2

Arches
will| be found to be
verylong
spans, trusses
often
impracticable same. Since the parts AC and BC are hinged at C, the bending
For situations arches are used. Arches vary in the moment at Cmust be zero. Hence, after finding the vertical reaction
such
in etres as na
in roof support system to hundreds of V, and V, the horizontal thrust Hcan be
bending moment at the crown hinge C tocomputed
and trom.afew
Spans bridges, They are
generally made of steel, reinforced by equating the
in -stressedconcrete.
metres Arches carry most of their loads zero.
coTeteorpre
compressive resistance. They may be constructed W
developing may be semi-circular, segmental, W W
byvane geometry. Theylinear.
ofsometimes b
ina
even Arches generally fall intotwo
and
parabolikc
namel three hinged and Itwo hinged arches.
categones B
21 THREE-HINGED ARCHES
arch. It consists of twO parts AC and
shons.athree-hinged Flg. 2.2
Fig21
tocach other at C. Each of the parts is hinged to a For instance, referring to Fig. 2.1, taking moments about Cof
BChingedsupportike an abutment at the lower ends A and B. the forces on the left side of C, we have,
permanent
W
W
W
V Hh+W,
or taking moments about Cof the forces on
the right side of C.
We have,
B

W
The horizontal thrust H at each support can be determined
W W from any of the above two expressions.
The bending moment at the sectionX (See Fig. 2.1) of the arch
is given by
M,= Vax-W-a)-Hy
If the structure had been a simply supported beam, the bending
moment at a similar section X would be given by
B
x
-H
M= V,x- W, (x-a)
Let this expression be called the beam moment, the beam
moment at any section of the arch is the bending moment at the
section considering the span as that of a simply supported beam.
Fig. 2.1 Hence, the difference between the beam and the arch is that in
Ie hinge Cis provided usually at the highest point of the case of the arch a horizontal thrust is induced at each support
clle ine of the arch. The horizontal distance between the the which provides a hogging moment Hy at any section. Let us call
lower
gsAand
or may not Bis called span ofthe arch. The hinges, A and B may
the quantity Hy as the H mnoment at the section X.
be at he same level. When the two .. Actual bending moment at X = Beam moment at X- H
at thie same hinges Aand Bare
above the lelevel the height of the crown (highest point of the arch) moment at X
vvel of the lower hinges is called the rise of the arch. The beam moment being asagging moment is positive.
The
he span tendency
length.
art posible at
of the external loads is to cause an increase in
Since neither vertical nor horizontal movements
The H moment being a hogging moment, is negative.
The advantage of arching a beam may now be easily realized.
Aand Bthe lower hinges, the reactions at each of the lower For the same loading and the same span the arch is subjected to
he ends A will have vertical and horizontal components. When lesser bending moment than the beam. Thus, the sectional
and are at the same
B requirement for the arch is less than that of the beam of the same
level, the vertical reactions Vand
determined as in the case of asimply supported beam of span and carrying the same loading (It may however be noted the
span
verticalcarrying the same loading. raduction in moment is accompanied by considerable axial
reactions V, and V% can be determined by equating compression.
ucture moment
about
to the
anti-clockwise moment of the forces Problem 1.A three-hinged arch of span l and rise h carriesa
at eithereither loower end. The horizontal component uniformly distributed load of w
per unit run over the whole span.
Npor. 1f the load lower applied
end is called the horizontal thrust at w?
thrust syst
at em of the Supports
each
on the arch is entirely vertical
A and B must be the
Show that the horizontal thrust at each support is 8h
 THEORY OF STRUCT,
aboutA,
44 Taking moments 32 =40 x16x8
V,x
V,= 160 kN
Solution. See Fig. 2.3. V,= 40x 16 160)=480 kN
wl and momentat C is zero
Each vertical = Sincethe bending =0 .". H= 160 kN
Let the horizontal thrust at each support be H. 160 x16Hx 16
Cis zero. circles,
hinge
The bending moment at the crown the forces on the left hand Bypropertyof
Hence, taking moments about C,of
side of C, we have v =8(32 -8 ) =192
-Hh
2 4
B.M. at D= 480x8-40x
22

=3840- 1280-
2 -160x 13.8564
H= 2217.024=
8h

w per unit run

Problemn 4. Athree-hinged.
carries a uniformly
semi-circular arch
distributed load of w per unit of the rad,
run over
342.916k.
whole span. Find the horizontal thrust at each
location and magnitude of
the maximum bending support and
arch.
for moment
Wper unit run

