved in regional and global advocacy efforts. On 12 August 2012,
Maria participated in the Global Hunger Event at 10 Downing Street
(Fig. 1.6), convened by the UK Prime Minister, David Cameron, and
the Brazilian Vice‐President, Michel Temer. The goal was to increase
global political commitment and action to tackle malnutrition so that
real improvement would be seen in nutrition indicators before the next
Olympics in 2016. Maria shared her insights on the role of OFSP in
tackling micronutrient malnutrition among women and children and
the challenges of scaling‐up delivery. That same year, CIP received sub-
stantial support from the UK to take its integrated agriculture‐nutrition
education program using OFSP as the key entry point to scale with
relevant partners in Kenya, Rwanda, Malawi, and Mozambique.
As a member of the CIP breeding team, the larger SASHA project
team, and as leader of the CIP Mozambique Country office, Maria is a
team player, renowned for her problem‐solving ability and willingness
to make tough decisions. She believes in giving farmers a range of vari-
eties to try, recognizing the diverse agro‐ecologies across the country
and distinct personal preferences. She also attends annual sweetpo-
tato breeding meetings in Asia, building on the SSA experience. Other
CGIAR centers in Mozambique selected Maria to be their representa-
tive for the centers on the Platform for Innovation of Agriculture and
Fig. 1.6. Maria and Howdy Bouis, CEO of HarvestPlus, in front of 10 Downing Street.
Technology Transfer in Mozambique, financed by USAID from 2009

through 2016.
The underlying factor making Andrade’s advocacy work a success is that
she delivers on her commitments. When funding tightens among certain
donors, projects led by Maria and her team often continue when others
are dropped, reflecting the trust she has established among the donor
community and the Mozambique government. In early 2019, CIP promoted
Maria to Principal Scientist, the highest technical level in the organization.
IV. THE MENTOR AT WORK AND IN HER COMMUNITY
Throughout her career, Maria has been committed to building the next
generation of agriculturalists. While she failed to convince her daugh-
ters to pursue a career in agriculture, which they saw as having long
working hours with lower returns than other professions, she has influ-
enced the lives and provided opportunities to many young students
through internships. In addition, she has served as a co‐supervisor and
provided operational funds for thesis work of 23 men and 11 women
since 2001. Graduate study opportunities are limited in Mozambique.
The co‐supervised students have come from the Universidade de Edu-
ardo Mondlane (14 BSc with honors); the Universidade Católica (two
BSc with honors), the Universidade São Tomas (one BSc with honors);
the Instituto Medio‐Agro‐Pecuária de Gurué (three BSc with honors; six
agriculture technicians); the Instituto Agrário de Boane (four agriculture
technicians) and the Instituto Politécnico Alvor (one agriculture tech-
nician). In addition, she has co‐supervised the Master’s level breeding
training of IIAM collaborator José Ricardo at IIAM at the University of
Kwa Zulu Natal (South Africa) and two Doctoral students from Stellen-
bosch University (South Africa) and ETH Zurich (Switzerland).
Within her residential condominium complex, Maria has served as
the president of the commission overseeing 42 residences. In that role,
she had to confront the developer and get him to honor commitments
made to the investors.
Maria remains quite active in her faith. Over time Maria moved to
an evangelical church and became a born‐again Christian in 2004. Her
faith has given her strength, security, and additional work in support of
the church. Of course, she could not resist assisting her church group
in setting up a multiplication plot to produce their own storage roots
for their own consumption and for selling, as well as providing training
in how to make processed products. As she says, “Life is not a straight
road, but you end up in a straight way. Everything is possible.” In fact,
twice following her prayers in drought‐stricken fields in Mozambique
and Tanzania, clouds formed and rain fell within the next three hours
(Fig. 1.7). At CIP, we do tease her about being the rainmaker, but we
appreciate and recognize the drive coming from her deep beliefs.
Maria became a grandmother in 2009, when Esther was born to her daugh-
ter Tania. Her second granddaughter, Abrianna, was born in 2018. Needless
to say, mashed OFSP was their first solid food. Truly, Maria’s boundless
energy and commitment to rural Mozambican women means her family is
quite extended and she serves as a role model for many (see Fig. 1.8).
One event I will never forget as long as I live, and which opened my eyes
up to this day, took place in Zondene, district of Xai‐Xai in the province
of Gaza. CIP was invited by Save the Children US to train their farmers on
sweetpotato product development. The idea was to train them and then
they will train more villages in that district under the supervision of Save
the Children. We trained women on how to make sweetpotato cake using
Fig. 1.7. Drenched Maria enjoying the rain she prayed for in Zambézia, Mozambique.
Fig. 1.8. A family has boiled sweetpotato for breakfast in rural Zambézia (credit: J. Low).
their own local utensils and ingredient. The oven was a hole made in the
ground which was heated with charcoal and then the cake in the cooking
pan went to this oven for baking and successfully made it. The satisfaction
on the face of those women was very hard to describe. They made a song
immediately saying we are really making a cake in Zondene. Unbeliev-
able for a person like me, born in the house where my mother baked every
day for sale; I could not understand that type of satisfaction. This is when
I realized that I take things for granted and that I can make women who
farm very happy just training them what I know and then see how this
technology can be well adapted to their local conditions. I also concluded
that no contribution is too small to serve as an excuse for not contributing.
Maria Andrade
V. AWARDS AND SERVICE
A. Awards
2016 Co‐Laureate. World Food Prize for her work on Biofortification,
Des Moines, Iowa, 13 October 2016 (Fig. 1.9)
Maria notes that “The winning of World Food Prize changed my life
completely. For a small person, coming from a tiny Island to win a prize
of this size it is very hard to believe. This prize opened the door for my
life and made me feel very visible to the world. I felt very special.”
Fig. 1.9. Winning the World Food Prize in 2016.

2016 Outstanding Alumnus Award. North Carolina State University,

Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 20 November 2016
2017 Appreciation Award. International Society for Tropical Root
Crops—Africa Branch, Dar‐es‐Salaam, Tanzania, 9 March 2017
2017 Swaminathan Award for Environmental Protection, Rotary Club
of Madras East (RCME), Chennai, India, 8 August 2017
2018 Wonder Woman of Agriculture, United States Department of
Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA, 27 March, 2018
2018 Woman of the Year: Cabo Verde, Artemedia Zwela. This recogni-
tion honors the best of Cape Verde, the people, not only those living in
the Islands but also abroad. Praia, Cape Verde, 6 July, 2018
B. Boards and Other Representations

Vice‐President of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, in
charge of fund raising (2012–2016)
Member of the board of Directors of Alliance for Green Revolution in
Africa (2012 to present)
Member of External Panel review of Next Generation Cassava
Breeding Project, project of Cornell & IITA (2018 to present)
Representative for the CGIAR Centers on Platform for Innovation of
Agriculture and Technology Transfer in Mozambique (2009–2016)
Member, Group of Champions for the Food Forever Initiative – Global
Crop Diversity Trust (2016 to present)
LITERATURE CITED
Alvaro, A., M.I. Andrade, G.S. Makunde, et al. 2018. Yield, nutritional quality and sta-
bility of orange‐fleshed sweetpotato cultivars successively later harvesting periods in
Mozambique. Open Agric. 2:464–468.
Andrade, M.I., A. Alvaro, J. Menomussanga, et al. 2016a. ‘Alisha’, ‘Anamaria’, ‘Bie’,
‘Bita’, ‘Caelan’, ‘Ivone’, ‘Lawrence’, ‘Margarete’, ‘Victoria’, sweetpotato. HortScience
51(5):597–600.
Andrade, M.I., A. Naico, J. Ricardo, et al. 2016b. Genotype × environment interaction and
selection for drought adaptation of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) in Mozam-
bique. Euphytica 209:261–280.
Andrade, M.I., G.S. Makunde, J. Ricardo, et al. 2017. Vine survival of sweetpotato
(Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) cultivars subjected to long dry spells after the growing
season in Mozambique. Open Agric. 2:58–63.
Grüneberg, W.J., R.O.M. Mwanga, E.E. Carey, et al. 2015. Advances in sweetpotato
breeding from 1992 to 2012. p. 3–68. In: J. Low, M. Nyongesa, S. Quinn, and M. Parker
(eds.), Potato and sweetpotato in Africa: Transforming the value chains for food and
nutrition security. CABI International, Wallingford, UK.
Low, J.W., R.O.M. Mwanga, M. Andrade, et al. 2017. Tackling vitamin A deficiency with
biofortified sweetpotato in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Global Food Security 14:23–30.
Mwanga, R.O.M., W.J. Grüneberg, M.I. Andrade, et al. 2017. Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.).
p. 181–218. In: H. Campos and P.D.S. Caligari (eds.), Genetic improvement of tropical
crops. Springer Int. Pub.
PUBLICATIONS
A. Journal Articles and Book Chapters

