Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
SOUTHWEST ASIA
Physical Geography of Southwest Asia
Mediterranean Sea
• The land on the eastern shores of the
Mediterranean sea is frequently referred to
as the “Levant”
• Levant Levant was derived from the French
lever means “to rise”. It refers to where the
sun rises which is in the east.
Southwest Asian countries bordering the
Mediterranean Sea were:
• Turkey
• Syria
• Lebanon
• Israel
• Palestine
Middle East
• “Near East” was the term used in the early
20th century
• Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan changed the
term to “Middle East” after the WWI
Three Key Dominant Traits
CLIMATE:
• Arid- An arid climate receives less than 10
inches (25.4 cm) of rainfall in an entire year
• Semi-arid - “somewhat dry” Found around
the edges of arid climate. A dry climate that
has fluctuating amounts of precipitation,
which can result in drought
1|Asian Studies-Southwest and South Asia
• Temperate - defined as having a coldest
month with an average temperature below
−3°C and an average temperature of the
warmest month above 10°C.
The Köppen classification system:
• Classified seasonal distribution of rainfall
and the degree of dryness or coldness of the
season. This system uses latitude band and
degree of continentality as its primary
forcing factors
Types:
• Cs - Temperate and rainy in winter, Hot and
dry in summer. Occurs more often on the
coast of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel
• Cf - temperate and rainy in winter. Warm
and dry in summer. Occurs in Interior parts
of the Anatolian Plateau
• H - Temperate and rainy in winter. Dry in
summer. Occurs mostly on Mountain ranges
in Southwest Arabian Peninsula
• BW - Arid in winter Arid in summer Occurs
in desert areas of Arabian Peninsula, Iran,
Syria, and Iraq
• BS - Semi-arid in winter. 0.1/2.9 in summer
Occurred mostly in Arabian. Peninsula,
Oman, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Iraq, and Iran
Islam
• It is the second largest religion on earth.
With more than 1.8 Billion followers or 24%
of earth's entire population. Islam is named
after an action. it means "Submission to
God" and Muslims are person that submits
to God. Core beliefs of Islam
Holy cities in Islam:
Mecca - Holy City and Muslim Ritual Center.
Medina - Center for Government and Da’wah of
Muslims second city that is considered a holy and
historic city for Muslims
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
Other holy cities for other divisions in Islam
includes Jerusalem and the two cities holy to Shia
Muslims:
Karbala and Najaf
Israel is a Jewish state
Christianity is common from Lebanon to Egypt
Core beliefs of Islam
• Belief in One God - Allah
• The Quran – their holy scripture
The Five Pillars of Islam
• Shahadah- express the basic creed.
• Salat- perform the prayers.
• Zakat- give to charity.
• Sawm- fasting.
• Hajj- make the pilgrimage to Mecca
Division Of Islam
Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims (also known as
Shiites) comprise the two main branches of Islam.
Sunni and Shia identities first formed soon after the
death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 C.E.,
centering on a dispute over leadership succession.
• Sunni- one who follows the tradition of the
Prophet Muhammad who is seen as the
model for mankind and will be passed being
the next prophet after Muhammad
• Shia - only Prophet Muhammad's direct
descendants can be leaders of the Islamic
faith
• Sufi- seek the pleasure of God by
endeavoring to return to their original state
of purity and natural disposition, known as
fitra
Availability Of Natural Resources
• Big reservoir of natural gas and oil, also
important minerals, are found in southwest
Asia
2|Asian Studies-Southwest and South Asia
• These resources contributes to the economy
of the region by bringing wealth
• Made some of the countries extremely rich
and led them to have a lot of control over the
global economy
• Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and Kuwait have
the greatest reserves of natural gas and oil
• Countries found in Arabian Gulf have
smaller reserves
• Countries with high reserves of oil enjoyed
tremendous growth in national wealth and
improved standard of living in the past 50
years
• Those without oil reserves have had a much
harder time improving living for their
populations
Cultural Hearths
Hunter-gatherer groups
• A type of subsistence lifestyle that relies on
hunting and fishing
animals and foraging for wild vegetation and
other nutrients like
honey, for food.
Jericho
• One of the earliest cities in the world
• First inhabited around 10,000 BCE in the
Middle East
Mesopotamia
• A cultural hearth that provide a significant
historical value to the concept of human
development
• Remarkable human civilization emerged
along the banks of Tigrisand Euphrates
Rivers
Mesopotamia And The Fertile Crescent
• Located between the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers. “Land between rivers” Neolithic
pottery from 7000 BCE. In 5000 BCE,
human urbanized in Mesopotamia Cities and
sense of culture
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
Civilization in Mesopotamia in Bronze age are:
• Assyrian - major ancient Mesopotamian
civilization which existed as a city-state
from the 21st century BC to the 14th century
BC
• Babylonian - an ancient Akkadian-speaking
state and cultural area based in the city of
Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia. It
emerged as an Akkadian populated but
Amorite-ruled state c. 1894 BC.