H
H

Fig. 2.3
Problem 2. A three-hinged parabolicarch of span Iand rise
hcarries auniformly distributed load of w per unitover the whole
span. Show that the arch is not subjected to any bending moment H
at any section.
Solution. See Fig. 2.3 wR wR
wi Fig. 2.5
The horizontal thrust at each support = 8
Solution. Let the horizontal thrust at each support be H.
The equation to the arch with the end A as origin is, Each vertical reaction = wR.
4h Taking moments about Cof the forces on the left hand sic
y= x(l-x) C, we have, wR.
2
Bending moment at any section X having coordinates (x, y) R
with respect to A as origin is given by R= H.R+ wR
2
wl wx* wl wi 4h
M,= - Hy= wR
2 2 2 8h 12 x(l-x)=0. H = or alternatively
Problem3. Athree-hinged semi-circular arch of diameter32 2
mcarries auniformly distributed load of 40 kN/m on the left half
of the span. Determine the horizontal thrust at each support. Find H =
wi? w(2R)² wR
also the bending moment at asection at a horizontal 8h 8R 2
8 mfrom the left support. distance of The bending moment at any section X, the radius
Solution. Let V,and V, be the
AandB. Let H be the horizontal vertical reactions at the supports corresponding to which makes an angle with the horizont.
thrust at each support. (Fig. 2.4 ) given by
40 kN/n
wx?
M,= wRr- - Hy
D 2
= wR.R
R(1-cos 0) wR .Rsint
R =
1 6
m
(1-cos 0)- wR(1-cos )
2
WR? wR?-sin
.. M,= wR(1-cos 0) (l-cos )-. 2
160 kN
2
8m H
B WR2
sin
V,=480 kN 2 (l-cos 0)[2-(1-cos 0)] 2
V,= 160 kN
Fig. 2.4 wR?
-(l-cos)(1+ cos 0) -sin
2 2
 ARCHES
45
(1-cos² e) - wR' -sin
WR
2 2 A and B
Solution. Let V, and V, be the vertical reactions at the supports
WR? Let H be the horizontal
sin0 sin 9 thrust.
Taking moments about the left end A, we have,
2 2
wR? V, x 30 =60 x 15x + 100 x 20 + 160× 25
[sin - sin' e) 2
V,= 425 kN;
being greater than sin 2e the bending V,= ((60x15)+100+160) 425 = 735 kN
moment at
Section of the archis a negative or a hogging moment. any Taking moments about C of the forces on the left
C, we have, hand side of
735 x 15= 60 x 15x 15
+ H x10; .:. H =427.5 kN.
wR 2
of alternatively, taking
side of C, we havemoments about C of the forces on the
8
right hand
425 x 15= 100 × 5 + 160x 10+ Hx 10:
. H=
Problem 6. Athree-hinged parabolic arch of span 427.5 kN
130° and rise 4 metre carries a 20 metre
metre run on the left half ofuniformly
30°
the span.
distributed load of 20 kN per
Fig. 2.6 moment for the arch. Find the maximum bending
For M. to be a maximum, Solution. Fig. 2.8 shows the
dM. Taking moments about A., loaded arch.
=0 V,x 20=20 x 10x5
d .:. V, = 50 kN ‘
-[cos 0-2sin cos ] =0 :. V,=200- 50= 150 kN ‘
20kN/m
cos 0(1-2sin 0) =0
cos =0 or 0 = 90°
1 H= 4m
and 1-2 sin =0 sin 0 9=30° 125 kN H
2 125 kN
But at = 90° i.e., at the crown the bending BA 20 m
moment equals
Zero.
V,=150 kN Vs 50 kN
:.The bending moment is maximum at =30°.
Fig. 2.8
wR' wR?
Mnan (sin 30 sin 30°) = Taking moments about C of the forces on the right side of C,
2 8
Distance of the point of max. bending moment from the crown Hx4=50 x 10 .:. H=125 kN
At any section distant x from A
or B,
=R cos 30=. RV3
4h
y= x(l-)
roblem 5. Athree-hinged arch has a span of 30 metres and
se of 10 m. The arch carries a wniformly distributed load of 60 4 x4
kN per
metre on the left half of its It also carries two Xx(20-x); .. y= x(20-x)
span.
0Centrated louds of l60 kN and 100 kN at 5 m and 10 mfrom 20 x 20 25
the right end. Maximum bending moment in AC
Deternine the horizontal thrust, at each support. At any section distant x formn A, the bending moment is given
100 kN
60kN/m by,
160 kN
M,= l50r -125 x x(20-)
2 25
10 m
M,= 150r- 10- 100x+ 5a
5m 5m 5m M,= 50x - 5a; M,= 5x(10 -x)
For the condition of maximum bending moment
B dM, =0 dM,
Span =30m dx dx
=5010x=0
x= Sm; .. M= 5x5 (10-5) = +125 kNm
V,=425kN
At any section distantx from B, the bending moment is given
Fig. 2.7 by
 46
THEORY OF $TRUCTUREN
40 kN
1 60 kN
M,= 50x-125 x x (20-x)
25 DV
M,= 50x- 100x +5xr²; :. M, =-50x +5x'=- 5x(10- x)
For the condition of maximum bending moment, dM0
dx
H
45°/o
dM, =-50x +10x=0 X=5m V
d B
45
Mmar =-5x5 (10-5) =-125 kNm.
Problem 7, Fig. 2.9 shows a three-hinged arch consisting of
twoquadrantal parts AC and CB of radii R, and R,. The arch V
carries a concentrated load Won the crown. Find the horizontal Flg. 2.10
thrust, at each support. Adding equations (i) and (ii),
V,+ V, =2H+ 50/2 =100
H= 50 -25/2 =25(2-2)kN
V,= H+ 20/2 =50 -2s/2 +2042 30- 5/2kN
V,= H+30o/2
R1
B
H
=50- 25W2+ 30V2= 50 + 5/2 kN
V B.M. at D= M,= V, x2(1-cos 45°)- H x2sin 43°
V
Fig. 2.9
Solution. Let V; and V,be the vertical reactions at the supports
Aand B. Let Hbe the horizontal thrust. =[110- 60N2]-(50/2-50]
Taking moments about Cof the forces on the left hand side of
C. we have = 160-1102=4.436S RNm
V,.R= H. R, B.M. at E =M,= V,x 4(1-cos459)-H x4 sin45°
V=H ...)
Similarly, taking moments about C of the forces on the right
hand side of C, we have
V,. R,= H. R,
-(30+s0/5) 41-230-/ixdx
V,=H =(180 80V2]- [10042 -100]
From equations (i) and (ii)
V,= V,=H ..(i) =280 -180/2= 25.4416 kNm.
But V,+ V,= W Problem 9. Athree hinged arch ABC consisting of quadrantal
W parts AC and BC of radiü 4 m and 6 m respectively carries two
V,=V,=H= 2 point loads of 100 KN each as shown in Fig. 2.11. Find the
reactions at the supports A and B, and bending moments at E
Problem 8. Fig. 2.10 shows a three-hinged arch consisting of and F
two quadrantal parts AC and CB of radii2m and 4 mrespectively.
For the load system acting on the arch, calculate the reactions at 100 kN 100 kN
the supports and the bending moments under the loads.
Solution. Let V, and V, be the vertical reactions at the supports 3m
Aand Brespectively.
Let H be the horizontal thrust at each support. D
Resolving the forces on the arch vertically,
V,+ V,= 100 kN ...) 2m
Taking moments about Cof the forces on the left side of C.
H 4 m 3m
V,x2=2H+ 40/2 A

