Chittagong University of

Engineering and Technology

• Group Name : Pendulum

• Department : Electrical and Electronic Engineering
• Topic : Renewable Energy
• Submitted to : Syed Mohammad Mashiur Rahman
• Date of Submission : 31 September, 2023
• Section :B
Presented by- Team Pendulum

Mohammad Ahad
ID: 2102064

Jibran Khandoker Seyam

ID: 2102062

Amlan Sarker Turna

ID: 2102063

Sanjoy Das
ID: 2102065

Samin Yeasar
ID: 2102073

Ibna Alfi Shahar Arnob

ID: 2102120

Zafir Mahmud Hasan

ID: 2102082

Partha Sarathi Goswami

ID: 2102078

Md. Nayemur Rahman Naeem

ID: 2102069
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Introduction
Presented By: Mohamad Ahad Ali (2102064)

As salamu alaikum. Good afternoon, everyone. Hope that all you are well by the grace of Almighty Allah. It’s
an honour for me to Stand in front of you to deliver a presentation.
I'm a student at Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology and my Department’s name isElectrical
& Electronic Engineering.
I’m Md. Ahad Ali, ID: 2102064 and I'm here with my team Pendulum (Group_1). Let me introduce to you all
about it & brief some history of our topic.

Today we gather here to delve into one of the most critical and transformative topics of our time: renewable
energy. As the world grapples (deep investigation) with the consequences of climate change and seeks to
transition toward a sustainable future, renewable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope and a powerful
solution.

In this presentation, we will embark on a journey to explore the fascinating realm of renewableenergy
sources, their significance, and the incredible potential they hold for reshaping our world. From thesun's
boundless energy to the relentless power of wind, and the ever-flowing waters, we will unravel the various
facets of clean, sustainable, and today, we get environmentally friendly energy generation.
But why is this topic so important, you may wonder? The answer lies in our collective responsibility to
safeguard our planet and ensure a prosperous future for generations to come. We will examine the pressing
environmental challenges we face today, the role of renewable energy in mitigating these challenges, and the
economic, social, and environmental benefits that come hand in hand with embracing these clean energy
sources.

Throughout this presentation, we will also explore the latest advancements in renewable energy technology,
policy initiatives, and successful case studies from around the world. We will highlight how individuals,
communities, businesses, and governments can play a pivotal role in the transition to a renewable energy
future.
So, fasten your seatbelts as we embark on this enlightening journey through the world of renewable energy.
By the end of our exploration, I hope to inspire you with the potential for positive change and empower you
with the knowledge to make informed decisions that can shape a brighter, cleaner, and more sustainable
tomorrow.

What renewable energy?

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Renewable energy is a category of energy sources derived from natural processes that are continually
replenished, making them sustainable and environmentally friendly. These sources harness the Earth's natural
resources to generate power without depleting finite reserves or emitting harmful greenhouse gases.
Renewable energy includes solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass energy.

Some brief History on renewable energy :

The concept of renewable energy has a long history that spans thousands of years. People have been
harnessing renewable energy sources for various purposes long before the modern understanding of renewable
energy emerged. Here's a brief overview of the history of renewable energy:

Early Use of Biomass: The use of biomass, such as wood and crop residues, for heating and cooking dates
back to prehistoric times. Biomass was one of the earliest forms of renewable energy used by humans.
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Ancient Wind and Water Mills: Windmills and water wheels were developed in ancient civilizations to grind
grain, pump water, and perform various mechanical tasks. These early machines harnessed the power of wind
and water for practical purposes.

Solar Energy in Ancient Times: Ancient civilizations, particularly the Greeks and Romans, used passive solar
techniques to capture and store heat from the sun for heating buildings and bathhouses. The concept of solar
architecture has ancient roots.

Hydropower in Ancient Rome: The Romans built aqueducts and used gravity to transport water for irrigation
and city water supplies. Some of these aqueducts included water wheels, which used the flow of water to
grind grain and perform other tasks.

Early Modern Windmills: Windmills became widespread in Europe during the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance. They were used for milling grain, draining wetlands, and pumping water. Windmills were also
used in Persia and China.

Industrial Revolution: The 18th and 19th centuries saw significant advancements in renewable energy
technologies. Water wheels and windmills were adapted to power industrial machinery. Steam engines,
although not renewable themselves, were sometimes powered by biomass, marking the transition from
traditional biomass to more advanced energy sources.

Development of Hydropower: The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of large hydropower
plants in various parts of the world. These plants generated electricity from the flow of water, and many of
them are still in operation today.

Modern Solar and Wind Technologies: The mid-20th century saw the development of modern solar
photovoltaic (PV) cells and wind turbines. These technologies began to gain popularity in the latter half of the
20th century and continue to advance rapidly.

Environmental Concerns and the Renewable Energy Movement: Growing environmental concerns in the late
20th century, including air pollution and climate change, led to increased interest in renewable energy sources
as a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.

Government Support and Policies: Many governments around the world have implemented policies and
incentives to promote the adoption of renewable energy technologies, including feed-in tariffs, tax credits, and
renewable portfolio standards.

Today, renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal power play a crucial role in the
global energy mix. As the world seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition away from fossil
fuels, the development and utilization of renewable energy technologies continue to be at the forefront ofenergy
discussions and innovations.
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Renewable Energy Sources: History of Renewable energy

Presented By: Jibran Khandoker Seyam (2102062)

Good afternoon, everyone.

I am Jibran khandoker Seyam. Thank you, Ahad, for giving me the floor. I am the second speaker of my
team. Iwill talk about the history of renewable energy.
I will give a concise overview of ancient renewable energy sources. It explores the historical significance of
wind power in sailing, the evolution of water wheels and mills, the limited use of solar energy in ancient
architecture, and the rich history of geothermal energy for heating and bathing. These ancient practices have
left a lasting imprint on our world and have influenced the development of modern renewable energy
technologies.

1.Ancient Wind Power:

The very first-time humans utilized this energy was for sailing ships. The use of wind power in sailing ships
throughout history had a profound impact on exploration and trade. Wind was the primary means of
propulsion for sailing vessels until the advent of steam power in the 19th century.
This extraordinary innovation has left an indelible mark on exploration, trade, warfare, and technology. From
ancient origins with square sails to the efficiency of lateen sails, sailing ships played a pivotal role in the Age
of Exploration, facilitating the voyages of Columbus and Magellan, while opening lucrative trade routes.
These wind-powered vessels became the backbone of global trade, underpinning empires and shaping naval
warfare. Technological advancements, including clipper ships and, later, steam power, gradually replaced
sailing ships, yet their legacy endures in modern maritime traditions and niche applications, reminding us of
the enduring impact of renewable energy on our world's history.
Again, simple wind-powered water pumps were used in China, and windmills with woven-reed blades
weregrinding grain in Persia and the Middle East.

New ways to use wind energy eventually spread around the world. By the 11th century, people in the Middle
East were using wind pumps and windmills extensively for food production. Merchants and the Crusaders
brought wind technology to Europe. The Dutch developed large windpumps to drain lakes and marshes in the
Rhine River Delta. Immigrants from Europe eventually took wind energy technology to the Western
Hemisphere.

