ETHICS It comes from the Greek word "ethos" means "customs" or "moral" in Latin equivalent. Itis a study of the morality of human acts and moral agents, what makes an act obligatory and what makes a person accountable. 3 Branches of Ethics Metaethics 2. Normative Ethics Applied Et! Metaethics ‘Studies the very foundation of morality itself © "What is Morality?” © Whatis its nature? Different Metaethical Views 1. MoralRealism a. Moral Absolutism b. Moral Relativism 2. Moral Antirealism a. Moral Subjectivism Moral Realism has 2 forms: 1. Moral absoli 2. Moral Relativism a. Normative Cultural Relativism b. Normative Cultural Relativism Moral Realism a FrRe FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER Shaping Teachers, Trouleryioy Lowey. * Belief that there are MORAL FACTS, in the same way that there are scientific facts. * Inthis view, any moral moral proposition can only be TRUE, or FALSE. * Fora lotus, our gut intuition tells Us that there are moral facts- some things are just wrong, and others are indisputably right. ©) Examples: © Gratuitous Violence is always wrong. ©} Nurturing children is always Right Grounding Problem © The grounding problem of ethics is the search for a foundation for our moral beliefs, something that is solid that would make them true in way that is clear, objective, and unmoving MORAL REALISM can either be: 1. MORAL ABSOLUTISM 2. MORAL RELATIVISM. MORAL ABSOLUTISM ‘* There are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged. MORAL RELATIVISM * More than one moral position on a given topic can be correct. Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misola‘+ Example of Moral Relativism is Cultural Relativism 2 Kinds of Cultural Relat ism 1. Descriptive Cultural Relativism 2. Normative Cultural Relativism Descriptive Cultural Relativism ‘© people’s moral beliefs differ from culture to culture. Normative Cultural Relativism * it’s not your beliefs but moral facts themselves that differ from culture to culture. “Wf every culture is the sole arbiter of what's right for it, that means no culture can be actually wrong.” “if what everyone is doting right now is right, relative to their own culture then there’s never any reason to change anything.” Moral Antirealism ‘* Belief that moral propositions lon’t re the world at all, There are NO MORAL FACTS. ©. There’s nothing about gratuitous violence that’s inherently wrong. ©. If you look at the rest of the animal kingdom, sometimes nurturing your kids doesn’t seem like it’s that important. objective features of A FTR Cc FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER Shaping Teachers, Froakerying loves 1 form of Moral Antirealism 1. Moral Subjectivism * Moral statements can be true and false- right or wrong — but they refer only to people’s attitudes, rather than their actions. “Those preferences key into personal attitudes, but not actual, objective moral facts about the world.” “Some people favor capital punishment, and think it’s just. Others oppose it and think it’s unjust. But | doesn’t'go any deeper than that. There areino moral facts, only moral attitudes.” NORMATIVE ETHICS = Deals with “norms” or set of considerations on how one should act. = » study of ethical action and sets out the rightness or wrongness of the actions. = Known as PRESCRIPTIVE ETHICS Theories in Normative Ethics 1, Deontological 2, Teleological or Consequentialist APPLIED ETHICS = attempts to APPLY ethical principles and moral theories to REAL-LIFE MORAL ISSUES. "Deals with ethical questions specific to practical fields * Euthanasia, child labor, abortion ete. Domains of Applied Ethics = Business Ethics Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misolabij 2 @ FrRe FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER N "Clinical Ethics "Organizational Ethics "Social Ethics 2 TYPES OF STANDARDS 1. Moral Standards 2. Non- Moral Standards MORAL STANDARDS * are norms, prescriptions or rules used in determining what ought to be done or what is right or wrong action, what is good or bad character. * NON-COMPLIANCE of Moral Standards causes SENSE OF GUILT. Examples of Moral Standards 1. Donotlie Do not cheat Do not steal Do not kill Do not commit adultery gaye Non- Moral Standards = are rules unrelated to MORAL or ETHICAL considerations. "They are guides of action which should be followed as expected by SOCIETY social rules, demands of etiquette and good manners. = In Sociology, non-moral