V =H+ 20/2 ..i) V 6m B

-H
Taking moments aboutCof the forces on the right side ofC
V, x 4=4 H+60x 2 V

V,=H+ 30/2 ..(iiü) Flg. 2.11

ARCHES

Solution. Let V, and V, be the vertical 47

Let Hbe the
horizontal thrust at
each
reactions at Aand B.
Cof the forces support.
about
But, V, +V, =100 kN
Taking moments on the left side of C.
V,x4= Hx4 1.5896H +42,857 =100
V=H H= 35.948 kN
Taking moments
about Cof the forces on the ..() V=35.948 kN,
Maximum B.M. in AC V,= 100- 35.948 = 64.052 kN
V,x6=Hx6+ 100 x3 right side of C At any section in AC,
V,= H+50 horizontal, whose radius vector is at with the
Resolving vertically,
B.M. =M V,x3(1-
=35.948× 3(1 - coscos9)-H×3sin
V,+ V= 200 9
...(ii) 0) -35.948x3sin 0
Substituting for V, and V..
H+H+ 50 =200 M
H=75 kN For Mto be =35.948x3(1 - cos-sin 9y
V,=75 kN and V;=75 + 50= 125 kN dM
maximum,
=0
Itiseasily notedthat the radii O,E and 0,F are at 30° with the
horizontal. dM
B.M. at E= 75 x 4 1-cos 30°) -75 x2=- 109.81 kNm
B.M. at F= 125 x6 (1- cos 30) -75 x3 -124.52 kNm
d =35.948×3(sin 9-cos0)=0 or sin 9= cos
Problem 10. Fig. 2.12 shows a three-hinged
consisting of arcs ACCand BC with centres 0, and 0,,circular
Arc AC arch
.:.9= 45°
is a M max
quadrantofa. circle of radius 3m. Arc BC is an arc of radius &m, =35.948x3(1-cos 45°- sin 45°) = 44.67 kNm
Maximum B.M. in BC
thehorizontal distance frnm O, to Bbeing 7m. The arch carries a In this region, the maximum
bending moment occurs at D. under
pointload of 100 kN at a horizontal distance of 3m from the the load.
crOwn C. Determine thee reactions at the supports and the maximum
bending momentfor the arch. Ya =0,F-0,E= V8'-3.-3.873 = 3.543 m
100kN Maximum BM.
3m =64.052 x4-35.948 x3.543
=256.208-127.364
3m
=+128.844 kNm
Maximum negativeB.M. =-44.67 kNm and
H
3m Maximum positive B.M. =+ 128.844 kNm.
-7m
A Problem 11. Analyse the loaded frame shown in Fig. 2.13.
Draw also the B.M. Diagram for the frame.
-&m

6 kN/m

3m 3m

Flg. 2.12 6m
>olution. By the geometry of the arch,
0,E =8?-' =3.873 m
0,E=5-3.873 = 1.127 m
CE =3+ 1.127 =4.127 m
laking
irom themoments
left about C
6m

V,x3=Hx3 ...)
V,=H Flg. 2.13
Taing moments about Cfrom the right, symmetrical, the vertical
Solution. Since the loading is H be the horizontal thrust
V,x7= Hx4.127+100x3 reactions at the supports are
equal. Let
Vy =0.5896 H +42.857 ...(iü) at each support.
Adaing Cquations () and (ii), V,=V,=
60 x6
180 kN
2
V,+V, =H|+0.5896H +42.857
=1.589 H+42.857
 THEORY OF STRUCTUREg
48
60 kN/m
BO00000000400000000000000)c
Taking moments about the hinge E, from the right
Hx6+ 60x3x 1.5= 180x3 3m
2 m
H=45 kN
B.M. Calculations 3 m
B.M. atA = B.M. at D= 0
=-270 kNm
B.M. at B= B.M. at C=-45 x 6
5 m
B.M. atE=0
BE, distant x fron B. The B.M. is given by,
D
At any section in
M= 180.-60 -45 x6
2
Va
M= 180.r-30x-270
A
Atu= 0. B.M. at B=-270 kNm H

Atx=3, B.M. at E- 180 x3 30 x 32-270=0

Va
60kN/m
Flg, 2.16
3m 3m
E
E, from the right,
Taking moments aboutV,x3=Hx3+60 x3x 1.5
Vy=H+ 90 ...(üi)
Adding equations (ii) and (iii)
V,+ V=3.5 H+ 150
6 m
But V+ V=300
3.5 H+ 150 =300
300 = 42.857 kN
H= 7
H=45 kN
H=45 kN
D
128.571
214.286
kNm kNm
V,= 180 kN Va= 180 kN
B

