FALCULAN Twins’ REVIEW CENTER D ee ane eh 20 GENED ENGLISH PARTS OF SPEECH ‘+ The bulding blocks of language. ‘© They function o explain usage of word in a sentence, 1. Noun -a word used to name a person, place, thing, state or qual kinds of Nouns a. Proper nouns are specific, Their first letters are capitalized. Jake, Fenilla, Monday, Davao City b. Common nouns are general rman, student, cinic, teacher, schoo! . Collective nouns name groups. family, ary, flock, choir 4. Mass nouns cannot be counted salt, sugar, flour, feedback, equipment ©. Concrete nouns exist in the physical world petals, tables, pens, cups f. Abstract nouns refer to ideas and feelings. sadness, joy, biliance Functions of Nouns ‘2. Subject ofthe Sentence (S)-the one that is talked about inthe sentence. Maureen expressed her gratitude to her fans. ». Vocative (V) - indicates that somebody is being directly addressed by the speaker. ‘Where is everybody, Maureen? Direct Object (00) - The one that receives the action ofthe verb, Answers the question who or what ater the verb Maureen kicks the ball. 4d. Indirect Object- Answers the question to whom oF for whom, Maureen left Frolan food for the holidays. €. Subject Noun Predicate-A wordiphrase that refers back to the subject. Comes afteralinking ver. Maureen is the actress, {. Object Nouri Predicate- comes after a dirBctobject. Refers back to the object. ‘The group appointed Maureen leader of the club. @ Object ofthe Preposition- comes aflera preposition Maureen correlates love wih effort hh. Appositve-is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it Maureen, my sister, celebrates her birthday. 2. Pronoun- a word used to replace a noun, Kinds of Pronouns a. Personal pronouns Reler to people or things which can be singular or plural. Reter to the speaker, the person spoken to, and the person spoken about Case Function subjective! nominative subject ofthe sentence objective object ofa verb, compound verb, preposton or infitive phrase © possessive marker of possession; ownership pf particular object or person A. First Person- the person talking I, Me, Us, We, My, Our, Mine, Ours, Myself, Ourselvesaca ee ae (Oe 8B. Second Person- the person spoken to You, Your, Yours, Yourself, Yourselves ©, Third Person- The person being talked about He, She, I Its, They, Him, Her, Them, Their, His, Hers, Theirs, Himself, Herself, tsef, Themselves Nominative Objective Possessive Singular oe 1 me my, mine oe Perea fel sena hi eit tit hoy he is ee , she im, er, i is, her, hers it ind we us our, ours iereen you you your, yours 2epereon ; aie they them thet, theirs Nominative Case 4. Pronoun - Action Verb Ex. He and (|, me) sang. 2. Be verb - Pronoun Ex. The singer is (he, him). 3. Appositive - (Pronoun — Noun) (He, him), my fiend, is cute, Objective Case 1.Verb - Pronoun Ex. | gave (he, him) a chance. 2. Preposition -Pronoun Ex. smiled at (he, hi). Possessive Case Ex. The bag is (memy, mine, bi Indefinite pronouns. Refer to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. SSingular- any, anybody, nobody, anyone, each, everyone, one, ‘someone, somebody, every, ether, neither Plurah al, some, few, both, several, many c. Reflexive and intensive Pronoun myself, yourself, herself, itself, himself Reflexive Pronoun Reters back to the subjectn the sentencelgives emphasis to the subject. owe it to myself Intensive Pronoun is used to emphasize the antecedent. | myself made that decision 3. Verb- a content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence. Kinds of Verbs a. Regular verbs- form their past tense by the adding 'd ‘or ‘ed “tothe base form. jump jumped jumpedieee oe ee 6S vem ntnn ener b. Irregular verbs- form their past tense and past participle in several ways. be was / were been lie (present) lay (past) lain (past partcipe). lay (present) laid (past) laid (past participle), (le means to recine; ay means to place something, to put something) c. Linking verbs- are used to link or join the subject with a word in the predicate which relates to the subject. The ‘be ‘form of the verb (am, is, are, was, were) is the most commonly used inking verb. Others forms: become, seem, look, smell, appear, feel, taste, sound, remain He is cute. 4. Auxiliary verb- (or Helping) verbs are used together with a main ero, The mosticommon Auxiliary verbs is have Has -is used in singular, present tense of the verb, Have - (base form) is used in plural, present tense of the ver. Had -is used in singular / plural, past tense of the verb. ‘Auxiliary Verbs must be followed by