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Political Economy; Asian Politics; Politics and International Studies; East Asia
Politics
Political Economy; Asian Politics; Politics and International Studies; East Asia
Note:
Figures for 1957 and 1970 refer to peninsular Malaysia only, while figures for
2000 are projections.
Sources: Extracted from Jomo (1988: 300–1).
Malaysia (1996: 113; 1999: 103).
As indicated above, the section of the new middle class that had experienced
the most dramatic growth since the 1970s comprised of professional and
technical workers as well as administrative and managerial workers. Though
clerical workers also increased significantly, from 2.9 per cent in 1957 to 10.1
in 1995 and 11.1 per cent in 2000, the increase in the higher white-collar
occupations is more pronounced. From being a relatively small group in the
early years of independence, making up only 4.0 per cent in 1957 and 5.9 per
cent in 1970 (Table 3.2), the new middle class increased significantly to 11.2
per cent in 1990, 13.0 per cent in 1995, and 15.2 per cent in 2000 – almost a
fourfold increase in around forty years.
The lower-middle class (employees in clerical, sales and about half the
services categories) made up another 15.8 per cent and 23.9 per cent in
1957 and 1970 respectively. Their proportion increased to 27.1 per cent in
1990, 27.6 per cent in 1995, and 28.0 per cent in 2000 (Table 3.2) – a much
lower percentage increase than that of the new middle class.
Notes:
1 = Current occupation.
2 = First occupation after leaving school, college or university.
Source: Survey data 1996 and 1997.
respondents (aged 41–50) were born during the 1950s, had their secondary
schooling during the 1960s and tertiary education in the 1970s, and were thus
the first batch of NEP beneficiaries. The mid-career group (aged 31–40), who
constituted the largest age cohort, were born in the 1960s, had their
schooling in the 1970s, and tertiary education in the 1980s; while the
youngest cohort (those aged 30 and below) were born in the 1970s, and
therefore completed their tertiary education in the early 1990s. It is clear,
therefore, that while the first two age cohorts witnessed poverty and may
even have experienced it themselves, the latter two, especially the last group,
grew up in a transformed middle-income Malaysia.
Table 4.3 records the class positions of the respondents' fathers. It can be
seen from the data that many respondents had fathers who were from the
peasant and labouring classes (34.9 per cent farmers, 8.0 per cent
labourers), with another 39.4 per cent from the old middle class (self-
employed) and lower middle class (non-graduate schoolteachers and clerical
workers). However, a small proportion of their fathers (17.6 per cent) were
members of the new middle class (managers, administrators and lecturers).
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