American colonists used windmills to grind grain, pump water, and cut wood at sawmills. Homesteaders and
ranchers installed thousands of wind pumps as they settled the western United States. In the late 1800s and
early 1900s, small wind-electric generators (wind turbines) were also widely used.

B. Water Wheels Through the Ages

The evolution of water wheels and water mills as essential sources of renewable energy in ancient and
medieval times is a fascinating historical and technological journey. These devices played a crucial role in
various civilizations for tasks such as grinding grain, sawing wood, and even powering industrial processes.
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The concept of harnessing waterpower dates back to ancient civilizations. Greeks and Romans used simple
water wheels called "Noria" for irrigation purposes, lifting water from rivers and streams to irrigate fields.
These early wheels were horizontal and simple in design.
The technology advanced during the Roman Empire, and vertical water wheels emerged. These wheels were
mounted on a vertical shaft, allowing for greater efficiency in harnessing water energy. They were used for
milling grain and sawing wood.
Water mills became widespread in medieval Europe, especially in regions with abundant water resources.
Monasteries played a significant role in their proliferation. The design of water mills became more
sophisticated, incorporating features like gear systems to increase rotational speed and efficiency. Water mills
were used for a wide range of activities, including grinding grain, crushing ore, and manufacturing textiles.
As Europe's population grew and economic activities expanded, the demand for mechanical power from water
mills increased. This led to the construction of more mills throughout Europe, often in clusters along rivers
and streams. Water mills became essential for food production, and they played a vital role in the agricultural
and industrial development of medieval Europe.
Over time, various improvements were made to water wheel and mill technology, including the use of
multiple wheels, larger diameters, and more advanced gearing systems. These innovations increased the
efficiency and output of water mills.
Then we got the hydroelectric power system. The world's first hydroelectric power system is credited to be the
Schoelkopf Power Station No. 1, located near Niagara Falls in Niagara Falls, New York, USA. It was built by
George Westinghouse and opened in 1881. This hydroelectric power station used the immense energy of the
Niagara Falls to generate electricity, marking a significant milestone in the history of renewable energy and
electrical power generation.

C. Solar Energy in Ancient Civilizations:

Ancient cultures, including the Greeks and Romans, made some use of solar energy for heating and other
applications, though their understanding of solar energy was limited compared to modern knowledge.
Both the Greeks and Romans were known for their architectural innovations. They often designed their
buildings to maximize the use of sunlight for heating purposes. South-facing walls with large windows and
courtyards were common features that allowed for natural heating during the day.
The orientation of buildings was crucial. They aimed to have the main living areas face south or southeast to
capture the maximum amount of sunlight during the colder months. This architectural design helped to keep
buildings warmer in winter.
Large windows with south-facing exposure allowed for the penetration of sunlight into living spaces, and the
stone or concrete used in construction absorbed and retained heat, helping to regulate indoor temperatures.
The Greeks are known to have used parabolic mirrors made of polished bronze to focus sunlight and generate
intense heat for specific applications. One famous example is Archimedes' "Death Ray," an experiment that
involved using mirrors to focus sunlight on enemy ships to set them on fire (though this remains a subject of
debate among historians).
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Romans were adept at using solar energy to heat water for their famous bathhouses. They often constructed
the roofs of these buildings with large areas of glass or other translucent materials, allowing sunlight to heat
the water stored in reservoirs or pools.
While not extensively documented, it is believed that some ancient cultures, including the Greeks and
Romans, used simple solar ovens or reflectors to cook food. These ovens would focus sunlight onto a cooking
vessel or surface.
It's important to note that the use of solar energy in ancient times was somewhat limited in scope and
efficiency compared to modern solar technologies. They relied heavily on passive solar design principles and
basic optical tools. Additionally, the level of understanding of the underlying physics was rudimentary.
The widespread adoption of more advanced solar technologies, such as photovoltaic panels and solar thermal
systems, is a relatively recent development that began in the mid-20th century. These technologies have
significantly improved the efficiency and practicality of harnessing solar energy for various applications,
including electricity generation, water heating, and space heating.

4. Geothermal Energy:
Geothermal energy has been used for heating and bathing for centuries, and several ancient and historical
examples showcase its utilization:
Geothermal heating and bathing have a rich history spanning across various cultures and time periods. One of
the most renowned instances is seen in the Roman baths, which utilized natural hot springs for heating water,
showcasing their advanced plumbing systems. Similarly, the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum
featured geothermal heating and bathing facilities, with remnants revealing the use of hot water systems for
both private and public use. Iceland, known for its abundant geothermal resources, has a tradition of
harnessing naturally heated water for bathing and heating homes, a practice that continues today. Japan's
tradition of "onsen" or hot spring bathing dates back centuries, with many traditional inns (ryokan) built near
these natural hot springs. New Zealand, too, has a long history of tapping into geothermal energy for heating
and electricity, with towns like Rotorua boasting geothermal heating systems for homes and businesses,
alongside geothermal power plants for electricity generation. These historical examples underscore the
enduring appeal and practicality of harnessing geothermal energy, which continues to evolve with modern
technology for various applications, from district heating to electricity generation.

In conclusion, the history of ancient renewable energy sources demonstrates our ancestors' ability to harness
nature's power for their needs. From wind and water to the sun and the Earth itself, these timeless practices
serve as a testament to human innovation and the enduring relevance of renewable energy in our modern
world.
That’s all for now. Thank you for your patience. Now I would like to invite Amlan to deliver his speech.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES: THE PRESENT USESES

Presented By: Amlan Sarker Turna (2102063)

Climate change stands as a global emergency, primarily fueled by the utilization of fossil fuels. This issue
affects both developed and developing nations. So now its have become necessary to use renewable enery
sources. Good evening. This is Amlan Sarker presenting the topic “The present uses of renewable energy”.
However, it is often the underdeveloped countries that rely heavily on non-renewable energy sources due to
limitations in technology and research. The shift towards renewable energy sources is indispensable to combat
climate change, enhance environmental purity, and attain energy independance."

1. Solar Energy
Let's shed some light on the amazing world of solar panels! Solar energy, now a days, is the most discussed
and implemented one. A sheet of solar panel can capture about 1000 Watts of sunlight per square meter.
However, the typical solar panels in the market are quite efficient, converting only about 15-20 percent of that
sunlight into electricity. So, if you have a one-square-meter solar panel basking in the bright sunlight, it'll
likely generate around 150-200W of clean, green power.

Nowadays, countries around the globe are setting up solar power generation plants, and they're on a mission to
ease the burden on our existing energy technologies, which often rely on harmful and non-renewable fuels.
Space exploration dreams are coming true just for the blessing of solar power. They provide the energy
needed for satellites to roam the Celestial bodies, connecting us and making our world smaller and smarter.
So, we can say the world is truly blessed with the incredible capabilities of satellites, all thanks to the magic of
solar panels. It's a shining example of how clean energy technology is not just changing our lives here on
Earth but also opening up new frontiers in the cosmos! Even the people of rural areas and most unprivilized
areas can use the power of solar panel to enlight their dark house.