Alvaro, A., M.I. Andrade, G.S. Makunde, et al. 2018. Yield, nutritional quality and sta-
bility of orange‐fleshed sweetpotato cultivars successively later harvesting periods in
Mozambique. Open Agric. 2:464–468.
Andrade, M.I., A. Alvaro, J. Menomussanga, et al. 2016. ‘Alisha’, ‘Anamaria’, ‘Bie’,
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B. Papers for Workshops or Donors

Andrade, M.I. 1998. Current situation of cassava and sweetpotato research and technol-
ogy transfer in Mozambique. Paper presented at SARRNET Scientific Workshop,
Lusaka, Zambia, 17–19 August 1998.
Andrade, M.I. 1999a. Agronomy and technology transfer in SARRNET. Paper presented
at stakeholders’ meeting in Harare, Zimbabwe, January 1999.
Andrade, M.I. 1999b. Sustainable production system. Paper presented at SARRNET
Workshop on production and impact statistics for cassava and sweetpotato in Dar‐es‐
Salaam, Tanzania, 13–16 September 1999.
Andrade, M.I. 2000a. Sustainable production of cassava. Paper presented at SARRNET
planning and steering committee meeting in Lilongwe, Malawi, 14–16 March 2000.
Andrade, M.I. 2000b. Collaboration of NGO’s on research and technology transfer in

Mozambique. Paper presented at Collaborators Workshop in Harare, Zimbabwe, April 2000.
Andrade, M.I. 2003. A experiência e actividades do projecto SARRNET no âmbito do
processamento da mandioca e batata doce (Experience and activities of the SARRNET
project concerning processing of cassava and sweetpotato). Paper presented in a
workshop on agro‐processing at the National Directorate of Agriculture, Quelimane,
Mozambique, June 2003.
Andrade, M.I. 2006a. SARRNET Handover report to IITA/National program on cassava.
Submitted to USAID. 89 pp. March 2006.
Andrade, M.I. 2006b. SARRNET Handover report to IITA/National program on sweetpo-
tato. Submitted to USAID. 83 pp. April 2006.
Andrade, M.I., and A. Gani. 2003. Cultivation, use and consumption of sweetpotato in
Mozambique. Paper presented at SARRNET Scientific Workshop in Zambia, May 2003.
Andrade, M.I., and A. Naico. 2003. Cassava and sweetpotato, production, processing and
marketing in Mozambique. Paper presented at SARRNET Scientific Workshop, Lusaka,
Zambia, May 2003.
Andrade, M. I., A. Naico, J. Ricardo, and A. Sandramo. 2004. Estudo sobre o Impacto
da Disseminação das Variedades de Mandioca e Batata Doce de Polpa Alaranjada em
Moçambique (Study about the impact of disseminated cassava and orange‐fleshed sweet-
potato varieties in Mozambique). Paper presented to Instituto Nacional de Investigação
Agronómica (INIA) and Southern Africa Root Crops Research Network (SARRNET).
Andrade, M.I., A. Naico, J. Ricardo, et al. 2010. Evaluation of 64 clones selected from
advanced yield trials established between 2005/06 and 2009/10 in Maputo, Gaza,
Zambézia, and Tete. Maputo, Mozambique: International Potato Center Instituto de In-
vestigação Agraria de Mozambique. Report submitted to the Varietal Release Committee.
Andrade, M.I., and J. Ricardo. 1999. Use of orange‐fleshed sweetpotato to combat vitamin
A deficiency in Mozambique. Roots, December 1999.
Andrade, M.I., and J. Ricardo. 2003a. Evaluation of nineteen orange‐fleshed sweetpo-
tato clones across fourteen different environments of Mozambique. Paper presented at
SARRNET Scientific Workshop in Zambia, May 2003.
Andrade, M.I., and J. Ricardo. 2003b. Opportunity emerging from disaster: The role of
orange‐fleshed sweetpotato in reducing the risk of Vitamin A Deficiency in the flood‐
affected areas of Mozambique. In Second SARRNET Scientific Workshop; May 2003,
TAJ Pamodzi Hotel, Lusaka, Zambia.
Andrade, M., J. Tembe, and F. Pequenino. 1998. Accelerated multiplication and distri-
bution of improved cassava and sweetpotato planting materials as a drought recovery
measure in Mozambique. p. 333–342. In: M. Akoroda and J. Teri (eds.), Food secu-
rity and crop diversification in SADC countries: the role of cassava and sweetpotato.
Proceedings of the scientific workshop of the Southern Africa Root Crops Research
Network (SARRNET) held at Pamodzi Hotel, Lusaka, Zambia. 17–19 August 1998.
Dixon, A., J.B. Whyte, N.M. Mahungu, et al. 2003. Cassava mosaic pandemic in Sub‐
Saharan Africa: An unsolved problem with a solution. Presented at the International
Society of Tropical Root Crops (ISTRC) Conference, Arusha, Tanzania.
Gani, A., and M.I. Andrade. 1998. Dissemination of processing methods for detoxification
of bitter cassava in Nampula Province of Mozambique. In: Proceedings of the Scientific
Workshop of the Southern African Root Crops Research Network (SARRNET) held at
Pamodzi Hotel, Lusaka, Zambia, 17–19 August 1998.
Gani, A., and M.I. Andrade. 2000. Preference of orange‐fleshed sweetpotato and reason-
ability of vitamin A consumption in rural areas in Mozambique. Paper presented at
African Potato Congress held in Uganda, 29 May–2 June 2000.
Kapinga, R., D. Zhang, B. Lemaga, et al. 2003. Sweetpotato crop improvement in Sub‐
Saharan Africa and future challenges. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Triennial
ISTRC Symposium, Arusha, Tanzania, 10–14 November 2003.
Kapinga, R., M. Andrade, B. Lemaga, et al. 2003. Role of orange‐fleshed sweetpotato in
disaster mitigation: Experiences from East and Southern Africa. In: Proceedings of the
Thirteenth Triennial ISTRC Symposium, Arusha, Tanzania, 10–14 November 2003.
Low, J.W., R. Uaiene, M. Andrade, and J. Howard. 2000. Orange‐flesh sweetpotato: Prom-
ising partnerships for assuring the integration of nutritional concerns into Agricultural
Research and Extension. Roots. Flash Brief No. 20E. Department of Policy Analysis,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Mozambique), 10 November 2000.
Macia, R., and M. Andrade. 1998. Processing, utilization and analysis of the quality of cassava
flour in Inharrime and Morrumbene Districts, Inhambane Province, Mozambique. Paper
presented at the SARRNET Scientific Workshop, Lusaka, Zambia, 17–19 August 1998.
Macia, E., M.I. Andrade, and P. Cardoso. 1998. Processing utilization and analysis of
quality cassava flour in Inharrine and Marrombene Districts of Mozambique. In:
Proceedings of the Scientific Workshop of the Southern African Root Crops Research
Network (SARRNET), Pamodzi Hotel, Lusaka, Zambia, 17–19 August 1998.
Mangana, S., M.I. Andrade, J.A. Chirruco, and J. Ricardo. 1998. Evaluation of sweetpotato
genotypes for yield, dry matter, total nitrogen content, nematode damage and storability
in Mozambique. In: Proceedings of the Scientific Workshop of the Southern African Root
Crops Research Network (SARRNET), Pamodzi Hotel, Lusaka, Zambia, 17–19 August 1998.
Pequenino, F., and M.I. Andrade. 1998. Evaluation of harvest time of 20 genotypes of
sweetpotato in Southern Mozambique. In: Proceedings of the Scientific Workshop of
the Southern African Root Crops Research Network (SARRNET), Pamodzi Hotel,
Lusaka, Zambia, 17–19 August 1998.
Ricardo, R., and M.I. Andrade. 1998. Study of Branching of “Gangassol” a Cassava Variety
in Mozambique. Roots, vol. 5, no.2, December 1998.
C. Project Reports
Andrade, M.I. 1999. Práticas culturais, processamento, utilização e mercado de man-
dioca e batata doce em Moçambique (Cultural pracitces, processing, utilization and
marketing of cassava and sweetpotato in Mozambique). Report. 97 p., November 1999.
Andrade, M.I., and J. Ricardo. 1999. Results of first round provincial trials on the eval-
uation of nineteen orange‐fleshed sweetpotato clones across fourteen different envi-
ronments of Mozambique. Report submitted to the Mozambican varietal release
committee, 78 p., December 1999.
Andrade M.I., J. Ricardo, and A. Gani. 2002. Combating vitamin A deficiency in rural
Mozambique with orange‐fleshed sweetpotato: Results of a survey on nutritional status
and two round provincial trials on the evaluation of 19 orange‐fleshed sweetpotato
across 21 different environments over 8 provinces in two seasons. INIA/SARRNET,
Maputo, Mozambique. 66 p.
IITA. 1998. El Nino strategic action plan for roots and tubers in East and Southern Africa.
SARRNET progress report on Mozambique for January to May 1998. Submitted to U SAID.
IITA. 1999a. El Nino strategic action plan for roots and tubers in East and Southern
Africa. SARRNET progress report on Mozambique for May 1998 to January 1999. Sub-
mitted to USAID.
IITA. 1999b. El Nino strategic action plan for roots and tubers in East and Southern Africa.
SARRNET progress report on Mozambique for January to April 1999. Submitted to
USAID.
IITA. 1999c. SARRNET progress report for Mozambique for period October to December
1999. Submitted to USAID.
IITA. 1999d. SARRNET end of project report for Mozambique. 78 p. Submitted to USAID.
November 1999.
IITA. 2000. Baseline report on production, processing and market of cassava and sweetpota-
to in Mozambique. In English and Portuguese with annexes, 116 p. Submitted to USAID.
IITA. 2003a. Final project report: INIA‐IITA‐SARRNET, March 2001–March 2003 in
Portuguese and English. Submitted to USAID.
IITA. 2003b. Report on the impact of orange fleshed sweetpotato in the district of Chók-
wè. Submitted to USAID. July 2003.
IITA. 2003c. Report on study on yield of cassava and sweetpotato in Mozambique. Sub-
mitted to USAID. July 2003.
IITA. 2003d. Report on the impact of orange‐fleshed sweetpotato in Namunoe, Cabo Del-
gado, Submitted to USAID. July 2003.
IITA. 2003e. Report on the study of the impact of orange‐fleshed sweetpotato in the dis-
trict of Chókwè, Gaza, AJUS. July 2003.
IITA. 2003 f. Report on pilot experience in primary school of Cumbene, District of Mar-
racuene. Submitted to USAID. March 2003.
IITA. 2003 g. Assessment of cassava and sweetpotato pests and diseases in the Republic
of Mozambique, July 2003.
IITA. 2003 h. Relatório Trimestral do IITA/SARRNET‐INIA, Projecto Bilateral, Moçambique,
Abril–Julho 2003, Multiplicação acelerada e distribuição de materiais de plantio
saudáveis das melhores e mais produtivas variedades da mandioca e batata doce em
Moçambique: Uma actividade para mitigação da seca e cheias (Progress Report for April–
July 2003 concerning IITA/SARRNET‐INIA Bilateral Project: The accelerated multipli-
cation and distribution of healthy planting material of the best and most productive
varieties of cassava and sweetpotato in Mozambique: An activity to mitigate drought and
floods). Instituto Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria.
IITA. 2003i. Relatório do IITA/SARRNET‐INIA Projecto Bilateral, Moçambique, Agosto–No-
vembro 2003 sobre multiplicação acelerada e distribuição de materiais de plantio saudáveis
das melhores e mais produtivas variedades da mandioca e batata doce em Moçambique:
Uma actividade para mitigação da seca e cheias (Progress Report for August–November
2003 concerning IITA/SARRNET‐INIA Bilateral Project: The accelerated multiplication
and distribution of healthy planting material of the best and most productive varieties
of cassava and sweetpotato in Mozambique: An activity to mitigate drought and floods).
Instituto Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria.
IITA. 2004a. Relatório do IITA/SARRNET‐INIA Projecto Bilateral, Moçambique, Abril–
Decembro 2004 sobre multiplicação acelerada e distribuição de materiais de plantio
saudáveis das melhores e mais produtivas variedades da mandioca e batata doce em
Moçambique: Uma actividade para mitigação da seca e cheias (Progress Report for
April–December 2004 concerning IITA/SARRNET‐INIA Bilateral Project: The acceler-
ated multiplication and distribution of healthy planting material of the best and most
productive varieties of cassava and sweetpotato in Mozambique: An activity to miti-
gate drought and floods). Submitted to PROAGRI. April–December, 2004.
IITA. 2004b. Resultados da avaliação de vinte e um clones de Batata doce em catorze
ambientes em Moçambique, primeira época (Results from the evaluation of 21 clones
of sweetpotato from 14 environments in Mozambique, 1st season). December, 2004.
INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agronomica)/SARRNET. 2003. Cassava and
sweetpotato production, processing and marketing in Mozambique. Report of survey
conducted countrywide. 154 p. Submitted to USAID.
2
Development of Cold Climate Grapes

