General Education - Mathematics March 2023 BASIC MATHEMATICS Order of Operations P — parenthesis E— exponents MD — multiply and divide from LEFT TO RIGHT AS — add and subtract from LEFT TO RIGHT Example 54+ (3* 1 44-5 5+(3)?+4-5 5+94+4-5 18-5 13 Prime Factorization Prime Factorization is the process of obtaining prime numbers that must be multiplied together in order to get a particular number. Prime Numbers are numbers that have only 2 factors: 1 and themselves. sk ie 4 aa sate Therefore, the prime factors are 2, 2, 3 and 5. Example Example 1. What are the prime factors of 52? A. 11x2x3 C.23x2 B. 13x2x2 D.2x2x2x3 Two Conditions must be met: 1. When you multiply the numbers, it should be equal to 52. 2. All numbers multiplied resulting to 52 must be prime numbers. For question number 1: A. 11x 2.x 3 = 66 which is not 52 B. 13x 2x 2 = 52, so Bis the answer C. 23 x 2 = 46 which is not 52Il. Il. Iv. D. 2x2x2x3 = 18 which is not 52 Least Common Multiple Least Common Multiple is smallest number divisible by all of the numbers in a set. Technique: Find the smallest number in the options that is divisible by all of the numbers in the question. Example 1, What is the least common multiple of 5 and 9? A. 25 C.45 B. 40 D.50 Example 1, Camryn practices the trumpet every 11" day and the flute every 3 day. Camryn practiced both the trumpet and the flute today. How many DAYS until Camryn practices the trumpet and flute again in the same day? A. 22 cs B. 45 D. 33 Greatest Common Factor Greatest Common Factor is the highest number that divides exactly two or more numbers. Technique: Divide the numbers in the question with the biggest number in the option. Example 1. What is the GCF of 36 and 18? A. 18 c B.3 D. ao 1. Josefa is making bead necklaces. She has 90 green beads and 108 blue beads. What is the greatest number of identical necklaces she can make if she wants to use all of the beads? A.12 Cc. 16 B. 15 D.18 Ratio and Proportion A ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division. You can write a ratio in different ways. Ais to B - in words A:B — in a colon form A/B — in fraction formExample Mang Dino has farm located at south of North Carolina. In his farm, there are 50 cows, 40 chickens, and 100 horses. What is the ratio of cows and chickens? In fraction form: In colon form: Cows _ 50,5 Chicken — 40 OY 3 —_ A proportion is an equality of two ratios - for example, A. Direct Proportion Both quantity increase or both decrease Formula Xa _ %2 va Ye Example If two pencils cost 3 dollars, how many pencils can you buy with 9 dollars? ix e Cross multiply. 3x = 18 Divide both sides by 3. A _ 1 A 3 x=6 Simple Trick: B. Inverse Proportion In words: 50 is to 40 - One quantity increases, the other decreases and vice versa. Example It takes 4 men 6 hours to repair a road. How long will it take 8 men to do the job if they work at the same rate? xaya = x2y2(4)(6) = (8)(%), 24 = 8x Divide both sides by 8. 3=xorx=3 Simple Trick: C. Partitive proportion - One quantity is being partitioned into different proportions. Example Ina class of 40, the ratio of boys to girls is 3:5. How many are girls? How many are boys? 3x + 5x = 40 8x = 40 Divide both sides by 8. Remember that we have 3x for boys So, we have 15 boys Remember that we have 5x for girls = 5x = 5(5) =25 So, we have 25 girls. Percent - meaning “per hundred”Conversion Techniques + Percent to Decimal + Decimal to Percent + Percent to Fraction + Fraction to Percent A. Percent to Decimal To convert a percent to decimal, we remove the percent symbol and move the decimal point two places to the left. 55% > 55 > 0.55 B. Decimal to Percent To convert decimal to percent, we move the decimal point two places to the right and affix the percent symbol. 