2. Wind Energy
Now comes another clean energy source that is wind energy. Air turbines are remarkable machines that
convert the energy of flowing air into electricity. We can find that the blades gracefully spinning atop
towering wind turbines. Here's how they work: as the wind blows, it imparts its kinetic energy to the rotating
blades of the turbine. These blades are connected to a shaft, which, in turn, drives a generator. It's like a dance
between the wind and technology, transforming wind's movement into electrical energy.
Now, let's talk about the wind's role in this magical performance. Imagine that the speed of wind is of 10 miles
per hour (mph). With a specific rotor size, this wind speed might yield around 100 watts of power. But here's
the exciting part: if the wind speed doubles to 20 mph, the power generation doesn't just double; it skyrockets
to a stunning 800 watts! That means as the wind speed doubles, the wind's power potential increases by a
remarkable factor of 8.
But air turbines aren't limited to land; they can take to the skies too! Enter the Ram Air Turbine (RAT). This
tiny wind turbine is like a secret weapon for aircraft, especially in emergencies. Installed on airplanes, the
RAT is connected to either a hydraulic pump or an electrical generator. It harnesses the power of the airstream
caused by the aircraft's speed, creating electricity through ram pressure. In some aircraft, it's even called an
Air Driven Generator (ADG). The RAT ensures that essential electrical and control systems have the power
they need, even when the plane is in distress.
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So, whether they're towering over landscapes or hidden within aircraft, air turbines and their incredible ability
to harness the wind's energy are shaping the future of clean and sustainable power generation. It's a beautiful
blend of nature's force and human ingenuity!

3. Hydropower
Heres comes the most popular and most used one. Hydroelectricity, the enchanting magic of turning the flow
and falls of water into electricity, is like nature's own power dance! Imagine the graceful Tarbin, twirling and
pirouetting, converting the energy of flowing water into the electrifying rhythm of our modern lives.

Now, picture this: Hydroelectricity is not just a humble performer; it's a superstar in the world of renewable
energy! In 2020, it stole the spotlight by supplying nearly 4,500 Terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity, more
than all other renewable sources combined and even outshining nuclear power. Hydroelectric power plants
can be found in almost every corner of the world, ranging from grand dams to charming small-scale
installations, all harnessing the speed of water flow.

Let's break it down even further! Hydroelectric power plants come in three delightful flavors:
1. Run-off river power plants without pondage - these are like swift river racers, producing electricity as water
flows.
2. Run-off river power plants with pondage - a bit like river poets, they have a reservoir for added flexibility.
3. Reservoir power plants - these are the tranquil giants with vast reservoirs, patiently storing water for
electricity creation.

But the question is why is hydroelectricity so special? It provides us with vast amounts of electricity without
producing harmful carbon. With a dam and reservoir in the mix, hydroelectric power stations are incredibly
flexible. They can crank up or dial down their electricity production in seconds or minutes to match our ever-
changing demand.

The best part is that, Hydroelectric complexes are eco-friendly champions! They don't produce any direct
waste and, most importantly, they emit way less greenhouse gas than their fossil-fuel-powered rivals. It's like
a breath of fresh air for our planet!

In the end, hydroelectricity is not just a power source; it's a harmonious partnership between nature and
technology, providing us with clean, reliable, and magical electricity for a brighter, greener future!"

4. Geothermal Energy

In this part, newly introduced idea to generate clean energy is geothermal energy, a remarkable source of
clean and continuous power.
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Geothermal energy is like a hidden treasure buried beneath the Earth's crust. It's a unique form of thermal
energy that combines the heat generated during the planet's formation with the energy produced by radioactive
decay. This incredible energy source has been harnessed and utilized by humanity for centuries.

Imagine soaking in a hot spring for relaxation. Well, people have been doing that since the Paleolithic era!
Geothermal heating, using hot water from natural springs, has been providing comfort and warmth for ages.
Even the Romans used it for space heating. Fast forward to the 20th century, and we've discovered how to use
this heat to generate electricity through geothermal power plants.

Unlike the unpredictable nature of wind and solar energy, geothermal power plants are like the dependable
workhorses of the clean energy world. They produce a constant and steady supply of electricity, regardless of
the ever-changing weather conditions.

Geothermal resources have the potential to meet a significant portion of humanity's energy needs. Most of the
action happens in regions near tectonic plate boundaries, where the Earth's internal heat is closer to the
surface.

And here's some exciting news: the cost of generating geothermal power has been steadily decreasing.
Technological advancements during the 1980s and 1990s reduced costs, making more resources economically
viable. In fact, as of 2021, the U.S. Department of Energy estimated that power from a new geothermal plant
costs about $0.05 per kilowatt-hour (kWh).

In 2019, the global geothermal power capacity reached 13,900 megawatts (MW), with an additional 28
gigawatts used for various applications like district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes,
desalination, and agriculture as of 2010. This versatile energy source doesn't just generate power; it also
provides essential heat for a wide range of purposes.

To top it off, the geothermal industry employs around 100 thousand people as of 2019, highlighting its role in
creating jobs and driving sustainability. Pilot programs, such as the Green Power Program, have shown that
customers are willing to invest a bit more for renewable energy, demonstrating the growing interest and
support for this eco-friendly power source.

In conclusion, geothermal energy is a reliable, sustainable, and ever-evolving energy solution that taps into the
Earth's natural warmth to power our present and shape our future. It's a testament to our ability to harness the
Earth's resources responsibly and efficiently.

Now my part is come to an end. I like to request my dear friend Sanjay Das to continue the next part of the
presenation. Thank you, for listening.
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PREDICTED FUTURE of RENEWABLE ENERGY

Presented By: Sanjay Das (2102065)

Good noon everyone! My name is Sanjay, and today, I am delighted to have the opportunity to discuss a topic
that is not just significant for our generation but for the generations to come - the predicted future of
renewable energy.

In a world where the effects of climate change are becoming increasingly evident and the demand for energy
continues to surge, we find ourselves at a crossroads. Our choices today will shape the world of tomorrow.

As we gather here, it's evident that renewable energy has become a pivotal player in the global energy
landscape. It's more than just a trend; it's a seismic shift in how we power our homes, our industries, and our
economies. It's a revolution driven by innovation, environmental consciousness, and a collective realization
that we can no longer rely solely on fossil fuels.

During the next [time duration], I will take you on a journey through the predicted future of renewable energy.
We will explore the current state of renewables, the technological advancements propelling this sector, the
economic and environmental implications, and the potential challenges that lie ahead.

Tidal and Wave Energy:

Let's kick off this journey with a captivating dive into Tidal and Wave Energy. These two renewable
powerhouses tap into the rhythmic pulse of the ocean, offering distinct approaches to harness its energy.
Tidal Energy: Imagine the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun orchestrating a mesmerizing ballet,
causing the ocean tides to rise and fall in a predictable rhythm. In the midst of this celestial choreography, we
find Tidal Energy, a captivating source of power. Submerged turbines on the seabed, strategically positioned to
harness the changing tides, spin gracefully as water flows over them. They work tirelessly to convert this aquatic
ballet into electrical energy, which seamlessly integrates into our grids. Tidal energy, with its reliability and
minimal environmental footprint, is a beacon of sustainability.
Wave Energy: Now, picture the tumultuous dance of ocean waves, less predictable but equally powerful.
This is the realm of Wave Energy, where the relentless motion of the sea is harnessed. Various technologies,
from oscillating water columns to point absorbers, channel the kinetic energy of waves. They conjure
mechanical movements, converting them into electricity through hydraulic systems, pistons, or other ingenious
mechanisms. This electricity travels through underwater cables, seamlessly joining our electrical grid. Wave
energy stands as a testament to the boundless potential of our oceans.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC):

As we plunge deeper into the ocean's embrace, we encounter Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, or
OTEC. Here, the temperature difference between warm surface waters and cold deep ocean waters becomes a
wellspring of clean and sustainable power. The thermal gradient, often found in tropical or subtropical regions,
allows for the creation of electricity through closed or open-cycle systems. OTEC promises continuous
operation, as the temperature contrast remains constant, ensuring a consistent source of thermal energy. It's an
innovative approach that utilizes the ocean's natural gradients to fuel our future.

