Name of Drug and Dosage & Mechanism of Indications Contraindications Adverse Reaction Nursing Intervention

Classification Frequency Action

11. Clindamycin Inhibits bacterial Infections caused ● Contraindicated in GI: nausea, ● Monitor renal, hepatic
protein synthesis by sensitive patients abdominal pain, and hematopoietic
(Antibiotics) by bindy to the 50S staphylococci, hypersensitive to diarrhea, functions during
subunits of streptococci or drug or lincomycin. vomiting prolonged therapy.
ribosomes. other sensitive ● Use cautiously in ● Observe patient for
aerobic and neonates in Hepatic: signs and symptoms of
anaerobic overgrowth and Jaundice superinfection.
organisms patients with renal
or hepatic disease, Other:
asthma, history of Anaphylaxis.
GI disease, or
significant allergies.
● Drug appear in
human milk. Use in
women who are
breastfeeding isn’t
recommended.

12. Furosemide Inhibits sodium and HTN ● Contraindicated in GI: Nausea, ● Monitor weight, BP, and
chloride patients vomiting, dry pulse rate routinely with
(Antihypertensives) reabsorption at the hypersensitive to mouth, thirst, long-term use.
proximal and distal drug and in those bowel motility ● Monitor fluid intake and
tubules and with anuria. disturbances, output and electrolyte,
ascending loop of ● Use cautiously in diarrhoea, BUN, and carbon
Henle. patients with hepatic constipation. dioxide levels frequently.
cirrhosis and in ● Drug may increase fetal
those allergic to Fatigue. birth weight. Monitor
sulfonamides. fetal growth during
● Premature infants Cardiac pregnancy.
may be at increased disorders: ● Watch for signs of
 risk for persistent hypokalemia , such as
patent ductus Cardiac muscle weakness and
arteriosus with arrhythmias. cramps
furosemide
treatment during first
weeks of life.

13. Antagonizes HTN ● Use spironolactone GI: Diarrhea, ● Monitor electrolyte

Spironolactone aldosterone in the only for those gastric bleeding, levels, renal function,
distal tubules, conditions for which ulceration, fluid intake and output,
(Diuretics, increasing sodium it’s indicated. cramping, weight and BP closely.
Potassium-sparing and water ● Contraindicated in nausea, vomiting. ● Inform lab that patient is
diuretics- excretion. patients taking spironolactone
aldosterone hypersensitive to the GU: renal failure, because drug may
receptor drug and in those erectile interfere with tests that
antagonists) with anuria, acute dysfunction measure digoxin level.
progressive renal
insufficiency,
hyperkalemia.
● Drug isn’t
recommended for
primary treatment of
HTN.
● Safety and
effectiveness in
children haven’t
been established.

14. Aspirin, Thought to produce Mild pain or fever ● Hypersensitive to CV: Arrhythmias, ● Because enteric -coated
acetylsalicylic analgesia and exert drug and in those hypotension, tablets are slowly
acid its anti- with NSAID-induced tachycardia absorbed, they aren’t
inflammatory effect sensitivity reactions suitable for rapid relief of
(anti-inflammatory by inhibiting ● G6PD deficiency or GI: nausea, GI acute pain, fever or
drugs) prostaglandin and bleeding disorders bleeding, inflammation. They
other substances such as hemophilia. vomiting. cause GI bleeding.
 ● Avoid use in ● Febrile, dehydrated
that sensitize pain patients with severe GU: antepartum children can develop
receptors. hepatic impairment and postpartum toxicity rapidly.
or histry of active bleeding, ● Monitor patient for
peptic ulcer disease. prolonged hypersensitivity
● Use in pregnancy pregnancy and reactions such as
only if clearly labor, renal anaphylaxis and
needed and failure. asthma.
specifically directed
to do so by the Hematologic:
physician. Avoid use prolonged
during the third bleeding time
trimester.

15. Losartan Inhibits HTN ● Hypersensitive to CV: edema, ● Drug can be used alone
potassium vasoconstrictive drug. chest pain or with other anti-
and aldosterone- ● Use cautiously in hypertensives.
(antihypertensives, secreting action of patients with GI: abdominal ● Monitor patients BP
angiotensin angiotensin II by impaired renal or pain, nausea, closely to evaluate
receptor blockers) blocking hepatic function. diarrhea effectiveness of therapy.
angiotensin II ● Monitor patients who are
receptor on the Musculo: muscle also taking diuretics for
surface of vascular cramps, myalgia, symptomatic
smooth muscle and back or leg pain. hypotension
other tissue cells. ● Regularly assess
CNS: dizziness, patient’s renal function
asthenia, fatigue, via creatinine and BUN
headache, levels.
insomnia.