in the Upper Midwestern U.S.: The
Pioneering Work of Elmer Swenson
Matthew D. Clark
Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota‐Twin
Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
ABSTRACT
The increase in cold climate grape production across the Midwest and Great
Plains states is due in large part to the pioneering efforts of grape breeders
who have combined the traits of native Vitis species with qualities of European
grape varieties. After prohibition, the confluence of consumer demand, public
policy, and fortuitous plant breeding set the stage for new wine industries to
emerge in the region. The breeding work of Elmer Swenson led the way at a
time when University efforts had shifted to other crops. Swenson’s hobby of
breeding table grapes propelled the industry because his varieties performed
better than the French hybrids for winter hardiness across the region. The new
varieties reduced labor costs and ensured consistent yields. Swenson’s work
inspired plant breeders to work with the North American Vitis species, and
inspired an entrepreneurial spirit to reinvest in farming in a new way and to
join the American wine revolution.
KEYWORDS: cold-hardy, grapes, Swenson, cold climate, wine, Midwest
I. A COLD CLIMATE GRAPE INDUSTRY

II. ELMER SWENSON
A. A Book that Changed Everything
B. The Plant Breeder’s Journey
C. Persistence Pays Off
D. Working in Retirement
Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 43, First Edition. Edited by Irwin Goldman.
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
31
32 Matthew D. Clark
E. A Collaborator, Godfather, and Pioneer

F. The Swenson Varieties
G. Preserving the Swenson Materials
H. Swenson’s Legacy
III. GRAPE IMPROVEMENT IN THE MIDWEST
A. Breeding Projects
B. Breeding Targets
IV. SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LITERATURE CITED
ABBREVIATIONS
MGGA Minnesota Grape Growers Association

NIFA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
SSE Seed Savers Exchange
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
I. A COLD CLIMATE GRAPE INDUSTRY
As European settlers moved into the Midwest and Great Plains of the
United States they were limited by the variety of commercially avail-
able fruits and vegetables they could grow. This was especially true
in northern states like Minnesota with a short growing season and
extremely cold winters. However, native grapes grew wild in the Mid-
west landscape. This must have been inspiring (and maybe misleading)
to Europeans who carried with them cuttings of grapevines and the
aspirations of growing traditional varieties from their homelands. One
native species in the region, Vitis riparia, has a very large distribution
(Magoon and Snyder 1943) but was limited in use due to the small
fruit and highly acidic berries that were favored by birds more so than
humans. However, the high‐acid fruit can be harvested late to reduce
the acid, ameliorated with water, and balanced by adding sugar to make
sweet wines (Hedrick et al. 1908). Additional sympatric Vitis species
were found in the Midwest, occupying ecological niches including
V. aestivalis, V. cinerea, V. rubra, V. vulpina, and V. labrusca. In North
America, there are about 30 native species of Vitis and a second center
of diversity of another 30 species exists in East Asia (Owens 2008).
With human expansion in the region, these native grapes were at risk of
being plowed under or grazed. This problem continues today because
of human disruption of native areas across the range of many of the
North American Vitis species.
Development of Cold Climate Grapes in the Upper Midwestern U.S. 33
Grapes have long been domesticated and numerous reviews describe

