Basic Building and Construction Skills 6Th Edition Richard Moran Full Chapter

Basic Building and Construction Skills
6th Edition Richard Moran

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BASIC BUILDING &
CONSTRUCTION SKILLS
CARPENTRY & OTHER GENERAL CONSTRUCTION TRADES
Richard Moran
BASIC BUILDING &

CONSTRUCTION SKILLS
CARPENTRY & OTHER GENERAL CONSTRUCTION TRADES
6e
Basic Building & Construction Skills: Carpentry & other general construction trades © 2020 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited
6th Edition Copyright Notice

Richard Moran This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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Acknowledgements
ABCC © Commonwealth of Australia 2018. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 24 23 22 21 20
BRIEF CONTENTS
Part 1 Basic workplace skills 1

CHAPTER 1 Apply WHS requirements, policies and procedures in the construction industry 2
CHAPTER 2 Work effectively and sustainably in the construction industry 63
CHAPTER 3 Plan and organise work 107
CHAPTER 4 Conduct workplace communication 131
Part 2 Setting out 155

CHAPTER 5 Carry out measurements and calculations 156
CHAPTER 6 Read and interpret plans and specifications 183
Part 3 Using materials and tools 215

CHAPTER 7 Handle carpentry and construction materials 216
CHAPTER 8 Use carpentry and construction tools and equipment 267
Part 4 Site works 315

CHAPTER 9 Apply basic levelling 316
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 v
CONTENTS
Guide to the text ix
Guide to the online resources xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xiv
Acknowledgements xv
Colour palette for technical drawings xvi
List of figures xvii
Part 1 Basic workplace skills 1

CHAPTER 1 Apply WHS requirements, policies and procedures in the construction industry 2
Work-related injuries 3
Origins of modern WHS legislation 3
Identifying, assessing and controlling risks and hazards 7
Assessing and controlling hazardous materials 19
Safe work practices 25
Summary 40
References and further reading 40
Get it right 43
Worksheets 45
CHAPTER 2 Work effectively and sustainably in the construction industry 63

Identifying and explaining the construction work context 64
Identifying the scope of employment conditions in the construction industry 65
Identifying responsibilities of individuals for their own workload 73
Identifying responsibilities while working in a team 77
Identifying individual career path and development needs 81
Identifying and complying with environmentally sustainable work practices
and techniques 84
Summary 93
Get it right 95
Worksheets 97
CHAPTER 3 Plan and organise work 107

Planning and organising individual and group work activities on
a construction site 108
Identify work task requirements 109
Planning work task steps 117
Summary 119
Get it right 121
Worksheets 123
vi Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
CHAPTER 4 Conduct workplace communication 131
What is communication? 132
Gather, convey and receive through verbal communication 134
Gather, convey and receive through written communication 137
On-site meetings 140
Summary 144
Get it right 145
Worksheets 147
Part 2 Setting out 155

CHAPTER 5 Carry out measurements and calculations 156
Planning and preparing for work 157
Obtaining measurements 160
Performing calculations 162
Estimating approximate quantities 168
Summary 170
Get it right 171
Worksheets 173
CHAPTER 6 Read and interpret plans and specifications 183

The technical language of drawings 184
Key users of drawings 184
Plans, drawings and their functions 184
Commonly used symbols and abbreviations 189
Key features found on a site plan 191
Written specifications 191
Reading plans and documents 194
Summary 204
Get it right 205
Worksheets 207
Part 3 Using materials and tools 215

CHAPTER 7 Handle carpentry and construction materials 216
Selecting appropriate materials 217
Timber 217
Engineered timber products 223
Bricks, blocks, masonry and mortars 226
Concrete components 230
Paints and sealants 234
Steel components 236
Insulating materials 238
Plasterboard sheeting 240
Transporting material 242
Summary 245
Get it right 247
Worksheets 249
CONTENTS
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 vii
CHAPTER 8 Use carpentry and construction tools and equipment 267
Background 268
Planning and preparing to use tools and equipment 268
Identifying and selecting hand, power and pneumatic tools 268
Identifying, selecting and using plant and equipment 290
Using tools safely 300
Cleaning up after using tools and equipment 301
Summary 304
Get it right 305
Worksheets 307
Part 4 Site works 315

CHAPTER 9 Apply basic levelling 316
Plan and prepare for levelling work 317
Set up and use levelling devices 328
Clean and maintain levelling equipment 335
Summary 336
Get it right 337
Worksheets 339
Glossary 345
Index 349
viii CONTENTS
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 ix
x GUIDE TO THE2020
Copyright TEXTCengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 xi
xii GUIDE TO THE
Copyright ONLINE
2020 RESOURCES
Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
FOREWORD
This sixth edition of Basic Building and Construction Skills has been updated to support the
revised General Construction Training Package (CPC08 Construction, Plumbing and Services
Integrated Framework Training Package). As with previous editions, this sixth edition continues
to address the first eight units of competence contained within the Carpentry, Shopfitting and
Construction Carpentry qualifications.
Each chapter is based on the relevant competencies providing building trade apprentices,
trainees and school students undertaking VET courses with the materials required to develop a
sound understanding of the skills and knowledge required by each unit of competence.
The main aim of this text is to bestow a firm foundation for lifelong learning and will prepare
new construction workers for a long and rewarding career in the building industry. It is
anticipated that the outcomes of this learning will lead to the development of qualified
tradespersons who are able to work safely, efficiently and prolifically in the building and
construction industry for many years to come.
I would like to thank Richard Moran for his contribution of time and expertise in ensuring that
the content of this publication is current and relevant to the building industry as it stands today
and for the future of the industry.
Shayne Fagan
Head of Skills Team
Innovative Manufacturing, Robotic and Science
Western Sydney Region
TAFE New South Wales
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 xiii
PREFACE
The building and construction industry within Australia provides employment across a wide range
of vocations and services, as well as the infrastructure that enables all sectors of our community to
function. The industry can be divided into three main sectors: residential, non-residential and
engineering (civil) construction. It is one of the most diverse single industries and contributes a
large percentage to Australia’s annual GDP, helping to make this country competitive on the
global stage.
For Australian building and construction enterprises to remain competitive within both the
global and national marketplace, Australian building and construction companies need well-
trained team members. This means that the vocational education and training (VET) sector
involved in providing high quality and effective training must respond quickly and efficiently to
the ever-changing needs of these enterprises.
This text is a starting point, designed to meet the needs of the latest national training package
(CPC08) by providing information and activities that reflect basic vocational and employability
skills. The knowledge and skills derived from this text will provide a strong foundation for future
learning, and will prepare new construction workers for a long and rewarding career in the
industry.
I wish to thank all the teachers of building and construction who have contributed their time,
knowledge and expertise over many years to ensure this text remains current, and that it provides
the essential underpinning information to enhance the knowledge and skill of workers around the
country in such an important industry.
Richard Moran
Teacher – Carpentry and Joinery, Building and Construction
TAFE New South Wales
xiv Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Cengage would like to thank the many reviewers whose incisive feedback helped shape this new
edition:
n Nicole Aleckson – Australian Trade Training Colleges
n Timm Alchin – Ranges TEC
n Mark Baker – South Regional TAFE
n Sharon Blackwell – TAFE NSW
n Andrew Blimka – TAFE Western
n Rabih Chamma – Trades College Australia
n Geoff Chant – Gimbal Training
n George Dragovic – TAFE NSW
n Peter Foresingdal – Gold Coast School of Construction
n Josef Fritzer – TAFE NSW
n Alfred Harper – CDU
n David Harris – TAFE NSW
n Tristin Howison – TAFE NSW
n Adam Laxton – Chisholm
n Richard Twist – TAFE NSW
n Mark Wyborn – TAFE NSW
Richard Moran would like to thank colleagues at Miller TAFE for their feedback and input
towards this edition.
Cengage would like to extend special thanks to Edward Hawkins for his numerous contributed
photos, as well as to Shayne Fagan and Paul Kubisch from South Western Sydney Institute for
their numerous contributions to this exciting new edition.
Every attempt has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright holders. Where the attempt has
been unsuccessful, the publishers welcome information that would redress the situation.
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 xv
COLOUR PALETTE FOR TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
Colour name Colour Material
Light Chrome Yellow Cut end of sawn timber
Chrome Yellow Timber (rough sawn), Timber stud
Cadmium Orange Granite, Natural stones