• Sumerian - the earliest known civilization,
located in the historical region of southern
Mesopotamia, emerging during the
Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between
the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
• Akkadian Empire - the first known ancient
empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the
long-lived civilization of Sumer.
Famous Cities
• Ur - important Sumerian city-state in
ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of
modern Tell el-Muqayyar in south Iraq's Dhi
Qar Governorate.
• Babylon - was an ancient city located on the
lower Euphrates river in southern
Mesopotamia, within modern-day Iraq.
• Nineveh - the flourishing capital of the
Assyrian Empire and was the home of King
Sennacherib, King of Assyria, during the
Biblical reign of King Hezekiah. Also
known in early modern times as Kouyunjik,
was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper
Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day
city of Mosul in northern Iraq
Phoenicians
• One of the ancient groups established on the
eastern side of the Fertile Crescent along the
Mediterranean Sea
3|Asian Studies-Southwest and South Asia
Fresh Water
• Large population of can be found on the
areas where fresh water is available
• People living in type B climate regions have
difficulty obtaining fresh Water Canals,
aqueducts, special channels of water
• Many ruins of aqueducts from Roman times
and earlier can be found
• in southwest Asia. Oasis, springs, or noted
wells can be found in desert areas
Water From The Tigris And Euphrates
• Tigris and Euphrates rivers are the major
source of water in the FertileCrescent
• Tigris starts at Taurus Mountains of Eastern
Turkey
• Euphrates was from Murat river and Karasu
• Euphrates was the longest river in southwest
Asia
• It flows from Turkey to Syria, before it goes
to Iraq
• Turkey build dams on both rivers for
agricultural and energy
• Their dams was the reason why there is
unequal distribution of water. Syria and Iran
also has dams on Euphrates
• This memorandum of Iraq and Turkey in
2009 provides a framework for cooperation
between the two countries in preventing and
suppressing terrorism and organized crime
Water Conservation In Israel
• Uses extensive fertigation to grow crops,
such as bananas
• Banana grooves allows sunlight to pass
through and it results in reduced
transpiration
• Israelis draw water from underground wells
in West Bank of Palestine
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
• They pump desalinated seawater from
Mediterranean northwards, to replenish the
shrinking of Galilee
• Israel controls about 80% of water reserves
in the West Bank, but both the West Bank
and Gaza Strip face severe water stress and
drought
Mountain Water In Iran
• For having a type BW climate, Iranians
developed a system of qanats to distribute
water from the areas where it is available,
and channel it to the cities or urban areas so
that they can use it.
Water Shortages In Arabia
• There is water in Arabian Peninsula
• Underground aquifer of fossil water are
located beneath the sands
• They irrigate those water to produce crops
Desalination is the process by which the
dissolved mineral salts in water are removed
• Viable as long as the country can afford the
energy cost required
• Received precipitation and trapped those in
Terraces
System of Terraces
Main problems of the terrace systems are:
Cutting down of trees
• Heavy rains
• Rapid growth of population
Arab Spring of 2011
•It is the wave of protests and revolutions
that took place in late 2010 and early 2011.
TUNISIA
• Place where the first protest occurred in the
central of this place in December 2010
Mohamed Bouazizi
4|Asian Studies-Southwest and South Asia
• A Tunisian street vendor that labeled the
media as ‘Jasmine Revolution” that spread
around the nation.
Zine Al-Abidine Ben Ali
• The president of Tunisia in 1987-2010 who
forced to resign and leave the nation on
January 14, 2011
On October 2011, Tunisia held their free election
On January 2014, they promulgate their new
constitution
On November 2019, Tunisa firstly experienced
their peaceful; transfer of power from one
democratically elected government to another
during Arab Spring Protests.
EGYPT
• Inspired by Ben Ali’s deposition in Tunisia
• Young Egyptian started it through online
medias
Wael Ghonim
• Egyptian democracy activist and computer
engineer whose one of the organizers of a
social media campaign that helped spur
mass demonstrations in 2011 in Egypt,
forcing Pres. Hosni Mubarak from power.