16. Amlodipine A dihydropyridine HTN Significant:

Ca-channel ● Contraindicated with Symptomatic ● Monitor patient carefully
(antihypertensives, blocker, reduces allergy to hypotension, (BP, cardiac rhythm, and
calcium-channel peripheral vascular amlodipine, peripheral output) while adjusting
blocker) resistance and impaired hepatic or oedema. drug to therapeutic
 blood pressure by CV: Palpitations.
relaxing the renal function, sick dose; use special
coronary vascular sinus syndrome, GI: Abdominal caution if patient has
smooth muscle and heart block (second pain, nausea, CHF.
coronary or third degree), dyspepsia, ● Monitor BP very
vasodilation lactation. diarrhoea, carefully if patient is
through inhibition of ● Use cautiously with constipation. also on nitrates.
Ca ion CHF, pregnancy. ● Monitor cardiac rhythm
transmembrane General regularly during
influx into cardiac disorders: stabilization of dosage
and vascular Oedema, fatigue, and periodically during
smooth muscles. asthenia. long-term therapy.
● Administer drug without
Musculoskeleta: regard to meals.
Ankle swelling,
muscle cramps.

CNS:
Somnolence,
dizziness,
headache.

Respiratory:
Dyspnoea.

17. Metformin Decreases hepatic Type 2 Diabetes CNS: asthenia,

hydrochloride glucose production ● Hypersensitive to headache, ● Before therapy begins
and intestinal drug and in those dizziness, chills, assess patient’s renal
(antidiabetics, absorption of with hepatic disease light-headedness function.
biguanides) glucose and or metabolic ● Monitor patient’s
improves insulin acidosis or lactic CV: chest glucose level regularly to
insensitivity. acidosis. discomfort, evaluate effectiveness
● Not indicated for palpitations of therapy. Notify
use in patients with prescriber if glucose
type 1 diabetes level increases despite
 mellitus or diabetic therapy.
ketoacidosis. GI: diarrhea, ● Monitor patient closely
● Drug appears in nausea, vomiting, during times of
human milk. indigestion, increased stress, such
abdominal as infection, fever,
bloating, surgery or trauma.
abnormal stools, Insulin therapy may
constipation, needed in these
weight loss, situations.
anorexia.

Metabolic:
hypoglycemia
● Instruct patient to take
18. Gliclazide It decreases blood Type 2 diabetes ● Hypersensitivity to GI: Constipation, gliclazides as directed at
glucose levels by mellitus gliclazide, other diarrhea, nausea, the same time every
(Antidiabetic increasing insulin sulfonylureas or vomiting,
sulfonamides. epigastric day.
Agents) sensitivity at
peripheral target ● Type 1 diabetes discomfort, ● Explain to patient that
sites, stimulating mellitus, diabetic abdominal pain, this medication does not
insulin release coma and pre-coma, heartburn cure diabetes and must
from the β-cells of diabetic be used in conjunction
the islets of ketoacidosis. Significant: with a prescribed diet,
● Severe hepatic or Hypoglycaemia.
Langerhans, and exercise regimen, to
renal impairment. Rarely, serious
reducing glucose prevent hypoglycemic
● Pregnancy and skin and
output from the and hyperglycemic
lactation. hypersensitivity
liver. events.
reactions
● Advise patient to carry
sugar packets or candy,
and identification
describing diabetes
diagnosis and
medication regimen.
 ● Black patients taking
19. Captopril Inhibits ACE, HTN ● Contraindicated in CNS: dizziness, ACE inhibitors have
preventing patients fainting,
(antihypertensive headache, a higher incidence of
conversion of an- hypersensitive to
s, ACE inhibitors) giotensin I to drug or other ACE malaise, fatigue, angioedema than
angiotensin II, a inhibitors and in fever, insomnia. non- Blacks.
potent vaso- patients who had ● Monitor patient's BP
constrictor. Less angioedema CV: tachycardia,
hypotension, and pulse rate
angiotensin II related to previous frequently.
chest pain,
decreases treatment with an
angina pectoris, ● Assess patient for
peripheral arterial ACE inhibitor.
palpitations. signs of
resistance, ● Use cautiously in
decreasing aldo- patients with GI: abdominal angioedema.
sterone secretion, impaired renal pain, anorexia, ● Drug causes cough,
which reduces function or serious constipation, most frequently of all
sodium and water autoimmune diarrhea, dry ACE inhibitors.
retention and disease, especially mouth, nausea,
lowers BP. SLE, and in those vomiting.
who have been
exposed to other Hematologic:
drugs that affect anemia.
WBC counts or
immune response. Metabolic:
● Drug appears in hyperkalemia.
human milk.
Respiratory: dry,
persistent,
nonproductive
cough; dyspnea