Fill sand, Brass, Particle board, Highly moisture resistant particle board
Yellow Ochre
(Particle board HMR), Timber boards
Burnt Sienna Timber – Dressed All Round (DAR), Plywood
Vermilion Red Copper pipe
Indian Red Silicone sealant
Light Red Brickwork
Cadmium Red Roof tiles
Crimson Lake
Very Light Mauve Plaster, Closed cell foam
Mauve Marble, Fibrous plasters
Very Light Violet Cake Fibreglass
Violet Cake Plastic
Cerulean Blue Insulation
Cobalt Blue Glass, Water, Liquids
Paynes Grey Hard plaster, Plaster board
Prussian Blue
Lime Green Fibrous cement sheets
Terra Verte Cement render, Mortar
Olive Green Concrete block
Emerald Green
Hookers Green Light Grass
Hookers Green Deep Concrete
Raw Umber Fill
Sepia Earth
Vandyke Brown Rock, Cut stone and masonry, Hardboard
Very Light Raw Umber Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF), Veneered MDF
Very Light Van Dyke Brown Timber mouldings
Light Shaded Grey Aluminium
Neutral Tint Bituminous products, Chrome plate, Alcore
Shaded Grey Tungsten, Tool steel, High-speed steel
Black Polyurethane, Rubber, Carpet
White PVC pipe, Electrical wire, Vapour barrier, Waterproof membrane
xvi Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Typical code of practice – ‘How to safely 1.41 PPE that must be worn when removing
remove asbestos’ (front cover) 5 non-friable asbestos sheeting 25
1.2 Construction Induction Card sample as 1.42 Asbestos removal signage 25
issued in Victoria (post 1 July 2008) 6 1.43 Asbestos warning sign and tools
1.3 White Card sample as issued in not to use on ACM 25
Queensland 6 1.44 Typical SWMS format (This template
1.4 White Card sample as issued in New South should be used in conjunction with
Wales 6 WorkSafe Victoria’s publication Information
1.5 White Card sample as issued in South about Safe Work Method Statements) 27
Australia 6 1.45 Evacuation diagram 30
1.6 The risk management process 7 1.46 Type B first aid kit 31
1.7 Risk matrix diagram 8 1.47 Stored contents of the kit 32
1.8 Hazard categories and subgroups 9 1.48 The elements necessary for a fire 32
1.9 Hierarchy of hazard controls 10 1.49 Portable fire extinguisher guide 33
1.10 Circular saw fitted with a guard 11 1.50 Using a fire extinguisher – PASS 34
1.11 Safety helmet 12 1.51 A typical fire blanket packet 35
1.12 Fabric sun brim accessory for a safety cap 1.52 A fire blanket in use 35
and bucket hat 12 1.53 Hose reel 35
1.13 Clear wide-vision goggles 12 1.54 Sample accident report form 36
1.14 Clear-framed spectacles 13 2.1 Home under construction 64
1.15 Full-face welding mask 13 2.2 Factory unit under construction 64
1.16 Face shield 13 2.3 Roadway under construction 65
1.17 Hearing protection 13 2.4 Early road-making in Canberra — Keystone
1.18 Mini dust mask warning: For nuisance steam shovel with horse and dray 66
dust only 14 2.5 Modern-day excavator 66
1.19 P1 and P2 disposable masks 14 2.6 Waffle pod slab construction 66
1.20 Half-face respirator with P2 class dust 2.7 Sydney Harbour Bridge under
filters fitted 14 construction 67
1.21 Gloves 14 2.8 Melbourne’s Eureka Tower – The tallest
1.22 Barrier cream 15 building in Australia to roof (2006) 67
1.23 Foot protection 15 2.9 Sydney Opera House – designed by
1.24 Picture signs – smoking prohibited 16 Danish architect Jørn Utzon and built
1.25 Word-only messages 16 from 1959 to 1973 68
1.26 Combined picture and word signs 16 2.10 Concrete being collected for testing 69
1.27 Digging prohibited 16 2.11 Work site toilet 73
1.28 No pedestrian access 16 2.12 Sample evacuation plan 73
1.29 Eye protection must be worn 16 2.13 Typical Gantt or bar chart for a brick
1.30 Hearing protection must be worn 18 veneer cottage on a concrete slab 74
1.31 Fire hazard warning signs 18 2.14 Hierarchy chart showing on-site
1.32 Toxic hazard 18 organisation 77
1.33 Electric shock hazard 18 2.15 Two working as one 77
1.34 Danger signs 18 2.16 Toolbox talk record sheet 80
1.35 First aid 18 2.17 Aspects of sustainability 85
1.36 Emergency (safety) eye wash 18 2.18 Energy rating label 85
1.37 Fire alarm call point 19 2.19 Rainwater tanks 86
1.38 Electrical safety signs and tags 19 2.20 Waste minimisation hierarchy diagram 87
1.39 Page 1 of a sample SDS 20 2.21 A simple erosion and sediment
1.40 Location of asbestos in a 1970s home 24 control plan 90
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 xvii
2.22 Sediment fence 91 5.11 Example 2: Find the total linear metres of
2.23 Stabilised entry/exit point 91 screed boarding for circular paving 163
2.24 Stockpiled material 92 5.12 Example 6: Calculate the area of
2.25 Grass filter strip 92 a gable roof 164
3.1 Result of poor planning 108 5.13 Example 7: Calculate the area of paving
3.2 Writing down key points 109 for a triangle-shaped courtyard 164
3.3 Typical chain wire fence type – Type A 5.14 Example 8: Calculate the total area that
hoarding 110 needs to be painted 164
3.4 Plastic water-filled barrier 110 5.15 Trapezoid 165
3.5 Board and trestle barricade 110 5.16 Quadrilateral 165
3.6 Plan, south elevation and north elevation 5.17 Irregular polygon 165
of a small shed 111 5.18 Polygon 166
3.7 East elevation and west elevation of 5.19 Polygon 166
a small shed 112 5.20 Irregular-shaped concrete slab 168
3.8 Identify material placement on the site plan 112 5.21 Single skin of brickwork 169
3.9 Transporting materials to and around the site 112 6.1 Plans and specifications 184
3.10 Double-check details before you start 113 6.2 A typical site or contour plan 184
3.11 A building is like a huge jigsaw puzzle 114 6.3 Perspective views: (a) 1-point,
3.12 Clean the work area daily 115 (b) 2-point, (c) 3-point 185
3.13 Clean, maintain and store tools and 6.4 Pictorial representation 185
equipment 115 6.5 Isometric projection 185
3.14 Australia total waste generation by waste 6.6 Oblique projection 185
stream, management and jurisdiction 6.7 Typical site plan 186
(excluding ACT), 2010–11 115 6.8 Typical floor plan 187
3.15 Good and accurate formwork – resulting 6.9 Typical details of elevations 187
in good and accurate concrete finish 117 6.10 Typical section taken through kitchen
3.16 Poor formwork – resulting formwork and living/dining areas 187
collapses, concrete is wasted 117 6.11 Slab edge detail 187
3.17 Preparing the wall frame ready for the 6.12 Common reduction scales 188
brick veneer 118 6.13 Examples of dimension lines 188
3.18 Rough-in the services before fitting linings 118 6.14 Typical title block showing required
4.1 Communicating by talking 132 information 189
4.2 Communicating = creating understanding 133 6.15 Symbols for sections in-ground 190
4.3 The feedback process 134 6.16 Symbolic representations of windows for
4.4 The communication process 134 elevations 190
4.5 Communication using facial expressions 135 6.17 Graphics for use on site plans 191
4.6 Communication through body posture 135 6.18 Symbolic representations for floor plans
4.7 Mobile phone in use 136 and details 191
4.8 Communicating by sketching a detail 139 6.19 Symbolic representations of fixtures and
4.9 Typical team meeting 141 fittings 192
4.10 Typical example of a meeting agenda 141 6.20 Symbolic representation of doors for
4.11 Typical examples of meeting documents – elevation 193
(i) Formal agenda, (ii) Minutes of the 6.21 Symbolic representation for sections (a) 193
meeting 142 6.22 Symbolic representation for sections (b) 193
4.12 An example of an informal meeting in 6.23 Symbolic representations for floor plans
progress 142 and horizontal sections 193
5.1 Accurate measuring and marking is critical 157 6.24 Symbolic representations for floor plans
5.2 2 m folding rule 157 and horizontal sections 193
5.3 A typical scale rule 157 6.25 Site plan 195
5.4 The four-fold rule 158 6.26 Extract from a standard Department of
5.5 A typical retractable tape 158 Housing specification 196
5.6 Open reel and closed-case long tapes 158 6.27 Cavity brick cottage 198
5.7 A trundle wheel 159 6.28 Typical detail of a reinforced concrete
5.8 A laser distance-measuring device 159 strip footing 199
5.9 A calculator 162 6.29 Slab edge detail in stable soil 199
5.10 Example 1: Fencing an enclosed site 162 6.30 Typical waffle-pod slab system 199
xviii LIST OF FIGURES