Hosni Mubarak
• Egyptian President who forcedly stepdown
in his position through massive crowds in
his country who left on February 11
LIBYA
Muammar-Al Gaddafi
• A leader of Libya from 1969-2011 where the
protests has escalated in a violent revolt that
controls the Tripoli for a few months but on
August 2011, he cannot maintain it anymore
and rebel forces took over Tripoli and
finally, on October 2011, Gaddafi was killed
by the rebel forces as the response to
corruption and economic stagnation on
Libya.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES

YEMEN OMAN
Ali Abdullah Saleh • Omani protests (also called the Omani
• First and longest serving as president for Spring) were a series of protests in the
about 32 years who his reigning has high Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred
rate of unemployment, corruption, extreme as part of the revolutionary wave popularly
poverty, lack of water supply, underfunding known as the "Arab Spring". Protesters
of education and medical services. set Sohar's Lulu Hypermarket ablaze on 28
• protesters called for a "million-man" march February 2011 caused by Austerity General
and a "day of peaceful revolution to defy the unemployment Youth unemployment High
small minority seeking violence". After fuel prices.
months of protests, Saleh had resigned from
JORDAN
the presidency and formally transferred
King Abdullah II
power to his successor, marking the end of
• In February 1999, he ascended to the Throne
his 33-year rule.
of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after
BAHRAIN
the passing of his father, His Majesty King
Prince Salman Al Khalifa
Hussein.
• one of the world’s longest-serving prime
Jordanian Spring
ministers who led his country’s government
• demonstrations have been growing in size
for five decades.
and frequency, they have not been violent.
Discrimination in Shia Majority
• reason for the peaceful character of the
• Between 60 and 65 per cent of Bahrainis
protests is that the state has been prudent in
belong to the Shi'a denomination of Islam
not using excessive force against the
who, despite making up the majority of the
demonstrators.
country's population, are socially and
politically marginalized.
SYRIA
• The ruling Al Khalifa family, who are Sunni
Al-Assad Family
Muslims, has historically held most of the
• They had ruled with an iron fist for 40 years
political power in the country.
under a state of emergency that severely
• Shia Muslims have historically been
restricted and punished any dissent.
underrepresented in Bahrain's political
• conflict in Syria began with protests on
institutions.
January 26, 2011 and turned into a general
February-March 2011 Protests
uprising on March 15, 2011. It has become
• The vast majority of protesters were Shi’a
the bloodiest conflict in the Middle East as
Muslims, who despite being the majority of
the consequence of the Arab Spring.
Bahrain’s population, have resented being
• Assad regime responded with a brutal
politically marginalized and discriminated
crackdown against protesters, drawing
against by the ruling Sunni Al Khalifa
condemnation from international leaders and
family which dominate all aspects of
human rights groups.
political and economic life in Bahrain.
• hundreds of thousands of Syrians have been
• The government’s response to the protests
killed and nearly thirteen million people—
was brutal.
5|Asian Studies-Southwest and South Asia
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
more than half the country’s prewar
population—have been displaced.
ARABIAN PENINSULA
• is a piece of land in southwestern Asia. It is
the original homeland of the Arab people. It
is also the birthplace of the religion of Islam.
The countries in Arab Peninsula includes
Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Yemen.
MIDDLE EAST
• is a geopolitical region encompassing the
Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey,
Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
• The term came into widespread usage as a
replacement of the term Near East beginning
in the early 20th century.
6|Asian Studies-Southwest and South Asia
STATE OF ISRAEL
• is the small country in the Middle East,
about the size of New Jersey, located on the
eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and
bordered by Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and
Syria. The nation of Israel with a population
of more than 9 million people, most of them
• Official Name: State of Israel
• Form of Government: Parliamentary
Democracy
• Capital: Jerusalem
• Population: 9,043, 387
• Language: Hebrew, Arabic
• Money: Shekel
Modern History of Israel
Ottoman Rule and Local Revolts (1516-1834):
• The region was conquered by the Ottoman
Empire in 1516 and remained part of
Ottoman Syria for four centuries. In 1660, a
Druze revolt led to the destruction of Safed\
and Tiberias.
• In the late 18th century, Sheikh Zahir al-
Umar established a de facto independent.
Emirate in the Galilee. After his death,
Ottoman control was restored.
Muhammad Ali's Rule and Tanzimat Reforms
(1834-1840):
• In 1834, a revolt by Palestinian Arab
peasants against Egyptian conscription and
taxation policies under Muhammad Ali was
suppressed. Ottoman rule was restored with
British support in 1840, and shortly after, the
Tanzimat reforms were implemented across
the Ottoman Empire.
First Aliyah and Rise of Political Zionism (1881-
1897)
• The First Aliyah, a wave of Jewish
migration, began in 1881 as Jews fled
pogroms in Eastern Europe. The May Laws
of 1882 increased discrimination against
Jews, leading to the formation of political
Zionism. Theodor Herzl, credited with
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
founding political Zionism, published "Der
Judenstaat" (The Jewish State) in 1896, and
the First Zionist Congress took place in
1897.
Second Aliyah and Early Jewish Settlements
(1904-1914)
• The Second Aliyah started after the Kishinev
pogrom, with around 40,000 Jews settling in
Palestine.Zionist socialist groups during the
Second Aliyah established the kibbutz
movement. The period saw the emergence of
Tel Aviv as the first planned Jewish town in
1909.Jewish armed militias, such as Bar-
Giora in 1907 and Hashomer in 1909,were
established.