standards or rules are called FOLKWAYS Examples of Non- Moral Standards 1. No talking while your mouth is full 2. Wear black or white for mourning; never red. 3. The males should be the one to propose marriage not females. Shaping Teachers, Truleryioy Lowey. MORAL STANDARDS are either 1. CONSEQUENCE STANDARDS 2, NON- CONSEQUENCE STANDARDS CONSEQUENCE STANDARDS + TELEOLOGICAL © from TELE wi END, RESULT, or CONSEQUENCE # depend on results or outcome. © Anact that results in the general welfafe, in the greatest good of the greatest number, is moral means NON-CONSEQUENCE STANDARD © Deontological © Holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action or rule depends on SENSE OF DUTY, NATURAL LAW, VIRTUE, and the DEMAND of the SITUATION or CIRCUMSTANCES Deontological Moral Standards Natural Law Sense of Duty Virtue Ethics Situation Ethics Natural Law Y is the law of God revealed through human reason. Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misolaftijiw . @FTRC FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER N Y Itis the "law of God written in the hearts of men.” ¥ The rule which says “do good and avoid evil” Examples of Natural Law + Topreserve human life = Respect for Humanity VIRTUE ETHICS (Aristotle) * What is moral is “what a virtuous person does” * One attains virtue when he/she actualizes his/her potentials or possibilities, the highest of which is HAPPINESS. SITUATION ETHICS (Aristotle) "The rightness or-the wrongness of the act depends on the SITUATION or CIRCUMSTANCES requiring or demanding exception to rule. MORAL DILEMMA > Also referredto as ETHICAL DILEMMA > - isa situation where a person has the moral obligation to choose between TWO OPTIONS both based on moral standards, but he/she can’t choose both, and choosing means violating the other. MORAL DILEMMA have the following in common: Shapiag Teachers. Freaker loves 1. The agent is required to do each of two (or more) actions which are morally unacceptable. 2. The agent can do each of the actions 3. But the agent ESSA {or all) of the actions The agent thus seems condemned to MORAL FAILURE; no matter what you do, you will do something wrong (or fail to do something that she ought to do) The persons involved in the dilemma are in a DEADLOCK. Damn-if-you-do and Damh-if-you-don’t FALSE DILEMMA ¥" Isa situation where the decision- maker has a moral duty to do one thing, but is tempted or under pressure to do something else. Y Achoice between a right and a wrong. ¥ Alawyer or an accountant can face an opportunity to prioritize self- interest over the client's interest. 3 LEVELS OF FALSE DILEMMA Y Individual Y Organizational v Structural 1. INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA Y refers to personal dilemmas. It is an individual's damn-if-you-do and damn-if-you-don’t situation. Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misola2: ¥ Example: he Case of Heinz: If he did not steal the drug that would mean his wife's death. ¥ The dilemma is faced by an individual who is torn between 2 OBLIGATIONS: to save the wife or obey the law. ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA v Exists between PERSONAL INTEREST and ORGANIZATION WELFARE or between individual groups’ interests and organizational well-being. Y Arises due to different opposing concerns between various groupings in an organization. STRUCTURAL DILEMMA Y Aconflict of perspective of sectors, groups and institutions that may bé affected by the decision, Y¥ Anyattempt to introduce reform in society or government creates structural dilemma Examples of STRUCTURAL DILEMMA. RwNe Differentiation\vs. Integration Gap vs. Overlap, Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity Flexibility vs. Strict Adherence to Rules Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence Centralized vs. Decentralized Decision Making FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER @FTRC Shaping Teachers, Trouleryiog Lowey. Differentiation vs. Integration DECENTRALIZATION In effect local governments and schools have likewise become MORE DIFFERENTIATED and so it becomes more difficult to INTEGRATE them for a unified structure. 1, GAPS - leave an important thing in an organization UNDONE * Apatient wanted something however, her call button rarely produced a response. ™ There is a GAP as to who according to rule is supposed to respond to the buzzer. 