6.31 Slab-on-ground for masonry, veneer and 7.27 Diamond-dust blade wet-cutting brick saw 229
clad frames 199 7.28 Front-end loader – bobcat 229
6.32 Typical blob/pad footing with a minimum 7.29 Typical brick barrow and brick carrier 229
depth of 200 mm 200 7.30 Preferred method of stacking bricks
6.33 Vertical section through external walls of on the ground 230
brick veneer and timber-frame construction 200 7.31 Materials used for coarse aggregate in
6.34 Suspended concrete floor with balcony concrete 231
projection at first floor level 201 7.32 Storage of aggregates 231
6.35 Vertical section through an external timber 7.33 Deformed reinforcement bars 232
frame wall and timber awning window 201 7.34 Trench mesh reinforcement 232
6.36 Vertical section through an external brick 7.35 Sheet reinforcement 233
veneer wall and horizontally sliding 7.36 Concrete cancer 233
aluminium window 202 7.37 Tools and/or equipment used for paint
6.37 Vertical section through an external application 235
cavity brick wall and timber door jamb 202 7.38 Cleaning and proper storage of brushes 235
6.38 Vertical section through a conventional roof 203 7.39 An example of a fire-rated sealant 236
6.39 Details A and B from Figure 6.38 203 7.40 Some of the many steel products 237
7.1 Contemporary residential building, 7.41 Various tools used to cut steel
using a variety of materials 217 (a) Hacksaw
7.2 Section through a log 217 (b) Straight-blade tin snips
7.3 Diagram of a cube of hardwood (c) Bolt cutters 238
(magnification 250). The pits in the cell 7.42 Typical heat loss of an uninsulated brick
walls have been omitted. 218 veneer cottage in temperate regions of
7.4 Tallowwood tree and timber 218 Australia 239
7.5 Diagram of a cube of softwood 7.43 Setting plasterboard sheets with base
(magnification 250). The pits in the coat 240
cell walls have been omitted. 219 7.44 Tools used for plasterboard work
7.6 Radiata pine trees and timber 219 (a) Flat steel trowel (e) Corner tool
7.7 Rot stop wood preservative and End seal 219 (b) Keyhole saw (f) Small tool
7.8 Cross-cutting timber with a hand saw 220 (c) Broad knife (g) Utility knife
7.9 Safe use of a power saw to rip timber 221 (d) Hand sander 241
7.10 Wear leather gloves to prevent splinters 221 7.45 Always handle plasterboard at the edges
7.11 Lift correctly to prevent back injury 221 to avoid sheet breakage 241
7.12 Carrying timber safely and comfortably 221 7.46 Crane lifting trusses 242
7.13 Hiab lifting a sling of timber 222 7.47 All-terrain forklift trucks 242
7.14 Bowing and bending caused by poorly 7.48 Rubber-tyred pallet trolley with
aligned gluts 222 hydraulic lift 243
7.15 A sling of framing timber stored out of the 7.49 Metal-framed trolley with rubber-tyred
weather 222 wheels 243
7.16 Typical plywood composition 223 7.50 Correct manual lifting techniques 243
7.17 ‘hyJOIST¤’ 224 8.1 Combination square 268
7.18 Correct method for manual cutting of 8.2 Roofing square 269
sheet material 225 8.3 Quick/pocket square 269
7.19 Mechanical handling of sheets stacked 8.4 Try square 269
on a pallet 225 8.5 Timber mallet: Mallet head may be made
7.20 Manual handling of sheet material 225 of brush box and the handle of spotted gum 269
7.21 Typical forms of modern kiln-fired metric 8.6 Claw hammer: head sizes available from
bricks 227 225 g to 910 g 269
7.22 Concrete blocks stacked ready for 8.7 Plasterboard hammers 270
transporting 227 8.8 Small Warrington hammer for light nailing 270
7.23 Typical stone wall configuration 227 8.9 Small heavy hammer for masonry work
7.24 Faux stone wall construction 228 (up to 1.36 kg) 270
7.25 Commonly used joints for brickwork and 8.10 A long handle makes the sledge hammer
blockwork 228 easier to swing (available in 1.8 kg to
7.26 Common hand tools used to cut bricks and 12.7 kg) 270
masonry 229 8.11 Nail punches and floor punches 270
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCNLIST OF FIGURES
02-200-202 xix
8.12 A selection of chisels that may be used to 8.52 Roller, roller frame and metal or plastic
cut into timber 271 tray 278
8.13 (a) Jointer or try plane, (b) jack plane, 8.53 Abrasive papers 279
(c) smoother plane and (d) block plane 271 8.54 Hand tools for breaking, cutting and
8.14 Bench grinder with guide 271 grubbing. (a) Crowbar, (b) Fork,
8.15 Oil stones 271 (c) Mattock, (d) Pick, (e) Spade,
8.16 Diamond stones 271 (f) Longhandled round-mouth shovel,
8.17 (a) pad saw, (b) tenon saw, (c) panel saw, (g) Spud bar 279
(d) crosscut saw and (e) rip saw 272 8.55 Light digging, shovelling, cleaning-out and
8.18 Round or hexagonal steel shank with spreading tools. (a) Short-handled square-
specialist ends 272 mouth, (b) Long-handled square-mouth,
8.19 Pincers – a useful tool for extracting (c) Short-handled round-mouth,
fasteners 272 (d) Long-handled round-mouth 280
8.20 Rule folds out to a straight 1.0 m length 272 8.56 Special-purpose digging/shovelling tools 280
8.21 Marking gauge being used 273 8.57 Reading the bubble of a spirit level 281
8.22 Utility knife 273 8.58 An RCD protected portable power board 281
8.23 Typical timber plank 273 8.59 Electrical tags 282
8.24 Typical aluminium plank 273 8.60 Tagging machine 282
8.25 Typical timber saw stool 273 8.61 Circular saw 282
8.26 (a) G clamp, (b) quick action clamp, 8.62 Drop saw 283
(c) sash clamp, (d) spring clamp, 8.63 Compound mitre saw set to cut a
(e) F clamp 274 compound mitre cut 283
8.27 Drop-forged single open-end spanner 274 8.64 82 mm and 155 mm electrical planers
8.28 Chrome vanadium double open-end and blades 284
spanner 274 8.65 Cutting action of a jig saw 284
8.29 Podger for scaffolding and formwork centre 8.66 Jig saw cutting a piece of ply 284
adjustments – may be used for levering 274 8.67 Cordless and powered sabre saws 285
8.30 Double-end ring spanner 274 8.68 (From left to right) Plunge router, standard
8.31 Ring and open end combination 274 router and trimmer router 285
8.32 Half-moon ring spanner 274 8.69 Pistol-grip drill with side handle drilling
8.33 Square-drive ratchet handle and socket 275 steel 286
8.34 Adjustable shifting spanner 275 8.70 Tungsten carbide-tipped drill bit
8.35 (a) Insulated combination pliers, (masonry bit) 286
(b) insulated diagonal cutters, (c) needle-nose 8.71 Battery-powered impact driver 286
pliers and (d) external straight circlip pliers 275 8.72 Chuck operated with a key 286
8.36 Red, yellow and green aviation snips 275 8.73 Keyless chuck type 287
8.37 Jewellers’ snips for curved work 275 8.74 125 mm and 100 mm grinders 287
8.38 Hand pop rivet gun 275 8.75 Belt sander showing main parts 287
8.39 Long handles for leverage with centre cut 8.76 Sander actions 287
jaws for general cutting 276 8.77 Typical orbital sander 288
8.40 Bolster – available with a 65 mm, 100 mm 8.78 Nails being loaded into nailer 288
and 110 mm blade 276 8.79 Compressed air nailer 289
8.41 Wood float – available in various lengths 8.80 Gas nailer, generally referred to as a gas
and widths 276 nail gun 289
8.42 Steel float – available in a variety of shapes 8.81 A stripped down indirect-acting EPT 289
and sizes 276 8.82 A direct acting EPT 289
8.43 Concrete screed 276 8.83 Explosive-powered tool danger warning
8.44 Bull float and extension handle 277 sign 289
8.45 Concrete edging tools 277 8.84 Typical builder’s temporary power pole
8.46 Typical section through a reinforced water and board 291
hose 277 8.85 Portable site generator 291
8.47 Putty knife 277 8.86 Trailer-mounted diesel generator 292
8.48 A broad knife and a filling knife 277 8.87 Portable site compressor 292
8.49 Hacking knife 278 8.88 Trailer-mounted site compressor 292
8.50 Shave hook 278 8.89 Electric demolition hammer with
8.51 Standard-type brush 278 moil point 293
xx LISTCopyright
OF FIGURES2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
8.90 Air breaker used for heavy work 293 9.10 Torpedo levels 320
8.91 Tilting drum mixer 294 9.11 Different length spirit levels (2.400, 2.000
8.92 Mobile horizontal drum mixer 294 and 1.200) 320
8.93 Inclined drum mixer with a capacity of 9.12 Marks called ‘gates’ on the spirit level
up to 8.0 m3 294 help to locate the position of the bubble 320
8.94 Mobile pan mixer with capacities of 9.13 (a) Straight edge and spirit level;
0.2 m3 to 1.5 m3 294 (b) an example of a straight edge 320
8.95 Section through the vibrating head of the 9.14 A digital level 321
poker vibrator 295 9.15 A digital angle level 321
8.96 Portable immersion vibrator (petrol-driven) 295 9.16 A laser level and a laser level with a
8.97 Petrol engine mounted on twin receiver on the staff 322
screedboards 296 9.17 A laser line level and a dot laser 322
8.98 Standard builder’s barrow 296 9.18 (a) Optical level; (b) Optical level eye
8.99 The ball barrow 296 piece and focus 322
8.100 The two-wheeled barrow with tilt-forward 9.19 (a) Tripod; (b) tripod dome top;
tray 296 (c) tripod level top 323
8.101 Various types of industrial vacuum 9.20 A survey staff 324
cleaners 297 9.21 Tape against a survey staff 324
8.102 Mobile cherry picker work platform 9.22 A four-fold rule 324
for safe access to difficult locations 298 9.23 (a) 10 m and 8 m tape; (b) 30 m tape 325
8.103 Light-weight mobile scaffolding 298 9.24 (a) Carpenter’s pencil; (b) crayons 325
8.104 Single ladder 299 9.25 (a) Chalk line; (b) chalk refills 325
8.105 Extension ladder 299 9.26 Hydrostatic/water level 329
8.106 Step ladder 299 9.27 Transferring heights using straight edge
8.107 Platform-type step ladder 299 and spirit level 330
8.108 Dual-purpose step/extension 300 9.28 Transferring heights using straight edge
8.109 Trestles – used with a plank to create and spirit level in multiple moves 331
a working platform 300 9.29 Straight edge and spirit level for plumb 331
8.110 Labelling faulty equipment 301 9.30 A blister level on an optical level 332
8.111 (a) Stiff straw or millet broom, 9.31 Setting up an optical level 332
(b) Stiff yard broom of straw or 9.32 Step 1 and Step 2 332
polypropylene, (c) Broad soft-bristle floor 9.33 Record the back sight observation in
broom of animal hair or polypropylene 302 a level book 333
9.1 A level line can be described as ‘any line 9.34 Step 5 333
parallel to the surface of still water’ 317 9.35 Record the fore sight and rise figure in
9.2 Example of cross hairs, showing top and the level book 333
bottom stadia lines 317 9.36 Step 7 333
9.3 Datum symbol 317 9.37 Record the second back sight observation
9.4 (a) State Survey Mark; (b) typical in the level book 334
benchmark symbol 318 9.38 Step 9 334
9.5 Example of Reduced Level (RL) 318 9.39 Record the second fore sight and fall
9.6 Boning rods 318 figure in the level book 334
9.7 Different sizes of plumb bobs 319 9.40 Check your observations are accurate and
9.8 (a) A line level; (b) a line level in use 319 are equal 334
9.9 A water level 319 9.41 Step 13 335
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCNLIST OF FIGURES
02-200-202 xxi
PART 1
BASIC WORKPLACE SKILLS
1 APPLY WHS REQUIREMENTS, POLICIES
AND PROCEDURES IN THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
This chapter covers the outcomes required by the unit of competency ‘Apply WHS
requirements, policies and procedures in the construction industry’. These outcomes are:
• work in a safe manner through identifying and assessing and controlling risks and hazards
• work in a safe manner through identifying, assessing and controlling hazardous materials
• planning and performance of safe work practices with concern for personal safety and the
safety of others.
The term ‘work health and safety (WHS)’, or occupational health and safety (OHS), is
used to describe a broad range of workplace practices covered under federal and state
laws. These aim to improve the standards of workplace health and safety. The ultimate goal
of these practices is to reduce the number of work-related injuries and to bring about a
healthier and safer working environment for everyone.
Building construction workers must be familiar with these workplace practices and
must understand their responsibilities; whether they are workers, employers or persons
conducting a business or undertaking (PCBUs).
2
PART 1
Work-related injuries principal WHS Act sets out the requirements for
ensuring that workplaces are safe and healthy. These
The Work-related traumatic injury fatalities, Australia requirements spell out the duties of different groups of
2016 report from Safe Work Australia (2017) shows that people who play a role in workplace health and safety
from 2003 to 2016, 3414 Australians died while (see Table 1.3).
working. This means approximately 243 people died n South Australia was the first state to introduce
each year from work-related accidents. The construction
industry is the third-highest killer after agriculture and
legislation. In 1972 it introduced the Industrial Safety
and Welfare Act. In 1986 it enacted the Occupational
1
logistics. Construction accounted for 354 people from Health, Safety and Welfare Act, following the general
2007 to 2016 (Table 1.1). form of Victorian state legislation. Finally, on
The prevention of accidents in industry is not only 1 January 2013, South Australia adopted the model
the concern of experts, but of all workers, employers Work Health and Safety Act 2012.
and persons conducting a business or undertaking n In New South Wales, the Occupational Health and
(PCBUs). Employees must learn how to work without Safety Act was proclaimed in 1983. It was enacted
hurting themselves or endangering their colleagues. following the Williams Inquiry into health and safety
practices in the workplace. In 1987 major changes
were made to that Act. In 2001, that legislation gave
Origins of modern WHS legislation way to the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000,
No 40. Later, New South Wales enacted the Work
To fully understand any piece of legislation, it is Health and Safety Act 2011.
important to appreciate the origins and reasons for the n Victoria introduced legislation in 1985 that became
law first being introduced. There were five main reasons the model for the rest of the country at the time.
for the development of work health and safety (WHS) Far-reaching social and industrial concepts
laws and these are outlined in Table 1.2. were incorporated into the legislation. Victoria
In Australia, prior to the implementation of the currently uses the Occupational Health and Safety
model Work Health and Safety Act 2011, each state and Act 2004.
territory had separate responsibility for making and n Western Australia introduced the Occupational
enforcing laws concerning WHS. By and large, each Health, Safety and Welfare Act in 1984. Currently the
TABLE 1.1 Worker fatalities: fatality rate (fatalities per 100 000 workers) by industry of employer, 2003, and 2012 to 2016
(sorted by 2016 rate)
Industry of employer 2003 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 10 year average
(2007–2016)
Agriculture, forestry & fishing 16.4 17.7 18.3 13.9 18.0 14.0 16.9
Transport, postal & warehousing 14.6 10.9 7.2 7.9 7.4 7.5 9.5
Electricity, gas, water & waste services 5.5 2.0 2.7 3.4 2.8 5.8 2.9
Construction 5.8 3.1 2.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.5
Mining 12.4 3.0 3.4 4.4 4.8 2.7 4.0
Arts & recreation services 2.1 2.4 3.4 4.8 3.1 2.2 2.9
Administrative & support services 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.9 1.8 2.2
Rental, hiring & real estate services 2.4 1.4 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.9 1.5
Other Services 0.9 0.7 1.5 0.8 1.7 0.8 1.0
Manufacturing 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.8 0.7 2.0
Public administration & safety 1.6 1.1 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.2
Information media & telecommunications 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6
Retail trade 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.5
Health care & social assistance 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2
Education & training 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
Professional, scientific & technical services 0.3 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4
Wholesale trade 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.3
Accommodation & food services 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.1
Financial & insurance services 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5
Total 2.72 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.5 2.1
Source: Safe Work Australia ª Commonwealth of Australia 2018. CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
APPLY
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All RightsWHS REQUIREMENTS,
Reserved. POLICIES
May not be copied, AND
scanned, or PROCEDURES IN THE
duplicated, in whole or in CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
part. WCN 02-200-202 3
TABLE 1.2 Five reasons for the development of WHS laws
Self-regulation not working Allowing organisations to regulate their own WHS programs was not working; at one stage, over
500 people nationally were dying each year due to work-related accidents, injuries and diseases.
National and overseas legal There were efforts internationally as well as nationally to produce and then update existing
developments WHS legislation, to bring it into line with the twentieth-century working environment.
Many workers not covered When WHS legislation began, only approximately one-third of the workforce was covered.
Today all workers are covered.
Too much legislation Although only one-third of the workforce was covered by any WHS legislation at all, there were
up to 26 different Acts in one state alone relating to occupational/work health and safety.
Enforcement procedures for these Acts were a legal nightmare.
Cost of compensation Every year billions of dollars were spent on workplace compensation and rehabilitation for
those who had been injured at work. WHS legislation was introduced in conjunction with
worker’s compensation to provide for injured workers who were unable to work.
Work Health and Safety Bill 2014 is before Current WHS Acts
parliament and this bill will eventually result in a Today the industrial workplace in Australia is governed
new Act being created. by both federal and state legislation, followed by
n Tasmania first introduced legislation in 1977. The regulations and then codes of practice (see also
current Act is the Work Health and Safety Act 2012. Table 1.3). The main piece of legislation for all of
n Queensland first introduced legislation in 1989. The Australia is the model Work Health and Safety Act 2011
current Act is the Work Health and Safety Act 2011. (WHS Act). Laws and regulations provide a set of
n Northern Territory first introduced legislation in minimum standards for the protection and the health
1989. The current Act is the Work Health and Safety and safety of workers. Codes of practice demonstrate
(National Uniform Legislation) Act 2011 [in force practical methods for undertaking the work safely.
1 May 2016] Safe Work Australia is the national body that works
n ACT first introduced the Occupational Health and to coordinate and develop policy, and assists in the
Safety Act 1989. The current Act is the Work Health implementation of the model Act. Safe Work Australia
and Safety Act 2011. seeks to build cooperation between the three groups
TABLE 1.3 Current state and territory WHS Acts and Regulations
State/ Current WHS act Current WHS regulation WHS regulating Website and contact number
territory authority
WA* Occupational Safety Occupational Safety WorkCover WA Website: http://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/
and Health Act 1984 and Health Regulations WorkSafe/
1996 Contact: 08 9327 8777
VIC* Occupational Health Occupational Health WorkSafe Victoria Website: http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au
and Safety Act 2004 and Safety Regulations Contact: 1800 136 089
2017
QLD Work Health and Work Health and Safety WorkCover Website: http://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/
Safety Act 2011 Regulations 2011 Queensland Contact: 1300 362 128
NSW Work Health and Work Health and Safety SafeWork NSW Website: http://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/
Safety Act 2011 Regulations 2017 Contact: 13 10 50
SA Work Health and Work Health and Safety WorkCover SA Website: http://www.workcover.com
TAS Work Health and Work Health and Safety WorkCover TAS Website: http://www.workcover.tas.gov.au
ACT Work Health and Work Health and Safety WorkSafe ACT Website: http://www.worksafe.gov.au
NT Work Health and Work Health and Safety NT WorkSafe Website: http://www.worksafe.nt.gov.au/
Safety (National (National Uniform Contact: 1800 019 115
Uniform Legislation) Legislation) Regulations
Act 2011 [in force 1 2011 [in force 21
May 2016] August 2019]
*Western Australia and Victoria have not yet implemented the model Work Health and Safety Act 2011. Western Australia is currently
consulting on options for implementing elements of the model Act.
4 BASIC WORKPLACE SKILLS