War of Independence
• That night, a combined Arab force of
Egyptians, Iraqis, Jordanians, Syrians,
Lebanese, Saudi, and Yemeni troops
attacked. The Arab-Israeli War or Israeli War
for Independence lasted for 8 months, during
which time the Jews not only defended their
land, but expanded the territory to include
most of the lands the Palestinians had been
offered and rejected.
The Six-Day War - 1967
• This war between Israel and the Arabs took
place between 5th and 10th June 1967. After
Israel understood that Arab armies were
mobilising her, she carried out a devastating
pre-emptive strike on Egypt’s air force (at
that time, on the tarmac), and within three
days had won the ground war.
Holocaust 1933-1945
• The Holocaust was the state-sponsored
persecution and mass murder of millions of
European Jews, Romani people, the
intellectually disabled, political dissidents
and homosexuals by the German Nazi
regime between 1933 and 1945. The word
“holocaust,” from the Greek words “holos”
(whole) and “kaustos” (burned), was
7|Asian Studies-Southwest and South Asia
historically used to describe a sacrificial
offering burned on an altar.
Ongoing Conflict and Peace Efforts:
• The Israeli-Palestinian conflict continues to
be a central issue in the region, with periodic
outbreaks of violence and ongoing peace
negotiations. International efforts, including
those by the United Nations, the United
States, and the European Union, continue to
seek a lasting resolution to the conflict.
RECENT ISSUE
• On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched a
surprise attack on Israelis. They took
hundreds of Jews hostage and left about
1,400 people dead and around 3,400 injured.
• In retaliation, the Israeli government
declared war on Hamas and launched its
own strikes, killing and injuring many more.
Israel also closed off the border to Gaza,
preventing essential goods from entering. A
ground operation launched into the territory
in late October.
GOVERNMENT
• Israel is the only fully democratic country in
the Middle East. Elections are held for seats
in the Knesset, or parliament, every four
years
• The Prime Minister is the most powerful
political figure in the country. The Prime
Minister is ceremonially appointed by the
President upon recommendation of party
Representatives in the Knesset, and makes
foreign and domestic policy decisions which
are voted on by the cabinet. The cabinet is
composed of ministers, most of whom are
the heads of government departments,
though some are deputy ministers and
ministers without portfolio.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
RELIGION
• earliest known religious traditions in what is
modern Israel were animism and ancestor
worship based on a polytheistic pantheon of
gods and spirits.
• majority of Israeli people practice Judaism,
which accounts for 74.8% of the Israeli
population. Islam is the second most
prevalent religion at 17.6%. Christianity,
Druze and other religions comprise 8.4% of
the population.
• each also practice monotheism, a belief in
one God.
• Judaism was founded by Abraham around
2000 BCE.
• The Torah Is the heart of Judaism refers to
most important scriptures of Judaism that
are the foundation of the Hebrew Bible
(Tanakh).
Pentateuch
• Genesis (Bereshit:"In the beginning")
• Exodus (Shemot:"Names")
• Leviticus (Vayyiqra: "And he called... ")
• Numbers (Bamidbar: "In the desert... ")
• Deuteronomy (Devarim:
• "Words"or "Discourses ")
DIVISION OF PALESTINE
Palestine - part of the Turkish Ottoman empire
before the End of world war I. Britain defeated
Turkish Forces in 1917 and occupied It. By the
mandate of the Versailles peace Conference in 1919
• Between 1922 and 1947, during British
control: most of the population of Palestine
was ethnically Arab and followed Islam
• Palestine turned over to the control of the
newly created United Nations (UN) in 1945
at the end of World War II.
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
(UNSCOP) - created by the UN in 1947.
UNSCOP
8|Asian Studies-Southwest and South Asia
• recommended that Palestine be divided into
an Arab state, a Jewish state, and an
international territory that included
Jerusalem
• The city of Jerusalem was to remain under
the administrative control of the UN as an
international city
• Palestine was divided by the UN.
• The Jewish State of Israel was officially
recognized in 1948.
1948 UN Division of Palestine
• Arabs lost the first war against the Jewish
State of Israel, the Palestinians’ problems
increased.
1967
• Israel took the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza
Strip from Egypt, the Golan Heights from
Syria, and the West Bank from Jordan. The
entire city of Jerusalem came under Israeli
control in 1967.
1973
• Egypt and Syria attacked Israel again on
October 6, 1973, which was Yom Kippur,
the most solemn holiday in the Jewish
religion. The Israeli army counterattacked,
driving the Syrians out and the Egyptian
army and back across the Suez Canal.