2. OVERLAPS- result in unnecessary and counterproductive, redundant procedures which ultimately lead to waste of resources. LACK OF CLARITY: When employees are UNCLEAR about what they are supposed to do, they often tailor their roles around PERSONAL PREFERENCES instead of system wide goals, frequently leading to trouble LACK OF CREATIVITY: When responsibilities are over-defined, people conform to PRESCRIBED Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-MisolaFALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER Shaping Teachers, Troulerying Lowey. ROLES and PROTOCOLS in the people CLOSEST TO THE “bureaucratic” way. ‘SITUATION. They rigidly follow job ¥ However, TOP MANAGERS may, descriptions regardless of LOSE SOME CONTROL. how much the service or THE MORAL AGENT product suffers and so end up UNCREATIVE. Flexibility vs. Strict Adherence to Rules MORAL Y You accommodate by BENDING V Comes from the Latin “MORES” RULES to help someone or you referring to society's PATTERNS, STICK STRICTLY TO RULES no STANDARDS & RULES of doing. matter what and so unable to help someone who is thrown ina AGENT helaless situation Y Comes from the Latin “AGERE” to Y Oryou may become being TOO. doa ACCOMMODATING that all rules are no more MORAL AGENT accordance with moral standards. Is the MORAL ACTOR, on who acts ‘morally. Only moral agent is capable of human acts. That's why “morality is for persons”. ‘A moral agent should have the capacity to rise above their feelings and passions and act for the sake of the moral law. Hence, a dog is not therefore a moral agent because it doesn’t have the capacity to conform to Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive 1s one who performs an actin Y Refers to being TOO ISOLATED versus TOO MUCH e COORDINATION. ¥ When individuals/groups are too autonomous, people often 7 feel isolated and disconnected. Y Ifunits and roles are TIGHTLY LINKED, people are DISTRACTED from work and 7 WASTE TIME on UNNECESSARY or TOO MUCH COORDINATION moral standards. zz Y It cannot knowingly, freely and voluntarily act. ¥ In decentralized decision making, organizations can response to change RAPIDLY and EFFECTIVELY re because the decision makers are Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-MisolaFALC 1. KNOWLEDGE ¥ Ahuman Act must be done KNOWINGLY 2. FREEDOM It must be done FREELY. v 3. VOLUNTARINESS Y It must be done VOLUNTARILY Voluntary Act > An act is voluntarily intended when it is done with the aim, purpose, or goal of attaining a result. > Can either be intentional or Negligent o Negligent Act done voluntarily WITHOUT. CARE or PRECAUTION in avoiding the happening of a foreseeable event. Your DEGREE of MORAL ACCOUNTABILITY depends on the DEGREE or EXTENT of KNOWLEDGE, FREEDOM and VOLUNTARINESS MODIFIERS of HUMAN ACTS "affect the mental or emotional state of a person to the extent that the voluntariness involved in an act is either INCREASED or DECREASED. 4 MODIFIERS of HUMAN ACTS 1. IGNORANCE 2. PASSION 3. FEAR 4. VIOLENCE 'ULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER Shaping Teachers, Troulevyiog lowes. IGNORANCE Absence of Knowledge DEGREES OF IGNORANCE Vincible Invincible Affected Supine/Gross/Crass RYNE Invincible ignorance © When we DO NOT KNOW something that was IMPOSSIBLE for us to KNOW The person. makes a decision to act out ignorance but in good conscience- having taken every precGution to inform himself. If fully informed, the person would have not performed the act. ° Vineible ignorance © When we DO NOT KNOW something that WE OUGHT TO KNOW. The person makes a decision to act out ignorance without attempting to find out what the result might be. Not in good conscience- NOT having taken every precaution to be fully informed. “The basic rule is invincible ignorance, one that is beyond the ability to overcome, is entirely INVOLUNTARY, and hence removes moral responsibility” DD) Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misola& FTR C FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER SS Shaping Teachers. Trorlerwiag lovey Vincible ignorance does not free us aR from responsibility © Disturbance of the mind of a Vincible Ignorance can either be: person due to an impending danger or harm to himself or loved ones, © Acts done with FEAR is voluntary but acts done of 4, SUPINE/GROSS/CRASS © When scarcely an effort has been made to remove it. INTENSE or ce Arrncren! UNCONTROLLABLE FEAR or © Ifa person deliberately avoids Pn oniiaey enlightenment in order to sin Peer more freely VIOLENCE ‘PASSION 0. Refers to any physicalforce ‘exerted on a person by another {free agent for the purpose of compelling said person to act (©. refers to POSITIVE EMOTIONS such has love, desire, delight, hope and bravery ane cee a ‘© Aétions performed by person EMOTIONS such has hatred, I subjected to violence or irresistible aoe sadneg@llisratr, fear, force are INVOLUNTARY and NOT Peete ACCOUNTABLE. 