PART 1
Source: Safe Work Australia ª Commonwealth of Australia.
involved – governments, business and unions – to bring
them together to create strategies and decide on policy.
Regulations, codes of practice and guidelines

Some workplace hazards have the potential to cause so
much injury or disease that specific regulations or codes
of practice are warranted. These regulations and codes,
adopted under state and territory WHS Acts, explain the
1
duties of particular groups of people in controlling the
risks associated with specific hazards. Note that:
n regulations are legally enforceable
n codes of practice and guidelines provide advice on
how to meet regulatory requirements. As such,
codes are not legally enforceable, but they can be
used in courts as evidence that legal requirements
have or have not been met.
The basic purpose of these codes and guidelines is to
provide workers in any industry with practical,
common-sense, industry-acceptable ways by which to
How to safely remove
work safely. asbestos
They are now generally written and published by
Safe Work Australia as ‘Model Codes of Practice’. They Code of Practice
are adopted by each state and territory’s regulating
authority, and cover such areas as ‘Managing the risk of OCTOBER 2018
falls at workplaces’, ‘How to safely remove asbestos’,
‘Labelling of workplace hazardous chemicals’,
‘Demolition work’ and ‘Excavation work’ just to name FIGURE 1.1 Typical code of practice – ‘How to safely remove
a few. A typical example is shown in Figure 1.1. asbestos’ (front cover)
General construction induction training LEARNING TASK 1.1 GROUP ACTIVITY – LICENCES
The Work Health and Safety Regulations 2011 Using the information in Table 1.3, visit the website
(Commonwealth) requires workers to complete general of the regulating authority for your state or territory and
construction induction training before they can carry out search for ‘Code of practice – asbestos’. Using this
construction work. document, complete the following three (3) questions.
General construction induction training provides basic 1 What type of licence is required to remove
knowledge of construction work, the WHS laws that apply, ‘any amount of friable and non-friable
common hazards likely to be encountered in construction asbestos or Asbestos-Containing Material (ACM)’?
work and how the associated risks can be controlled.
..........................................................................
Source: Comcare ª Commonwealth of Australia 2018. CC BY 4.0
Interantional (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 2 What type of licence is required to remove ‘any
On completion of a WHS general construction amount of non-friable asbestos ONLY or Asbestos-
induction training session, a worker will be issued with Containing Material (ACM)’?
a statement that outlines the training they have ..........................................................................
received, identifies the training body, identifies the 3 If your state or territory allows: What is the
training assessor and the date of the assessment. maximum amount of non-friable asbestos or
Although introducing a nationally consistent associated Asbestos-Containing Material (ACM)
construction induction card has been discussed, each that may be removed without a licence?
jurisdiction or state/territory differs and provides their
own particular card. All cards must show the ................................................................... m2.
cardholder’s name, the date training was completed, the
number of the registered training organisation (RTO) authorities to accept WHS induction cards from other
providing the training, the jurisdiction in which it was states and territories; as long as the training meets
issued and a unique identifying number. existing standards for currency.
As each state/territory provides their own card (see The card should be carried on-site at all times and
Figures 1.2–1.5), there has been a mutual agreement produced on demand for inspection.
between the applicable state and territory regulating
APPLY
Reserved. POLICIES
part. WCN 02-200-202 5
Source: WorkSafe Victoria
Cardholder Signature:
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
CONSTRUCTION
Work Safe
INDUCTION Victoria
The cardholder is registered under the Occupational Health
VICTORIA
and Safety (OHS) Regulations 2007 to perform construction
work, having completed general OHS induction training for
the construction industry.
Registration No.: DOB:
State Government
Issued: Victoria
Issuing Authoriy WorkSafe Victoria
SAMPLE Issued under the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007
Report lost or stolen cards, or change of address to WorkSafe. Tel: 1800 136 089 worksafe.vic.gov.au
FIGURE 1.2 Construction Induction Card sample as issued in Victoria (post 1 July 2008)
Source: Workplace Health & Safety Qld
FIGURE 1.3 White Card sample as issued in Queensland

Source: SafeWork NSW
FIGURE 1.4 White Card sample as issued in New South Wales

Source: SafeWork SA ª Commonwealth of Australia CC BY
3.0 AU (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/)
FIGURE 1.5 White Card sample as issued in South Australia

PART 1
Note: A statement of WHS general construction processes where manual handling, excessive noise and
induction training may cease to be valid when a fatigue may cause long-term damage. Hazards are
person has not carried out construction work for a divided into two categories – acute and chronic.
specific consecutive period of time; for example, two
years. This means that if an individual has not carried Acute hazards
out construction work for the period stipulated, An acute hazard is one where short-term exposure to the
they must undergo general construction induction
training again.
hazard will cause an injury or sickness (e.g. being burnt
in an explosive fire).
1
Chronic hazards
Identifying, assessing and controlling A chronic hazard is one where long-term exposure to the
hazard will cause an injury or sickness (e.g. melanoma
risks and hazards from extended exposure to the sun, or slow poisoning
from chemicals building up in the body’s system over a
In the building industry, electricity, falls, collapsing
long period of time).
trenches and melanoma often kill. Chemicals,
corrosives, noise and dust inhalation can result in
blindness, deafness, burns and injuries to lungs. Back
Risk
Risk is the likelihood or probability of a hazard causing
problems or other serious strains or sprains can slow
damage or injury. The level of risk will depend on
workers down and put them out of action for weeks or
factors such as how often the person is exposed to the
even permanently.
hazard and how serious any potential injuries.
It is therefore important to be able to identify
workplace hazards and implement a process of
identifying, assessing and controlling risks as per
Incident/accident
An incident is where a hazard actually results in injury,
Figure 1.6.
damage or death. It may be totally random or an
intentional act or action due to neglect or purposeful
CC BY 4.0 Licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
intention.
By definition, an accident is when something
CO happens unexpectedly, without design, or by chance.
ON N
TI An accident may cause injury, death, damage or
A
SU
LT
destruction.
LT
SU
01 Identiry Know
nr
AT
isk
CON
hazards To reduce incidents and accidents we need to first

ION
s
Assess
an
risks recognise the hazard and then rate the level of risk (risk
dc
ontr
02 assessment). The most common way of achieving this is

ol
Management by using a risk matrix as shown in Figure 1.7.

commitment The following example will utilise the risk matrix
04 from Figure 1.7 in a real-life context. On the job site, the
Review
foreperson sets up the compound mitre saw on the floor
control
measures 03 and asks you to cut timber to length; approximate time
ON
CO
Control on the saw is 4 hours.

TI
NS
TA
risks
UL
UL TA
TIO What are the hazards? Consider the following:
NS
CO N n hearing damage
n foreign objects being thrown into the eyes
n back strain
n breathing in timber dust
FIGURE 1.6 The risk management process
n amputating a hand or fingers.
Each of the above need to be considered using the
Hazards matrix diagram; however we will look at ‘Amputating a
A hazard is anything in the workplace that has the hand or finger’ only in our example.
potential to injure, harm, damage, kill or destroy people, So, ask the first question; how serious will an
property or plant and equipment. Note the important accident be if I put my hand through the saw? Multiple,
word is potential; this means that a hazard is not only Fatality, Major, Serious, Minor or Negligible? The
something that has caused damage or injury, but answer is most likely ‘Serious’ or ‘Major’.
includes anything that can possibly do damage or Now the second question; how likely is an accident
injury. to occur? Well, with no training, impaired visibility
Hazards can include objects in the workplace, such because you are squatting over the top of the saw and
as machinery or chemicals; they also include work the fact that you are more concerned about your back
APPLY
Reserved. POLICIES
part. WCN 02-200-202 7
Source: Small Business Development Corporation, Government of Western Australia
Rare Unlikely Moderate Likely Certain

Likelihood The event The event could The event will The event will The event is
may occur in occur at some probably occur occur in most expected to
exceptional time. at some time. circumstances. occur in all
circumstances circumstances.
Consequence
Less than At least At least once At least At least
once in 2 years once per year in 6 months once per month once per week
Level 1 2 3 4 5
Negligible
No injuries, Low financial loss 0 0 0 0 0 0
Minor
First-aid treatment 1 1 2 3 4 5
Moderate financial loss
Serious
Medical treatment required
High financial loss, Moderate
environmental implications, 2 2 4 6 8 10
Moderate loss of reputation,
Moderate business
interruption
Major
Excessive multiple long-
term injuries, Major financial
loss, High environmental 3 3 6 9 12 15
implications, Major loss of
reputation, Major
business interruption
Fatality
Single death 4 4 8 12 16 20
Multiple
Multiple deaths and serious 5 5 10 15 20 25
long-term injuries
Legend
Risk Risk Priority Description

Rating
0 N No Risk: The costs to treat the risk are disproportionately high compared to the negligible
consequences.
1–3 L Low Risk: May require consideration in any future changes to the work area or processes, or
can be fixed immediately.
4–6 M Moderate: May require corrective action through planning and budgeting process.
8–13 H High: Requires immediate corrective action.
15–25 E Extreme: Requires immediate prohibition of the work, process and immediate corrective action.
FIGURE 1.7 Risk matrix diagram
hurting all the time, then it all adds up to being ‘Certain’ Workplace hazards
that you will do damage. Some of the more common hazards that influence
So, using the matrix and plotting the result, the health and safety in the workplace are:
answer would be either Gold (level 10) ‘High requiring n lifting and handling materials
immediate corrective action’ or Red (level 15) ‘Extreme – n falls – of objects and people
requires immediate prohibition of the work and n machinery – power and hand tools
immediate corrective action’. n chemicals and airborne dust
So, what can be done to control the hazard and risk? n noise
Very simply, place the saw on a saw stand and be n vibration
trained on how to use the saw correctly. This will n thermal discomfort (too hot or cold)
reduce the likelihood of harm to ‘Rare’. Now check the n illumination (visibility)
result on the matrix and it should be a level 2 or 3. n fire and explosions.