the history and uses of the cultivated European species V. vinifera,
its wild progenitor V. sylvestris (syn. V. vinifera spp. sylvestris), and
breeding applications (Abbo et al. 2015; Burger et al. 2009; Janick
2005; Owens 2008; Reisch and Pratt 1996). Controlled crosses were
initiated within V. vinifera as early as 1824 (although other reports
say 1828; Snyder 1937), when Louis Bouschet de Bernard and his son
Henri hybridized a dark pigmented ‘Tienturier du cher’ with ‘Aramon’
with the intent of developing berries with improved color (Paul 1996).
Hybridization within all Euvitis species is readily achieved, allowing
the improvement and development of new cultivars adapted beyond
the areas where V. vinifera has been domesticated (Alleweldt et al.
1991; Mullins et al. 1992).
Collections of North American grapevine species had found their
way into Europe, in part due to the fashionable hobby of plant col-
lecting by the upper classes and their funded expeditions around the
globe. Travelling with the grapevines were their parasites and diseases,
both of which were introduced into highly susceptible European vine-
yards from North America (Burger et al. 2009; Owens 2008; Reisch
and Pratt 1996). These other grape species were also brought into
Europe specifically for breeding, as the novel Vitis species offered
resistance and tolerance in many cases due to their co‐evolutionary
history (Alleweldt et al. 1991). Grapevines coming into Europe were
the cause and solution(s) to these pests as several waves of epidemic
ensued. The new resistant varieties known as the French hybrids, or
hybrid direct producers, were important across France and a summary
of their development is found in Owens (2008). The introduction of
phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), an insect that invaded roots
and decimated vineyards, was the impetus for developing resistant
rootstocks to allow traditional varieties to be grown again in Europe.
Eventually the French hybrids were replaced by the traditional vari-
eties grown on resistant rootstocks and managed with improved pes-
ticides. However, the hybrids have provided the foundation for fruit
quality in many North American breeding programs (Owens 2008).
V. vinifera cultivars were difficult to grow in the eastern part of the
United States due to climate conditions and phylloxera as early as
colonial times. Today, most grapes grown in the Midwest and Plains
states are on their own roots, a stark contrast to the V. vinifera pro-
duction, which is nearly entirely grafted worldwide. Rootstocks have
been developed to accommodate diverse soil conditions and other
soil‐borne pests such as nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita; Cousins
and Walker 2002).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
he should proceed from Shanghai to Tientsin in a Russian vessel
which “he might borrow for the purpose.” Li Hung-chang’s reply,
telegraphed to Yüan Shih-k’ai for transmission to the Throne, while
outwardly respectful, clearly implies that Her Majesty has been to
blame for the disasters then occurring. “I am sincerely grateful,” he
says, “for Your Majesty’s gratifying confidence in me, but cannot help
recalling to mind the folly which has now suddenly destroyed that
structure of reformed administration which, during my twenty years’
term of office as Viceroy of Chihli, I was able to build up not
unsuccessfully. I fear it will not be possible for me to resume the
duties of this difficult post at a time of crisis like the present, destitute
as I am of all proper and material resources.” He proceeds even to
criticise Her Majesty’s suggestion as to his journey, observing that
“Russia possesses no vessel at Shanghai, and would certainly
refuse to lend if she had one, in view of the state of war now
existing.” Finally, he excuses himself for deferring his departure, on
the ground that the British Minister had requested him not to leave
until the foreign Ministers had been safely escorted from Peking to
Tientsin. “I do not know,” says he, “if any such arrangements for
safely escorting them can be made,” and therefore concludes by
asking Yüan to inform the Throne that he will start northwards,
journeying by land, “as soon as his health permits it.” To this plain-
spoken message from the great Viceroy, Tzŭ Hsi replied in two lines
of equally characteristic directness:—“Li Hung-chang is to obey our
earlier Decree, and to make all haste northwards. The crisis is
serious. Let him make no further excuses for delay.”
In spite of these peremptory orders, Li Hung-chang, who had a
very definite conception of his own predicament, remained at
Shanghai, ostensibly negotiating, but in reality waiting, to see what
would be the outcome of the siege of the Legations. He was
interviewed by The Times correspondent at Shanghai on the 23rd of
July, and then stated that he would not proceed to his post in the
north until convinced by clear proofs that the Empress Dowager had
seen the folly of her ways, and was prepared to adopt a conciliatory
policy towards the outraged foreign Powers. At the end of July, when
it became clear to him that the Court had determined on flight, he
forwarded by special courier a very remarkable Memorial, in which
he called the Throne to task in the plainest possible terms, and
urged an immediate change of policy. This Memorial reached the
Empress before her departure from Peking; certain extracts from it
are well worth reproduction, as showing Li Hung-chang at his best,
and displaying that quality of courageous intelligence which made
him for twenty years the foremost official in China and a world-wide
celebrity:—
“It is to be remembered that between this, our Empire of

China, and the outer barbarians, hostilities have frequently
occurred since the remotest antiquity, and our national history
teaches that the best way to meet them is to determine upon
our policy only after carefully ascertaining their strength as
compared with our own. Since the middle of the reign of Tao-
Kuang the pressure of the barbarians on our borders has
steadily increased, and to-day we are brought to desperate
straits indeed. In 1860 they invaded the Capital and burnt the
Summer Palace; His Majesty Hsien-Feng was forced to flee,
and thus came to his death. It is only natural that His
Majesty’s posterity should long to avenge him to the end of
time, and that your subjects should continue to cherish
undying hopes of revenge. But since that time, France has
taken from us Annam, the whole of that dependency being
irretrievably lost; Japan has fought us, and ousted us from
Korea. Even worse disasters and loss of territory were,
however, to follow: Germany seized Kiaochao; Russia
followed by annexing Port Arthur and Talienwan; England
demanded Wei-hei-wei and Kowloon, together with the
extension of the Shanghai Settlements, and the opening of
new treaty ports inland; and France made further demands for
Kuang-Chou wan. How could we possibly maintain silence
under such grievous and repeated acts of aggression?
Craven would be the man who would not seek to improve our
defences, and shameless would be he who did not long for
the day of reckoning. I myself have enjoyed no small favours
from the Throne, and much is expected of me by the nation.
Needless for me to say how greatly I would rejoice were it
possible for China to enter upon a glorious and triumphant
war; it would be the joy of my closing days to see the
barbarian nations subjugated at last in submissive allegiance,
respectfully making obeisance to the Dragon Throne.
Unfortunately, however, I cannot but recognise the
melancholy fact that China is unequal to any such enterprise,
and that our forces are in no way competent to undertake it.
Looking at the question as one affecting chiefly the integrity of
our Empire, who would be so foolish as to cast missiles at a
rat in the vicinity of a priceless piece of porcelain? It requires
no augur’s skill in divination to foresee that eggs are more
easily to be cracked than stones. Let us consider one recent
incident in proof of this conclusion. Recently, in the attack by
some tens of thousands of Boxers and Imperial troops upon
the foreign Settlements at Tientsin, there were some two or
three thousand foreign soldiers to defend them; yet, after ten
days of desperate fighting, only a few hundred foreigners had
been slain, while no less than twenty thousand Chinese were
killed and as many more wounded. Again, there are no real
defences or fortified positions in the Legations at Peking, nor
are the foreign Ministers and their Legation staffs trained in
the use of arms; nevertheless, Tung Fu-hsiang’s hordes have
been bombarding them for more than a month, and have lost
many thousands of men in the vain attempt to capture the
position.
“The fleets of the Allied Powers are now hurrying forward
vast bodies of their troops; the heaviest artillery is now being
brought swiftly to our shores. Has China the forces to meet
them? Does she possess a single leader capable of resisting
this invasion? If the foreign Powers send 100,000 men, they
will easily capture Peking, and Your Majesties will then find
escape impossible. You will no doubt endeavour once more to
flee to Jehol, but on this occasion you have no commander
like Sheng Pao to hold back the enemies’ forces from pursuit;
or, perhaps, you may decide to hold another Peace
Conference, like that at Shimonoseki, in 1895? But the
conditions to-day existing are in no way similar to those of
that time, when Marquis Ito was willing to meet me as your
Minister Plenipotentiary. When betrayed by the Boxers and
abandoned by all, where will your Majesties find a single
Prince, Councillor, or Statesman able to assist you
effectively? The fortunes of your house are being staked upon
a single throw; my blood runs cold at the thought of events to
come. Under any enlightened Sovereign these Boxers, with
their ridiculous claims of supernatural powers, would most
assuredly have been condemned to death long since. Is it not
on record that the Han Dynasty met its end because of its
belief in magicians, and in their power to confer invisibility?
Was not the Sung Dynasty destroyed because the Emperor
believed ridiculous stories about supernatural warriors clad in
miraculous coats of mail?
“I myself am nearly eighty years of age, and my death
cannot be far distant; I have received favours at the hands of
four Emperors. If now I hesitate to say the things that are in
my mind, how shall I face the spirits of the sacred ancestors
of this Dynasty when we meet in the halls of Hades? I am
compelled therefore to give utterance to this my solemn
prayer, and to beseech Your Majesties to put away from you
at once these vile magic workers, and to have them
summarily executed.
“You should take steps immediately to appoint a high official
who shall purge the land of this villainous rabble, and who
shall see to it that the foreign Ministers are safely escorted to
the headquarters of the Allied Armies. In spite of the great
heat, I have hurried northwards from Canton to Shanghai,
where your Majesties’ Decrees urging me to come to Peking
have duly reached me. Any physical weakness, however
serious, would not have deterred me from obeying this
summons, but perusal of your Decrees has led me to the
conclusion that Your Majesties have not yet adopted a policy
of reason, but are still in the hands of traitors, regarding these
Boxers as your dutiful subjects, with the result that unrest is
spreading and alarm universal. Moreover, I am here in
Shanghai without a single soldier under my command, and
even should I proceed with all haste in the endeavour to
present myself at your Palace gates, I should meet with
innumerable dangers by the way, and the end of my journey
would most probably be that I should provide your rebellious
and turbulent subjects with one more carcass to hack into
mincemeat. I shall therefore continue in residence here for the
present, considering ways and means for raising a military
force and for furnishing supplies, as well as availing myself of
the opportunity of ascertaining the enemies’ plans, and
making such diplomatic suggestions as occur to me to be
useful. As soon as my plans are complete, I shall proceed
northwards with all possible speed.”
The plain-spoken advice of Li Hung-chang was not without effect