Fig. 2. 14

270 270
k Nm kNm

Fig. 2.17
Substituting for H,
300 930
V= +90= -= 132.857 kN
7 7
V,=300 132.857= 167.143 kN
Fig. 2. 15
B.M. Calculations
Fig. 2.15 shows the B.M. diagram for the frame. Member AB
Problem 12. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 2.16. Draw also B.M. at A = 0
the B.M. diagram for the frame.
300
Solution. Let V, and V, be the vertical reactions at the supports B.M. at B= x5 =214.286 kNm
Aand D. Let H be the horizontal thrust at each support. 7
Resolving vertically, B.M. at E= 0
V,+ V,=60 x5 Member CD
V,+V,= 300 kN ...) B.M. at D= 0
Taking moments about E from the left. 300
V,x2=Hx5+60 x2 × 1 B.M. atC= - x3 =- 128.571kNm
V,=2.5 H+60 ...(i)
 ARCHES
Member BE 49
B.M. at B= - 214.286 kNm
B.M. at a distancex from B. Hx4 =5 x5
H =6.25, kN
M= 167. 143 x 30 y2 300 B.M. Calculations
x 5 B.M. at A =0
7
M= 167. 143
x-30x-214.286 B.M. at D = 15x2.5 -6.25 x2
B.M. at E= 0
=+25 kNm
Member CE B.M. at C =0
B.M. at C= - 128.571 kN B.M. at B =0
B.M. at a distancer from C Fig. 2.20shows the B.M.
diagram for the structure.
300 Problem
in Fig. 2.21 14. Analyse the three-hinged gabled
M= 132.857 x 30 x3 frame shown
7
M= 132.857 x 30x-128.571 10 kN/m
B.M. at E= 0
Eio 217 shows the B.M. diagram of the frame.
lom 13. Find the reactions at the 4 m
Oo00000066006066660060)
the structure shown in Fig. 2.18 and draw supports
B.M. diagram.
A and B for

B
20 kN

6m
DY 4m

H.
B

2.5 m 2.5 m
5m
5m 5m
V
Fig. 2.18
Solution. Let V, and V, be the vertical reactions at A and B Fig. 2.21
respectively. Let H be the horizontal thrust at each support. Solution. Due to symmetry vertical reaction at each
support
10 ×10
20 kN
V,= V,= 2
=50 kN
Let H be the horizontal thrust at
each
Taking moments about C from the right,support.
4m
(H = 50x5
H=6.25 kN 10 H+125= 250
2.5 m 2.5 m 4B H= H= 12.5 kN
5m B.M. atA= 0=B.M. at E
6.25 kN
V,EI5 kN Members AB and ED
Vy = 5 kN At any section distant y from the support
Fig. 2.19 B.M.= M=-Hy =-12.5 y
Aty= 0, M=0
25 kNm
Aty= 6m, M=-12.5 x6
=-75 kNm
Members BC and DC
Consider any sectionX whose co-ordinates are (x, y) with
respect to B.
4
y=
5
--OB
The B.M. at the section is given by
Fig. 2.20 B.M. Diagram
laking moments
about A, M- S0x-10-i2s[6+;*
V,x 10 = M= 50x-5-75- 10.x
20x2.5
V, = 5kN M= 40x-5 -75
Atx=0, i.e., at B, B.M. = -75 kNm
V, = 20-5= 15 kN
moments about Cfrom the right side, Atx=5, i.e.,at C, B.M.= 40 x 55x 52-75= 0
Hx4 =V,x5
 THEORY OF STRUCTURE
C
50 Hinge
Maximum B.M. O000000000000000000NMN
moment,
For the condition of maximum bending
dM
= 0
dx
kN/m 1 8m
dM = 40- 10x= 0 r=4 n
dx
Mno,40 x4-5 x 42-75 5m
= 160- 180-5=5 kNm
equating the B.M. to zero,
For the point of contraflexure,
40x-5-75= 0 H,- 4 kNBD
P-8x+ 15= 0
= 3n and r=5 m H,- 4kN
4 m
10kN/m
V,= 8 kN V,=8 kN
Flg. 2.24
4 m

20 kNm
B

5m 20 kNm B
5 m
6 m

8 kNm
H
H

V, = 50KN V= 50 kN D

Fig. 2.22 Fig. 2.25

lxg?
Maximum B.M. for CD= -=8kNm.
8
5 s0
50
Problem 16. Find the reactions at the supports A and B for
50
the structure shown in Fig. 2.26.
50 B D 70 kN
+3 mn

-4 m

2 m

H 3m 4 m

Fig. 2.23
Problem 15. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 2.24. Va
Solution. Taking moments aboutA.
4 m H
Vx4= lx8x4; .:. V=8 KN .; .:: V,=8kN‘ B

Now consider the member CD. Since at Ca hinge is provided. V

The bending mnoment at C is zero.
..H,x8 -lx 8x4=0; :. H=4 kN’ .:. H,=4 kN ’ Fig. 2.26
B.M.Calculations
B.M. atA =0 Solution. Resolving the forces on the structure vertically,
B.M. at B=-4x5 =-20 kNm Va+ Vy= 70 kN
B.M. at C=0 Taking moments about C from the left side
B.M. at D=0
V,x3=Hx2
 ARCHES 51
Taking moments about Cfrotm the right side,
V,x4= Hx4 :. V,= H ...(üi) Problem 18. Athree-hinged parabolic arch of span 20 mand
Adding equations (ü)and (ii) rise 5 m carries a triangular loading whose intensity from
15 kN/m at each abutment to zero at the crown. Find the reacttOnS
2
V, +V, =#+H= H
3
af the supports and the maxinum bending moment and the section
where it occurs.
Solutlon. Fig. 2.28 shows the arch.
But from equation ()
V,+ V,=70 &N; H=70 .. H- 42 kN V,= V,= x 10x15 =75kN
Taking moments about C, of the forces on the left side of C,
2
V,=x42= 28kN 2
H x5+75xx
3
3
10=75 x10
and V,= 42 kN 15kN/m 15 kN/m
Problem 17. Determine the horizontal thrust at each support
three-hinged arch shown in Fig. 2.27.
forthe