PART 1
Hazard categories n Heat and cold – exposure to either can cause
Hazards in the workplace can be divided into five reduction in concentration and heat-related
distinct categories: medical conditions such as heat exhaustion
n biological and heat stroke.
n physical n Vibration – whole-body vibration injuries from
n chemical working with heavy equipment; and hand and arm
n ergonomic
n psychosocial.
vibration injuries caused by the use of vibrating
tools.
1
By dividing hazards into these five major groupings n Manual handling – these injuries (lifting, carrying,
the correct and most suitable control measures can be pushing, pulling) are probably the most common
implemented to provide workers with the correct level injuries in the building industry.
of protection (Figure 1.8). n Electricity – underground and overhead supply
Below is a list of the more common hazards found cables, site wiring and power leads.
on building and construction sites. n Airborne materials (projectiles) – one of the most
common causes of injury is falling or flying objects.
Biological hazards n Heavy equipment – heavy motorised equipment
n Insect/animal – poor sanitation in dining areas or moving around construction sites is a major hazard.
toilet areas and poor rubbish disposal practices n Sharp materials – materials with sharp edges can
increase the chances of the spread of disease. cause cuts and lacerations.
n Microorganisms – when health and welfare facilities
are not cleaned often, bacteria can grow and spread, Chemical hazards
causing disease. Some work materials, particularly Many different chemicals that may be harmful to health
soil, clay, plant materials and organic dusts may also are used in the construction industry in the forms of:
harbour dangerous bacteria. n Solids – dusts, fumes and solid materials.
n Liquids – liquid materials and mists.
Physical hazards n Gases – gases and vapours. Some of these chemicals
n Noise – exposure to excessive noise can cause can cause acute or chronic injuries and severe
temporary or permanent hearing loss, stress and medical conditions.
annoyance and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
HAZARDS
Biological Physical Chemical Ergonomic Psychosocial
Tetanus Noise SOLIDS Lighting Drugs and Alcohol

Asbestos and
Lead
Hepatitis A & B Vibration Bending / Lifting Bullying
LIQUIDS
Snake bite Electricity CCA treatment Confined spaces Fatigue
and Paint mists
Insect-borne Manual Hand and Electric Work related

GASES
diseases handling issues Tools mental-stress
Sharp materials
FIGURE 1.8 Hazard categories and subgroups
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Reserved. POLICIES
part. WCN 02-200-202 9
CC BY 4.0 Licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
n Toxic chemicals – a large number of chemicals are
toxic or poisonous. The effects of chemicals on your HIGHEST MOST
health are difficult to identify at the source of
Eliminate risks
exposure. Often the symptoms appear in parts of the
body far removed from the point of absorption or
Level of health and safety protection
Reliability of control measures

perhaps do not appear until some years later.
Some examples of chemical hazards are asbestos, Substitute Isolate the Reduce the
the hazard hazard risks through
lead and lead-based paint. with a safer from engineering
alternative people controls
Ergonomic hazards
Ergonomic hazards are where muscle, tendon and nerve
damage may occur due to poor posture, repetitious
actions or poorly designed tools. Examples of these on Reduce exposure to the hazard
using adminstrative controls
the job site are:
n confined spaces may have a restricted means of
entry and exit causing stress and strain on the
muscles and/or joints Use personal protective equipment
n hand tools may cause repetitive strain injuries to the
LOWEST LEAST
hands, back and neck if they are uncomfortable to
use or are used for extended periods of time
FIGURE 1.9 Hierarchy of hazard controls
n electrical tools have similar issues to the hand tools;
and they can also cause serious cuts, amputations
and electrocution if they are designed without the Selection of controls
end-user in mind. When selecting how to control a hazard/risk, the
method/s used should be those that are least likely to be
Psychosocial hazards subject to human failure. Personal protective equipment
The following are some potential psychosocial hazards (PPE) should be used as a last resort. But when used,
in the workplace. PPE must be comfortable so as not to interfere with the
n Drugs and alcohol in the workplace – in the wearer’s activities.
construction industry there is a culture that is Safety controls should be checked regularly to
accepting of regular drug and alcohol use. Drugs and confirm that they are still effective.
alcohol have a significant influence on the health The posting of safety signs, like the wearing of PPE,
and safety of workers. should be seen as a last resort, if it is not possible to
n Bullying in the workplace – bullying is repeated, eliminate the hazard at its source. Signs and PPE are not
unreasonable behaviour directed towards a worker an alternative to the elimination or reduction of the
or group of workers; it may create a risk to health hazard.
and safety. Only when it has been found to be impractical to
n Work-related mental stress – stress is normally eliminate the hazard at its source should PPE and safety
experienced as fatigue, anxiety and depression. signs be used as the main method of protection.
Elimination
COMPLETE WORKSHEET 1 One of the most common methods of risk elimination
on a construction site is to reduce the amount of work
carried out at height on ladders. By using an approved
Hazard control procedures scaffold system workers are able to carry out tasks
Once the hazard has been identified and its potential without risk of falling.
to do damage is measured, the hazard needs to be Substitution
controlled. This means the hazard is eliminated or
Substitution occurs when a hazardous material is
in some way lessened or reduced. This may be done
replaced by a safer, less hazardous or non-hazardous
in a number of different ways as seen in Figure 1.9. In
material. A common example in the construction
many cases, more than one control method must be
industry is the substitution of asbestos cement
used to control a hazard. Various methods should be
sheeting and other asbestos containing materials
considered. The order of preference for controlling
(ACMs) by the less hazardous fibre cement
hazards is known as the ‘Hierarchy of hazard
sheeting.
controls’.

PART 1
Engineering controls Administrative controls – sequence of work
Engineering controls are devices or mechanisms built This is a very simple and effective hazard control. All that
into the design of plant or equipment or are part of the is required is correct planning; for example, do not have
safety process. They are an extremely dependable the roof tiler working on the job at the same time as the
means to prevent workers or the general public coming bricklayer. If a tiler drops a tile onto the head of a
into contact with serious hazards, as seen in the bricklayer there is an accident – or even a death – on the
examples below. site. Correct planning would see the bricklayer on the job
before or after the tiler, not both at the same time.
1
Guards on tools and equipment
A guard on a power tool, static machine or any Personal protective equipment
equipment with a moving blade is a form of protective
equipment. Its purpose is to prevent material and/or
and clothing
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the last line of
material waste from being projected towards the
defence to protect your health and safety from
operator, as well as preventing fingers or hands from
workplace hazards. It is the PCBU/employer’s
being drawn into moving parts or blades. Guards are
responsibility to provide the PPE, clothing and training
also used to prevent pieces of shattered blade or
to protect the worker. It is your responsibility to wear
abrasive disc from striking the operator when they are
and look after the equipment provided.
faulty or disintegrate if they jam.
PPE must be appropriate to each particular hazard.
A guard is fitted as the last line of protection for an
It is important to consider the following when assessing
operator, and therefore should never be removed or tied
workplace PPE requirements:
back while the tool or machine is in use. In fact, the
1 The workplace. Could it be made safer so that you
only time the guard should be allowed to move from its
don’t need to use PPE?
safety position is when the tool is in use and it retracts
2 PPE selection. Is the PPE designed to provide
as it is fed into the material or when the power has been
adequate protection against the hazards at your
disconnected from the tool to allow the blade or disc to
workplace?
be removed.
3 PPE comfort and fit. Is the PPE provided comfortable
Many portable hand-held power tools and static
to wear? Even if the equipment theoretically gives
machines have guards fitted; for example:
protection, it won’t do the job if it doesn’t fit properly
n circular power saw (Figure 1.10)
or is not worn because it is too uncomfortable. For
n drop or drop/slide saw
example, close-fitting respirators give protection only if
n angle grinder
the person is clean-shaven. Those with a beard or ‘a
n bench or table saw.
few days’ growth’ will need to use a hood, helmet or
visor-type respirator. The respirator must also be
Source: iStock.com/Zoediak
properly cleaned and maintained.

PPE can be grouped according to the part of the
body it will protect:
n head – safety helmets, sun hats
n eyes/face – safety spectacles, goggles, face shields
n hearing – ear muffs, ear plugs
n airways/lungs – dust masks, respirators
n hands – gloves, barrier creams
n feet – safety boots and shoes, rubber boots
n body – clothing to protect from sun, cuts, abrasions
and burns; high visibility safety garments and fall
protection harnesses.
Identify hazards
FIGURE 1.10 Circular saw fitted with a guard To decide what PPE and clothing is required, you must
first be able to identify the hazards involved. Types of
Temporary fencing and barricades hazards commonly identified where PPE and clothing
are a suitable means of protection are:
Prior to starting any work, the area needs to be isolated
n physical hazards – noise, thermal, vibration, repetitive
to stop other workers and/or the general public from
strain injury (RSI), manual and radiation hazards
entering into the work area. This is achieved by the use
n chemical hazards – dusts, fumes, solids, liquids,
of temporary fencing and physical barricades. These are
mists, gases and vapours.
covered in greater detail in Chapter 3.
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning.APPLY WHS

All Rights REQUIREMENTS,
Reserved. POLICIES
May not be copied, ANDorPROCEDURES
scanned, IN THE
duplicated, in whole or inCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
part. WCN 02-200-202 11
Once the hazards have been identified, suitable Sun shade
equipment and clothing must be selected to give the The awareness of skin cancer for building workers is
maximum protection. increasing. The neck, ears and face are particularly
exposed. Workers should wear sun protection at all
times when working outdoors (including in the winter).
COMPLETE WORKSHEET 2
Sun shades include wide-brimmed hats and foreign
legion-style sun shields fixed to the inner liner of safety
PPE equipment helmets, or safety helmet ‘foreign legion sun brims’
(Figure 1.12).
As mentioned previously, this form of protection must
Source: Alamy Stock Photo/Ashley Cooper

only be used as the final defence against hazards if
no other form of protection is available. Remember
that the hazard is still present and that diligence and
care must be observed.
Safety helmets
Wearing safety helmets on construction sites may
prevent or lessen a head injury from falling or swinging
objects, or through striking a stationary object.
Safety helmets must be worn on construction sites
when:
n it is possible that a person may be struck on the
head by a falling object FIGURE 1.12 Fabric sun brim accessory for a safety cap and
n a person may strike his/her head against a fixed or bucket hat
protruding object
n accidental head contact may be made with electrical Eyes/face protection
hazards The design of eye and face protection is specific to the
n carrying out demolition work application. It must conform to AS/NZS 1337.1 Eye
n instructed by the person in control of the workplace. protectors for industrial applications. The hazards to the
Safety helmets must comply with AS/NZS 1801 eyes are of three categories:
Occupational protective helmets, and must carry the AS 1 physical – dust, flying particles or objects, molten
or AS/NZS label, and must be used in accordance with metals
AS/NZS 1800 Occupational protective helmets – 2 chemicals – liquid splashes, gases and vapours,
Selection, care and use (Figure 1.11). dusts
3 radiation – sun, laser, welding flash.
Source: iStock.com/malerapaso
The selection of the correct eye protection to protect

against multiple hazards on the job is important. Most
eyewear is available with a tint for protection against
the sun’s UV rays, or may have radiation protection
included (see Figure 1.13 and Figure 1.14).
Source: iStock.com/stayorgo
FIGURE 1.11 Safety helmet
When wearing a helmet the harness should be

adjusted to allow for stretch on impact. No contact
should be made between the skull and the shell of the
helmet when subjected to impact. FIGURE 1.13 Clear wide-vision goggles

PART 1
Source: iStock.com/indigolotos
Source: iStock.com/Achim Prill
FIGURE 1.14 Clear-framed spectacles
Face shields
Face shields give full face protection, as well as eye
protection. They are usually worn when carrying out FIGURE 1.16 Face shield
grinding and chipping operations, when using power
Source: iStock.com/IgorSokolov
tools on timber. Shields are worn for full-face protection
when welding (Figure 1.15). The shield may come
complete with head harness (Figure 1.16) or be designed
for fitting to a safety helmet.
Source: iStock.com/Andrew_Mayovskyy
FIGURE 1.17 Hearing protection
Disposable dust masks