Advanced Nuclear Energy:

Emerging from the depths, we shift our focus to the realm of Advanced Nuclear Energy, a frontier where
nuclear power is redefined, prioritizing safety, efficiency, and sustainability. This next generation of nuclear
technologies is designed to operate with unprecedented safety measures, relying on passive systems to mitigate
risks. Operating at lower pressures and temperatures, they minimize the chances of catastrophic events. These
reactors not only address the long-lived radioactive waste issue but also promise higher thermal efficiency and
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fuel flexibility. With modularity and improved cooling systems, advanced nuclear energy ushers in an era of
safe, efficient, and scalable power generation.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP):

Our voyage now takes us to the sun-drenched world of Concentrated Solar Power, or CSP, where mirrors
and lenses magnify the sun's radiance onto a central stage. These systems boast high thermal efficiencies, energy
storage capabilities, and minimal environmental impact. They offer a sustainable solution, allowing power
generation even during cloudy periods or at night. CSP, with its promise of clean and reliable energy,
complements intermittent renewables like wind and solar PV, ushering in a brighter future.

Piezoelectric and Tapping Energy:

In the realm of everyday marvels, we uncover Piezoelectric and Tapping Energy. These innovative
methods capture mechanical energy from our surroundings, often overshadowed but brimming with potential.
Piezoelectric materials, responsive to mechanical stress or vibrations, offer self-powered sensors and devices
that harvest energy from the simplest of movements. Tapping energy, on the other hand, captures the energy
generated by tapping, knocking, or impacting surfaces. These technologies promise energy independence and
sustainability, harnessing the power of the everyday.

Algae-Based Biofuels:
Lastly, our voyage takes us to the microscopic world of Algae-Based Biofuels. In the depths of water
bodies, these tiny photosynthetic powerhouses convert sunlight and CO2 into lipids, the building blocks of
biodiesel and bioethanol. Algae-based biofuels boast high productivity, carbon neutrality, and versatility in
cultivation. They offer a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, whispering promises of a greener and
cleaner future.
As we journey through these renewable energy realms, let us remember that innovation knows no bounds.
Nature's forces, human ingenuity, and technology combine to illuminate a path towards a sustainable world
where energy harmonizes seamlessly with our planet. Together, we can chart a course towards a brighter future,
one where renewable energy reigns supreme, and our planet thrives.

So, that’s all from me.I encourage you all to reflect on what we've discussed today and consider how it can
change our lives. Remember that "Renewable energy is the future."by Ramez Naam, a technologist and
author:
Thank you for your time and attention. I'm open to any questions or discussions you may have, and I look
forward to continuing the conversation with each of you.
Together, for a greener future. Have a wonderful day!"
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The Usage of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh and Other Countries

Presented By: Samin Yeaser (2102073)

Renewable energy has gained significant momentum in countries around the world as a sustainable alternative
to fossil fuels.Many countries and their govt. have understood what are the limitations of usage of fossil fuels
or other non-renewable energy sources. So, Bangladesh and many other countries all over the world are
moving to renewable energy sources for production of energy.

Here we can see a status of top five countries who produce their energy from renewable sources. Iceland is the
country which gets most of the energy from renewable energy sources, reporting that 86.87% of its energy
comes from renewable sources. Norway is the second country with the most renewable energy, with 71.56%
of its energy coming from renewable sources. Sweden is third country with the most renewable energy,
50.92% of total energy comes from renewable sources. Then comes Brazil with 46.22% of total energy, then
New Zealand 40,22% of total energy, then Denmark comes fifth with 39.25% of total energy comes from
renewable energy sources . (source: wisevoter)

(source: https://wisevoter.com)
Fig-1:Top five countries generating the highest renewable energy
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1. Solar Energy
Solar power installations are increasing rapidly around the world as countries step up their
renewable energy efforts and attempt to cut carbon emissions from electricity generation. In 2020, an
estimated 107 GW of additional solar capacity was brought online around the world, with a further 117 GW
expected in 2021.

The small portion of energy demand of Bangladesh partially filled by solar photovoltaic (PV) system. The
total production of solar energy in Bangladesh 500 MW and the total share of renewable energy 39.5 %.
Bangladesh state-owned infrastructure development company limited (IDCOL) have already installed 3
million solar home systems (SHS) by providing clean energy over 13 million of the rural population, which
isgreat initiative to make people dependent on renewable energy

China is the home of the largest solar power market but other countries are stepping up their solar power
efforts too. The US had the world’s second-largest installed solar capacity in 2019, totalling 76 GW and
producing 93.1 TWh of electricity.

Japan is also using solar power as their energy source. Alternative sources of energy like solar and other
renewables have become more popular since the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. Japan has used feed-in-
tariff (FiT) schemes to incentivise deployment of solar technology to good effect, however the solar PV
market is expected to slow slightly over the coming years. Installed solar capacity in Japan could approach
100 GW by 2025 according to the government policies and cost declines.

Another example is Germany,which is the leading country in Europe for solar deployments with generating
49.2 GW of solar energy in 2019. Competitive auctions have boosted the industry in recent years. Besides
small scale ,private installations are common in Germany which is another reason for success of Germany’s
solar energy.The country’s largest solar project to-date is the 187-megawatt (MW) Weesow-Willmersdorf
facility north-east of Berlin, which has been developed by German utility EnBW.

In the case of producing solar energy our neighbouring country is also doing so well. As the world’s third-
largest carbon emitter, policies are being developed to shift the country away from fossil fuels like coal in
favour of renewables.Government targets include 450 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.