0.345 > 34.5 > 34.5% VI. Percentage, Rate and Base Things to Remember: Definition: “of”usually means multiply Percentage (P) ~ a part of the whole "WS" usually means equals Base (B) — the whole Rate (R) — the number usually in percent Formulae Percentage = Base x Rate Base = Percentage + Rate Rate = Percentage + Base Sample Problem on Percentage 1, What is the 30% of 720? A. 340 C, 162 B. 217 D. 216 Solution: 2. Astudent earned a grade of 80% on a math test that had 20 problems. How many problems on this test did the student answer correctly? A 14 c.16B. 15 D.17 Sample Problem on Rate 1. What percent of 30 is 15? A. 50% C. 40% B. 47% D. 52% Solution: Add two zeros to the dividend. 2. There are 45 carpenters in a crew. On a certain day, 9 were present. What percent showed up for work? A. 2% C. 22% B. 20% D. 42% Sample Problem on Base 1. 30 is 20% of what number? A. 145 Cc. 150 B. 149 D. 180 Solution: ‘Add two zeros to the dividend and convert 0.20 to 20 only. 2. Astudent answered 80 problems on a test correctly and received a grade 40%. How many problems were on the test, if all the problems were worth the same number of points? (Round to the nearest whole number) A. 120 Cc. 200 B. 150 D. 250 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS I. Simple Interest interest paid only on the principal amount. Formula I= Prtwhere, Tis the simple interest ris the interest or the rate P is the principal amount tis the time in years Example 1. You are starting your own small business in Davao City. You borrow P 10,000.00 from the bank at a 2% rate for 5 years. Find the interest you will pay on this loan. A. 500 C. 1,500 8. 1,000 D. 2,000 Solution 1=Prt = (10,000)(0.02)(5) = 1,000 2. How much interest would be paid on a bank loan of P30,000 for 6 months at 10% annual interest? A. P1,000 C. P2,000 B. P1,500 D. P3,000 Solution I= Prt = (30,000)(0.10)(6/12) = 1,500 Example 3. What is the amount due on P12,000.00 after adding the annual interest of 8% for 3 years? A. P14, 880.00 C. P15,880.00 B. P16,800.00 D. P15,800.00 Solution I= Prt = (12,000)(0.08)(3) = 2,880 Amount Due = Principal amount + Interest = 12,000 + 2,880 = 14,880 II, Markup, Selling Price, Sale Price, Discount and Commission A. Markup to make a profit, stores charge more for merchandise than they pay for it. The amount of increase is called the markup.Formula Markup = percent of markup*store’s cost Example A music store’s percent of markup is 50%. A CD costs the store 10 dollars. Find the markup. Solution Markup = percent of markup*store’s cost = (0.50) (10) = 5 dollars B. Selling Price is the cost price of an item; that is the amount which a seller pays to. Formula Selling price = cost + markup Example A store pays P30.00 for a bag of candy. If the store wants mark up the price 20%, for how much will the store sell the bag of candy? Solution Selling price = cost + markup 30 + (0.20 * 30) 30+6 36 €. Discount when an item is on sale, the amount of the price decrease. Formula Discount = percent of discount * regular price Example Athletic shoes that regularly sell for 100 dollars are on sale for 20% off. Find the discount. Solution Discount = percent of discount * regular price 0.20 * 100 = 20 D. Sale Price is the price of a good or service that is being offered at a discount. Formula Discount = percent of discount * regular priceExample Regala Company manufactures beds; in its catalogue, a double bed is priced at P5,000.00 less a discount of 20%. What will Rizza have to pay for the bed she ordered? Solution Sale price = regular price - discount ,000 — (5,000*0.20) = 5,000 ~ 1,000 = 4,000 E. Commission is a fee paid for services, usually a percentage of the total cost. Formula Commission = Amount sold * percentage rate = Total sale * percentage rate =BxR Example Maria makes money by commission rates. She gets 15% of everything she sells. If Maria sold 23,000 pesos worth of items this month, what is her salary for the month? Solution Commission = Amount sold * Percentage rate = 23,000 pesos * 0.15 = 3,450 pesos ALGEBRA L Absolute Value