Dust masks are available for different purposes and
it is important to select the correct type. If the work that
FIGURE 1.15 Full-face welding mask
you are undertaking is mowing or general sweeping,
a nuisance-dust mask is appropriate and is designed
Hearing protection to filter out nuisance dusts only. A nuisance-dust mask
You should always wear ear protection in areas where is easily recognised as it has only one strap to hold it
loud or high-frequency noise operations are being onto the face (Figure 1.18). If, on the other hand, you
carried out, or where there is continuous noise. Always are working with toxic dusts; for example, bonded
wear protection when you see a ‘Hearing protection asbestos, you will require greater protection. A mask
must be worn’ sign, and when you are using or are near with two straps and labelled with either P1 class
noisy power tools. particle dust filter (minimum protection) or P2 class
The two main types of protection available for ears particle dust filter (mid-range protection) (Figure 1.19)
(Figure 1.17) are: will be required.
n ear plugs – semi- and fully disposable
n ear muffs – available to fit on hard hats where Respirators
required. Half-face and full-face respirators have cartridge type
Choose the one that best suits you and conforms to filters that are designed to keep out dusts, smoke, metal
AS/NZS 1270 Acoustic – Hearing protectors. fumes, mists, fogs, organic vapours, solvent vapours,

Reserved. POLICIES
scanned, IN THE
part. WCN 02-200-202 13
Source: Shutterstock.com/Ispace
toxic dusts and welding fumes that are commonly found

on construction sites.
Some full-face or half-face respirators may also be
connected to an air supply line or bottle that provides
clean filtered air to the user. These are generally used
for loose (friable) asbestos removal or in contaminated
or low oxygen environments, where face and eye
protection is also required.
Further information on respirators and dust masks
should be obtained from the manufacturers. It is very
important to be trained in the correct methods of
selecting, fitting, wearing and cleaning of the equipment
in accordance with AS/NZS 1715 Selection, use and
maintenance of respiratory protective equipment. When
selecting, it is important that tight-fitting respirators and
masks must have an effective seal on the face to ensure
that all air entering your respiratory passages has been
fully filtered.
FIGURE 1.18 Mini dust mask warning: For nuisance dust only Gloves
Gloves are used to protect hands and arms from both
Source: Shutterstock.com/Rob Byron
physical and chemical hazards. Stout leather gloves are

required when handling sharp or hot materials.
Rubberised chemical-resistant short or long gloves are
used when handling hazardous chemical substances.
Gloves should conform to AS/NZS 2161.1 Occupational
protective gloves – Selection, use and maintenance (see
Figure 1.21).
Source: iStock.com/Tuomas Kujansuu

FIGURE 1.19 P1 and P2 disposable masks
gases and acids, depending upon the combination of

dust and gas filters fitted to the respirator. Cartridge
type filters can be identified by the classification ratings
from AS/NZS 1716 Respiratory protective devices.
Respirators fitted with P2 class particle dust filter
(Figure 1.20) are suitable for use with the general low-
Source: iStock.com/ANCCI
FIGURE 1.21 Gloves
Creams
Barrier creams may be used when gloves are too
restrictive, to protect the hands from the effects of
cement and similar low-toxic hazards (see Figure 1.22).
Foot protection
It is mandatory to wear protective footwear at the
workplace at all times. Thongs are not permitted at any
time. Footwear should conform to AS/NZS 2210.1
Safety, protective and occupational footwear guide to
FIGURE 1.20 Half-face respirator with P2 class dust filters fitted
selection, care and use.

PART 1
Work pants should not have cuffs or patch pockets, as
Source: Vision Safe hot materials can lodge in these when worn near
welding or cutting operations.
Clothing should give protection from the sun’s UV
rays, cuts, abrasions and burns.
Industrial clothing for use in hazardous situations
should conform to AS/NZS 4501.2 Occupational
protective clothing – General requirements.
1
Fall protection harnesses
In some instances when working at heights, it may be
necessary to wear a harness. These are specialist items
that need to be fitted to the individual. A harness must
be correctly fitted or serious injury may result if or when
the person falls. All harnesses must comply with AS
2626 Industrial safety belts and harnesses – Selection,
use and maintenance.
FIGURE 1.22 Barrier cream

Cleaning and maintenance
All PPE must be cleaned and maintained on a regular
All safety footwear must have: basis. This must be done by someone who has been
n stout oil-resistant, non-slip soles or steel midsoles to trained in inspection and maintenance of such
protect against sharp objects and protruding nails equipment. Remember your life and wellbeing depends
n good uppers to protect against sharp tools and on this PPE, and if it is faulty or damaged or simply not
materials functioning properly; you are at risk.
n reinforced toecaps to protect against heavy falling
objects.
Safety boots should be worn in preference to safety COMPLETE WORKSHEET 3
shoes on construction sites to give ankle support over
the rough terrain. Safety joggers may be required when
carrying out roof work or scaffold work; they must have
reinforced toecaps. Rubber boots should be worn when
Safety signs and tags
Safety signs are placed in the workplace to:
working in wet conditions, in wet concrete, or when
n warn of health and safety hazards
working with corrosive chemicals. They must have
n give information on how to avoid particular hazards,
reinforced toecaps. See Figure 1.23 for examples of foot
thereby preventing incidents and accidents
protection.
n indicate the location of safety and fire protection
equipment
Source: Shutterstock.com/VladaKela
n give guidance and instruction in emergency procedures.

Standards Australia has three Standards covering the
use of safety signs in industry. These are:
1 AS 1216 Class labels for dangerous goods
2 AS 1318 Use of colour for the marking of physical
hazards
3 AS 1319 Safety signs for the occupational
environment.
AS 1319 identifies three main types of safety signs.
FIGURE 1.23 Foot protection These are:
n Picture signs: these use symbols (pictures) of the
Clothing hazard, equipment or the work process being
Good quality, tough clothing is appropriate for identified, as well as standardised colours and
construction work. It should be kept in good repair and shapes, to communicate a message (see Figure 1.24).
cleaned regularly. If the clothing has been worn when n Word-only signs: these are written messages using
working with hazardous substances it should not be standardised colours and shapes to communicate the
taken home to launder but sent to a commercial required meaning (see Figure 1.25).
cleaning company; this will prevent the hazards from n Combined picture and word signs: these are clearer
contaminating the home and the environment. to understand with a picture and a short written
A good fit is important, as loose-fitting clothing is message (see Figure 1.26).
easily caught in machine parts or on protruding objects.
Reserved. POLICIES
scanned, IN THE
part. WCN 02-200-202 15
Colour and shape
Source: iStock.com/alessandro0770
There are seven categories of safety signs and they are

identified by colour and shape, as shown in Table 1.4.
Prohibition signs
These signs indicate that this is something you must not
do: red circle border with cross bar through it, white
background and black symbol (see Table 1.4, Figure 1.27
and Figure 1.28).
FIGURE 1.24 Picture signs – smoking prohibited

Source: iStock.com/claylib
FIGURE 1.27 Digging prohibited
Source: Shutterstock.com/northallertonman
FIGURE 1.25 Word-only messages
Source: iStock.com/DNY59
FIGURE 1.28 No pedestrian access

Source: iStock.com/PeterEtchells
FIGURE 1.26 Combined picture and word signs
To make sure the message reaches everyone at the

workplace, including workers from non-English-
speaking backgrounds and workers with low reading
skills, picture signs should be used wherever possible.
When this is not the case, it may be necessary to repeat
the message in other languages.
FIGURE 1.29 Eye protection must be worn

PART 1
1. Shutterstock.com/kevin brine; 2. Shutterstock.com/Brooke Whatnall; 3. Shutterstock.com/Cool Vector Maker; 4. Shutterstock.com/Arcady; TABLE 1.4 The seven categories of signs
5. Shutterstock.com/lindaks; 6. Shutterstock.com/voylodyon; 7. iStock.com/cruphoto
Sign category Picture Sign category Picture
1. Prohibition (must 5. Mandatory (must do)
not do) signs signs
1
Fire, naked flame and smoking
prohibited
2. Restriction signs 6. Hazard warning signs
40 km/hr restriction sign
Fire, naked flame and smoking

prohibited
3. Danger (hazard) 7. Emergency
signs information signs
Danger warning sign –

asbestos removal in progress Emergency exit signs
4. Fire-fighting
equipment signs
Fire safety – fire hose reel
Mandatory (must do) signs Hazard warning signs

These signs tell you that you must wear some special These warn you of a danger or risk to your health: yellow
safety equipment: blue solid circle, white symbol, no triangle with black border, black symbol (Table 1.4,
border required (see Table 1.4, Figure 1.29 and Figure 1.30). Figure 1.31, Figure 1.32 and Figure 1.33).
Restriction signs (Danger) hazard signs

These signs tell of the limitations placed on an activity These signs warn of a particular hazard or hazardous
or use of a facility: red circular border, no cross bar, condition that is likely to be life-threatening: white
white background. rectangular background, white/red DANGER, black
Limitation or restriction signs normally have a border and wording.
number placed in them to indicate a limit of some type
(e.g. a speed limit or weight limit, see Table 1.4).

Reserved. POLICIES
scanned, IN THE
part. WCN 02-200-202 17
Source: Shutterstock.com/Jeanie333
Source: Shutterstock.com/iunewind
FIGURE 1.30 Hearing protection must be worn FIGURE 1.34 Danger signs
Source: Shutterstock.com/Walther S
Emergency information signs

These show you where emergency safety equipment is
kept: green solid square, white symbol (Table 1.4, Figure 1.35
and Figure 1.36).
Source: Shutterstock.com/Stephen Marques

FIGURE 1.31 Fire hazard warning signs
Source: Shutterstock.com/YegoeVdo22
FIGURE 1.35 First aid
Source: Getty Images/fStop Images/Tobias Titz
FIGURE 1.32 Toxic hazard

Source: Shutterstock.com/Kaspri
FIGURE 1.36 Emergency (safety) eye wash
Fire signs
These tell you the location of fire alarms and fire-
fighting facilities: red solid square, white symbol
(Table 1.4 and Figure 1.37).
Sometimes a safety sign is required to be placed on
a piece of equipment to indicate a problem or potential
FIGURE 1.33 Electric shock hazard hazard if the machine is switched on. This is usually in
the form of a tag.

PART 1
Source: Shutterstock.com/PiggyBank
Placement of safety signs
Signs should be located where they are clearly visible to
all concerned, where they can easily be read and so that
they will attract attention. If lighting is not adequate,
illuminated signs can be used.
Signs should not be located where materials and
equipment are likely to be stacked in front of them, or
where other obstructions could cover them (e.g. doors
1
opening over them). They should not be placed on
movable objects such as doors, windows or racks so
that when the object is moved they are out of sight or
the intention of the sign is changed.
FIGURE 1.37 Fire alarm call point The best height for signs is approximately 1500 mm
above floor level. This is at the normal line of sight for a
Safety and accident prevention tags for electrical standing adult. The positioning of the sign should not
equipment cause the sign itself to become a hazard to pedestrians
Electrical wires and equipment that are being worked or machine operators.
on or are out of service, or are live or may become live, Regulation and hazard-type signs should be positioned
must have Warning or DANGER safety tags fixed to in relation to the hazard to allow a person plenty of time
them to help prevent accidents. Once the hazard has to view the sign and take notice of the warning. This
been removed, only the person who put the tag in place distance will vary; for example, signs warning against
should remove it or authorise its removal. touching of electrical equipment should be placed close to
Any standard safety sign may be made smaller and the equipment, whereas signs on construction work may
used as an accident protection tag (Figure 1.38). If words need to be placed far enough away to permit the warning
are to be used, this will generally be in the form of a to be understood before the hazard is reached.
danger sign. A tag should be at least 80 mm 50 mm, Care should be taken where several signs are intended
plus any area required for tying or fixing the tag in to be displayed close together. The result could be that so
place. much information is given in one place that little or no
notice is taken of it, or that it creates confusion.
Source: iStock.com/braclark
COMPLETE WORKSHEET 4
LEARNING TASK 1.2