1980
• Israel passed the Jerusalem Law, which
stated that greater Jerusalem was Israeli
territory and that Jerusalem was the eternal
capital of the State of Israel The UN rejected
Israel’s claim on greater Jerusalem, and few
if any countries have accepted it. Israel
moved its capital from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem
to solidify its claim on the city even though
most of the world’s embassies remain in Tel
Aviv
2010
• about 1.5 million Palestinians live in the
Gaza Strip and 2.5 million live in the West
Bank. Palestinians were left with only the
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
regions of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank,
which is controlled by the Israeli
government and is subject to Israel’s
national jurisdiction. A number of cities in
the West Bank and Gaza Strip have been
turned over to the Palestinian Authority
(PA) for self-governing. The PA was
established between the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO) and the
Israeli government to administer internal
security and civil matters. The PLO and the
PA are two separate entities. The PLO is the
internationally recognized governing body
of the Palestinian people. It is legitimately
recognized by the UN to represent the area
known as Palestine political matters.
There are two main political parties within the
PLO: Hamas and Fatah.
HAMAS- emerged in 1987 during the first
Palestinian uprising, or intifada, as an outgrowth of
the Muslim Brotherhood's Palestinian branch. The
group is committed to armed resistance against
Israel and the creation of an Islamic Palestinian
state in Israel's place.
FATAH- Palestinian nationalism Islamic
nationalism Islamism Anti-Zionism Anti-
imperialism by Sunni Islams
2006
• An election for the leadership of PLO was
held. The Hamas Party won the said
election.
2008
• Mahmoud Abbas was elected as the
President of Palestine by the Fatah Party in
the West Bank
CIVILIZATION OF JORDAN
Jordan- comes from the Hebrew word Yarden
which means to go down or descending
• This country was created through British
mandate. It is not a large in physical area
9|Asian Studies-Southwest and South Asia
with approx. 89,342sq.m. They also
dependent in oil and water resources in other
countries and they also rely on the
international aids.
• Jordan is a constitutional monarchial
government wherein they are ruled by king
or queen.
King Hussein
• The former king of Jordan who made a great
impact in their country. After he died, his
son King Abdullah II took over the power
and made a great economic reforms and
relationships in other countries despite of
lack of resources that they have.
LEBANON
• The name Lebanon ("Lubnān" in standard
Arabic; "Lebnan" or "Lebnèn" in the local
dialect) is derived from the Semitic root
"LBN," – means "white" and "milk." This is
regarded as a reference to the snow-capped
Mount Lebanon.
• Officially called as Lebanese Republic
• The third smallest country in the Middle
East. Bordering countries with Syria and
Israel. Although Arabic is the official
language of Lebanon, many people also
speak French and English.
• Lebanon is made up of two mountain
ranges, Mt. Lebanon and the Anti-
Lebanon;
Population
• The current population ofLebanon is
5,265,976
- Statistics Lebanon, an independent
firm, estimates that 67.6 % of the
citizen population is Muslim (31.9 %
Sunni, 31 percent Shia, and small
percentages of Alawites and
Ismailis). Statistics Lebanon
estimates that 32.4 % of the
population is Christian.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
\3000BC
Phoenicians- Called as Canaanite people their
empire.
1516-1918
They are ruled by the Ottoman Empire through
Osman Ghazi
• This country Become known as the "Paris of
the Middle East” In the past was called the
"Switzerland of the Middle East”
Civil
• Lebanon was experiencing a full-scale civil
war by 1975 that continued until 1990 when
the Syrian military brokered a peace deal
with 15 years in war and 1/3 of the
population in Beirut remained.
1982
• Israel attacked PLO strongholds, which were
operating out of Lebanon in the Bekaa
Valley and West Beirut.
1993
• Israel conducted air raids and military
strikes against guerilla bases in Southern
Lebanon. Anti Israel groups such as
Hezbollah operate out of Lebanon and
receive aid from other Arab states, as source
of contention that has prompted Israel to
confront Hezbollah on Lebanon’s territory.
Government Type: Parliamentary republic
There is no dominant majority political party in
Lebanon to coalesce power. Lebanon consequently
developed a unique parliamentary democratic
system to relieve some of the tension between the
various cultural-political factions.
Whereas, their President should be Maronite
Christian, their Prime Minister should be a Sunni
Muslim and their Speaker of the Parliament
should be a Shia Muslim.
SAUDI ARABIA
• a desert country in Southwestern Asia
(Middle East) that occupies most of the
Arabian Peninsula and makes up almost 90
10 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
percent of the Arabian Peninsula. It shares
border with eight countries: Jordan, Iraq,
Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab
Emirates, Oman, andYemen.
• Mecca is the holiest city in Saudi Arabia and
the birth place of Islam. It contains the
holiest structure in Islamic faith, the Kaaba
• Medina is celebrated as the place from
which Muhammad established the Muslim
community (ummah) after his flight from
Mecca (622 CE) and is where his body is
entombed.
Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal Al
Saud, also known by several abbreviated forms of
this name, or simply as Ibn Saud, was first
monarch of Saudi Arabia. He was born into the
House of Saud (also Sa'ud), which had historically
maintained dominion over an area of what was then
known as Arabia called Nejd.
1938
• US oil corporation Chevron found large
quantities of oil in the region, which has
sustained the royal family ever since.
Aramco is the state-run oil corporation.
• 20 % of the known oil reserves in the world
are located in Saudi Arabia. The country is a
key member of the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
and has been the world’s number one oil
exporter.
Law of the State
• Activities such as gambling, alcohol
consumption and the promotion of other
religions are outlawed.
• Alcohol and pork products are forbidden in
accordance with Islamic dietary laws.
• Movie theaters and other Western-style
productions are prohibited but can be found
in areas where workers from other countries
live in private compounds.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
• human rights organizations, legal
associations, trade unions, and political
parties are banned.
• The press is only allowed to publish what
the government permits it to report.
• Communication with foreigners, satellite
media, and Internet access are highly
controlled.
• Those who speak out against the
government can be arrested or imprisoned.
• Sharia is the basic criminal code in Saudi
Arabia, along with whatever law is
established by the king.
• A wide range of corporal and capital
punishments from long prison sentences to
amputations (arm or foot), floggings, and
beheadings—are proscribed for legal or
religious offenses.
• Trials are most often held in secret without
lawyers. Torture has been used to force
confessions that are then used to convict the
accused. Torture techniques—including the
use of sticks, electric shocks, or flogging—
can be applied to children and women as
well as men. Executions are usually held in a
public place every Friday.
• Women can only choose certain college
degrees.
• Women cannot vote in political elections.
• Women cannot walk in public spaces or
travel without a male relative.
• Women are segregated from men in the
workplace and in many formal spaces, even
in homes.
• Marriages can be arranged without the
woman's consent, and
• women often lose everything in a divorce.
Dress Codes
11 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
• The black abaya (an article of clothing that
looks like a cloak or robe) or modest
clothing is appropriate for women.
• Men often wear the traditional full-length
shirt and a headcloth held in place by a
cord.
Men hold the dominant roles in Saudi society.
Under strict Islamic law, women do not have the
same rights as men
• Saudi Arabia has made several efforts to
move forward and put the country more in
line with globalization efforts that are
modernizing the other Persian Gulf States.
• The first woman was appointed to the
cabinet, and municipal councils held
elections for its members.
CIVILIZATION OF KUWAIT
Kuwait is a Country of the Arabian Peninsula
located in the northwestern corner of the Persian
Gulf. A small emirate nestled between Iraq and
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait is situated in a section of one
of the driest, least-hospitable deserts on Earth. Its
shore, however, includes Kuwait Bay, a deep arbour
on the Persian Gulf.
Kuwait is a monarchial country ruled by an emir
from the royal family (Sheikh Mishal al- Ahmad
al-Saba)
• The oil industry and government sector
dominate the economy that holds
approximately 7% of global oil reserves and
has a current production capacity of about
3.15 million barrels per day. The country's
oil sector is run by the Kuwait Petroleum
Corporation (KPC), a state-owned
enterprise.
First Persian Gulf War in 1991
• United States and an international coalition
fought the First Persian Gulf War to liberate
Kuwait.
• From the grip of Iraq dictator Saddam
Hussein
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
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ASIAN STUDIES
UN and US
• Resolutions demanding that Hussein leave
Kuwait, President George H.W Bush
organized an international military coalition
to remove Hussein from Kuwait. The US
mission was called Operation Desert Storm
BAHRAIN
first called “State of Bahrain” but on February 14,
2002, it was changed to and now officially called
“Kingdom of Bahrain”
• Bahrain is the smallest country in the Middle
East and the third smallest country in Asia.
• The current population of Bahrain in 2024 is
1,498,712
Sunni and Shia sects comprise the majority of the
population, predominantly Muslim. Tension in
Bahrain has been rooted in Sunni differences, which
include the royal family and many of the country's
wealthier and more powerful citizens. One-fifth of
the population is made up of Jews, Hindus, and
Bahāʾīs, with Christians making up approximately
half of this group.
• Arabic is the official language of Bahrain,
though English is widely used.
• Bahrain is also ranked 10 in the richest
country in Asia.
• lot of oils that it make up about 60% of the
export profits and has natural gases reserves
• Great places are Qal’at al-Bahrain
(structurea) and Durrat Al Bahrain (island)
• declared itself fully independent on August
15, 1971, from the United Kingdom as well
as of the British protectorate on December
16 of that year and on 1973, they promulgate
their constitution.
ruled by the Khalifa family for over three centuries
and these rulers gave themselves a title:“HAKIM”
(means National Caretaker) or “EMIR” (Chief)
12 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
When King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa came into
reign in 1999, Bahrain entered a new era of reform
and development within a constitutional monarchy,
• In 1999, elections were approved for a
Parliament, and all political prisoners were
released, and women were allowed to vote
and in 2002, Bahrain’s 2002 constitution set
women equal to men, guaranteeing gender
equality in, “political, social and economic
spheres, without breaching the provisions of
Islamic law.”