2 TYPES OF PASSION ACT OF MAN VS. HUMAN ACT 1. ANTECEDENT PASSION ©. Those that precede the at, EEE do not always destroy ‘© Are those of which a man is a voluntariness but they master which he has the power of DIMINISH accountability for doing or not doing as he pleases the resultant act. © EXAMPLES: © Observing prescribed diet © Tutoring slow learners © Preparing for the board exam 2. CONSEQUENT PASSION © Those that are INTENTIONALLY AROUSED and KEPT. They DO NOT lessen voluntariness but may ACTS OF MAN INCREASE ACCOUNTABILITY: © Actions which merely happen in the body or through the body Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-MisolaWITHOUT the awareness of the MIND or the control of the WILL o Examples: Breathing Blinking Perspiring Dilation of the pupils of the eyes. oo° DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY 1 OBJECT of the ACT 2 The END or PURPOSE 3 Its CIRCUMSTANCES For an act to be morally good, ALL THREE DETERMINANTS must be WITHOUT FLAW, according to the received axiom, “A thing to be good must wholly so; it is not vitiated by any defect” Object of the Act > Is the ACT ITSELF. > Examples; Praying, honoring one’s parents, going to Mass, telling the truth, etc. End or the Purpose Y Is the INTENTION of the acting subject or what inspires the acting subject. Examples: Rendering free service to a neighbor inspired by the love of God Circumstances v Refer to the TIME, PLACE, PERSON and CONDITIONS surrounding the moral act. Y Examples: it is good to give drink to the thirsty, but ifthe thirsty man Shaping Teachers. Trorlevnig (vveg is morally weak, and the drink is intoxicating, the act may be evil. A morally good act requires the goodness of the object, of the end and of the circumstances TOGETHER. An evil end corrupts the action, even if the abject is good in itself (such as praying and fasting in order to be seen of men) PRINCIPLES BEHIND MORAL FRAMEWORKS FIVE CLASSIFICATIONS OF MORAL FRAMEWORKS ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE ETHICS ST. THOMAS’ NATURAL LAW ETHICS RKANT’S DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS UTILITARIANISM. THE LOVE AND JUSTICE FRAMEWORK us Re VIRTUOUS PERSON © Someone who mastered the art of being a person. For Aristotle, the ethical person is virtuous, one who has developed good character or has developed virtues. VIRTUE THEORY © Ethical Theory that emphasizes an individual’s character rather than following a set of rules Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misolafijiw . @FTRC FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER N © If we can just focus on BEING GOOD PEOPLE the RIGHT ACTIONS will FOLLOW, effortlessly. What exactly does it mean to be Virtuous? “Having virtue just means doing the RIGHT THING, at the RIGHT TIME, in the RIGHT WAY, in the RIGHT AMOUNT, toward the RIGHT PEOPLE.” “There’s no need to be specific, because if you're virtuous, you know what to do ALL THE TIME. You know how to handle yourself and how to get along with others. You have good judgment, you can read a room and you know what's right and. when.” VIRTUE © midpoint between 2 extremes which Aristotle Called VICES. © is just the right amount. GOLDEN MEAN o The sweet spot between the extreme of excess and the jue of Courag Y AVirtuous person, in Aristotelian sense, would first take stock of the situation. Y Courage is the midpoint between the extremes of cowardice and recklessness. Y Cowardice is the deficiency of Courage. Shaping Teachers, Froakerying (ove Y While Recklessness is the excess of courage. Virtue is the GOLDEN MEAN between two ‘extremes Virtue of HONESTY: © perfect midpoint between brutal honesty and failing to say things thatneed to be said. Virtue of GENEROSITY © Itavoids the obvious vice of stinginess but also doesn’t give ‘too much (PRODIGALITY) VIRTUE is 2 SKILL, a way of LIVING and that’s something that can only really be learned through EXPERIENCE. Aristotle said “Your character is developed through HABITUATION- if you do a virtuous thing over and over