GROUP ACTIVITY – DRUGS AND ALCOHOL
1 Do you know someone on the job site who may have
a problem with drugs or alcohol?
2 If a fellow worker asked you if there is ‘help’
available, what would you say?
3 Visit https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/hazards-a-z/
alcohol-and-other-drugs. Read as much as you can on
this website and discuss the issues it raises with your
group. Remember someone under the influence of
FIGURE 1.38 Electrical safety signs and tags
drugs is also a hazard on the job site.
The background colour of the tag should be yellow
for warning signs and white for danger signs.
For more picture safety signs and their meanings, Assessing and controlling hazardous
see:
n Standards Australia: AS 1319 Safety signs for the materials
occupational environment
The New South Wales government (Ministry of Health,
n SafeWork South Australia: ‘Work Safety Signs’
n.d.) has revealed that high quantities of chemicals are
n safety sign manufacturers’ catalogues: see Yellow
used on construction sites and that these are causing
Pages – Signs – Safety &/or Traffic.
major hazards for the workforce. The possible effects

Reserved. POLICIES
scanned, IN THE
part. WCN 02-200-202 19
associated with these chemicals are a major threat to n corrosive substances (e.g. hydrochloric acid used for
construction workers’ health and safety. This situation cleaning down brickwork)
would be similar in all states and territories. n many other hazards (e.g. aerosols, insulation
Some of the effects of exposure to chemicals are well material including fibreglass batts and blankets).
known, such as dermatitis from cement and epoxy It is very important for you to be able to identify
resins and nasal cancers from medium density chemical hazards as well as know exactly what PPE is
fibreboard. The hazards of other materials are less well needed while working with a particular chemical
known, and the attitude in the industry is that most hazard. This is why a safety data sheet (SDS)
materials in use, such as adhesives, grouts, mastics and (previously called a material safety data sheet) is always
powders, ‘are not really chemicals’. This is wrong; and required.
this incorrect assumption is causing most workers to
take no or inadequate precautions when using Safety data sheets (SDS)
hazardous materials. A safety data sheet (SDS) is a document that gives
Some chemical hazards include: information on the properties of hazardous chemicals
n compressed gases (e.g. nitrogen) and how they affect health and safety in the workplace.
n flammable gases (e.g. acetylene) SDSs usually include information on the:
n oxidising gases (e.g. oxygen) n identity of the chemical
n flammable liquids (e.g. petrol, solvents, thinners and n health and physicochemical hazards
paints) n safe handling and storage procedures
n poisonous substances (e.g. two-pack products and n emergency procedures
isocyanate-containing paints; CCP treated timbers) n disposal considerations.
n harmful substances (e.g. amine adduct adhesives; The SDS should always be referred to when
asbestos containing materials (ACMs)) assessing risks in the workplace.
n irritant substances (e.g. methyl ethyl ketone SDSs are prepared by the manufacturer of the
peroxide (MEKP), a hardening agent used in products used at your workplace (Figure 1.39). They are
fibreglass) available from the manufacturer or supplier.
Source: Cement Australia
>>
FIGURE 1.39 Page 1 of a sample SDS

PART 1
>>
FIGURE 1.39 (Continued)
Any hazardous material being delivered to a substance you are going to use or will be exposed to
construction site should have an SDS for the product when someone else uses it, make sure you obtain a
provided at the site before it is delivered. These sheets copy and read it first. If any special training is required
need to be kept on-site and should not be more than you should complete the training before the material is
three years old. If you have not read the SDS for a handled.

Reserved. POLICIES
scanned, IN THE
part. WCN 02-200-202 21
Manufacturers and suppliers may be required by yourself carefully with soap after handling any
law to provide information ‘about any conditions chemical. If you spill any chemical on your clothing,
necessary to ensure that the substances will be remove the clothing and wash the body part affected.
safe and without risk to health when properly used’; If you experience skin problems or difficulty in
this information is included on the SDS for that breathing, always seek medical advice or contact the
product. Poison Information Centre (ph: 13 11 26)
Employers and PCBUs may also be required by law immediately.
to provide such information, or such instruction,
training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the Dangerous goods
health and safety of employees/workers. Many dangerous goods, mixtures or articles are also
SDSs can also be used to help you to: classed as hazardous substances because of their
n be aware of any health hazards of a product physical, chemical or acute toxicity properties, which
n check that the site emergency equipment and may cause serious hazard to people, property or even
procedures are adequate the environment.
n store the chemicals properly Australia has adopted a system of classification
n check that a chemical is being used in the right way and labelling for dangerous goods based on the
for the right job United Nations’ system used in other countries. This
n decide whether any improvements or changes system determines whether a substance is classified
should be made to machinery or work practices as a dangerous good, and if so, it is recorded in the
n decide whether any environmental monitoring Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail Code
should be done. (ADG Code). The ADG Code helps people recognise
When you first view an SDS, ensure that the dangerous goods, their properties and dangers
following headings (at least) are complete and you quickly.
understand the information it provides: Dangerous goods can be identified by a diamond
1 Identification sign or label (Table 1.5). There are nine classes of
2 Health hazards dangerous goods under this system.
3 Precautions for use The diamond-shaped sign or label shows which
4 Safe handling. of the nine classes that dangerous substance belongs
Health hazards should include at least two to. These signs have distinctive symbols and
subheadings: colouring. Not all hazardous substances have
1 Acute health effects dangerous goods labels because the dangerous
2 Chronic health effects. goods diamond indicates only an immediate hazard,
not necessarily a hazard that has only long-term
Acute health effects health risks.
These relate to short-term exposure to the chemical.
The details of the design and selection of signs
For example, if you swallow a poison, you are and labels for the nine classes of dangerous goods
either dead or very ill within 48 hours. Similarly, are contained in AS 1216 Class labels for dangerous
if you have acid splashed onto your skin, you
goods.
might suffer burns immediately or within the next Correct labelling means dangerous goods
48 hours. don’t have to be any more dangerous than they
Chronic health effects already are. You should not only learn to recognise
Chronic health effects relate to the long-term effects the various symbols but also learn about the
of exposure to a chemical. In general use, actual properties of the substances you may be
these effects may take years to become apparent. exposed to.
The chronic health effects may be just as serious as It is important to know which goods can produce
the acute health effects in the long term; for toxic gases, which are highly flammable, which are
example, exposure to cancer-causing agents may take dangerous when wet, which are dangerous on contact
20 years to become apparent, but may still end up with air, and which are harmful when they come into
killing you. contact with your skin. What you don’t know could
hurt you.
Disposal of chemicals Not all dangerous goods have safe handling and
It is important to dispose of chemicals safely, as storage instructions printed on them; they may have
prescribed in the SDS for the product. Always wash only warning diamond signs. The safe handling and

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Jack Derringer
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Title: Jack Derringer

A tale of deep water
Author: Basil Lubbock
Release date: November 1, 2023 [eBook #71996]
Language: English
Original publication: London: John Murray, 1906
Credits: Hekula03, Graeme Mackreth and the Online Distributed