5m
H =
50 kN H -
h 50 KN
B
20 m
H
A V = 75 kN V, 75 kN
Fig. 2.28

H
:. H=50 kN
B The equation to the parabola with the crown Cas origin is,
4h 4x5
V y=
Fig. 2.27 20 x20 20

Solution. Let V, and V, be the vertical reactions at the supports Consider the equilibrium of the part AC.
Aand B. Let H be the horizontal thrust at each support. Obviously
Taking moments about C of the forces on the left side of C, H,= 50kN -
V=0
Va = Hh +Wa .: V, = H ..) 15 kN/mn
3/2 x
Taking moments about C of the forces on the right side ofC,

Vh = Hh, ...i) H,= 50 kN

5m
Adding equations (i) and (ii),
H= 50kN 10m
Wa
V,*V,=H4,4a, 4

But V+ V,= W V,=75 kN

Fig. 2.29
Wa distant x from C,
= W; The bending monment at a section
1 3x x
Wh-a) =M,= 50. 2 23
20

H=
W, -a)=Wh -a).
h+ For B.M. to be maximum,
AM 0
dM, = 5x-=0
H=
WI, (,-a) dx
20
-m
 52
THEORY OF STRUCTUREA

V,= 90+H
M,mas = 37.037 kNm.
100 kN 200 kN
Problem 19. A symmetrical three-hinged parabolic arch of 30 KN/m
3m 4m 3m
span land rise h carries apoint load Wwhich may be placed
anywhere on the Span. Find the section where the maximum
bending moment occurs.
Solution. Let the load Wbe at a distance afrom A, 4m
See Fig. 2.30.
8m
6m

10 m

Flg. 2.31
V
Similarly, taking moments about C of the forces on the rioh
Fig. 2.30
hand side of C, we have
10V,= 30 x10x5+ 100x3+ 200 x7+8H
V,= wl-x) V, = W
4
Taking moments about Cof the forces on the right side of C V,=320+ H ..i)
Wx
Hh = H= Adding equations (i) and (ii), we have
I2 2h
The maximum bending moment occurs under the load. 2 4 22
B.M. under the load
V,+ V,= 410 +|+H
3 5
=410+ 15
W(l-x) Wx 4h But V,+ V,= total load on the arch
M, = x(l-x) =30x 16+ 100+ 200= 780 kN.
2h' 12

M=
Wx(l-x) 2W
-*-) 410+H
15
=780
For the condition of absolute maximum bending moment, 370 x 15
H= = 252.27 kN
dM, 22
dx
=0;

W 2W
Va= 90 + (252.27) = 258.18 kN and
dM,
dx
0-2x) - (2lx3x')=0 V,= 780- 258.18 = 521.82 kN.
Problem 21. Athree-hinged parabolic arch of span l has its
P- 2lx4lx +6x= 0; .:. 6x-6lx+1= 0 abutments at depths h, and h, below the crown. The arch carries
a uniformly distributed load of w per unit per over the whole
X=
6!t /36/-24/? 6-2N3 span. Determine the horizontal thrust, at each support.
12 12 Solution. Fig. 2.32 shows the parabolic arch with the hinges A
and B at depths h, and h, below the crown binge C.
.. x= 2 2lomA w/unit run

i.e., the absolute maximum bending moment occurs at a

h
distance of
2/3 on either side of the crown.
Problem 20. A three-hinged arch of span 16 m has its H h
abutments A and B at depths of 4 metres and 8 metres below the
crown C. The arch carries a load system shown in Fig. 2.31.
Determine the horizontal thrust and the vertical reactions at the V
hinged supports A and B. H
Solution. Taking moments about C of the forces on the left B
hand side of C, we have,
6 V,=30x6x3+4H VB
Fig. 2.32
 53
ARCHEs

Let I and l, be horizontal distances of the upper and lower W

C
hinges from the crown
..,+l,=
With the crown C as origin if (x, y) be the coordinates of a
point on the centre line of the arch, we have, h
h

= constant
constant V
H
Applying this principle to the points A and B, we have,
I,+1, + V,
Fig. 2.33
Let l, and I, be the horizontal distances of the lower hinges A
and l,= and B from the crown C.
We have,
hand side of
Taking moments about Cof the forces on the left
C. we have,
Jh
L+ Hh;
wl +H ...)
2 2
and l, =
on the right
Similarly taking moments about C of the forces
left hand side of
hand side of C, we have, Taking moments about C of the forces on the
C, we have,
V,=
wi; + Hh,; V,= wl2+
2
H ..()
.. V,= H h ...)
V= Hh;
Adding equations () and (ii), we have forces on the right
wl Similarly, taking moments about C on the