2. Wind energy

The world is going on fast in the sector of wind renewable energy .A turbine is used to convert
wind energy into electricity . Bangladesh produced 900 KW wind power at Muhuri Dam area of Sonagazi in
Feni and 1000 KW Wind Battery Hybrid Power Plant at Kutubdia Island . Bangladesh has a geographical
advantage for producing wind energy as it has the largest coastal belt around 724 km in the line of Bay of
Bengal.But we need more techno-economic assestment.
China is the country which produce the most wind energy around all over the world,generating
329GW of wind energy in 2021.The Chinese government has implemented subsidies to increase renewable
energy generation in the last decade to lower carbon emissions.According to data from the country’s National
Energy Administration, China has around 26 GW of installed offshore wind, versus the global installed
offshore capacity of 54 GW. In 2021 alone, China installed nearly 17 GW of offshore wind capacity.
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Germany is the another country which produce a large portion of energy from wind. Germany is a
major adopter of wind energy given its 2021 installed wind turbine capacity of almost 64 GW. Given its large
economy and world class engineering talent, Germany’s government has the resources to increase its wind
generation substantially. Germany’s government also has a policy of attaining 100% of its electricity from
renewable sources by 2035. In order to do so, a government paper outlines plans to potentially increase wind
energy capacity to 110 GW onshore, and as much as 30 GW offshore.
3. Hydropower

Hydropower is also known as hydroelectric power, is a form of renewable energy that harnesses the
energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. Its usage varies from country to country based on
some factors like geography,available water resources,economic considerations etc.
Bangladesh has a few small scale hydropower projects,primarily used for rural electrification or off grid
power generation of hilly areas in Chittagong Hill Tracts. The government of Bangladesh has been exploring
the potential for hydropower in the region,but progress has been slow compared to other forms of renewable
energy.
United states is one of the largest producers of hydropower. 7% of total energy in United States come
from hydropower. The largest hydropower facilities located in Pacific Northwest,including Hoover dam on
Colorado River and Grand Coulee dam on Columbia River.Brazil is another largest producers of
hydropower.More than 60% of total energy generated from hydropower. Itaipu’s dam shares with Paraguay is
one of the largest hydroelectricity facilities globally. Norway is known for extensive use of hydropower. Over
95% of total energy comes from hydropower

4. Geothermal Energy:

Geothermal power has the potential to contribute a predictable,low carbon renewable supply
to the global energy mix in transition to clean technology.Geothermal technology harnesses natural heat
energy generated beneath the earth’s crust, with heat pumps extracting steam or hot water to surface level.

With an installed capacity of 3,639MW in 2018, the US is the leading producer of geothermal energy
across the world, producing 16.7 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of geothermal energy throughout the year.The
country is home to the world’s biggest geothermal complex, known as the Geysers, which comprises 22
geothermal plants at its base in California.The facility supplies power to Sonoma, Lake, Mendocino, Marin,
and Napa counties, drawing geothermal steam energy from 350 wells.

The country’s total geothermal power capacity was recorded at 755MW in 2018, with high levels of
volcanic activity in the region making it particularly suitable for the energy source. The Hellisheidi power
plant, which is located at Mount Hengill, approximately 20 kilometres east of the capital Reykjavik, is a major
geothermal facility in the country. Spanning around 13,000 square metres, the power plant has a production
capacity of around 303MW of electric energy and 400MW of thermal energy, with electricity generated
delivered mainly to nearby aluminum refineries.

Indonesia recorded a geothermal capacity of 1,948MW in 2018, making it the world’s second-biggest
producers of the energy source. Analysts have estimated that Indonesia will overtake the US in terms of
geothermal capacity by 2027. The country is currently home to four of the world’s top 10 geothermal power
projects, including the two biggest plants by active capacity. The Gunung Salak facility, brought online in
1994, has the world’s largest active capacity with 375MW, while the Sarulla 1 project, launched in 2017,
follows closely with an output of 330MW.
 15

5. Biofuel:

Biofuels, such as ethanol, biodiesel, green diesel, biogas, biogasoline, and others, are produced from a
range of feedstock including wood fuel, charcoal, wood pellets, forestry residues, agriculture crops, and
industrial and municipal waste.

The US is the leading biofuel producing country in the world with a 2018 production of 1,190.2 thousand
barrels/day. The country contributed 45.5% of the world’s biofuel production in 2018. The country is also the
world’s leading producer of biodiesel with a share of 19.4%, which translates to nearly 136.18 thousand
barrels/day as of end 2018. The US mainly uses corn as the primary feedstock for producing fuel ethanol and
soybeans for biodiesel production. As per the Grain Crushings and Co-Products Production report published
by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), more than 5.55 billion bushels of corn were crushed
for the production of ethanol fuel in 2018.

Brazil ranks second among the leading biofuel producing countries with a 2018 output of 693.2 thousand
barrels/day.The South American country had a 26.5% share of the world’s total biofuel production in
2018. Brazil also stands at the second position in the list of leading producers of biodiesel, with a share of
14.1% amounting to about 99,000 barrels/day.The Latin American country primarily uses sugar cane for
producing fuel ethanol and soybeans for the production of biodiesel.Bagasse, which is produced by crushing
sugar cane, is widely used as fuel in sugar mill co-generation plants to meet the onsite energy demand. In
certain cases, bagasse is used for supplying surplus electricity for export purposes.

Germany, which produced 75.8 thousand barrels/day in 2018, stands third among the top biofuel
producing countries in the world. The country accounted for 2.9% of the global biofuel production capacity in
2018. According to the German Association of Biodiesel Producers (Verband der Deutschen
Biokraftstoffindustrie, VDB), German firms produced 3.2 million tonnes of biodiesel in 2018. Rapeseed and
used cooking oil are the main raw materials used in the production of this fuel.
 16

USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN BANGLADESH

Presented by: Ibna Alfi Shahar Arnob

Good afternoon everyone. My name is Ibna Alfi Shahar Arnob. Thanks to my fellow for representing
outspeech. Now I’ll show you the use of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh. So, I need your proper attention.

Renewable energy has been gaining momentum in Bangladesh due to its potential to address energy
challenges and reduce environmental impact. According to the renewable energy database, the installed
capacity of renewable energy is 776 megawatts to date, with solar occupying the largest share of 69.8 percent.
Around 6 million solar home systems (SHS) have already been set up, meeting the basic electricity needs of
more than 20 million people, which is larger than the population of Sweden, Denmark, and Finland combined.
The international community recognizes Bangladesh as the largest and fastest-growing solar power
dissemination program in the world. Here are some key uses of renewable energy in Bangladesh:

Solar Power:

Solar panels are used to generate electricity in rural and urban areas. Encouraged by the success of solar home
systems, the government has initiated several programs like solar irrigation, solar mini-microgrid, solar park,
rooftop solar, solar drinking water system, solar street light, net metering, drift of solar, and more to promote
and foster renewable energy development in Bangladesh. A dedicated policy on renewable energy was
adopted in 2008, which is now under revision. The country's biggest solar park with a 50-megawatt capacity
has been installed in Mymensingh.

So far seven solar parks with a total capacity of 130 megawatts have been set up across the country. The
government has formulated net metering guidelines in 2018 with the aim of connecting the electricity
generated in rooftop solar systems to the distribution grid through net energy meters. So far, 1580 rooftop
solar, including net metering systems, have been installed with a total capacity of 75megawatt peak. The
largest rooftop solar system with a capacity of 20megawatt peak has been installed in Korean EPZ,
Chittagong.
 17

More than 2000 solar irrigation pumps have been installed across the country with a combined capacity of
around 45 megawatts. SRIDA formulated grid integration guidelines for solar irrigation pumps in 2020,
allowing surplus energy generated by the system to feed into the grid, thereby increasing economic viability.

The government has installed 27 solar mini-grids with a combined capacity of around 6 megawatts. A national
solar help desk has been set up to provide information to stakeholders.