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JACK

DERRINGER ***
JACK DERRINGER
JACK DERRINGER
A TALE OF DEEP WATER
By BASIL LUBBOCK
AUTHOR OF "ROUND THE HORN BEFORE THE MAST"
LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1906
PRINTED BY
HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LD.,
LONDON AND AYLESBURY.
PREFACE
I have endeavoured in this book to paint sea life as it really is, as it
can be seen on any deep-water sailing-ship of the present day,
without glossing over the hardships, the hard knocks, the hard
words, and the continual struggle and strife of it all. At the same time
I have tried to hint at the glamour and fascination which the sea
breathes into such souls as respond to its mighty call.
As to the queer collection of flotsam which found itself in the down-
easter's foc's'le, I can assure my readers that this mixed crowd is in
no way unusual; in fact, I am quite certain that the greater number of
sailing ships "bound deep water" at the present moment are manned
by crews of an even worse mixture of nationalities, trades, and
creeds than formed the complement of the Higgins, which, for a ship
sailing out of San Francisco, when seamen were scarce, was
singularly lucky in finding so many bona-fide sailormen amongst her
crew.
My reader may ask if the brutality described still goes on on
American ships. All I can say is that several of the Yankee Cape
Horn fleet are still notorious for it, their officers excusing themselves
on the plea that only by the harshest measures can they preserve
discipline amongst the hard-cut citizens of all nations who form
American crews.
Many of the episodes in this book, including the cowpuncher's
frontier yarns, I have taken from fact, and the treatment of the knifing
dago by the bucko mate in Chapter IV. actually occurred in every
detail.
As regards the moon-blindness, I have no doubt I shall have to bear
with many scoffers and unbelievers, but this I know, that few men
who have been used to sleeping in the open, whether sailors or
landsmen, will be amongst them. Many a time have I hauled a
sleeping man out of the glare of the tropical moon for fear of its
direful beams, and many a time have I had the like service done to
me. Few old seamen but have some strange yarn to spin anent the
strange effects of the moon upon the human countenance exposed
to its sinister rays: in most cases it is some hours' or some days'
moon-blindness; sometimes it is a queer contraction of the muscles
on the side of the face exposed; and I have even heard of cases of
idiocy put down to the same cause. Certain it is that the cold beams
of our world's satellite are not to be trusted. Why, do they not even
poison fish or meat if left exposed to the mercy of their baleful glitter?
I must apologise for the sentimental part of this book, but apparently
in a work of fiction a certain amount of sentiment is considered
necessary, even in a sea yarn. However, if my reader finds it not to
his taste, he can skip. We've all learnt to do that, some time or other.
BASIL LUBBOCK.
CONTENTS
PART I
CHAPTER I
"THE YANKEE
HELL-SHIP" 3
CHAPTER II
"THE RULE
OF THE
BELAYING-
PIN" 13
CHAPTER III
"THE USE OF
A SHEATH-
KNIFE" 27
CHAPTER IV
"BARBARISM" 37
CHAPTER V
"IN THE
WATCHES OF
THE NIGHT" 48
CHAPTER VI
"THE FATAL
RED LEAD" 59
CHAPTER VII
"IN THE
SECOND
DOG-WATCH" 75
CHAPTER VIII
"ON THE 89
FOC'S'LE
HEAD"
CHAPTER IX
"THE GLORY
OF THE
STARS" 99
CHAPTER X
"STUDPOKER
BOB'S
MALADY" 109
CHAPTER XI
"THE
STORMFIEND" 118
CHAPTER XII
"A CALL FOR
NERVE" 132
CHAPTER XIII
"THE MAN
WITH THE
GUN" 143
PART II
CHAPTER I
"ADRIFT" 157
CHAPTER II
"THE
OCMULGEE" 167
CHAPTER III
"THE
BURNING OF
THE SOUTH
SEAMAN" 179
CHAPTER IV
"THE OPEN
BOAT" 194
CHAPTER V
"THE SPELL
OF THE
MOON" 209
CHAPTER VI
"THE ATOLL" 218
CHAPTER VII
"LOYOLA" 230
CHAPTER VIII
"THE FIGHT
ON THE
SANDS" 239
CHAPTER IX
"THE
LYNCHING" 253
CHAPTER X
"THE BLACK
ADDER" 272
CHAPTER XI
"A SEA FIGHT
UNDER THE
STARS" 291
CHAPTER XII
"THE PLUCK
OF WOMAN" 303
CHAPTER XIII
"PAPEETE" 318
PART I
CHAPTER I
"THE YANKEE HELL-SHIP"
Bucking Broncho awoke to the familiar cry of "Roll out, roll
out, show a leg!" and thinking it was the call of the Round Up Boss in
the early morning, he opened his eyes and sat up.
The sight that met his gaze considerably astonished him, and the
foc's'le, with its double row of bunks, its stuffy atmosphere, and its
swinging oil-lamp, he mistook for some mining-camp shanty.
Slowly his half-shut eyes took in the details of the gloomy den, into
which the grey light of dawn had as yet hardly penetrated.
Round him lay men in every condition of drunkenness, some prone
upon the deck, others hanging half in and half out of their bunks, all
apparently still in the stupors of a late carouse.
Stretched upon a chest right under his bunk lay a ghastly object
clothed in greasy, blood-stained rags, which but for its hoarse rattling
breathing he would have taken for a corpse.
From the bunk above him came a spasmodic grunt at intervals,
sudden and unexpected, whilst opposite him a cadaverous-looking
deadbeat in a miner's shirt whistled discordantly through a hawk-like,
fiery-tinted nose.
As his eyes grew accustomed to the dim light he discovered other
forms scattered in a variety of grotesque attitudes amongst the litter
of chests and sea-bags on the deck, and through the open door he
beheld a man, in a pair of overalls, sluicing himself with a bucket of
water.
Then a gigantic form with a hairy face of kindly aspect blocked up
the doorway, and in hurricane tones besought the snoring crowd to
tumble up and man the capstan. Advancing into the foc's'le, this
leather-lunged apparition coolly and methodically began to haul the
insensible scarecrows out of their bunks, and to shake them until
their teeth rattled.
"Say, stranger, whatever's the hock kyard to all this? What be you-
alls aimin' for to do?" inquired Bucking Broncho in his soft Western
drawl, as he watched the big man handling the drunks.
"Just you tumble out, my son, and get outside, or you'll reap a skinful
of trouble. You'll get the hang o' things quick enough by-and-by,"
returned the other shortly.
"I'm clean stampeded in my intellec' complete," declared the cowboy;
"but assuming you're the boss of this outfit, your word goes; I plays
your hand, stranger, an' I rolls out."
The big, hairy-faced man was too busy pushing, pommelling,
thumping, and hustling the rest of the inmates to take any more
notice of Bucking Broncho, who, gaining the door, stared round in
amazement as he found himself upon the deck of a large sailing-
ship.
The cowpuncher, who had only seen "blue water" on two occasions
in his life, had been shanghaied aboard the notorious Yankee
skysail-yard clipper Silas K. Higgins, the hottest hell-ship under the
Stars and Stripes.
The last of the wheat fleet, this vessel had been lying at anchor in
San Francisco Bay for some weeks, delayed from sailing for want of
a crew, which her bad name made impossible for her to get except
by foul means.
With lavish hands her "old man" scattered his blood-money amongst
the boarding-house runners and crimps, and then patiently awaited
the result.
Slowly but surely his crew began to arrive, heels first to a man, some
drugged, some sandbagged, some set upon and kidnapped along
the water-front.
Night after night boats sneaked up to the gangway grating and
deposited insensible bundles of rags, which the ghoulish traders in
blood callously slung aboard.
But before signing the note, the experienced mate took care to
ascertain if his new hand still breathed, for more than once in the
past he had had dead men palmed off upon him. Then, if satisfied
after his careful scrutiny, he ordered the watchman to drag the
shanghaied man forward whilst he ticked off Able-bodied Seaman
Jones or Smith, whichever name happened to come first on his list.
The Higgins had been waiting two days for her last man when
Bucking Broncho fell a victim to the manhunters.
The cowpuncher, discovered in Chinatown busy celebrating his first
night off the prairie, was pounced upon by these vultures as "an easy
thing." Skilfully they drugged him, cheerfully they possessed
themselves of his wad of notes, then, overcome by the humour of
the idea, instead of substituting the trade rags for his clothes as
usual in shanghai-ing men, they slung him aboard an hour after
midnight in all the glory of chaps and spurs.
Thus, with her complement gained at last, the Higgins was about to
get under weigh.
Wholly oblivious of the events of the past night, thanks to the
strength of the dope, with buzzing head and half-fuddled senses the
cowboy stood gazing stupidly at the scene before him.
"I'm shorely plumb locoed," he muttered. "What for of a play is this
I'm into?"
Overhearing this, the man sluicing himself turned round.
"Bit muzzy still, mate——" he began, and then stopped in surprise.
This man formed a big contrast to the broken-looking crowd in the
foc's'le.
As he stood there in the morning light, stripped as he was to the
waist, he looked the beau ideal of health: the muscles on his arms
and shoulders stretched the skin till it shone, and heightened the
artistic effect of the beautiful Japanese tattooing which, in the shape
of dragons, butterflies, Geisha girls, and other quaint designs, made
a picture gallery of his body.
Six foot high at least, he stood lightly on his feet with the careless
grace of one used to a heaving deck.
A peculiar look of devil-may-care good nature stamped his clean-cut,
deeply tanned features, yet there was a keen glint of shrewdness in
his blue eyes, decision in his firm chin and resolute lips, with just a
touch of martial fierceness in the twirl of his small moustache.
No tenderfoot this man, though there was no mistaking his
nationality. "A d——d Britisher" was written large all over him. Bare-
footed though he was, in well-worn dungarees, with leather belt and
sheath-knife, his birth was plain as his nationality.
In England they would use one word to describe him—the one word
"rolling-stone"; but in the world not one but a dozen words would be
required—frontiersman, sailor, soldier, gold-miner, cowboy, hunter,
scout, prospector, explorer, and many more, all marked "dangerous"
in the catalogue of professions, for the "rolling-stone" takes to
dangers and hardships just as a city man does to dollars and
comforts. And who shall lay the blame? It's all in the blood, whether
you take your strain from Francis Drake the buccaneer or Shylock
the Jew.
Such was the man who faced Broncho—just a British rolling-stone, a
modern freelance, a sea rover.
As he spoke, Bucking Broncho gave him a keen look, and then cried
out:
"I'm a coyote if it ain't Derringer Jack. Shake, old pard, you-alls ain't
shorely forget Bucking Broncho?"
"Think I'd forget an old pal like that; no, Broncho, so sure as you
remember me."
"Which I shorely does. I makes a bet I tells them brands o' yours on
the skyline."
As they gripped hands Jack Derringer remarked:
"You've strayed a long way off your range, Broncho; shanghaied, I
suppose? Well, you've run against bad luck here. It's a rough deal
aboard this ship."
"What for of a game is it?"
"Quien sabe? Pretty tough, I expect, old man; you're a sailor outward
bound——"
"The hell you say!"
"Yes; I'll watch your hand as well as I can, but, mind you, Broncho,
no gun-play whatever happens, or you'll reap more lead than if you'd
got the whole of the Tucson Stranglers on your trail."
"I shorely notes your play, Jack; I'm the last gent to go fosterin' idees
of bloodshed. This here deadfall draws the cinch some tight an'
painful, but you can gamble I ain't going to plunge none before the
draw; I'll just watch the deal a whole lot."
"That's bueno! Roll a small loop and don't stir up the range more'n
you can help; trouble comes a-hooping and don't need looking for.
How are you feeling after that poisoned grog?"
"Pretty rocky," replied the cowpuncher.
"Stuff your head into that," said the rover, pointing to the bucket of
water which he had drawn a short while before.
"I guess you had better get out of those buckskins," he went on
gravely, as Broncho tried the saltwater cure. "Bit of boarding-house
runner's wit sending you aboard in them; but I'll fit you out. I expect
you've only got the usual rag-bag, like the rest."
"Seems to me I've got my horns locked in a re-ather tough
proposition. I shore aims to be resigned. The ways of Providence is
that various an' spreadeagle that as a man of savvy I comes in blind
an' stands pat," remarked the cowboy, as they retired into the
foc's'le.
Perhaps before he gets rid of his cowpuncher attire for the blue
dungarees of the 'fore-mast Jack, a short description might be
welcome.
He was arrayed in full cowboy get-up, just as he had ridden into
Frisco. He wore a fringed and silk-ornamented buckskin shirt, deeply
fringed leather chaparegos, and long-heeled cowpuncher boots, on
which jingled great Mexican spurs. Round his neck he had the usual
gay silk handkerchief, and on his head a brand new Stetson hat.
A loose belt full of cartridges swung a 45-calibre revolver low down
upon his hip. This had evidently been overlooked by the crimps, and,
at a glance from Jack Derringer, he hastily tucked it under his shirt
out of sight.
In appearance Bucking Broncho was a man of medium height, with
good shoulders, none too square, but broad enough.
He was lean and muscular, with the firm flesh of a man in perfect
health and training. There was not an ounce of fat on his whole body.
His skin was darkened and toughened by long contact with wind,
sun, and alkali.
His eyes were of that blue-grey so often seen in men of cool nerve,
who, though used to danger and ready to dare anything, are yet
long-headed and full of resource. He kept them half-shut from long
squinting in the bright sun of the south-west.
His rather heavy moustache had been sunburnt and bleached to a
raw gold colour.
It took but a short time to convert the cowboy into the sailor in flannel
shirt and overalls, with a belt, minus revolver and cartridges, but with
a sailor's sheath-knife instead.
Whilst he was changing his attire, being lavishly supplied with
clothes from Jack Derringer's big sea-chest, his head was fast
clearing and the drugging was losing its stupefying effect.
Calmly he reviewed the situation, and, used to the vicissitudes of the
West, treated his change of fortune with the stoical philosophy of a
frontiersman.
By the time that Broncho was arrayed afresh, the last of the poor
drunks had been dragged from the foc's'le. Then, as Jack and the
cowboy emerged, they came face to face with a big square chunk of
a man, with eyebrows so thick and bushy that they almost hid his
fierce, bloodshot little eyes.

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Basic Building and Construction Skills

6th Edition Richard Moran

BASIC BUILDING &

6th Edition Copyright Notice

Cengage Learning New Zealand

For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au

Printed in China by 1010 Printing International Limited.

Part 1 Basic workplace skills 1

CHAPTER 2 Work effectively and sustainably in the construction industry 63

CHAPTER 3 Plan and organise work 107

CHAPTER 4 Conduct workplace communication 131

Part 2 Setting out 155

CHAPTER 6 Read and interpret plans and specifications 183

Part 3 Using materials and tools 215

CHAPTER 8 Use carpentry and construction tools and equipment 267

Part 4 Site works 315

Part 1 Basic workplace skills 1

CHAPTER 2 Work effectively and sustainably in the construction industry 63

CHAPTER 3 Plan and organise work 107

Part 2 Setting out 155

CHAPTER 6 Read and interpret plans and specifications 183

Part 3 Using materials and tools 215

Part 4 Site works 315

Chrome Yellow Timber (rough sawn), Timber stud

Cadmium Orange Granite, Natural stones

Vermilion Red Copper pipe

Indian Red Silicone sealant

Light Red Brickwork

Cadmium Red Roof tiles

Very Light Mauve Plaster, Closed cell foam

Mauve Marble, Fibrous plasters

Very Light Violet Cake Fibreglass

Violet Cake Plastic

Cerulean Blue Insulation

Cobalt Blue Glass, Water, Liquids

Paynes Grey Hard plaster, Plaster board

Lime Green Fibrous cement sheets

Terra Verte Cement render, Mortar

Olive Green Concrete block

Hookers Green Light Grass

Hookers Green Deep Concrete

Raw Umber Fill

Vandyke Brown Rock, Cut stone and masonry, Hardboard

Very Light Van Dyke Brown Timber mouldings

Light Shaded Grey Aluminium

Neutral Tint Bituminous products, Chrome plate, Alcore

Shaded Grey Tungsten, Tool steel, High-speed steel

Black Polyurethane, Rubber, Carpet

White PVC pipe, Electrical wire, Vapour barrier, Waterproof membrane

xviii LIST OF FIGURES

4 BASIC WORKPLACE SKILLS

Regulations, codes of practice and guidelines

FIGURE 1.3 White Card sample as issued in Queensland

FIGURE 1.4 White Card sample as issued in New South Wales

FIGURE 1.5 White Card sample as issued in South Australia

6 BASIC WORKPLACE SKILLS

hazards To reduce incidents and accidents we need to first

02 assessment). The most common way of achieving this is

Management by using a risk matrix as shown in Figure 1.7.

Control on the saw is 4 hours.

Rare Unlikely Moderate Likely Certain

Risk Risk Priority Description

FIGURE 1.7 Risk matrix diagram