a past participle form ofthe vets He has seen him. We have seen him. | had loved him béfore: 4. Adjective —is a part of speech used to modify nouns and pronouns, Order of Adjectives in an Adjective Phrase Determiners - , an the, my, your etc. Color =red, blue, green. etc. ‘Observations — lovely, boring, nice ete Origin ~Brish, American, Mexican, etc. ‘Size - tiny, small, huge, etc. Material - gold, copper, sik, etc. ‘Shape - round, square, rectangular, et, ‘Qualifier limiters for compound nouns. ‘Age — old, new, ancient, eto, 5. _Adverb — is a part of speech which modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It is generally placed immediately before or after the word it modifies 2. Adverb of time- An adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. We use it atthe beginning ‘rat the end ofa sentence. We use it asa form of emphasis when we place it atthe beginning. ‘Adverbs of time include afterwards, already, last month, now, soon, then, and yesterday. *See you later. . Adverb of place - An adverb of place tes us where something is done or happens. We use it after the verb, ‘object orat the end of a sentence. ‘Adverbs Ofplate include words such as above, below, here, outside, over there, there, under, upstairs. +My room is upstairs. Do not find ove elsewhere; itis here . _Adverb of manner- An adverb of manner tell us how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of manner end in ly such as badly, happlly, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that include wel, hard, fast, et. “The people are slowly responding to the call for change. +He spoke on politi well b. _Adverb of degree- An adverb of degre tells us the evel or extent that something is done or happens. Wiords of adverb of degree are almost, much, quit, $0, t00, very +1 so love him. ‘it was quite impressive. c.Adverb of frequency: An adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done or happens. Words used as adverbs of frequency include hardly ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, ‘often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, and weekly. 3FALCULAN Twi REVIEW CENTER D ee aerate 20 + He always organizes shows. + | sometimes miss you. Differentiating Modifiers He drove the car fast. (Adverb — fast modifies the word drove) He leads a fastlife. (Adjective - fast modifies the word life) | gave him a straight response. (Adjective - straight modifies the word response) | went straight to where we first met, (Advert ~ straight modifies the word went) 6. reposition - a word expressing the relationship between a noun, pronoun, and other elements of a sentence, Prepositions of Time: At, On, and In a. We use at lo designate specific times. ‘The program will commence at 8:00 AM. b. We use on to designate days and dates. Results will be out on Sunday. Not all understand the significance of the celebration ofl June 12% c. We use in for non-specific times during a day, a month, a season, ora year. In the Philippines, i stil rains even in summer. | was conceived in 1982. The joliest ime happens in December. Prepositions of Place: At, On, and In a. We use at for specific addresses. Ruffa Papaya lives at Prk 1-D; Balagunan, Sto, Tomas City, France. b. We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, ete | feel cathartic when | am on Boulevard Street ©. Weuse in for the names of fand-areas (towns, counties, states, Countries, and continents), ‘She dreams of living in Norway. 7. Conjunction - a word used to(Connect sentences, clauses, phrases or words. Kinds of Conjunction, «Coordinating Conjunetion- join equals to one another ie, words, phrases, clauses Examples: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS) He wanted to stay, but his heart spoke otherwise. Success requires hard work and perseverance. Note: Coordinating conjunctions goin between items joined, not at the start or end Punctuation rules of coordinating conjunction ‘When coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction. Cookies and milk at the beach or by the lakeside ‘A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates a series and requires commas between the element. Peanutsycookies, and mikk what you think, what you say, and what you do b. Subordinating Conjunction-a conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause Examples of Subordination: after inorder (that) | unless even if although insofar as until ‘even though as inthat when how as far as lest whenever | if assoonas | nomatterhow | where inasmuch as asif now that wherever in case (that) asthough | once whether So that{irEnmhecton Sota hte rhe rer Fin Sohn, 590908 y @ FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER. because provided (that) | while ‘Than «.. Correlatve Conjunction- correlative conjunction isa paired conjunction that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses, Examples: either... or, neither... nor, not only... but also 8, Interjection — is a word that expresses the feeling or emotion, and functions independent in a sentence. Examples: Ah! = Oh! Un! Alas!