V,+ V,=, +i,)+H+=2 hand side of C, we have,

.(ü)
But V.+ V,= Total load on the span = wl Vh= Hhy; .'. V,=H
wl
2 Adding equations (i) and (ii), we have
wl .. H=
w= +H
2 V+ V,= H
h
.. W= H
But V,+V,= W:
But and l, =
I,=
W
wl H= But h =
2
H=

and
wi
W
2
H=

wi
H= Wl
2(/h,t yh,)?
its
parabolic arch ofspan l hasThe
Problem 22. A three-hinged below the crown C.
abutments Aand Bat depths h, andath,the crOwn. Determine the Wl
carries a concentrated load W H=
horizontal thrust, at each support.
with the hinges A and Bat
sOlution. Fig. 2.33 shows the arch
depths h, and ho below C.
 H=75 kN:
60kN
54 V,=0.4(75) + 30= 120kN
30 60=
parabolic arch ACB of span V,=0.8 (75)+
Problem 23, A three-hinged below the crown hinge
parabolic arc AC,
denths 4 mand 16 m
m has its supports at point load of 6OkN at a distance of5 mfrom Considering the
as
G. The arch carries a 120 KN at a distance of 10 mfrom Cthe 4- Yd
52 Va=3m
load of supports and
C and a point the reactions at the 10
shown in Fig. 2.34. Find loads.
4
arc BC,
bending moments under the Considering the parabolic
102 y,=12m
60 kN 120 kN 16- Yes
10 m 16 202
Sm 10-76
5-75x3=75 kNm; B.M. at E=120x
|4 m
C B.M. at D=60 x
x 12 =300 kNm.
parabolic arch ACB is hinged at
H Problemn 24. A three-hinged C by 3 m
16 m
supports A and B which are below the crown hinge
m. The arch
the
6.75 m respectively. The span ofthearch is 22.5 A to C. Find
and load of30 kN/mfrompositive and
carries a uniformly distributed
supports and the maximum
the reactions at the
negative bending moments.
|=30 m B
30 kN/m
V%

Fig. 2.34 3m
6.75 m
Solution.
between Aand C
I,= Horizontal distance
between B and C
,= Horizontal distance Va
30/4 30 x 2
=10 m
2+ 4 VA
=22.5 m
:.h=30- 10= 20 m
Flg. 2.36
60 kN 120 kN
Solution.
and C
D 10 m 10 m l, = Horizontal distance between A
I,= Horizontal distance between B and C
H= 4 m
75 kNSm-i5m By the property of the parabola
A
16 m 3 6.75
V,= 60 kN 22.5
H= J3 V6.75 V3+ N6.75 V3+ v6.75
75 kN
10m 10m
B 22.5 V3 22.5 x3 22.5 x3
=97
,= 3+J6.75 3+ V20.25 3+ 4.5
Vb=120 kN
Flg. 2.35 .h=22.5-9= 13.5 m
Let V, and V, be the vertical reactions at A and B.
Let V, and V, be the vertical reactionsat the supports A an
Let H be the horizontal thrust at each support. respectively. Let H be the horizontal thrust at each support.
V,+ V,= 60+ 120; Taking moments about Cfrom the left,
V,+ V,= 180 kN ...) V, x9=3 H +30 x9x4.5
Taking moments about Cfrom the left H
-+135
V,x 10= Hx4+60 ×5:
V,=0.4H+30 ...ii) Taking moments about C from the right,
Taking moments about C from the right V,x 13.5=6.75 H
V,x 20 =Hx16+ 120 x 10:
V, =0.8 H+60 ..(iüi)
V,= 2
Adding equations (ii) and (ii)
V,+ V,= 1.2 H+90; We knoW V,+ V,= 30 x9 =270
But V,+ V,=180 ..) H H
1.2 H+90= 180;
3
-+135+ = 270
ARCHES
55

6
H- 135 .:. H= 162 kN Problem 25. Athree-hinged parabolic arch ABC of span 30
Substituting for H,
mhus its supports Aand Bat diferent level. Abeing at a higher
level than B. The support Ais 4 mbelow the crown hinge Cand 12
162 mhorizontally from it. Find the depth of the support Bbelow the
V= 3
+135 = 189kN hinge C. if the arch carries a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/
m from A to C determine the horizontal thrust and the vertical
162
= 81 kN reactions at the supports. Find also the maximum bending
and 2 moments for the arch.
Maximum Positive B.M. The maximum positive B.M. will occur 30 kN/m
in AC
at a section
The equationto the arch from Ato C with Aas origin is, hË4 m
4x3 H -Ih= 12 m
y=
18² x(18-x) h =9 m

12
h=18 m
182 *(18-x)
y= H
l=30 m
30 kNm
Flg. 2.38
H= 3mt Solution. By the property of the parabola
162 kN 9m 6.75 n
41
| H= h h 4
I,= 189 kN 13.5 m 162 kN :. h, =9 m
12 18
BÊ
VB= 81 kN Resolving the forces on the arch vertically
|= 22.5 m
V,+V,=30 x12 .:. V, +V,=360 kN
Fig. 2.37 Taking moments albout C, from the left,
The B.M. at a section in AC distant x from A is given by, H
Vyx12=4H+30 x12x 6.:. V,= 3
+ 180 ..(t)
162 x12
M,= 189 x- 15 Taking moments about C, from the right,
18? x(18-x) H
M,= 189 x-15- 108 x+61 V,x 18= 9H
2
...(üt)
M,=81 x-9
Adding equations (1) and ()
For the condition of maximum B.M.,
dMs0
dx V,+V,=t
H H
2
+180= 360
dM, .:. x=4.50 m
= 81- 18 x=0
d H180 .. H= 216 kN
6
M =81 x4.509 x 4.50² =182.25 kNm
Maximum Negative B.M. The maximum negative B.M. will 216
+ 180 = 252 kN
occur at a section in BC. V,= 3
The equation to the arch from B to C with B as origin is
216
4 x6.75 and = 108 kN
y= x(27-x)
272
1
y'=
36
y= g x(27-*) 36
eB.M. at a section in BC distant xfromB is given by, 4m PAy
-12 m 9m
1
M,= 81 x- 162 x 27*(27-x)
18 m
M,= 6x-81x
Flg, 2.39
For he c
condition of 1maximum B.M. dMs0
dx
At adistance x form the crown the vertical ordinate to the arch

dM, x=6.75m X4 or
182
x9 y'=
dx = 12x-81l =0 12? 36

"may =6x 6.752-81x6.75 =273.375 kNm.