the number of units a number is away from 0 in a number line. Examples |-71=7 17+31= 1-41 =4 18+ 4-3] = 19] Il. Number Properties A. Closure Property when we add or multiply any element in a set of numbers, the sum or the product is a unique real number which belongs to the same set.III. Example 125 + 34 = 159 B, Commutative Property states that changing the position of the addends or the factors does not affect the sum or the product. Example 12+ 13% 2 + 12 (Addition) 3 * 13 (Multiplication) C. Associative Property states that changing the grouping of the addends in a sum or the grouping of the factors in a product does not change the resulting sum or product. Example (2+3)+4=2+4(3 +4) (Addition) (5 * 3) * 2 = 5 * (3 * 2) (Multiplication) D. Identity Property of Addition - the sum of any number and zero is the same number. 0 is the identity. Example 3440534 E, Identity Property of Multiplication - the product of any number and 1 is the same number. 1 is the identity. Example 32*1=32 F, Distributive Property ~ says that when a number is multiplied by the SUM of two other numbers, the first number can be handed out or distributed to both of those two numbers and multiplied by each of them separately. Example 3 (8 +5) =3(8) +3(5) Algebraic Expression - contains numbers, variables, and operations to state a relationshipExamples 9, 89x, 2t+3, y2 + 3y +10 A. Translating Algebraic Expressions ‘Add Subtract Multiply Divide Equals Plus, sum, Minus, Times, Divide by, Ts, result, increased by, | difference, multiplied by, | Quotient, into _| total, equal more than, decreased by, | product, of to exceeds less than, reduced Examples Addition Verbal Expression: a number increased by 10 Numerical Expression: x + 10 ‘Subtraction Verbal Expression: a number decreased by 5 Numerical Expression: x - 5 tion Verbal Expression: twice a number Numerical Expression: 2x fision Divi Verbal Expression: a number divided by 3 Numerical Expression: x + 3 seven times a number increased by 5 Numerical Expression: 7x + 5 IV. Algebraic Equation two algebraic expressions set equal to each other. Examples 1 x+x=50 2x = 50 Divide both sides by 2. x= 25 2 x+x42=42 2x +2=42 2x = 42-22x = 40 Divide both sides by 2. V. Polynomials is an expression consisting of variables and coefficients that involve only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non negative integer exponents of variables. A. Types of Polynomials Me ial tar rc opemniar coaseate or is > Binomial-A polynomial consisting product of a constant, and one or more variables raised to a whole of exactly two terms. number. Example: 2x—7 Example: — 6x y'z > Trinomial-A polynomial consisting of exactly three terms. Polynomial-Any finite sum (or difference) of terms. Example: s Example: wnxt4 4x°y? -324+9x7 y—2xz* B. Operations on Polynomials Addition - when adding polynomials, only like terms can be combined. Example 1. Sx + 2y 43x 5x + 3x +2y 8x + 2y Subtraction when subtracting polynomials, only like terms can be combined. Example 1, 18x? — 13x - 14x? 18x? — 14x? - 13x 4x? — 13x N . Subtract x + 4x? from —x + 5x? K+ SEH (x + 4x3) K+ SXF K = 43 K=X + SP 48 =2x+xC. Substitution Method Multiplying Polynomials 1. Multiply (x + 3) and (x + 4) A. x24 7x + 12 Cr e3x45 B. x2 +7x-12 D.x2-7x-12 Substitute 2 to the x's of the problem. (x + 3) +4) (2+3)(2+4) (5)(6) 30 Let’s check Option A. Substitute 2 to the x's of Option A. x? + 7x + 12 (2 + 7(2) + 12 4414412 30 Result of the question is 30 and the result of Option A is also 30. The results do match, hence the answer is Option A. Dividing Polynomials: 1. Divide (x? + 7x + 12) by (x +3). A. x-3 C.x-4 Bx+4 D.x45 Substitute 2 to the x's of the problem. (2 + 7x + 12) = (x + 3) (2 + (2) + 12) = (2 +3) (4+ 14412) +(2+3) 30+5 6 Let's check Option B. Substitute 2 to the x's of Option B. x+4 2+4 6 Result of the question is 6 and the result of Option B is also 6. The results