_—Hey!_— Ouch! Well Wow! ‘SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT 1. Verb with -sis singular. Verb without -s is plural tHe loves the musical. They love the musical 1.1. Make the linking / verb agree with the real subject Rona's choices are final 4.2 ‘VT takes plural veb & “an Ibelieve in you. 1am yours. 2. In most cases, collective noun subject take singular verbs, butif the group is Viewed as individual members, use a plural verb ‘The orchestra plays' a hit song, ‘The orchestra disouss the matter. 3. Non-count noun subjecs také singular ver Suger's sweet Her feedback is good. 3.1. Mass nouns(¢an only be pluralizéd.by quantifiers. Nouns such as sugar, rice, and, hair, information, and evidence, Three sacks of sugar are heavy. 4. Some/proper noun subjects that end ins such as names of courses, diseases, places, as well as book and fim {tiles and the word.news, take singular verbs (news, poltics, physics, mathematics, mumps, measles) Examples: Digos isin Davao del Sur. The news was not fake. Economics is my favorite subject. 5. Items that have two parts take a plural verb, ‘Slippers | Eyeglasses Trousers Earrings ‘Scissors | Sunglasses. Pants Pliers The scissors are cute 5.1 Verbis singular when used with the word “pat” My pair of scissors is lot. 6. Plural subject nouns such as a unit of measurement (distance, weight, time, or amount of money) that signal one unit should take a singular verb, Four kilometers costs P200 fora tax id. Five years was not issue when | waited for him, Fifty thousand pesos has less value now. 7. Basic arithmetical operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide) take singular verbs.FALCULAN Twin REVIEW CENTER D ee Sane eh 0 Four times five equals twenty 8. The indefinite pronouns in Table below are always singular Indefinite Pronouns -one words -body words thing words Other ‘Anyone ‘Anybody Anything Each Everyone Everybody Everything Every Someone Somebody Something No one Nobody Nothing One Examples: Anything is possible. Nothing satisfies him, 9. Indefinite pronouns such as: None, Al, Most, Any, Some, A lot of (NAMASA) can be singular or plural, Some of the boys are my friends. Some of the food tastes strange. 410. With fractions, percentages, and the quantifiers all(of), alot of, vetb agreement depends on the noun coming after these phrases. (One-half of information is relevant. 11. Inpairing subjects and verbs regardless of prepositional phrases or clauses that are Sometimes placed in between the subject and verb. The color of his eyesis blue, (The subject is color and noteeyes.) 12. The expression ‘The nlmber’ used/as a subject takes a singular verb. The expression ‘a number ‘used as a subject takes a pliral verb, Examples: The number of students coming is decreasing. ‘Anumber of students are taking the test 13, With coftelative subjects either...ororneither...nr, the verb agrees withthe closest subject. Examples Either Jake of my fiends are cute. Neither my friends nor Jake is eating ther. 131 With ether or nether as subject, use a singular ver. Example EitherINeither ofthe boys was okay. 414, With there/here subjects, the verb is singular or plural depending on whether the noun phrase following the verb is singular or plural. There and here are never used as subjects. When a sentence begins with there and here, you must lok thoroughly to fin the real subject. Here come my friends. There is one person in my heart 15. When the subjects joined by and refer to a single unit or is considered as one, i takes a singular verb, Examples: Bread and butter is a common breakfast for Americans. The secretary and treasurer is here. 15.1Compound subjects joined by ‘and ‘referring o separate entities, should take a plural ver. Examples: —_Minda and Linda are my best friends. The secretary and the treasurer are here, 418. Subjects followed by intervening expressions such as: in addition to, in company with, together wit, as well as, etc. Should take verbs that agree with eal subjects.® FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER. Examples: The student, together with his classmates, studies the lessons wel. Froiian, together with Jen, has gone to Palawan 417. Adjectives used as nouns are considered plural Examples: The rich are popular. The needy are to be given shelter. ‘THE AGREEMENTS OF PRONOUNS AND ANTECEDENTS: 41. Personal pronouns (he, she, it they, his, her, its, their) agree in gender and number with the nouns they refer. Example: Mr. Obeal discusses the topic to his students, 2. Two ormore singular antecedents joined by ‘or or ‘nor’ require a singular pronoun. Examples: Either Isabelle or Jake will deliver his piece tomorrow. Neither the adviser nor the teacher will tackle his issue. 3. For collective nouns, the pronouns may be singular or plural according to Whether the nouns are taken as a unit (of as individuals composing the whole, Ifthe collective noun is taken as a unit, the pronoun is singular. I the individuals are thought separately, the pronoun must be plural Examples: The class donated its funds to Bantay Bata Foundation, The class argued their issues among themselves. 4, Who, Whose, and Whom —» would refer to person(s) Which —> would refer to animal(s) or thing(s) What — would refer to things only. Examples: am one ofthe students who fought against hunger. 5. When each, every, either, neither, someone, somebody, any one, anybodYjieveryone, everybody, no one are used as antecedents, the pronouns referring fo them are singular. When the antecedent is ether masculine or feminine, the pronoun must be masculine, Examples: Everyone ls requited to speak his mind. ‘Somebody forgot his manners at home, 6. When one antecedent is singular, the other is plural, make your proncun agree with the nearer antecedent. Examples: Neither the boys nor his classmate spoke of his Concerns, Either Jenny or the Reyeses will hold their palticl rally. 7. When two or more antecedent are joined by ‘and’, the pronoun must be plural. Examples: Minda and Linda brought their A-games to the competion. ‘THE VERB TENSES AND ASPECTS ‘TENSE refers to the absolute location of an event or action in time, either the present or the past ASPECT- refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time, rather than to its actual location in time.(Sect onmpea rt rater ea, ® FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER. ) asual Aspect Perfect Progressive Progressive “tensed” have “tensed"be “tenses + PastP of bedbeen) *PastParticigte | + Present Participle paar write/writes | has/have written | anvis/are writing | has/have been writing walwatks | has/ave walked | amis/are walking _ | has/nave been walking Past | “7 had written was/were writing | had been writing walked hac walked ere walking _ | had been walking Future |Wiwrite | will have written wil be writing wall have been writing tuture | wit walk | wil have walked_| will be walkin wall have been walkin, ‘SIMPLE ASPECT 1. Simple Present Tense Habitual actions in the present: He goes to school on a dally basis Jen talks with passion and wit. General timeless truths; such as physical laws or customs: Water freezes at 0 degrees centigrade. ‘The sun sets in the west 2. Simple Past Tense 3 A definite single completed eventlaction in the past Isaw my exlast week. Habitual ortepeated action/event in the past: Itrained almost every day last March. ‘Simple Future Tense ‘An action to take piace at some definite future time: Jill top the LET in September. ‘A future habitual action or stale: ‘Starting2018, Pui will wake up at 6:00 AM every day. PROGRESSIVE ASPECT 1 2 3. Present Progressive Tense Denote an action whichis going on at the time of speaking: He is talking about his thesis ina conference we speak. Please wait as | am sill eating Extended presentiA temporary situation: He is sil moving on from a relationship. Past Progressive Tense ‘An action in progress at a spectfic point of ime in the past: He was walking o school at 8:30 this morning. He was taking acing classes ast month Past action simultaneous with some other event that is usually stated in the simple past. Mae was texting her boyfriend when her mom entered the room. Future Progressive Tense ‘An action that will be in progress at a specific time in the. future: He willbe taking a test at 8:00 A.M. tomorrow. Froilan will be working for his paper for the next six months, The Dance troupe will be performing on Broadway starting next month,FALCULAN Twin REVIEW CENTER D re ee aerate 0 PERFECT ASPECT 1. Present Perfect Tense A situation that began at a prior pont in time and continues into the present She has been a school administrator since 2010. | have loved him for five years now. Avery recently completed action (often with jus): Lali has just taken the test. | have just submitted my papers. 