Arab Spring 2011: Bahrain
• uprising series of anti-government protests
in Bahrain led by the Shia-dominant and
some Sunni
minority Bahraini opposition until 2014
CIVILIZATION OF QATAR
Doha (Ad Dawhah) became the capital of newly
independent Qatar after Britain withdrew from its
Persian Gulf protectorates.
• Oil was first discovered in January 1940 in
western Qatar near the modern-day oil
company town of Dukhan
• currently ruled by Tamim bin Hamad Al
Thani
1793 -1798
• Saudi Invasion Of Qatar
1847
• Battle of Fuwairet
1867-1868
• War of Independence
1871
• Battle of Al-Wajba
Qatar enjoys the world’ s second highest standard of
living
• The once-sleepy nation is one of the richest
on Earth
• Muslims form 65.5% of the Qatari
population, followed by Hindus at 15.4%,
Christians at 14.2%, Buddhists at 3.3% and
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
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ASIAN STUDIES
the rest 1.9% of the population follow other
religions or are unaffiliated.
• Arabic is the official language of Qatar, with
Qatari Arabic or Gulf Arabic the local
dialect
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
• The population of The United Arab Emirates
• stood at 9.55 million in January 2024
• Made up of 200+ Nationalities
• The Official Language of the UAE is Arabic
• The UAE Has the World’s Highest Tower
• You Won’t Find a River in the UAE
Nationality: Emirati
Religion: Islam
Main Language: Arabic
The UAE was formed in 1971 by the union of seven
small Arab emirates.
• First President of United Arab Emirates
Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan who
known as the Father of theNation
has been one of the countriesthat has undergone the
most substantial growth and development over the
last few years.
• Dubai and Abu Dhabi (capital city) are the
two cities that are considered to be the most
desirable by foreign residents.
• There are about twice the number of men
than there are women in Dubai.
• United Arab Emirates government has
implemented several policies and initiatives
aimed at growing the economy and
attracting foreign investment. Certain free
trade zones, like the Jebel Ali Free Zone in
Dubai, allow foreign companies to own
100% of their assets abroad with no taxes
and few restrictions.
• Dubai built itself a world-class port facility
Burj Khalifa - Tallest structure
Palazzoversace Dubai- One of the most expensive
hotel in Dubai
13 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
Palmjumeirah-Artificial Island
SULTANATE OF OMAN
Bin Taimur Al-Said
• Said bin Taimur Al-Said was Sultan of
Oman (hereditary absolute monarch) from
1932–70. A reclusive and repressive ruler,
his autocratic policies prompted popular
unrest and armed revolt. In 1970 he was
overthrown by his son Qaboos bin Said, the
present Sultan, in a bloodless coup.
Qaboos bin Said
• In 1970 Qaboos took over the palacein a
coup with British support and exiled his
father. He immediately undertook a range of
ambitious modernization projects, including
constructing roads, hospitals, schools,
communications systems, and industrial and
port facilities.
Haitham bin Tariq Al Said
• Cousin of the former sultanate. He was born
on October 13, 1954, in Muscat, is a
prominent member of the ruling al-Said
family. He has held various positions in the
Omani government, including the Minister
of Heritage and Culture for a period of 18
years (2002-2020). Haitham bin Tariq Al
Said is currently the chief of state and head
of government of Oman.
Natural Resources found in Mountains of Oman
• Gold, Marble and Copper
been using its oil income to build infrastructure to
benefit its people. The sultan of Oman has
widespread support from his people and has built up
goodwill from the international community for his
investments in his country. He has built a free-trade
zone with a giant container port facility, luxury
tourist hotels, a good road system, and a first-rate
international airport.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
YEMEN
The Happy Land Yemen Was Known As Arabia
Felix, Latin For "Happy" Or "Fortunate"
• Yemen is an arabic country located on the
southern end of the arabian peninsula. It is a
mountainous country bordering oman and
saudi arabia.
• Second largest country in Southern end of
the arabian Peninsula.
4 Main Regions
• Coastal plains in the West
• The Western Highlands
• The Eastern Highlands
• Rub’ al Khali in the East.