WIND ENERGY:

Wind energy is the second most promising renewable energy source for Bangladesh after solar. Although the
wind energy sector is still in its early stages, there are wind farms and projects in development ,particularly in
coastal regions with favorable wind conditions .To date, five wind power projects with an aggregated capacity
of 245 megawatts are under implementation.
 18

BIOMASS ENERGY:

Biomass energy including biogas and biomass-based power generation, is used in some regions for cooking
and electricity production utilizing agricultural and organic waste. The number of biogas systems reaches
close to a hundred thousand, generating around one megawatt of electricity from biogas plants. The country's
combined capacity for power generation crossed the 20,000-megawatt mark in September 2020. Bangladesh
has a target of generating 40,000 megawatts by 2030 and 60,000 megawatts by 2041.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER:

Bangladesh has been actively developing hydroelectric power projects to meet its growing energy needs.

Karnafuli Lake Hydroelectric Power Plant is a major hydroelectric facility located in Bangladesh. It is situated
on the Karnafuli River in the Rangamati Hill District. The power plant plays a crucial role in generating
electricity for the region. The power plant has a total installed capacity of around 230 megawatts (MW). It
was constructed in the early 1960s and involved the creation of the Kaptai Lake by damming the Karnafuli
River. The dam created the Kaptai Lake, which is one of the largest man-made lakes in Bangladesh, serving
multiple purposes, including electricity generation, irrigation, and fishing. The primary purpose of the power
 19

plant is to generate electricity through hydropower. It helps meet the electricity needs of the region and
contributes to the national grid.

In short, While Bangladesh is making process in utilizing renewable energy , challenges like grid stability,
financing and infrastructure development still need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of renewable
energy sources in the country.

This is the end of my segment. Thanks to all of you for listening to my portion

If you have any queries,feel free and please raise your hand.

I am now hand over the presentation to my friend.

Thank you again.

 20

THE ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Presented By: Zafir Mahmud Hasan(2102082)

Thanks to my fellow for giving the chance to present the advantages of renewable energy.
Today, I'm thrilled to discuss the 'Advantages of Renewable Energy'.

1. Overview of Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is energy generated from naturally replenished sources such as sunshine, wind, and water.
Let us look at the many advantages of renewable energy.

2. Environmental Advantages

Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower are lauded for their enormous environmental
advantages. The fact that these sources create power without generating damaging greenhouse gasses throughout
the energy generation process is essential to their attractiveness. This contrasts sharply with the carbon-intensive
nature of fossil fuel burning, which emits enormous volumes of CO2, CH4, and other pollutants into the
atmosphere. These emissions are a main cause of global warming and climate change, with disastrous
repercussions such as rising sea levels, severe weather events, and ecological damage.

The shift to renewable energy is a critical component of worldwide efforts to prevent climate change. Renewable
energy helps alleviate the negative consequences of climate change by lowering CO2 concentrations in the
atmosphere, making it a vital tool in the struggle to control global warming. Furthermore, renewable energy
sources decrease other hazardous pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and fine
particulate matter (PM2.5), all of which have negative effects on both human health and ecosystems. Renewable
energy helps to create cleaner and better ecosystems for all living things on Earth by reducing harmful pollutants.

3. Energy Security

The notion of energy independence is essential to the attractiveness of renewable energy. In a world primarily
reliant on finite fossil fuel supplies, governments frequently find themselves in perilous positions due to their
reliance on energy imports. This dependency exposes businesses to geopolitical conflicts, supply interruptions,
and volatile variations in global energy costs. Countries may break out from this web of vulnerability by
exploiting indigenous natural resources such as sunshine, wind, and flowing water. Renewable energy provides
a way to increased energy sovereignty by allowing nations to generate electricity reliably within their borders,
minimizing their vulnerability to foreign forces that might jeopardize their energy security.

Furthermore, unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy supplies are almost infinite and long-lasting. Because fossil
fuels are limited and declining resources, they are inherently sensitive to supply shortages and price volatility.
 21

Renewable energy sources, on the other hand, are long-term sustainable, providing a consistent and always-
available energy supply. Countries may design a path towards greater energy self-sufficiency by adopting
renewable energy, ensuring their populations' access to dependable and inexpensive power while also
contributing to global efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions and battle climate change.

4. Employment Creation

The profound impact of renewable energy on employment is a testament to its multifaceted benefits. The
renewable energy sector is a robust engine of job creation, offering a diverse array of employment opportunities
across a wide spectrum of skill levels and industries. Manufacturing, installation, maintenance, research, and
development are all part of it, giving it a diverse source of income. Solar panels and wind turbines, for example,
need a highly qualified staff in charge of producing these crucial components. Simultaneously, technicians,
engineers, and specialists are needed for the installation and operation of renewable energy systems to ensure
efficient and effective energy generation.

The fact that renewable energy has created millions of jobs worldwide shows how important it is as a driver of
employment growth. These jobs represent a wide spectrum of employment prospects, from technicians and
construction workers to scientists and engineers. Additionally, local hiring is frequently given priority in the
renewable energy sector, strengthening communities and presenting opportunities for work for people from a
variety of backgrounds. With this strategy, the labour market is strengthened, unemployment rates are reduced,
and local economies are more resilient. As a result, renewable energy is not only a reliable source of clean
energy but also a strong driver of socioeconomic development.

5. Economic Effectiveness

A period of unprecedented cost effectiveness has arrived thanks to the trajectory of renewable energy
technologies, making them increasingly competitive with conventional fossil fuels. This cost parity is the result
of a number of interrelated variables, such as technology advancements, economies of scale, and increased
general efficiency.
Renewable energy systems are now more efficient than ever thanks to technological advancement. For instance,
substantial advancements in materials and design have led to greater energy conversion rates in solar
photovoltaic (PV) panels. The overall cost per unit of energy generated decreases as a result of these
advancements, which result in better energy returns for the same capital investment.

Moreover, the expansion of renewable energy deployment has led to substantial reductions in production costs.
The mass production of solar panels and wind turbines has driven down manufacturing expenses, rendering
these technologies more affordable. The competition between renewable energy firms and the increasing
worldwide use of renewables have a further amplifying effect on this issue.

By enticing people, companies, and utilities to participate in clean energy, government incentives, subsidies,
and tax credits have also been crucial in lowering the cost of renewable energy. As a result, the levelized cost
of electricity (LCOE) for renewables has drastically decreased, making clean energy sources not only an
economical alternative for large-scale power generation but also for individual users as well.
 22

6. Technological Progress

The renewable energy sector is known for its persistent pursuit of technical advances. These advancements
constantly improve the performance, efficiency, and dependability of renewable energy technologies,
establishing them as the pillars of a sustainable energy future.
Solar power, for example, has seen a paradigm leap in efficiency, with solar panels now capable of absorbing
and converting more sunlight than ever before. These developments are primarily due to the development of
more efficient materials, sophisticated monitoring systems that detect the passage of the sun, and improved
cooling mechanisms to maintain ideal working temperatures. As a result, new solar panels can generate more
power with the same surface area, making them more appealing for residential, commercial, and utility-scale
installations.

Wind energy, another important component of the renewable energy landscape, has seen significant advances
in turbine design and performance. Aerodynamic improvements, blade designs, and gearbox technologies have
been developed by engineers to maximise energy output while decreasing maintenance costs. Furthermore,
larger turbine towers have access to stronger and more steady winds at greater altitudes, increasing energy
outputs even further. These advancements result in wind turbines that produce more power and function more
reliably, increasing their attractiveness as a mainstream energy source.