 THEORY OF STRUCTURE
56

For a point P in AC on the arch distant x from C, the vertical Adding equations () and (ii),
V, +V, = 5H +50
ordinate above A=y= 4 But we know,
36 kN
B.M. atP, V, +V, = 20x5=100
-r)? +50 = 100 .. H= 10kN
30 (12 5H
M,= 252 (12-.a) - 2 V, =2H +25 = 2(10) +25 =45
kN

M,=-9+108 x V, =3H +25 3(10) + 25 = 55 kN

For the condition of maximum bending moment, 20 kN/m

dM, .'. x=6m

DO0000000410000000.
dM, =0.. - 18x + 108= 0 2.5m C 2.5m
dr dx
Mm=-9 x6²+ 108 x 6=+324 kNm
For apoint P in BC distant x from C
r
5m 7.5m
The vertical ordinate above B = y= 9 36
B.M. atP.,

H=10kN
M, = 108 a8-) -216| 36
M,=6-108 x.,
For the condition of maximum bending moment, V,-45kN
H=10kN
dM, =0
dM, =12x 108 = 0 .". X=9 m
B
dx dx
Mm=6x92 108 ×9=-486 kNm. V-5SkN
Problem 26. Determine the reactions at the supports and draw Fig. 2.41
the B.M. diagran for the three hinged frame shown in Fig. 2.40.
20 kN/m
DiMnono0000000r 75 kNm
2.5m C 2.5m 5OkNm
D

Sm 7.5m

Vo
B.M.Diagram

Fig. 2.40
Solution. Taking moments about the hinge Cof the forces on Fig. 2.42
the left part of C B. M. Analysis
20×2.52 Member AD
V, x2.5 =5H ..V, =2H +25 ...() B.M. atA=0,
2
B.M. at D=-10x5=- 50 kNm
Taking moments aboutthe hinge Cof the forces on the right Member BE
part of C
B.M. at B= 0,
20×2.5? B.M. at E= - 10 x7.5 =-70 kNm
V, x2.5 =7.5 H- .. V, =3H +25 ...(ü)
2
ARCHES
57

Member DC V, +V,=200 +75=275

But
B.M. at a section distant x from D
5
H=175
H+100 = 275;
= M =45x- 20-50 = 45x-10x - 50 6
2 H= 210 kN
Atx=0 M, =-50 kNm, Substituting in equations () and (i),
Atx=2.5 m, M,=45 x 2.5- 10x 2.52- 50 =0 210
+ 50 =155 kN:
Member EC B.M. at a section distant x from E V,=
210
= M -55r- 20 --75 V,= + 50 = 120 kN
3
B.M. at A=0
= 55x-10x-75 B.M. at D = 155 x 10-210x 10=550 kNm;
Atr=0 M, = -75 kNm, B.M. at C=0
Atx=2.5 m, M,= 55 x 2.5-10 x 2.52-75 =0 B.M. at E=120 ×5- 210 x 5 =-450 kNm;
B.M. at B= 0
Problem 27. For the three-hinged frame shown in Fig. 2.43
Maximum free B.M. for
fnd the horizontal thrust at the supports and the bending moment
atD andE. Draw also the bending mnoments diagram for the 20 ×10
DC= = 250 kNm
frame. 8
75 kN
20 kN/m Problem 28. A three-hinged circular arch of span 40 mand
rise m carries a concentrated load of 120 kN at a horizontal
5m
distance of 10 mfrom the left end. Find the reactions at the supports
and the maximum positive and negative bending moments.
H
10m Solution. Taking moments about A,
V,x40= 120x 10
V
H -10 m -10m 10 m 5 m
V,= 30kN T;
Va= 120- 30 = 90 kN T
Fig. 2.43 Taking moments about Cof the forces on the right side of C.
Solution. Let V, and V, be the vertical reactions at the supports Hx 8= 30 x20
A and B. Let H be the horizontal thrust. H=75 kN
Let R be the radius of the arch
550 KNm 450 kNm
8 (2R-8) = 20x 20 .. R=29 m
550 kNm 450 kNm
25 kNm Let D be the middle point of AB.
The equation to the circular arch with D as origin is,
D C
y=

y= 29--29-20°;
Fig. 2.44 y= y841-x-21
Taking moments about Cof the forces on the left hand side of
C
102 120 kN
V,x 20= Hx 10+ 20 x 10m 10 m
2

H X
+50 ...() h=8 m
V,= 2 H=
H=
75 KN
right hand side
laking moments about C of the forces on the 75 KN D BO
of C, Span = = 40 m
V,x 15= Hx5+75 x 10; V=90 kN Vy=30 kN
H ...(ü)
-+50
3 Fig. 2.45
Adding equations (i) and (ii),

V,+V,= 62H+100
 58 THEORY OF STRUCTURE
Maximum positive bending moment
The maximum positive bending momentoccurs under the load, i. y= JL2s²-'- 6.75
i.e., at E
Ordinate atE=y, =JL.25-6'- 6.75= 2.766 m
At E, y,= J841 -10 -21=6.221 m
M,=90 x10-75 x 6,221 = +433.425 KNm Ordinate at F=y= JL.25-5.25 - 6.75= 3.2 m
43.301 kN
433.425 kNm 28.284 kN

