Dr. Cristina Amor M.

Rosales
Faculty-in-Charge
▪ ENGLISH DICTIONARY
▪ careful investigation or inquiry specifically through search for new facts in any branch of
knowledge
▪ as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.

▪ ACCORDING TO CLIFFORD WOODY

▪ Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating suitable solutions or
hypothesis; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deduction and reaching
conclusions; and at last, carefully testing the conclusions to decide whether they satisfy the
hypothesis formulated.
▪ It is an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. We
try to establish the truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment.
▪ It is a search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a
problem
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▪ A careful, well-defined (or redefined), objective, and systematic method of search for
knowledge, or formulation of a theory that is driven by inquisitiveness for the unknown
and useful on a particular aspect to make an original contribution to expand the existing
knowledge base.
▪ Involves formulation of hypothesis or proposition of solutions, data analysis, and
deductions; and ascertaining whether the conclusions fit the hypothesis.
▪ It is a process of creating or formulating knowledge that does not yet exist.

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 Research, as a major function in higher education, sets higher
education apart from basic education

“The basis of research in higher education is its independence and

search for truth which justifies higher education’s continued exercise
of academic freedom”

Bologna Ministerial Meeting of 2007

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Higher education accents the role of Research in higher education
viz:
State policies must promote and develop research which is
necessary feature of all higher education systems in all discipline,
including social sciences and arts given their relevance for
development

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▪ We need to find answers to questions through the application of scientific
procedures.
▪ The truth is hidden and has not been found so far
▪ In general, research objectives are:
▪ To gain familiarity with the phenomenon or to get new insights into it. These studies are termed
as exploratory or formative research studies.
▪ To determine accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, system, situation or a
group. These studies are known as descriptive research studies.
▪ To decide the frequency with which a phenomenon occur or with which it is associated with
something else. These studies are known as diagnostic research studies.
▪ To establish the causal relationship between variables by forming suitable hypothesis. They are
termed as hypothesis-testing research studies.

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▪ Studies have shown that intrinsic motivations like interest, challenge, learning, meaning,
purpose, are linked to strong creative performance;
▪ Extrinsic motivating factors like rewards for good work include money, fame, awards,
praise, and status are very strong motivators, but may block creativity.
For example: Research outcome may enable obtaining a patent which is a good way to
become rich and famous.
▪ Influences from others like competition, collaboration, commitment, and encouragement
are also motivating factors in research. For example: my friends are all doing research and
so should I, or a person that I dislike is doing well and I want to do bet
▪ Personal motivation in solving unsolved problems, intellectual joy, service to community,
and respectability are all driving factors
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▪ Factors showing a mix of extrinsic or intrinsic aspects:
▪ Wanting to do better than what has been achieved in the world
▪ improve the state of the art in technology,
▪ Contribute to the improvement of society,
▪ Fulfillment of the historical legacy in the immediate sociocultural context.
▪ other factors like government directives, funding opportunities in certain areas, and
terms of employment, can motivate people to get involved in research.

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▪ Scientific
▪ empirical
▪ scientific process

▪ Valid and Reliable

▪ Controlled
▪ Generalizable
▪ Systematic

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QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

▪ based on the measurement of quantity ▪ concerned about the qualitative phenomena,

or amount. that is, something relating to or involving
quality.
▪ uses statistical observations of a
sufficiently large number of ▪ rely on a few nonrepresentative cases or
representative cases to draw any verbal narrative in behavioral studies
conclusions ▪ an example is a research designed to find
out how, people feel or what they think
▪ applicable to phenomena that can be
about a particular subject or institution is
expressed in terms of quantity, qualitative research
amount, size or weight etc.
▪ one example is the clustering effect in
intersections in Transportation engineering
to make a proposition 10
1. Inferential
▪ the characteristics of the population is inferred from the database
▪ survey research where a sample of population is studied (questioned or observed)
to determine its characteristics, and it is then inferred that the population has the
same characteristics
2. Experimental
▪ variables are manipulated by the researcher to observe the effect of a variable on
others. Greater control is over the experiment.
3. Simulation approaches
▪ involves building a numerical model and manipulating the model with the help of a
computer.
▪ permits observation of the dynamic behavior of the system or sub-system under
controlled conditions
▪ useful in building models for understanding future conditions
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DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL

▪ includes comparative and correlational ▪ On the contrary, in analytical research,

methods, and fact-finding inquiries, to already available facts for analysis and
effectively describe the present state of critical evaluation are utilized.
art.
▪ researcher must use facts or
▪ The researcher holds no control over information already available from
the variables; rather only reports what secondary sources and analyze them to
is happening or what has happened make critical evaluation of the material
(eg: frequency of arrival of vehicles
for repairs in a workshop).
▪ also includes attempts to determine
causes even though the variables
cannot be controlled.

Some research studies can be both descriptive and analytical 12

APPLIED FUNDAMENTAL/ BASIC / PURE

▪ seeks to solve an immediate problem ▪ concerned with generalizations and

facing the organization. formulation of a theory
▪ primary objective is to determine a ▪ aimed at seeking information which could
solution for compelling problems in have a broad base of applications in the
medium to long term; thus, adds to the
actual practice
already existing organized body of
▪ examples are research aiming to scientific knowledge.
identify social or economic trends, or ▪ examples are research concerning natural
those that find out whether certain phenomena or relating to pure
communications will be read and mathematics
understood
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CONCEPTUAL EMPIRICAL

▪ A concept is an abstract idea, a ▪ relies on experience or observation alone,

visionary expression of a proposed or often without due regard for system and
planned action that leads to theory
achievement of an objective; thus, its
▪ data based research ending up with
research is related to some abstract
conclusions, which are capable of being
idea or theory
verified by observation or experiment.
▪ Generally used by thinkers to develop
▪ Many engineering-oriented research work
new concepts or reinterpret existing
are of empirical type involving physical
ones
experiments or simulation

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1. researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable
results
2. works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis
3. sets up experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials
concerned so as to bring forth the desired information

▪ characterized by the experimenter’s control over the variables under study and his deliberate
manipulation of one of them to study its effects
▪ evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most
powerful support possible for a given hypothesis

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▪ all intellectual work that aims to uncover truth hidden in human beings,
society and nature.
▪ knowledge supporting the welfare of mankind (i.e., dignified happiness and
prosperity based on a stable life and social environment).
▪ important role in the formation of the ability of people to make fair and
just judgments on all sorts of issues, including social and economic matters.

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▪ presentation of guidance in the resolution of problems confronting society
through discovery, advancement and new knowledge
▪ direct and indirect contribution to the promotion of the general welfare of
the society
▪ contribution to enabling future generations to pursue their own general
welfare.

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1. Basic research

2. Applied research

3. Developmental research

4. Pilot Testing

5. Technology promotion/ commercialization

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This research is an experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to

acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and

observable facts, without any particular or specific application or use in view

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Applied research is an original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new

knowledge directed primarily towards a specific aim or objective.

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This research is a systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from

research and/or practical experience that is directed to producing new materials,

products or devices, installing new processes, systems and services and

improving substantially those already produced or installed

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Pilot testing is an innovative work to confirm and demonstrate the feasibility of

using a technology gauging end user’s reaction to introduction of improved

technologies and identifying potential problems related to wider dissemination,

utilization and adoption so that these can be fed back to researchers

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 This research is an activity involving application of technologies on a

commercial scale by an identified entrepreneur or user primarily to increase his

income/profits and productivity technologies utilized/produced on a pre-

commercial scale including market testing jointly undertaken with a client

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▪ Challenging
▪ The scientific research is a vast world that for you to get funding, it must be thoroughly reviewed and
evaluated.
▪ Comprehensive
▪ For funds to be provided in a scientific research, a proposal must be in detailed that every section is
discussed objectively and concisely.
▪ Cross-discipline
▪ Scientific research have multi-dimensional aspects that for it to be successfully implemented,
different experts in the field must be involved.
▪ International
▪ Scientific Research must be comparable to that of the output of the developed and research-dependent
countries.

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▪ Publication and Presentation
▪ Patents/IP
▪ Products
▪ People Services
▪ Places and Partnership
▪ Policy

▪ Social Impacts
▪ Economic Impacts

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