do match, hence the answer is Option B.Factoring Polynomials 1, Factor x? + 13x + 30 A. (x + 3) (x- 10) C. (x — 3) (x- 10) B. (x + 3) (x + 10) D. (x - 3) (x -10) Substitute 2 to the x’s of the problem. x + 13x + 30 (2)? + 13(2) + 30 60 Let's check Option B. Substitute 2 to the x’s of Option B. (x +3) (x +10) (2 +3) (2+ 10) 60 Result of the question is 60 and the result of Option B is also 60. The results do match, hence the answer is Option B. Rationalizing Expressions simplifying a rational expression means writing it in lowest terms or simplest form. 1. Simplify the expression: 7x +35 x? + 5x A. IIx C.x/7 B.x+7 D.7-x Substitute 2 to the x’s of the problem. 7X4+35 _ 7(2) +35 2)2+5(2) 4410 14 NIN Let's check Option A. Substitute 2 to the x’s of Option A. 7x 7/2 Result of the question is 7/2 and the result of Option B is also 7/2. The results do match, hence the answer is Option A. Pythagorean Theorem In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two legs is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse.fapea ia hypotenuse Teg b Formula Ca ar+b? Example Find the value c. c 4m 3m Solution 2 The hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle is 25 feet. If one leg is 24 feet, what is the length of the other leg? a.5ft c. 20 ft b. 6 ft d.7 ft Solution ea=a+b 252 = 242 + b? 625 = 576 + b? 25 feet 625 - 576 = b? 24 feet 49 = b? VO = vePROBABILITY 1. Probability - probability simply means “chances” Formula P(g) = —Number of favorable outcomes, ~ Total number of possible outcomes Examples ‘A gumball machine has 18 pieces remaining (6 blue, 5 yellow, 7 red). The probability of getting a blue gumball is Number of favorable outcomes Total number of possible outcomes P(E) = 6 1 P(E)=sR0r; A die is rolled, find the probability of getting a number 4? P(E) Number of favorable outcomes Total number of possible outcomes II. _ Rules of Probability Rule 1: The probability of any event will always be a number from zero to one. Rule 2: When an event cannot occur, the probability will be zero. Rule 3: When an event is certain to occur, the probability is 1. Rule 4: The sum of the probabilities of all of the outcomes in the sample space is 1. Rule 5: The probability that an event will not occur is equal to 1 minus the probability that the event will occur. PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY L Angles formed by two rays sharing a common endpointA. Classification of Angles 1. Acute Angle — measure is not more than 90 degrees 2. Right Angle - measures exactly 90 degrees 3. Obtuse Angle — measure is more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees 4, Straight Angle — measure is exactly 180 degrees 2 B. Special Angle Pairs 1, Complimentary Angles - any two angles whose combined measures equal to 90 degrees 2. Supplementary Angles — any two angles whose combined measure equal to 180 degrees 3. Vertical Angles — 2 angles formed by intersecting lines. They cannot be adjacent, and they are always equal in measure. They are across from one another. li 4. Adjacent angles ~ 2 angles which share a vertex, share a side but do not overlap. II. Polygons = Closed figure - Straight sides - No curves - No overlapping A. Types of Polygons According To Sides Polygon Description Drawing 3-sided figure, sum of Triangle interior angles is 180° . sided figure, sum oF Quadrilateral interior angles is 360° | \ |5-sided figure, sum of Pentagon interior angles is 540° Q > 6-sided figure, sum of Hexagon interior angles is 720° < 7 sided figure, sum of Heptagon interior angles is 900 degrees B-sided figure, sum of Octagon interior angles is 1080° en 9-sided figure, sum of the Nonagon interior angles is 1260 0-sided polygon, sum of Decagon the interior angles is 1440 Ti-sided polygon, sum of Undecagon the interior angles is 1620 : 12-sided polygon, sum of Dodecagon the interior angles is 1800 B. Sum of the interior angles of