Energy storage devices, which are critical to the reliability and stability of renewable energy, have also seen
substantial improvements. Lithium-ion batteries, which are extensively used for energy storage, have witnessed
capacity, efficiency, and lifetime increases. Newer battery chemistries, such as solid-state and flow batteries,
offer even greater energy density and longer lifespans. These technical breakthroughs in energy storage enable
the capture of excess energy created during peak production times and storage of that energy for use during
periods of high demand or when renewable energy sources are less active.
These constant innovations continue to drive the growth of renewable energy, enhancing its overall performance,
reducing costs, and expanding its accessibility. Renewable energy technologies are at the forefront of a dynamic
and evolving energy landscape, promising a cleaner, more sustainable, and more efficient future.

7. Access to Energy

A pivotal attribute of renewable energy is its capacity to address energy accessibility challenges, particularly in
remote and underserved areas. Because of the enormous expenses associated with expanding electricity
networks across long distances, conventional energy infrastructure frequently struggles to reach these locations.
Renewable energy technologies, on the other hand, provide diverse and scalable solutions that may be efficiently
applied in off-grid and remote areas.

Solar panels, for example, are an excellent illustration of how renewable energy can empower places that
previously lacked reliable power sources. These solar systems can be erected in isolated areas where connection
to the main power grid is cost prohibitive. Solar panels provide a sustainable and self-sufficient energy source
to homes, schools, and healthcare institutions by absorbing sunlight and turning it into power. Renewable
energy, in this sense, brings about dramatic transformations, increasing the quality of life and stimulating
economic growth in disadvantaged areas.
 23

Mini-grids, another renewable energy application, are designed to serve isolated communities by providing a
localized and cost-effective energy solution. Mini-grids, which are powered by renewable sources such as solar
and wind, provide electricity to communities that previously relied on diesel generators or had no access to
power at all. These systems have the ability to power entire towns, so promoting economic growth, improving
education, and bolstering healthcare services. Renewable energy, by increasing energy availability to these
communities, acts as a catalyst for poverty reduction and the development of dynamic, self-sufficient
civilizations.

Furthermore, renewable energy technology may be used to aid in disaster recovery and humanitarian activities.
Portable solar panels and wind turbines can deliver important electricity fast in the aftermath of natural
catastrophes, ensuring critical infrastructure stays operational and providing assistance to impacted people. This
adaptability of renewable energy to solve energy accessibility issues highlights its position as a potent vehicle
for social and economic development, providing prospects for prosperity to people in both established and
developing regions.

8. Improved Health

One of the less-celebrated yet profoundly consequential aspects of renewable energy is its capacity to reduce
health-related consequences stemming from air pollution. Traditional energy sources, mostly fossil fuels such
as coal, oil, and natural gas, generate a slew of toxic pollutants during burning. Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the pollutants
that have catastrophic impacts on both human health and the environment
By transitioning away from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, societies can expect substantial
improvements in public health. Air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels has been related to a variety of
health issues, including respiratory ailments (such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease),
cardiovascular conditions, and several types of cancer. Vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly,
and those with pre-existing health disorders, are more vulnerable to these health consequences.

The primary contribution of renewable energy to enhanced public health is the decrease of these hazardous
emissions. Solar panels, wind turbines, and hydroelectric power plants create electricity without polluting the
environment, making them a clean and safe option. Renewable energy reduces the incidence of linked health
conditions by reducing exposure to air pollution. A healthy population results in fewer hospitalisations, lower
healthcare expenses, and improved productivity.

In addition to improving human health, reducing air pollution with renewable energy has a favourable impact
on ecosystems. Acid rain, which is generated by the emission of SO2 and NOx into the atmosphere, is harmful
to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Renewable energy promotes biodiversity and ecological resilience by
lowering emissions.

9. Grid Resilience

Renewable energy helps to improve the resilience of electrical grids, which is an important component of
modern energy systems. Traditional centralised power facilities that run on fossil fuels are frequently vulnerable
 24

to natural catastrophes, cyberattacks, and equipment breakdowns. When these flaws are uncovered, the results
can be disastrous, resulting in extended power outages and interruptions to critical services.

The incorporation of renewable energy sources into the electrical system adds redundancy and flexibility. Even
when the main power supply is disrupted, distributed renewable energy resources such as rooftop solar panels
and small-scale wind turbines continue to generate electricity. This ability to supply backup power during
emergencies is critical for grid resilience.During natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, or wildfires,
renewable energy systems can operate autonomously, ensuring that critical infrastructure, including hospitals
and emergency response facilities, remains functional.

Moreover, renewable energy can support microgrids, localized energy systems that can function
independently or connect to the larger grid. These microgrids can isolate themselves from the main grid
during disturbances, preventing the spread of outages and providing energy stability to a defined area. As a
result, renewable energy enhances the overall resilience of the energy infrastructure, safeguarding against
disruptions that could otherwise have far-reaching and devastating consequences.

The concept of grid resilience extends beyond short-term emergencies to encompass long-term challenges
associated with climate change. Renewable energy's capacity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions plays a
pivotal role in addressing the gradual shifts in weather patterns and the increased frequency and severity of
extreme weather events. By mitigating climate change, renewable energy helps safeguard the stability and
reliability of energy grids, ensuring that they can meet the evolving needs of society in the face of a changing
climate.
That is all my part. Thanks for the opportunity. Now I request my friend to present the next part. Thank You.
 25

The Unseen Consequences: Renewable Energy's Negative Effects

Presented By: Partha Sharathi Goswami (2102078)

Hello and good evening, everyone. I’m Partha Sarathi Goswami, representing Team Pendulum. Today, I'm
excited to present to you the often-unseen consequences of renewable energy.

Renewable energy is often portrayed in a positive light, but it's important to acknowledge the potential
drawbacks as well.

One of the most widely adopted renewable energy sources in our country is solar panels. However, the
production of solar panels involves the use of toxic elements like Cadmium, lead, and Tellurium, posing a
threat to various ecosystems, including our own. Solar panels are heavily reliant on sunlightto generate
electricity, which can be a significant limitation, particularly in regions with inconsistent or limited sunlight.
Furthermore, solar panel is useless during night. Typically, the lifespan of a solar panel is around 25 to 30
years, and disposing of aging panels can contribute to electronic waste, potentially leading to environmental
contamination. In densely populated urban areas where solar installations are concentrated, the heat generated
by these panels can exacerbate the urban heat island effect, further complicating climate-related challenges.
Over time, the efficiency of solar panelscan degrade significantly, necessitating a larger space and longer
periods of exposure to generate a relatively small amount of electricity. While renewable energy sources like
solar panels offer undeniable benefits, it's crucial to consider these negative aspects and explore ways to
mitigate their environmental and ecological impacts as we continue to transition towards cleaner energy
solutions.

