FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE

It allows the researcher to have a glance at the entire data conveniently. It shows whether the
observations are high or low and also whether they are concentrated in one area or spread out across
the entire scale. This will employ to determine the frequency counts and percentage distribution of
personal related variables of the respondents. Frequency and percentage statistics should be used to
represent most personal information variables.

MEAN AMD STANDARD DEVIATION

Recall that Mean is arithmetic average of the scores, calculated by adding all the scores and dividing
by the total number of scores. Excel will perform this function for you using the command
=AVERAGE(Number:Number).
Standard deviation is considered the most useful index of variability. It is a single number that tells us
the variability, or spread, of a distribution (group of scores). Standard Deviation is calculated by:

Step 1. Determine the mean.

Step 2. Take the mean from the score.

Step 3. Square that number.

Step 4. Take the square root of the total of squared scores.

Excel will perform this function for you using the command =STDEV(Number:Number).

While the mean identifies a central value in the distribution, it does not indicate how far the data
points fall from the center. Higher SD values signify that more data points are further away from the
mean.
SD tells us about the shape of our distribution, how close the individual data values are from the
mean value. SE tells us how close our sample mean is to the true mean of the overall population.
Together, they help to provide a more complete picture than the mean alone can tell us.

The mean and standard deviation are the most appropriate for describing a given distribution of a
quantative variable. The mean would be used to find the center and the standard deviation would be
used to find the spread of the sum.