again, eventually it will become part of your CHARACTER. MORAL EXEMPLARS Y People who already possess virtues EUDAIMONIA © Alife well lived © Human flourishing © Alife of eudaimonia is a life of STRIVING. It’s a life of pushing yourself to your limits, and finding success. A eudaimonistic life will be full of the happiness that comes, from achieving something SE) Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misolafijiw (ee FALC! N really difficult rather than just having it handed to you. VIRTUE ETHICS IN OTHER TRADITIONS For CONFUCIUS, there are 2 important VIRTUES: 1. JEN (humaneness) © Human-heartedness, compassion 2. Li (Propriety) © Manner, culture HINDUISM: 5 BASIC MORAL VIRTUES Non-violence Truthfulness Honesty Chastity Freedom from Greed vRwne Buddhism: intellectual & Moral Values 1. Intellectual Virtues © Right understanding © Right minafulness 2. Moral Virtues © Right speech © Right action © Right livelihood JESUS CHRIST © Love, mercy, kindness, compassion, patience, self-control, gentleness. THOMAS AQUINAS © Faith © Hope © Love 'ULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER Shaping Teachers, Froakerying loves CHRISTIAN TRADITION 4° Cardinal moral Virtues 1. Prudence 2. Justice 3. Temperance 4, Fortitude Thomas Aquinas, an Italian Philosopher, a Christian Monk of the 13" century. ‘Aquinas thought that morality was important for everyone and that being @ good person was a vital part of God's plan for each of us God)made us preloaded of tools we need to know what's good. "We don’t need the bible, or religion class, or church in order to understand the natural law.” God wants us to want things specifically good things 7 Basic Goods: Life Reproduction Educate one's offspiring Seek God Live in society Avoid offense 7. Shun ignorance “Instead, our instinct shows us the basic goods and reason allows us to derive the natural law from them.” avawene Example: Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misolabij 2 @ FTRe FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER N My life is Valuable Your i i like my life. Your wna is valuable. asi? Kill you. Do not Kill is a Natural Law. So for each negative law, prohibition, there is usually a corresponding po: one, a positive injunction. © For example for the basic Good which is LIFE, Do not prohibition but there is also a positive injunction that encourages us to promote life © The basic good of REPRODUCTION leads to prohibition, “Don’t prevent reproduction” and the positive injunction there is do “Procreate”. sa TYPES OF LAW 1, ETERNAL LAW ©. Is themind of God which humans cannot know. © Contains laws that govern the universe 2. DIVINE LAW © Law of God revealed to people through the bible. © decreed by God in the Ten Commandments 3. NATURAL LAW © Do good and avoid evil Shaping Teachers, Truly Lowey. © Itis what directs our conscience and if applied with reason to a situation will lead to the right outcome. 4. HUMAN LAW/ POSITIVE LAW © Promulgated by persons > Everyday rules that govern our lives. In Conclusion: WHAT is ETHICAL according to the NATURAL LAW ethics FRAMEWORK Is that which the naturallaw commands us to do: “DO GOOD and AVOID EVIL” © 18" Century German Philosopher, Immanuel Kant, thought that religion and morality are a terrible pairing. © Kant argued that in order to know what is right, you have to use reason. © He said, “you don’t need religion to determine what that law is, because what's RIGHT and WRONG is totally KNOWABLE just by using your INTELLECT. CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES © These are commands you must follow, regardless of your desires. © Moral obligations are derived from pure reason. Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misola2 FORMULATIONS 1. Act only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction. © Maxim is justa rule or principle of action and the universal law is something that must always be done in similar situations. © Universal Law- something that must always be done in similar situations. “if you approve of the maxim of stealing- Which you're doing, whether you admit it or not- then what you're actually doing is UNIVERSALIZING that action= you're saying that EVERYONE should always steal. “ It can’t be universalized. Hence, stealing is wrong 2. “Act $0 that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another/always as an end, and never as‘a mere means.” © Mere means- to use it only for your own