Polygon Formula (n- 2) * 180 degrees Example What is the sum of the interior angles of hexagon? Solution = (n-2) * 180° (6 - 2) * 180° (4) * 180° 720° C. Each interior angle of a Polygon Formula (n = 2) * 180° nExample What is the measure of each interior angle of dodecagon? Solution _ (n= 2) + 180° + n _ G2~2)+180° A 12 = 150 D. Diagonals of a polygon Formula n(n — 3) Example How many diagonals are there in nonagon? Solution 2 4303-3) = 27 diagonals III. Triangles triangles can be classified by sides and by angles. A. Classification of Triangles Triangles By Sides 1. Scalene Triangle + has no equal sides. All sides are different lengths.2. Isosceles triangle + has 2 equal sides. The angles opposite the equal sides are also equal. © 3. Equilateral triangle A ° 8 + all 3 sides of an equilateral triangle are equal. Each angle of an equilateral triangle is equal. Each angle must be 60 degrees. B Triangles By Angles 1. Right triangle = has one 90 degree or right angle. 2. Acute triangle + has 3 angles with a measure of less than 90 degrees each. 3. Obtuse triangle + has one obtuse angle.IV. Quadrilaterals has four sides and four interior angles. ‘Quadrilateral Tree: Quadrilateral Kite Parallelogram Trapezoid Rectangle Rhombus Isosceles ae Trapezoid Square Technique: Top to Bottom is FALSE Bottom to Top is TRUE Example A square is a rhombus. - TRUE ‘A rhombus is a square, - FALSE V. Classification of Quadrilaterals Quadrilateral Properties Drawings Trapezoid ‘one pair of parallel sides both pairs of opposite sides | Paralleloggam parallel and equal in length | has two pairs of parallel sides; Rectangle with opposite sides congruent and has four right angles all sides equal and has two pairs Rhombus of parallel sides; with opposite angles congruent, Square all sides and all angles equal Kite two separate pairs of equal adjacent sides oe —7 Ei qVI. Perimeter and Area Formulae of Plane Figures Plane Figure Perimeter Area Rectangle he wn A=L*W Square P= 4s Azs Triangle Past+a+s A= %ebh Circle C= 2nr A=nr Examples Perimeter of Rectangle Madi is hanging a string of flowers on the perimeter of a rectangular pool deck. The deck is 30 feet long and 24 feet wide. How long does the string of flowers need to be? A. 108 ft C. 48 ft B. 54 ft D. 60 ft Solution Pp P P Area of Rectangle What is the area of a rectangular pool that has a length of 30 meters and a width of 20 meters? A. 50sq. m. C. 600 sq. m. B. 400 sq.m. D. 900 sq. m. Solution A=L*W A= 600 square meters Circumference of Circle The shape of a snare drum head is a circle. The diameter of the drum head is 14 inches. What is the circumference? Use 22/7 for pi. A. 154 Cc. 110 B. 44 D. 36 Solution C = 44 inchesArea of Right Triangle A triangle has a base of 12 inches and a height of 3 inches. What is the area of the triangle? A. 36 in? C. 144 in? B. 18 in? D. 9 in? Solution A= ‘2 bh A= ¥ (12)(3) VII. Total Surface Area and Volume of Solid Figures Solid Figure Total Surface Area Volume Rectangular Prism TSA = 2LW + 2WH +2HL V=L*W*H TSA = 6s? a Cube s = edge Ves Sphere TSA = 4nr? V=43 08 Examples TSA of Rectangular Prism ‘A rectangular wooden box has a length of 40 m, height of 20 m, and width of 10 m. What is the surface area, in square meters, if it is completely painted on all sides? A, 2,000 sq. m. C. 3,000 sq. m. B. 2,800 sq. m. D. 3,500 sq. m Solution TSA = 2LW + 2WH +2HL TSA = 2(40)(10) + 2(10)(20) + 2(20)(40) TSA = 800 + 400 + 1,600 TSA = 2,800 sq. m. Volume of Rectangular Prism What is the volume of a moving truck’s storage area that is 8 feet tall, 20 feet long, and 12 feet across? A. 512 cubic feet C. 1,920 cubic feet B. 1,728 cubic feet D. 8,000 cubic feet Solution V=L*W*HV=20*12*8 V = 1,920 cubic feet Volume of Sphere Find the volume of a toy ball whose radius is 2 cm. A. 33.49 m3 C. 51.76 cm? B. 48.56 cm3 D. 50.24 em? Solution v= 4/3nP V = 4/3(3.14)(2)? V = 33.49 cm? Laban, Future LPT!