Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied

Sciences and Technology, Haripur, Pakistan

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Lab Report

Submitted by:
Name: Muhammad Awab Ahsan

Department: Electrical Engineering

Registration No: B20F0242EE016

Semester: 8th

Lab No : 1

Subject:
Wireless & Mobile Communication

Submitted to:

Engr Khurram Khan

__________________

Instructor signature
Title: Modeling of wireless communication systems using MATLAB (Two ray channel
and Okumura – Hata model)
Description:
1) Two Ray Model:
The two-rays ground-reflection model is a multipath radio propagation model
which predicts the path losses between a transmitting antenna and a receiving
antenna when they are in line of sight (LOS). Generally, the two antenna each
have different height. The received signal having two components, the LOS
component and the reflection component formed predominantly by a single
ground reflected wave.
2) Okumura-Hata Model:
The Hata Model for Urban Areas (also known as the Okumura-Hata model), is
a widely used propagation model for predicting path loss in urban areas. This
model takes into account the effects of diffraction, reflection and scattering
caused by city structures.
Matlab Code:
frequency = 900e6; % Frequency in Hz
transmitterHeight = 50; % Transmitter height in meters
receiverHeight = 10; % Receiver height in meters
distance = 100:100:1000; % Distance between transmitter and receiver in meters
% Two-ray Channel Model
Pt = 30; % Transmitted power in Watts
Gt = 30; % Transmitter antenna gain
Gr = 30; % Receiver antenna gain
L = 1; % System loss
% Calculate received power using Two-ray channel model
Pr_two_ray = Pt + 10*log10(Gt) + 10*log10(Gr) + 20*log10(transmitterHeight) +
20*log10(receiverHeight) - 40*log10(distance);
% Okumura-Hata Model
A = 69.55; % Model parameter
B = 26.16; % Model parameter
C = 13.82; % Model parameter
D = 44.9; % Model parameter
X = 6.55; % Model parameter
hb = 30; % Base station height in meters
% Calculate path loss using Okumura-Hata model
PL_okumura_hata = A + B * log10(frequency) - C * log10(hb) + (D - X *
log10(hb))*log10(distance) - (0.8 + (1.1*log10(frequency) - 0.7)*hb -
1.56*log10(frequency));
% Plotting
figure;
plot(distance, Pr_two_ray, 'b-', 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on;
plot(distance, PL_okumura_hata, 'r--', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Distance (m)');
ylabel('Received Power/Path Loss (dB)');
legend('Two-ray Channel Model', 'Okumura-Hata Model');
title('Wireless Communication System Modeling');
grid on;

Results & Discussion:

Frequency change
Freq= 900MHz
frequency = 900e6; % Frequency in Hz

Freq= 1800MHz
frequency = 1800e6; % Frequency in Hz

The frequency change proves that the Okumura-Hata Madel is greatly effected by the change
in freuqnecy while on the other hand Two-way method doesn’t showed any reasonable change
from the previous value. So we can say Hata Model is greatly influenced by the frequency
while two way method is not.
 Transmitter height / base station height change
Transmitter height = 25
Base station Height = 15
transmitterHeight = 25; % Transmitter height in meters
hb = 15; % Base station height in meters

Transmitter height = 50
Base Station Height = 30
transmitterHeight = 50; % Transmitter height in meters
hb = 30; % Base station height in meters
Transmitter height = 75
Base station height = 45
transmitterHeight = 75; % Transmitter height in meters
hb = 45; % Base station height in meters

The height change proves that when transmitter height is increased the two way model received
power is increased upto some extent and then again start decreasing. While Okumura-Hata
model shows that when the heigh is increases the power loss is reduced. This can be verified
from above figures.
Transmitted Power Change
Pt =60
Pt = 60; % Transmitted power in Watts
By increasing transmitted power, the received power is increased for Two-way model. This can
be observed from above figures. If we transmit higher power, we will receive higher power.
Transmitter & Receiver Gain change
Gt = 60
Gt = 30; % Transmitter antenna gain

Gr= 60
Gr = 30; % Reciever antenna gain
By increasing transmitter gain or receiver gain, the received power is increased for Two-way
model. This can be observed from above figures. It is obvious that if the antenna is amplifying
it will transmit signal at higher value and also amplify the received signal, hence received
power would be high.

Conclusion:
In this lab, we utilized MATLAB to model wireless communication systems, focusing on the
Two-ray channel and Okumura-Hata model. By plotting graphs with respect to distance and
manipulating parameters such as frequency, transmitter height, antenna gains, and transmitted
power, we gained insights into signal propagation characteristics. Our observations revealed
the expected decrease in signal strength with distance, highlighting the inverse square law's
influence. Furthermore, we noted that higher frequencies incurred more significant attenuation,
particularly in urban environments, while increased transmitter height and antenna gains
extended signal coverage. Adjusting transmitted power allowed us to compensate for
propagation losses, albeit with considerations for regulatory limits and interference. Overall,
this hands-on exploration underscored the importance of channel modeling and parameter
optimization in designing efficient wireless communication systems.

THE END