on the Empress Dowager. The Decrees issued by her in the name of
the Emperor from Huai-lai on the 19th and 20th of August are the
first indications given to the outside world that she had definitely
decided on a policy of conciliation so as to render possible her
eventual return to the capital—an event which, as she foresaw,
would probably be facilitated by the inevitable differences and
jealousies already existing among the Allies.
In the Edict of the 19th of August, after explaining that the whole
Boxer crisis and the attack on the Legations was the result of
differences between Christian and non-Christian Chinese, she
querulously complains that the foreign Powers, although doubtless
well meaning in their efforts to “exterminate the rebels,” are behaving
in a manner which suggests aggressive designs towards China, and
which shows a lamentable disregard of proper procedure and
friendliness. She naively observes that the Chinese Government had
been at the greatest pains to protect the lives and property of
foreigners in Peking, in spite of many difficulties, and expresses
much surprise at such an evil return being made for her invariable
kindness and courtesy. If it were not for the unbounded capacity of
foreign diplomats, fully proved in the past, in the matter of credulity
where Chinese statecraft is concerned, it would be difficult to regard
utterances like these as the work of an intelligent ruler. But Tzŭ Hsi
was, as usual, justified, for at the very time when these Decrees
were issued, Russia was already using very similar arguments, and
making excuses for the Chinese government, in pursuance of her
own policy at Peking.
In the conclusion of the Decree above referred to, Her Majesty
orders Jung Lu, Hsü T’ung and Ch’ung Ch’i to remain in Peking to
act as peace negotiators, but she admits that, in dealing with
foreigners supported by troops and flushed with success, it may be
difficult for them at the outset to determine on a satisfactory line of
procedure. She leaves it to these plenipotentiaries, therefore, to
determine whether the best course would be to telegraph to the
respective Foreign Offices of the countries concerned, or to consult
with the Consuls-General at Shanghai (sic), with a view to obtaining
friendly intervention! It could not escape so shrewd a person as Tzŭ
Hsi that the atmosphere of Peking at this juncture was not likely to
be favourable to her purposes, and that it would be easier to
hoodwink the Foreign Offices and the Consuls at Shanghai than
those who had just been through the siege.
A Decree of the following day, also in the name of the Emperor, is
couched in a very different strain—a pathetic admission of the
Throne’s guilt, a plea for the sympathy of his people, and an
exhortation to return to ways of wisdom. “Cleanse your hearts, and
remove all doubt and suspicion from your minds, so as to assist us,
the Emperor, in our shortcomings. We have been utterly unworthy,
but the time is at hand when it shall be for us to prove that Heaven
has not left us without sense of our errors and deep remorse.” The
whole document reads with an unusual ring of sincerity, accepting, in
the name of the Emperor, full blame for all the disasters which had
overtaken the country, while reminding the official class that the first
cause of these calamities dates back to the time when they learned
and adopted habits of inveterate sloth and luxury. From depths of
contrition, the Edict admits fully the Throne’s responsibility, “We, the
Lord of this Empire, have failed utterly in warding off calamities from
our people, and we should not hesitate for one moment to commit
suicide, in order to placate our tutelary deities and the gods of the
soil, but we cannot forget that duty of filial piety and service which we
owe to our sacred and aged mother, the Empress Dowager.”
The policy of reform is now clearly enunciated and outlined as an
essential condition of the future government of the Empire. Provincial
and metropolitan officials are ordered to proceed at once to join the
Court, in order that the reform programme may be speedily initiated;
the Yangtsze Viceroys are thanked for preserving order in
accordance with “treaty stipulations,” and Chinese converts to
Christianity are once more assured of the Throne’s protection and
good-will.
These utterances of the Throne, which lost nothing in their
presentation to the respective Powers by Prince Ch’ing and his
colleagues, soon produced the desired effect, and reassured the
Throne and its advisers as to their personal safety. Accordingly, early
in September, we find all the Viceroys and high officials of the
Provinces uniting in a Memorial, whereby the Court is urged to return
at once to the Capital, advice which would never have been given
had there been any question of violent measures being taken by the
Allies against the Empress Dowager. At this time the question of the
future location of the Chinese Capital was being widely discussed at
Court, and there was much conflicting advice on the subject. The
Viceroys’ Memorial was drafted by Yüan Shih-k’ai and forwarded by
him to Liu K’un-yi, at Nanking, for transmission; it definitely blames
the Boxers and their leaders for the ruin which had come upon
China, and rejoices at the thought that “the perplexities which
embarrassed your Majesties in the past have now given place to a
clearer understanding of the situation.” Noting the possibility of the
Court’s leaving T’ai-yüan fu and making “a further progress”
westwards to Hsi-an, the Memorialists deplore the idea and proceed
to show that such a step would be unwise as well as inconvenient.
As an example of the way in which Chinese Ministers of State deal
with questions of high policy and strategy, the following extract from
this Memorial is not without interest:—
“It is true that, in times past, our Capital has been shifted on
more than one occasion of national danger, but in those days
our enemies were not able to push their armies far into the
interior of our country for indefinite periods, and were
compelled to withdraw after brief expeditions. The position of
affairs to-day, however, is very different, so that we can obtain
no reliable guidance from precedents of history. As regards
the province of Shensi, it has always been a centre of wars
and rebellions; its people are poverty stricken, and there is no
trade there. Seven centuries ago, Hsi-an was an Imperial city,
but is now anything but prosperous. Its vicinity to Kansu and
the New Dominion territories, infested with Mahomedan
rebels and adjoining the Russian Empire, renders it most
unsuitable as a site for your Majesties’ Capital. Supposing
that the Allies, flushed with success, should determine on an
advance westwards, what is there to prevent them from doing
so? If ten thousand miles of ocean have not stopped them,
are they likely to be turned back from a shorter expedition by
land?”
After referring to the fact that the cradle of the Dynasty and the
tombs of its ancestors are situated near Peking, and that it is
geographically best fitted to be the centre of Government, the
Memorialists remind the Throne that the foreign Powers have
promised to vacate Peking, and to refrain from annexing any territory
if the Court will return. These ends, they say, will not be attained
should the Court persist in its intention to proceed further westwards,
since it is now the desire of the foreign Ministers that China’s rulers
should return to Peking. In the event of a permanent occupation of
Peking by the Allies, the loss of Manchuria would be inevitable. The
Memorialists predict partition and many other disasters, including
financial distress, and the impossibility of furnishing the Throne with
supplies at Hsi-an or any other remote corner of the Empire. If the
Court’s decision to proceed to Hsi-an is irrevocable, at least a
Decree should now be issued, stating that its sojourn there will be a
brief one, and that the Court will return to Peking upon the complete
restoration of peaceful conditions. “The continued existence of the
Empire must depend upon the Throne’s decision upon this matter.”
The Memorial concludes by imploring their Majesties to authorise
Prince Ch’ing to inform the foreign Ministers that the withdrawal of
the allied armies will be followed by a definite announcement as to
the Court’s return.
In a further Memorial from the Viceroys and Governors, it is stated
that the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs had suggested to the
Chinese Minister in St. Petersburg, that the location of the Capital at
Hsi-an would certainly prove undesirable, in view of the poverty-
stricken condition of the province, and that their Majesties would no
doubt, therefore, proceed to Lan-chou fu, in Kansu. Referring to this
interesting fact, the Memorialists observe:—
“Those who are in favour of establishing the Capital at Hsi-