2. Past Perfect Tense ‘An action completed in the past prior to some other past event or time: Mom had already left the house before | tumed the TV on 3. Future Perfect Tense ‘A future action that wll be completed prior to a specific future time, | will have finished al this work by tomorrow. PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ASPECT 1. Present Perfect Progressive Tense A situation or habit that began inthe past (recent or distant and that continues Up to the present (and possibly into the future): Helo has been going out with Adeley She has been reading the signs. 2. Past Perfect Progressive Tense ‘An action or habit taking place over a period of time in the past prior to orinterupted by some other past event or time: Many people hadibeen swimmting when the shark was sighted We had been planning to visit Cebu, but changed our minds after seeing a photo of Sto, Tomas, Davao del Nort. 3. Future Perfect Progressive Durative or habitual action that is taking place in the present and that will continue into the future up ‘ntl or through a specifi future te: On Christmas Eve, we will have been living in the same house for 10 years. CONDITIONALS ‘A. ZERO CONDITIONALS This is used in describing situations that are always true or factual, This is also termed REAL CONDITION. IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT Ifyou expose ice to sunlight, it mets. B. FIRST CONDITIONALS This is used in speculating situations that are possible to happen at present time or inthe future, Ths is also termed as UNREAL BUT LIKELY CONDITION. IF CLAUSE, MAIN CLAUSE SIMPLE PRESENT WILL + BASE FORM If we dance our night away, we will wake up late tomorrow. (C. SECOND CONDITIONALS This is used in speculating situations that probably won't happen at present or inthe future, This is also ‘termed as UNREAL AND UNLIKELY CONDITION. 9FALCULAN Twin REVIEW CENTER D ee Sane et ay IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE PAST TENSE WOULD + BASE FORM If were a boy, | would understand your situation. D. THIRD CONDITIONALS This is used in speculating situations that probably won't happen at present or in the future. Ths is also termed as UNREAL AND UNLIKELY CONDITION, IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE PAST PERFECT WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE IF had the chance to change things, | would have taken every possible opportunity FIGURES OF SPEECH 41. Simile’is an expressed comparison between two similar things introduced by like, as, as if, than, seems, or similar to. The things compared differ in most ways, but are strikingly alike in some ways. Somejexamples are: ‘Writing is lke pling the tigger ofa gun; you are not loaded, nothing happens. ‘She sings as if mere speech had taken firen(Yeats) ‘The human mind should be lke’@ good hotel open the year round. (Phelps) 2. Metaphors an implied comparison of unlike subjects without ike or as. All the world’s a staga/@and all he men and women merely players. God is my Rock and Fortress. (Psalm 31:3) 3. Personification isthe figure of speech in which some human characteristic is atributed to an inanimate thing. But ove i blind and lovers cannot see what prety follies they themselves commit (Shakespeare) Time as he grows old teaches many lessons. (Aesop) Let he floods clap their hands. (Psalm 98:8) 4, _Aitotes isa deliberate understatement used fo afr by negating its opposite Edgar Allan Poe is not a bad writer. "We made a difference. We made the city stronger, we made the city freer, and we left her in good hands. Allin all, not bad, not bad at all.” 5. Apostrophe is an address to the absent as if present or the inanimate as if human. Liberty! Liberty! How many crimes are committed in thy name! (Madame Roland) "Oh! Stars and clouds and winds, ye are all about to mock me: if ye really pity me, crush sensation and memory; let me become as nought; butfnot, depart, depart, and leave me in darkness.” ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelly) 6. Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, piace, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers Don't act like a Romeo in front of her.” ‘She is definitely the Helen in our group. 