benefit, with no thought to the interest or benefit of the thing you're using, © Humans: “Ends-in- ourselves” “We're not mere objects that exist to be used by others. We're our own ends. We're rational and autonomous. We have the ability to set our own goals, and work toward them.” a FTR Cc FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER Shaping Teachers, Tranter Lowey. “This imbues us with an absolute moral worth, which means that we shouldn’t be manipulated, or manipulate other autonomous agents for our own benefit.” “You've treated me as a mere means to accomplish your goals, with no thought to my own goals and interests. And that’s a violation of Kant’s second categorical imperative.” Kant afgued that proper rational application of the Categorical imperative will lead us to moral truth that is fixed and applicable to all moral agents. No God required. ‘© Whats ethical is that which is just and that which is loving, © Justice giving what is due to others LOVE is giving even more than what is due to others. 3 Well-known Concepts of Love (Greeks) 1. Agape- Charity 2. Erot Y Passionate Sexual Encounter 3. Philia Y Affection between friends SOCIAL JUSTICE ©. is promotion of the common good. © It is giving everyone equal access to wealth, opportunities, and privileges in society. Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misola4 S F @FTRC DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE © has something to do with the distribution of allotment of goods, duties, and privileges based on the merits of individuals and the best interests of society. Justice as moral framework, be it Social or distributive justice states that whatever promotes justice is the morally right thing to do. UTILITARIANISM © moral theory that focuses onthe RESULTS or CONSEQUENCES of our ACTIONS and treats INTENTIONS as IRRELEVANT. was founded in the 18"” Century by British Philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. has philosophical ancestors in Ancient Greek Thinkers such as Epicurus For Utilitarianist: © Actions shouldbe measured in terms of the HAPPINESS or PLEASURE that they PRODUCE. “We should act always so as to produce the greatest good for the greatest number. ” This is called PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY. FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER Shaping Teachers, Troulevyiog Lowey. 2 options of Utilitarianism 1. Act Utilitarianism © Inany given situation, you should choose the action that produces that greatest good for the greatest number. 2. RULE UTILITARIANISM Itis a version of the theory that says we ought to live by rules that, in general, are likely to lead to the greatest good for the greatest number ° “A whole society where innocent people are taken off the street to be harvested for their organs is going to ‘have a lot less utility than one where you don’t have to live constant fear of that happening to you,” RULE UTILITARIANISM allows us to. refrain from acts that might maximize utility in the short run, and instead follow rules that will maximize utility for the majority of the time ‘The BETTER MORAL FRAMEWORK: GARNER & ROSEN’S SYNTHESIS (1967) “The rightness or wrongness of action and the goodness or badness of character or trait is a function of not only the END, OBJECT or CONSEQUENCES of applying a rule (rule utilitarianism), or doing an act (act utilitarianism), but also other bases like one’s sense of duty and good will (rule or act of deontology)” Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-MisolaSS Shaprrg Teachers. Treakeyncag lovey MORAL DEVELOPMENT © refers to the process though which a human person gains his/her beliefs, skills and dispositions that make him/her ‘a morally mature person. Stages of Behavior (William Kay) 1. Taboo Law Conscience Reciprocity Social Consensus Personal Moral Principles oeyaee 3 Stages of Moral Development (William Kay) 1. Amoral Stage - egocentric, hedonist, and prudential considerations Example: Reasons to Go to School: “1am Afraid to be dropped." 2. Pre-moral Stage - authoritarian, social and reciprocal considerations & ego-idealist Exampl Reasons to Go to School: “| promised to my parents | will never be absent.” 3. Moral Stage - personal, altruistic, autonomous, rational, independent and responsible considerations Exampl Reasons to Go to School: “It is the right thing to do.” gE Falculan Twin’s Review Center (FTRC) Prepared by: Theresa Falculan-Misola