an profess to claim that the Yellow River and the T’ung Kuan
Pass constitute natural and impassible frontiers against
attack. They forget, however, that foreign nations possess
artillery of very long range. At T’ung Kuan the Yellow River is
less than two miles wide, and their guns will easily carry twice
that distance. Your Majesties have nothing but the native
artillery, and a few inferior foreign guns, and would never be
able to hold the position. The foreigners would undoubtedly
penetrate far into the interior, and control all the waterways,
thus preventing transport and supplies. Even if one foreign
Power were to find it difficult, there is no doubt that it would be
easy for several of them acting together.
“Moreover, friendly Powers are entitled, by the law of
civilised nations, to send their diplomatic representatives to
our Capital. If peace be made, and the foreign Powers assent
to the proposed change of capital, they will surely insist upon
sending their envoys into Shensi. After their recent
experiences, they will require to have foreign troops to guard
their Legations, whose numbers must necessarily be large, in
proportion to the distance from the coast. Foreign garrisons
would thus have to be established at points in Honan, Shansi
and Chihli, in order to maintain their line of communications,
so that China would eventually be overrun by foreign troops. It
is, therefore, plainly out of the question that the Court should
leave Peking. In times of peace it might have been
suggested, but to think of it after a disastrous war is
impossible. The foreigners are acting in unison; China is
completely disorganised. They have ample resources and
reinforcements; China has none. If we have thoughts of
fighting any foreign Power we must first form alliances with
several others; in any case nothing can be done before an
ample supply of ordnance and munitions of war has been
accumulated. This is no time for considering such
possibilities. We, your Memorialists, venture to suggest that
Your Majesties have failed to take into consideration all these
facts, and in impressing them upon you, we earnestly beg that
you may now come to a wise decision.”
Before coming to a decision, however, Tzŭ Hsi required to be fully

assured that the foreign Powers would not insist on her abdicating
the supreme power as one of the conditions of peace. Convinced on
that point, the hesitation which she had previously shown in regard
to returning to Peking dropped from her like a garment. It had been
freely predicted by conservative officials and the literati that the Old
Buddha would never again wish to see her desecrated capital or to
visit the polluted shrines of her ancestors. In spite of her
superstitious nature, however, she was far too level-headed and far-
seeing a woman to attach supreme importance to sentimental
considerations, or to allow them to weigh heavily in the balance
when the question of her own rulership was at stake. The hesitation
which she had shown and the attention which she had paid to the
advice of those who, like Chang Chih-tung, desired her to establish a
new capital in Central China, were primarily a question of “face.” She
would only return to Peking if guaranteed the full dignity and power
of her former position. But as the peace negotiations proceeded, and
as it became clear to her that along the well-worn path of
international jealousies she might return unpunished, and even
welcomed, to Peking, she proceeded to make preparations for an
early return. Fully informed each day by Prince Ch’ing of the
progress which her plenipotentiaries were making towards the
completion of the Peace Protocol, and overjoyed at its terms, she
waited only until the condition of the roads, always more or less
impassable after the summer rains, had sufficiently improved to
permit of comfortable travelling. During the delay necessitated by the
collecting and packing of the enormous quantity of “tribute” collected
by Her Majesty and the Court during their stay at Hsi-an, she
received definite confirmation of the good news that her treasure
vaults in the capital had not been plundered by the foreign troops—
good news which increased her anxiety to return as quickly as
possible to superintend its removal before any pilfering by the
eunuchs should take place.
It was on the 24th day of the 8th Moon (20th October, 1901) that
the long procession started from Her Majesty’s temporary residence
in the Governor’s Yamên; followed by an enormous retinue, she
commenced her journey by sacrificing to the God of War, the
guardian spirit of her Dynasty (and, it may be added, patron of the
Boxers), at a small temple outside the city gates. From this onward
the Court advanced northward by easy stages of about twenty-five
miles a day, resting first at Ho-nan fu; thence on to K’ai-fêng, where
her sixty-sixth birthday was celebrated and where she remained for
some weeks. The travelling lodges and other arrangements for her
comfort and convenience along the whole line of her route were in
striking contrast to the squalor and privation which the Court had
endured in the flight from Peking.
It was during her stay at K’ai-fêng that the Peace Protocol was
signed at Peking. It was also before her departure from that city, at
the end of the 9th Moon, that Li Hung-chang died. His knowledge of
foreign affairs and remarkable ability in negotiations had been of the
greatest service to his Imperial mistress, and there is no doubt that
the liberal terms granted to China by the victorious Allies were very
largely due to his efforts. Her Majesty, while fully appreciating his
ability, had never treated him with marked favour, and had always
refused to appoint him to the Grand Council, giving as her excuse
that she could not understand his dialect. Upon his death, however,
she conferred upon him an honour which had never before been
granted to any Chinese subject under the Dynasty, namely, that of
having a shrine built to his memory at the capital itself, in addition to
those erected in the provinces where he had borne office.
It was significant of her impartial and intelligent rulership that,
although she had blamed him as originally responsible for the
Japanese War and its disastrous results, she had never approved of
the Emperor’s hasty and vindictive action in removing him from the
Viceroyalty of Chihli. Upon the signing of the Peace Protocol she
conferred additional posthumous honours upon him, taking occasion
at the same time, in an Imperial Decree, to congratulate and thank
Prince Ch’ing, Yüan Shih-k’ai and others, who assisted in bringing
about the settlement of peace terms. In particular she praised the
loyalty of Jung Lu, “who had earnestly advised the annihilation of the
Boxers, and who, in addition to other meritorious services on the
Grand Council, had been chiefly instrumental in protecting the
Legations.”
After a series of magnificent theatrical entertainments in honour of
her birthday, the Court left K’ai-fêng and continued its journey to the
capital. On the eve of her departure Her Majesty took occasion
sternly and publicly to rebuke the Manchu Prefect, Wen T’i,[121] who
had dared to advise her against returning to the capital, and to
predict that the treacherous foreigners would certainly seize her
sacred person—a useful piece of play to the gallery.
At the crossing of the Yellow River, which took place in beautiful
weather, she sacrificed to the River God, in expiation and
thanksgiving. The local officials had constructed a magnificent barge,
in the form of a dragon, upon which she and the ladies of the Court
crossed the stream. It was noticed from this point onwards that
wherever foreigners happened to be amongst the spectators of the
Imperial cortège, she made a point of showing them particular
attention and civility, and before her arrival in Peking she issued a
Decree commanding that Europeans should not be prevented from
watching the procession upon her arrival, and this in spite of the fact
that, in accordance with the usual custom, the Legations had issued
notices forbidding their nationals to appear in the streets during the
passage of the Imperial cortège. Everything indicated, in fact, that
Her Majesty now desired to conciliate the European Powers by all
possible means, and if it be borne in mind that it was part of her
deliberate policy thus to ingratiate herself with foreigners as a means
of furthering her own future policy, her actions lose nothing of
interest, while they gain something from the humorous point of view.
On crossing the borders of the Province of Chihli, Her Majesty
issued a Decree, couched in almost effusive terms of friendliness,
proclaiming that the Emperor would receive the foreign Ministers in
audience immediately upon his return to the Palace, and that the
reception would take place in the central Throne Hall of the sacred
enclosure. Chinese, reading this Decree, and ignorant of the terms
of the Peace Protocol which provided for this particular concession
to the barbarian, would naturally regard it as a spontaneous mark of
the Imperial clemency and goodwill. In the same Edict Her Majesty
proclaimed her intention of receiving the Ministers’ wives in person,
intimating that she cherished most pleasant memories of past
friendly intercourse with them. Here, again, we note fulfilment of a
plan, deliberately conceived and formed upon the best classical
models, “for dealing with strong and savage people.”
At noon on the 6th of January, 1902, the Imperial party arrived by
special train at the temporary station which had been erected close
to the Southern walls of Peking, and adjoining the old terminus at
Ma-chia pu. Large pavilions, handsomely decorated, had been
erected near the station, in which the Old Buddha and the Emperor
were to be received; they were furnished with a throne of gold
lacquer, cloisonné altar vessels and many valuable pieces of
porcelain. Several hundreds of the highest metropolitan officials
were in attendance, and a special place had been provided for
foreigners. As the long train of over thirty carriages drew up at the
station, the keen face of the Old Buddha was seen anxiously
scanning her surroundings from one of the windows of her car. With
her were the young Empress and the Princess Imperial, while the
chief eunuch, Li Lien-ying, was in attendance. Recognising Her
Majesty, every official fell upon his knees, whilst Chi Lu, chief officer
of the Household, officiously shouted to the foreigners to remove
their hats (which they had already done). The first to emerge from
the train was the chief eunuch, who proceeded forthwith to check the
long list of provincial tribute and treasure, mountainous loads of
baggage which had travelled with the Court from the start and under
Her Majesty’s close personal supervision. After the eunuch came the
Emperor, evidently extremely nervous, who, at a sign from Her
Majesty, hurried into his sedan-chair and was swiftly borne away,
without a word or a sign of recognition to any of the officials in
attendance. After his departure, the Empress came out and stood
upon the platform at the end of her carriage. “Quite a number of
foreigners are here, I see,” she was heard to observe. She saluted
them in accordance with the etiquette observed by Chinese women
—bowing and raising her crossed hands. Prince Ch’ing then
advanced to greet Her Majesty, and with him Wang Wen-shao (who
had succeeded Li Hung-chang as Peace Plenipotentiary). They
invited Her Majesty to enter her chair: “There is no hurry,” she
replied. She stood for some five minutes in full view of the crowd,
talking energetically with the bystanders, and looking extremely well
and youthful for her age, until the chief eunuch returned and handed
her the list of baggage and treasure, which she scanned with close
attention and then returned to him with an expression of satisfaction.
After this, at the request of the Viceroy of Chihli (Yüan Shih-k’ai),
the foreign manager and engineer of the railway were presented to
her, and received her thanks for the satisfactory arrangements made
throughout the journey. She then entered her chair, a larger and finer
conveyance than that supplied to the Emperor, and was borne away
towards the Palace; by her side ran one of her favourite eunuchs
repeatedly calling Her Majesty’s attention to objects of interest.
Whenever foreigners were in sight he would inform Her Majesty of
the fact, and by one he was heard distinctly to say: “Look! Old
Buddha, look quickly at that foreign devil,” whereupon the Empress
smiled and bowed most affably. Passing through the Southern gate
of the Chinese city, her bearers carried her straight to the large
enceinte of the Tartar city wall at the Ch’ienmen, where stands the
shrine dedicated to the tutelary God of the Manchus. Here crowds of
foreigners were in waiting on the wall. Looking down on the
courtyard towards the shrine, they saw the Old Buddha leave her
chair and fall upon her knees to burn incense before the image of the
God of War, whilst several Taoist priests chanted the ritual. Rising
she next looked up towards the foreigners, smiling and bowing,
before she was carried away through the gate into the precincts of
the Forbidden City. No sooner had she reached the inner palace (the
Ning Shou kung) at about 2 p.m., than she commanded the eunuchs
to commence digging up the treasure which had been buried there at
the time of her flight; she was gratified beyond measure to find that it
had indeed remained untouched.
Next, with an eye not only upon her future relations with foreigners
but also on public opinion throughout the Empire, she issued a
Decree conferring posthumous honours on the “Pearl concubine,”
who, as it will be remembered, was thrown down a well by her orders
on the morning of the Court’s flight from the Palace. In this Decree
Her Majesty praises the virtue and admirable courage of the dead
woman, which “led her virtuously to commit suicide when unable to
catch up the Court on its departure,” unwilling as she was to witness
the destruction and pollution of the ancestral shrines. Her trustworthy
conduct was therefore rewarded by the granting of a posthumous
title and by promotion of one step in rank in the Imperial harem. The
Decree was generally regarded as fulfilling all reasonable
requirements of atonement towards the deceased, for in China the
dead yet live and move in a shadowy, but none the less real,
hierarchy. Alive, a “Pearl concubine” more or less counted for little
when weighed against the needs of the Old Buddha’s policies; once
dead, however, her spirit must needs be conciliated and
compensated.
Many Europeans who had witnessed the arrival of the Empress
Dowager, remained at the railway station to see the unloading of her
long baggage train, a most interesting and instructive sight. First
were discharged the yellow chairs of the young Empress and the
Princess Imperial, and four green chairs with yellow borders for the
principal concubines; the other ladies of the Court followed in official
carts, two to each vehicle. There were about ninety of them
altogether, and the arrangements for their conveyance were
accompanied by no little noise and confusion, the loquacity of some
of the elder ladies being most noticeable. After their departure the
attention of the eunuchs and minor officials was directed to the huge
pile of the Empress Dowager’s personal baggage, which included
her cooking utensils and household articles in daily use. This
operation, as well as the removal of a very large quantity of bullion,
(every case of which was marked with the name of the province or
city that had sent it as tribute), was for a time superintended by the
Grand Council. But as the work was enough to last for several hours,
it was not long before, led by Jung Lu, they entered their chairs and
left for the City. It was noticed that Jung Lu seemed very infirm, and
was supported as he walked by two attendants of almost gigantic
stature.
From Cheng-ting fu to Pao-ting fu, and thence to Peking, the Court
travelled, for the first time in its history, by train. The following
description of the journey is reprinted, by kind permission of the
editor of The Times, from an article published in that paper in March,
1902. It shows an interesting side of the Empress Dowager’s
character, that of the thrifty mistress of her goods and chattels, and
gives a clear-cut impression of that vigorous personality which
devoted the same close attention to details of transport and domestic
economy as to niceties of Court ceremonial or historical precedents
on vital questions of State; characteristics which inevitably suggest a
marked resemblance between the Old Buddha and le petit Caporal.
“Early on December 31st the Court arrived at Cheng-ting fu,