10ee ( le 7. Hyperboleis an exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis or poetic effect. Its an overstatement without intention of deception. Used judiciously, itis very effective. This figure of speech is often quite appropriate also for prose, as in humorous fiction. My eyes shed streams of tears. (Psalm 119:136) | think of you a milion times a day. When he told me the joke, | almost died laughing ‘There were mountains of food atthe party 8. Irony, in general, isa discrepancy or disparity between what seems and whats Itwas very kind of you to remind me of my humiliation. ‘fire station bums down. 9. Synecdoche a figure of speech in which the writer names a part when heimeans the vole, or the whole ‘when he means only a pat. The following are examples: Your wheel is dope. = Describing a complete vehicle as "wheels* The resort's entrance fee is only P1.00 per head. ~ Referring to people by a particular body part 10. Metonymy is a figure of speech that replaces the’hame ofa thing with the name of something else with \which itis closely associated. ‘The pen is mightier than the sword, (Pen refers to wnitenwords, and sword to military force) Letme give you a hand. (hand means help) 11. Paradox's the presentation of true but seemingly contradictory ideas. On his fourth birthday, he will be 16 years old. “The child isthe fatter ofthe man.” 12. Oxymoronis) a compact paradox, one in. which two successive words apparently contradict each other. ‘The spy boarded the plane with studied carelessness, The pleasing plague stole on me. (Wiliam Whitehead) Life is ful of constant inconstancy. 13. Climax isthe arangement of words or ideas according to their degree of importance; thus, the last ‘set appears most valuable. “Icame, | saw, | conquered.” (Julius Caesar) Look! Its a bird! It's a plane! Its Superman! 14, Anti-climax is the real apparent or ludicrous decrease in the importance or impressiveness of what is said. Itis opposite to a climax. She is a great writer, a mother and a good humorist. He lost his family his job, and his house plants. GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF LITERATURE © According to Structure Fiction-iterary work of imaginative narration most ikely fashioned to entertain and to make readers think and feel. aieee oe ee 6S ea nten ener Non: Fiction- Literary work of real life narration or exposition based on history and facts whose main thrust is intellectual appeal to convey facts, theories, generalizations, or concept about a particular topic © According to Form Prose- literary work that is writen within the common flow of language in ‘sentences and in paragraphs which give information, relate events, ‘express ideas, or present opinions. Poetry: Literary work expressed in verse, measure, rhythm, sound, and imaginative language GENRES OF LITERATURE + Fiction- Naratve in prose that shows an imaginative recreation and reconstruction of ite. + Poetry: A patterned form of written expression of ideas in concentrated, and rhythmical terms that often contain the elements of sense, structure, and sound. + Essay- An essay is apiece of writing, usually from an author's personal pont of view. Essays are.non- fictional but often subjective; while expository, they can also include narrative. + Drama- a composition that presents story told entirely na dialogue and action) and written with the intention ofits eventual performance before an audience, FICTION = __ Narrative in prose that shows an imaginative recreation and reoonstfction of lfe and presents human life in two levels Objective Realty- human actions and experiences, Subjective Realty- human apprehension and comprehension TYPES OF FICTION -Fables = Legends + Folk Tales = Novels = Myth Parables ~ Short Stories ELEMENTS OF FICTION ‘a._ SETTING: the time and place thatthe story occurs, b.\ CHARACTER: representations of the human beings in the story Principality: Protagonist; Antagonist Development: Dynamic; Static Personality: Round; Flat © PLOT-Sequence of events in the story. + Exposition sets the scene by introducing the characters and settings Crisis- establishes curiosiy, uncertainty, and tension Climax- leads to an affirmation, decision, action, and realization ‘The peak of the story Falling action- the finishing of things right after the climax. Denouement- strands ofthe plot ae drawn together and matters, are explained or resolved. Ending- the end ofthe story General Types of Plot Linear Plot- moves with natural sequence of events where actions are arranged sequentially. 2FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER. Circular Plata plot where linear development ofthe story merges with an interruption in the chronological order to show an event that happened in the past In Media Res- a plot where the story commences in the middle part of the action Deux En Machina- an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially 2s @ unnatural plot device in fiction. 4. CONFLICT: Opposition of persons or confit ofthe story. The basic tension, predicament, or challenge of the story ‘Types of Conflict persons. person _person vs. nature Person vs. society person vs. supematural person vs. self 8. POINT OF VIEW: Determines the narrator ofthe stony. Types of Points of View 1. _ Inthe fist person point of view, one ofthe stony’ chatacters serves as a narrator and readers watch the story unfold through that character's €yes. 2. The second person point of view isielatively rare because it makes the reader a character in the story and directly addresses the reader as you. In the third person pont of view, the narrator is someone outside the story, who frequently uses pronouns, ike ‘he, she, and "the to describe the characters. The third person point of view is divided into three subcategories: ‘The objective third person, in which the narrator knows or reveals nothing about the characters’ intemal thoughts, feelings, and motivations but sticks to the external facts of the story. The limited third person, in which the narrator describes the intemal thoughts, feelings, and motivations of one character, usually the main character. ‘The omniscient third person in which the narrator knows and at east partially reveals the intemal thoughts, feelings, and motivations of all the characters {..¢ THEME: Is the significant value or truth about life and its nature which takes place in the ilustrations of the actions, preoccupations, and decisions of the characters. POETRY A patterned form of written expression of ideas in concentrated, and rhythmical terms that often contain the elements of sense, structure, and sound. TYPES OF POETRY Narrative Poety- tells a story in verse Lyric Poetry- thoughts and feelings ofthe speaker. Intended to be sung Dramatic Poetry- written to be presented or acted on stage a. Narrative Poetry ‘+ Epi: long narrative poem about a character who embodies the values of the society Metical Tale/Metrical Romance: a medieval verse based on legends, chivalric love and adventure, or the supernatural Ballad: a simple narrative poem of a story, composed in short stanzas and adapted for melodious recital B(estrenmpeas these St) & FALCULAN TWINS’ REVIEW CENTER. ». Lyric Poetry + Ode- expresses exuitation or emotional enthusiasm. Expresses lofty praises of a person or event. Elegy- deals with grief over the passing of a person or a particular way of life Sonnet- consists of 14 lines with an exact rhyme scheme, Petrarchan- octave- abbaabba + sestel- cdecde or cdoded Shakespearean- abab odd efef gg Song-ciffers from other poem in thats intended primarily to be sung, Ithas a melodious quality required by the singing voice. Simple Lyrc- the category of all those lyrical poems that do not propery belong, under any ofthe other category. Dramatic Posty Any story witen in verse and in dialogue that is intended to be presented and acted on stage in front of an audience. POETIC FEET lambic: destroy (unaccented/accented) ‘Trochaic: topsy (accented/unaccented) ‘Anapestc: intervene (unaccented/unascentediaccented) Dactylc: mently(accented/unaccentedunaccented) ESSAY - _Anessay isa piece of writing, usually from an author's personal point of view. Essays are non-fictional but often subjective; while expository, they can also include narrative, Essays can be literary ctcism, politcal manifestos, leafed arguments, observations of dally if, recollections, and reflections ofthe author. Formal or Impersonal deals with serious or formal subject. Informal or Personal- cover light, ordinary, or event trivial subject matters. DRAMA ~ {8a composition that presents story told entirely in a dialogue and action, and writen withthe intention of its eventual performance before an aucience Types of Drama © Tragedy-a play that deals with the somber and serious aspect of life. Ends unhappily withthe protagonist's death, © Comedy: a play that deals with human folly and ends happily ‘* Farce-a ridiculous play with humor that requires rude physical action for the sake of the comic spirit * Melodrama: is a form of play that presents stereotyped characters and a confct between good and evil. The good characters are favored by destiny inthe end. 4