25 KN
167.KNm 4.5 m F 28.284 kN
2.766 m 3.20 m
o21 m

-3 m 6m -5.25 m
H,
18m

Fig. 2.46 Flg. 2.48

Maximum negative bending moment The given inclined loads are replaced by their vertical and
The maximum negative bending moment willoccur at asection horizontal components.
betweenCand B. Horizontalcomponent of 50 kN
Consider a section Xon CB at a distance x from C. = 50 cos 60° =25 kN
At this section, Vertical component of 50 kN
= 50 sin 60° =43.301 kN
y= 84]-21 Horizontal component of 40 kN
B.M. at the section, = 40 cos 45° = 28.284 kN
M,=30(20-)-75[J841 -x?-21] Vertical component of 40 kN
= 40 sin 45° = 28.284 kN
M,=2175- 30x75 J841 -1? Taking moments about the end A,
For the condition of maximum bending moment,
V,x 18= 43.301 x3+25 x2.766+28.284
x 14.25-28.284 x 3.20
dx
V,= 28.422 KN
dM, = -30 +
75x
=0 V,= 43.301 +28.28428.422 = 43.163 kN
dx Taking moments about C fromn the right,
J841-*? H,x4.5 +28.284 x 5.25 +28.284 (4.5-3.2) =28.422x9
75 x
=30, (841-*) 900= 75 x;x=10.77 m 4.5 H,+148.491 +36.769 =255.798
V841-x? H,=15.675 kN(’)
At this section, 10.77 mon RHS of D,
Resolving horizontally,
y= 841-10.77 -21= 5.926 m H,+25 = 28.284+15.675 :: H, = 18.959 kN (’)
The section of maximum negative moment is at a distance of
20-10.77=9.23 mfrom B B.M. at E=43.163 x3 -18.959 x 2.766 =77.048 kNm
Mr =30 x9.23-75 x 5.926 =-167.55 kNm. B.M. at F = 28.422 x 3.75- 15.675 x 3.20 = 56.423 kNm
Problem 30. A three-hinged arch ACB is supported on bwo
Problem 29. Acircular segmental three-hinged arch hinged columns DA and EB as shown in Fig. 2.49. The arch carries a
at the ends and at the crown has a span of 18 manda rise of 4.50 uniformly distributed load of 4kN/m on the left halfof the span. If
m. The arch carries the loads as shown in Fig. 2.47. Find the the lower ends of the columns are fixed find the increase in the
reactions at the supports and the bending moments at the loaded span of the arch. Take El = 3 x 10°kNmm².
points. 4 kN/m
50 KN 40 kN

609
4 m
4.5 m

3.75 me
-OB
18 m
Fig. 2.47
Solution. Let R be the radius of the arch
6 m
4.5 (2R-4.5) =9 x 9 . R=11.25 m 8m
With D as origin, the ordinate at a horizontal distance xfromD
is given by
E
y= J1.2s --u25 -g? Fig. 2.49
 59
ARCHES

the right side of C;

Solution. Considering the three-hinged arch ACB Taking moments about C of the forces on 20 x 12
Taking moments about A, V,x 12= Hx 12+ 20 x 4 +40x 8+
V, x8=4 x 4 x 2
160 ..ii)
V,=4kN V,= H+
V,= 16-4= 12 kN
4 KN/m
Adding equations (i) and (i).
160
V,+ V,= TH+ 3
=100
-

80 3 80
4m H= kN; V,= = 20kN
3 4 3
H=4 KN H=4kN 160 80,
V,= H+ + 160 =80 kN
8m B 3 3 3
=12 kN V,= 4 kN 9 3
Fig. 2.50 tan = =

12 4

12 kN 4 kN 3 4
sin = and cos=
4

A
H=4kN H=4 kN
B
Pass section MN is shown.Consider the left part of section 1
-1.
To find the force in the member 1, taking moments about Dwe
have the following moments:
6m
6m
() 20 ×8= 160 kNm(clockwise)
80
(iü) x6= 160 kNm(anti-clockwise)
3
E The above moments balance
Fig. 2.51 P, =0
Taking moments about C of the forces on the right side of C To find the force in the member 2, taking moments about Cwe
Hx4=4x4 have the following moments
H=4kN (i) 20 x 12 = 240 kNm (clockwise)
Now considering either column, (ii) 80
Horizontal deflection of the top of each column x9= 240 kNm(anti-clockwise)
3
H 4x6 x (1000 mm =9.6 mm
The above moments balance
8= 3EI 3x3x1010 P,=0
To find the force in the member 3, taking moments about E we
.. Increase in span of the arch = 2 x9.6= 19.2 mm. have the following moments
Problem 31. For the loaded three-hinged spandrel arch
i) 20 x 12 = 240 kNm (clockwise)
shown in Fig. 2.52 determine the forces in the members 1, 2, and 3.
20 kN 20 KN 40 kN 20 kN
(ii) 80 x9= 240 kNm(anti-clockwise)

.. Balancing moments about E = 160 kNm (clockwise )

3
Px 8sin 0= 160; Bx8x =160
9m 12 m 80
P,= kN (compressive)
3

2.2 TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THREE

HINGED ARCHES
H
V. B
Fig.2.53 shows a three-hinged arch of span I and rise h. Let the
k4 mn-+4 m 4 m 4 m + 4 m - 4m
V arch be subjected to a rise of temperature of T °.
Since the
The rise of temperature increases the length of the arch.connected
Flg. 2.52 ends Aand B do not move and since the hinge Cis not
from CtoD. AD
Solution. Taking moments about C of the forces on the left to any permanent object, the crown hinge will rise
side of C, represents the neW position of AC, so that
arc AD= arc AC(1+aT)
V,x 12= Hx9
where . =coefficient of linear expansion of the material of the arch.
-:
3
H ..) Let us make the approximation that chord AD =chord AC (1+ aT)