escorted by a large body of cavalry and accompanied by an
enormous suite of officials, eunuchs and servants. The
baggage was carried by a train of carts, estimated by an eye-
witness at three thousand. The eunuchs numbered between
three and four hundred, and of cooks and other kitchen
servants there were almost as many. To provide
accommodation for such a mass of people was impossible,
especially as all the best quarters in the town had already
been occupied by the high officials who, with their retainers,
had come from the north to welcome the Empress Dowager
on her return. For three days the Court rested in Cheng-ting
fu, during which time the scene was one of indescribable
confusion; baggage, stacked haphazard, filled every available
corner, eunuchs and servants camping around and upon it,
stolidly enduring much physical discomfort with the apathy
peculiar to Asiatics. Yet, so great was the cold (on the night of
January 1st the thermometer stood at two degrees
(Fahrenheit) below zero) that many of these wayfarers gave
way to lamentations and tears. Officials of the lower and
middle grades, unable to obtain a lodging, were compelled to
pass these days in such makeshift shelter as they could find
in the vicinity of the railway station, where swarmed a mob of
undisciplined soldiery. On the second night a fire broke out in
the stables of the Imperial residence, which, though
eventually checked before much damage was done, added
greatly to the general disorder, and might well have had
serious results in the absence of all organisation and control.
The definite announcement of the Court’s intention to leave
for Pao-ting fu on the 3rd of January was received with
unmistakable relief by the hungry, motley crowd which
represented the pomp and pride of Asia’s greatest Empire.
“From the Yellow River to the railway terminus at Cheng-
ting fu—a distance of about two hundred and fifty miles—the
ever-growing Imperial procession had travelled almost
continuously in chairs, litters, carts, and on horse-back,
affording a spectacle which recalled in many of its chief
characteristics those of Europe’s mediæval pageantry as
described by Scott. Every Manchu Prince had a retinue of
horsemen varying from thirty to a hundred in number; along
the frost-bound, uneven tracks which serve for roads in
Northern China, an unending stream of laden waggons
creaked and groaned through the short winter’s day, and on,
guided by soldier torch-bearers, through bitter nights to the
appointed stopping places. But for the Empress Dowager and
the Emperor, with the Chief Eunuch and the ladies of the
Court, there was easy journeying and a way literally made
smooth. Throughout its entire distance the road over which
the Imperial palanquins were borne had been converted into a
smooth, even surface of shining clay, soft and noiseless
under foot; not only had every stone been removed, but as
the procession approached gangs of men were employed in
brushing the surface with feather brooms. At intervals of
about ten miles well-appointed rest-houses had been built,
where all manner of food was prepared. The cost of this
King’s highway, quite useless, of course, for the ordinary
traffic of the country, was stated by a native contractor to
amount roughly to fifty Mexican dollars for every eight yards—
say £1,000 a mile—the clay having to be carried in some
places from a great distance. As an example of the lavish
expenditure of the Court and its officials, in a land where
squalor is a pervading feature, this is typical.
“The hour for leaving Cheng-ting fu was fixed by the
Empress Dowager at 9.30 a.m. on January 3rd. It is significant
of the character of this remarkable woman, now in her sixty-
seventh year, that even in matters of detail she leaves nothing
to chance, nothing to others; the long arm of her
unquestioned authority reaches from the Throne literally to
the servants’ quarters. Without creating any impression of
fussiness, she makes a distinctly feminine personality felt,
and the master-mind which has guided the destinies of China
for the last forty years by no means disdains to concern itself
in minor questions of household commissariat and transport.
It is impossible not to reflect what such a woman might have
been, what she might have done for her people, had there
come into her life some accident or influence to show her, in
their true light, the corruption, dishonesty, and cold-blooded
cruelty of her reign.
“The departure of the Court by a special train, long since
prepared for its reception by the Belgian railway authorities
and Sheng Hsüan-huai, was fixed for 9.30 a.m. in accordance
with Her Majesty’s orders; that Imperial and imperious lady,
however, made her appearance at the station at seven
o’clock, accompanied by the young Empress, the Imperial
concubine, and the ladies-in-waiting. The Emperor had
preceded her, and upon her arrival knelt on the platform to
perform respectful obeisance, in the presence of an interested
crowd. The next two hours were spent by the Empress, who
showed no signs of fatigue, in supervision of the
arrangements for despatching the vast accumulation of her
personal baggage, and in holding informal audiences with
various high dignitaries, military and civil, on the platform.
Amongst others she sent for M. Jadot, and spent some time
in friendly conversation with him, expressing great satisfaction
at the excellent arrangements made for her comfort, and
pleasure at exchanging the sedan chair for her luxuriously-
appointed drawing-room car. She took pains to impress upon
the engineer-in-chief the importance which she attached to
keeping the Court’s baggage and effects within reach,
evincing on this subject much determination of a good-
humoured kind.
“Eventually, after the despatch of four freight trains, her
mind was relieved of this anxiety, but it was to be clearly
understood that the same personal supervision would be
exercised at Pao-ting fu, for in no circumstances could the
impedimenta be sent on in advance to Peking. There is a
touch of feminine nature in this incident which can hardly fail
to bring the Empress Dowager into some degree of kinship
with her fellow-women in other lands; there is also an implied
reflection on the honesty of persons in attendance on the
Court which is not without significance.
“The scene upon the platform was one of remarkable
interest. In utter subversion of all accepted ideas in regard to
the seclusion and privacy in which the Chinese Court is
supposed to live, move, and have its being, there was on this
occasion—and indeed throughout the journey—no sign of
either attempt or wish to guard Their Majesties from
observation and intrusion. The crowd, quietly inquisitive, but
showing no inclination to demonstration of any sort, came and
went at its pleasure; Yüan Shih-kai’s braves, who to the
number of about a thousand travelled to Peking as the
Empress Dowager’s bodyguard, crowded around the Imperial
party, invading even their railway carriages. While the ruler of
the Empire held audience with some of its highest officials,
none of their retainers were employed, as might have been
expected, in keeping the people at a respectful distance; the
scene, in fact, bore striking testimony to that democratic side
of the Chinese character which cannot but impress itself on
every foreign visitor to a Viceroy’s or magistrate’s yamên; in
the present instance, however, it must have been, for all
concerned, a new and remarkable experience.
“To the native spectators, the ladies of the Court with their
eunuch attendants were as much objects of interest as the
foreign railway officials; the Imperial concubine, ‘Chin’ (or
‘Lustrous’) Kuei fei, a lively young person of pleasing
appearance, attracting much attention. This lady, gaily clad
and with lavishly painted face, bestowed upon everything
connected with the train an amount of attention which augurs
well for the future of railway enterprise in China, running from
car to car and chatting volubly with the ladies-in-waiting. All
the ladies of the Court wore pearls in profusion—those of the
Empress being particularly fine—and all smoked cigarettes in
place of the time-honoured water-pipe. Herein again, for the
optimistically inclined, may be found a harbinger of progress.
During the Empress Dowager’s audiences, lasting sometimes
over a quarter of an hour at a time, the Emperor stood close
at her side; invariably silent, generally listless, though his
expression when animated is described as conveying an
impression of remarkable intelligence. The young Empress
has good features, marred, in European eyes, by excessive
use of paint; she, too, appeared to be melancholy, and
showed but little interest in her surroundings. The Emperor
and both Empresses were simply dressed in quiet coloured
silks.
“The special train in which, punctually at 9.30 a.m., the
rulers of China left for their capital consisted of a locomotive
and twenty-one carriages, arranged in the following order:—
Nine freight cars laden with servants, sedan chairs, carts,
mules, &c.; a guard’s van, for employés of the railway; two