In today's modern era, hydroelectric power plants have gained widespread popularity, but it's essential to
recognize that they come with certain environmental concerns. To harness substantial electricity,
hydroelectric plants often rely on dams, which impede the natural flow of rivers for extended periods. This
extended water storage can have several adverse effects over time. One significant impact is the potential for
drought and land erosion downstream due to reduced water flow. Additionally, dam construction and
operation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems and hinder the natural migration patterns of fish. The creation of
reservoirs behind dams can alter water quality, temperature, and nutrient levels, affecting the surrounding
environment. In some cases, the slowingof water flow can lead to an increase in organic compounds in the
reservoir. The decomposition of organic matter submerged in these reservoirs can result in the release of
methane, a potentgreenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. While hydroelectric power offers a
renewable energy source, it's vital to carefully manage and mitigate these environmental impacts to ensure a
more sustainable and balanced approach to energy production.

In windy regions, wind turbines have proven effective in generating electricity, but they also come with certain
considerations and potential drawbacks. Wind energy offers many benefits, but it's essential to acknowledge
and address the associated challenges. Wind turbines, particularly those located in areas frequented by bats
and sea birds, can pose a risk to these animals. Collisions with spinning turbine blades, often more common
during nighttime, can lead to harm or fatalities. Conservation efforts and research are ongoing to minimize
these risks through improved turbine design and placement. Wind turbines can generate electromagnetic
interference (EMI) that may affect nearby communication and navigation systems. Proper electromagnetic
shielding and distance
 26

considerations can help mitigate this issue and ensure the uninterrupted operation of critical systems. Shadow
Flicker: The rotation of wind turbine blades can create a flickering shadow effect as the sun moves behind them,
potentially causing annoyance to nearby residents. Careful placement and technological solutions can reduce the
impact of this shadow flicker. The rotation of wind turbine blades generates noise, which can be bothersome to
people living in proximity to wind farms. Innovations in turbine design and sound barriers are continually being
explored to minimize noise pollution and maintain a positive relationship with local communities.

Biomass energy, like any energy source, presents both advantages and disadvantages. Harvesting wood and plant
materials for biomass fuel can contribute to deforestation which results in habitat loss and disruption to
ecosystems, impacting biodiversity and natural habitats. The combustion of biomass can release pollutants such
as methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds. These
emissions can have negative effects on air quality andpublic health, especially in regions with substantial biomass
energy production. Biomass energy production can be sensitive to climate conditions, including droughts and
extreme weather events. These climate factors can impact the availability and quality of biomass feedstocks,
affecting energyproduction. The use of agricultural crops for biofuel production can create competition between
energy and food production, potentially affecting global food security. Biomass has a lower energy density
compared to fossil fuels, necessitating larger quantities of biomass for the same energy output.

Geothermal energy is a distinctive form of renewable energy, but it does come with certain.
limitations and challenges. Geothermal resources are not uniformly distributed worldwide and are typically
concentrated in areas with geological features like active volcanoes, tectonic plate boundaries, or hot spots. This
geographical limitation restricts the availability of geothermal energyto specific regions. Geothermal fluid
extracted from reservoirs can contain minerals and chemicals that, if not managed carefully, may be released
into the environment. Proper management and treatment of these fluids is essential to prevent contamination of
surface water and soil. While geothermal energy is generally considered environmentally friendly, some
geothermal power plantscan releasetrace amounts of gases like hydrogen sulfide, which can have an odor and
pose health risks if not adequately controlled. However, it's important to note that these emissions are
typicallyminimalcompared to fossil fuel power plants. Addressing these limitations through responsible
resource management and emissions control measures can help maximize the benefits ofgeothermal energy
while minimizing its drawbacks.

In conclusion, by addressing the challenges associated with renewable energy sources, we can entera new era
characterized by cleaner and more environmentally friendly energy solutions.
 27

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Presented By: Md. Nayemur Rahman Nayeem

(2102069)
Good noon everyone
I am Md. Nayeem, and today, we embark on a journey through the boundless realm of renewable energy. Now I
am going to summarize and will try to draw a conclusion.

Intro

Ok! Picture this: a world where the sun paints the sky with its brilliance, where the wind whispers secrets of limitless
power, and where the Earth itself offers us warmth and vitality. Today, we've explored the transformative potential
of renewable energy sources, and as we wrap up this journey, I invite you to join me in reflecting on the
incrediblepossibilities that lie before us.

Varieties of renewable energy

In our quest for a sustainable future, we've unraveled the diverse tapestry of renewable energy. We've witnessed the
power of the sun, harnessed by solar panels that turn sunlight into electricity. We've felt the mighty gusts of wind,
captured by elegant turbines that convert kinetic energy into usable power. We've heard the soothing rush of water,
channeled through hydroelectric dams to light up our lives. We've tapped into the Earth's core, drawing geothermal
energy to keep us warm. And we've witnessed the magic of biomass, as nature's own materials fuel our energy
needs.

But it's not just about the sources; it's about the innovation, the technology that breathes life into these sources.
Imagine solar panels so efficient that they adorn our buildings like shimmering artwork, wind turbines so graceful
they seem like dancers in the breeze, and energy storage solutions so advanced they transform intermittent energy
into a continuous lifeline. These technologies are not just the tools of the future; they are the architects of a
sustainable world.

The environmental implications of renewable energy are nothing short of extraordinary. We stand at a pivotal
moment in history, where our choices can either exacerbate the climate crisis or steer us toward a brighter, cleaner
future. By harnessing renewable energy, we can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of our energy sector,
alleviate air and water pollution, and safeguard the delicate ecosystems that nurture life on Earth.

Economically, the renewable energy sector is a fertile ground for growth and prosperity. As governments and
industries pour investments into clean energy projects, they not only create jobs but also stimulate innovation. The
renewable energy revolution is not just about saving the planet; it's about energizing economies, bolstering energy
security, and stabilizing energy prices.
 28

Limitations

Yet, we must acknowledge the hurdles on this path. Intermittency and variability challenge some renewable
sources, but ingenious energy storage solutions are emerging as champions in this arena. The initial costs of
renewable infrastructure can be steep, but the long-term savings and benefits to society far outweigh these
expenditures.

Bangladesh vs Others

Let us delve into the situation of Bangladesh regarding possibilities of renewabIe energy.In the realm of
renewable energy, Bangladesh has made significant strides, investing in solar and wind power projects.
However, compared to foreign counterparts, it faces challenges in infrastructure development and technology
adoption, highlighting the need for international collaboration to accelerate its transition to sustainable energy
sources.

Ending

As we conclude this exploration of renewable energy, I want to leave you with a thought. The transition to
renewable energy is not a solitary journey. It's a collective endeavor that requires governments, industries, and
individuals to join hands. It's a journey that beckons us to embrace the sun, dance with the wind, and draw
strength from the Earth. It's a journey that carries the promise of a sustainable future, a legacy we can proudly
pass down to future generations.

In closing, let us remember that renewable energy is not just a choice; it's a responsibility. It's our responsibility
to shape a world where the sun, the wind, the water, and the Earth work in harmony to power our lives. Together,
wecan make this vision a stunning reality.

Now that we’ve discussed on the various aspects of renewable energy, I’d like to hear from you. Can anyone
share their thoughts? Please raise your hands and I’ll be happy to hear your insights. Or, you can ask your queries
you mayhave.

Thank you for joining me on this extraordinary journey through the realm of renewable energy.
29