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Plant Breeding Reviews Volume 43 1St Edition Irwin Goldman Editor All Chapter

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Plant breeding reviews: Volume 43 1st

Edition Irwin Goldman (Editor)

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Set in 10/12pts Melior by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India

1. Maria Isabel Andrade: Sweetpotato Breeder, Technology

VI. Usefulness of Components of the Ethylene‐Response

4 Breeding Naked Barley for Food, Feed, and Malt 95

5 The Foundations, Continuing Evolution, and Outcomes

VII. Associations Between IP Systems and the Generation

6 The Use of Endosperm Genes for Sweet Corn

7 Gender and Farmer Preferences for Varietal Traits:

8 Domestication, Genetics, and Genomics of the

V. Traits of Interest 289

9 Images and Descriptions of ­Cucurbita maxima in

Author Index 357

Maria Isabel Andrade: Sweetpotato

to build a community of practice that recognizes that for scientists to make a

KEYWORDS: sweetpotato, Africa, Mozambique, breeding, accelerated breeding,

Maria Andrade in an Exhibition Booth on Sweetpotato Research in Mozambique at the

ABS Accelerated Breeding Scheme

1 AVRDC is now known as the World Vegetable Center.

II. RESEARCH FOR DEVLOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

A. Technology Transfer in the First Decade

(IITA) as their regional cassava and sweetpotato agronomist for the

2 Countries covered by SARRNET include Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa,

extension agents and four non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), such

children, in a field dominated by men and needing to travel a third of

team to coordinate an effort that reached 108,000 affected households

Varieties of Cassava and Sweetpotato. The government of Mozambique

B. Building the Evidence Base Through Collaborative Research

4 The Towards Sustainable Nutrition Improvement (TSNI) project (2002–2005) was

increases in vitamin A intakes and a 15% reduction in VAD prevalence

C. Breeding in Africa for Africa

same institutional home, with Regina Kapinga having joined in 2001

Fig. 1.3. Maria with her 2016 releases (credit: J. Low).

virus resistance, in the West African program in Ghana on low‐sugar

master’s level, including Jose Ricardo of IIAM in Mozambique. Maria

explore a broader range of traits needed by successful varieties than

1. Nutritional quality and stability over successively later harvesting

Details describing advances in sweetpotato breeding methods applied

improve incomes through providing 10 million African households in

III. THE ADVOCATE AND TEAM PLAYER

the Plan of Action for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty 2000–2004

Mozambique is also the only country to date to have the collection of

Technology Transfer in Mozambique, financed by USAID from 2009

IV. THE MENTOR AT WORK AND IN HER COMMUNITY

V. AWARDS AND SERVICE

Fig. 1.9. Winning the World Food Prize in 2016.

2016 Outstanding Alumnus Award. North Carolina State University,

B. Boards and Other Representations

A. Journal Articles and Book Chapters

B. Papers for Workshops or Donors

Andrade, M.I. 2000b. Collaboration of NGO’s on research and technology transfer in

Development of Cold Climate Grapes

KEYWORDS: cold-hardy, grapes, Swenson, cold climate, wine, Midwest

I. A COLD CLIMATE GRAPE INDUSTRY

E. A Collaborator, Godfather, and Pioneer

MGGA Minnesota Grape Growers Association

I. A COLD CLIMATE GRAPE INDUSTRY

Grapes have long been domesticated and numerous reviews describe

“It is to be remembered that between this, our Empire of

The plain-spoken advice of Li Hung-chang was not without effect

VI. Usefulness of Components of the Ethylene‐Response

VII. Associations Between IP Systems and the Generation

9 Images and Descriptions of Cucurbita maxima in

Author Index 357