Yemen sided with iraq and saddam hussein in the
first Persian gulf war in kuwait, which resulted in
saudi arabia Expelling thousands of yemeni
workers. Yemen and Saudi Arabia have had a long-
standing territorial dispute and only Recently agreed
on the desert border between the two Countries. As
the lone democracy on the peninsula, yemen
Contrasts with the more conservative islamic states
and Monarchies such as saudi arabia that are more
common in The middle east. Poor, rural, and
agriculturally based, Yemen does not fit the mold of
the typical oil-rich sheikdom Of the region. The
cultural forces within yemen demonstrate The
dichotomy between modernization with democratic
Reforms and fundamentalist islamic tendencies.
Stability in Yemen is critical for the security of the
regional Waterways.
IRAN
located in Western Asia,bordering the Gulf of
Oman, thePersian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, and
covering a land area of 1,636 million square
kilometres.
• Has an estimated population of 89.50
million
Tehran
• Capital and largest city of Iran.
14 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
• Has an estimated population of 9,616,007.
• mainly arid and semiarid, except the
northern coastal areas and parts of western
Iran.
• 99.4% muslim
• 90-95% Shia
• 5-10% Sunni
Persian is the Lingua Franca and recognize Arabic
as language of Islam
Type of Government – Islamic government
Ali Khamenei second supreme leader of Iran
since 1989 who longest-serving head of state in
middle East
IRAQ
Republic of Iraq Capital: Baghdad 2nd largest city
in Arab World after Cairo
Location: West Asia/ South west asia
Geopolitical region: Middle east Official
Language: Arabic (Some kurdish)
Official Religion: Islam Shia (South) Sunni (West)
Few countries that has shia Majority population at
about (65%)
Population: Approximately 46 million Land Area:
438, 446 km² (169, 285 sq miles)
Geography: Sorrounded by 6 countries Iran, Turkey,
Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait. 36 miles (58
km) coastline (Umm Qasr) Large cities: Baghdad,
Mosul, Erbil, Basra
Demographic: Arabs 75-80% Kurds 15% Others
10%
Physical Geography:
Land Geographical Regions:
1. Desert (South and South West) Syrian Desert
Arabian Desert Arid climate therefore, plant growth
is limited Sandy colored
 Bulacan State University
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2. Fertile Alluvial Plains (South) Tigris and
Euphrates river. Green and blue colored. it is like
the lifeblood of Iraq. Since this area is ideal location
for agriculture. early settlements and civilizations
emerged here.
3. Uplands region (North) Plateau
4. Northeastern Highlands (Northeast) Mountains
(Highest peak of Iraq) Water Tigris and Euphrates
The most important water resources in the country
converging in the south and dumps in persian gulf
Dams Water serves as precious resources because
without it, the land will be nothing but empty and
worthless desert.
System of canals are necessary to irrigate farms and
feed the area's population.
Top notable site The Al Najaf Cemetery Resources
and Power Petroleum and Natural Gas War Region
is open plain from north to east, it is pretty
vulnerable to innovation nor migrating that might
lead to destroy the central authority inside the iraq.
Iraq is sandwiched right between the two biggest
influencers of middle east Saudi Arabia and Iran
Therefore, it was inevitable that it might be a
tension ground based on its location.
TURKIYE
The name Turkey - Seljuk-controlled lands in
Anatolia and the Near East European writers -
Turchia for the Anatolian plateau. The English name
Turkey (from Medieval Latin Turchia/Turquia)
means "land of the Turks". used in the texts of
numerous international treaties to define the
Ottoman Empire
• In May 2022, the Turkish government
requested the United Nations and other
internationalorganizations to use Türkiye
officially in English, which the UN
immediately agreed to do.
• The Republic of Türkiye "represents and
expresses the culture, civilization, and
values of the
15 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
Turkish nation in the best way".
POLITICS is Constitutional Republic and
Presidential System
• ranked as the 17th-largest in the world
and7th-largest in Europe by nominal GDP in
2023
ANATOLIA
Akkadian Empire metallurgy
Hittite civilization
Persian Empire Persians greco-persian Wars
Hellenic world Alexander's conquests
Roman Empire emperor constantine the great
Byzantine Empire
city of Byzantium called Constantinople
Turkic peoples migrated west from Turkestan or
Mongolia now, towards Eastern Europe Iranian
plateau and Anatolia
1831
• Muhammad Ali revolted and created a
civil war, making himself Sultan
• Turkish national movement -Turkish war of
independence led by Mustafa Kemal
• September 18th 1922 the occupying armies -
expelled
• November 1st - the newly founded
parliament formally abolished the Sultanate,
ending 623 years of Ottoman rule the Treaty
of lizanne of July 24th 1923 led to the
international cognition of the sovereignty of
the newly formed Republic of
• Turkey officially proclaimed on Oct. 29th
1923 in the new capital of Ankara
• Mustafa Kemal became the Republic's first
president of Turkey and subsequently
introduced many radical reforms more rights
for
• women were established a new writing
system in the Latin alphabet for the Turkish
language was created and many others
• Turkey was neutral in world war ii turkey
joined NATO in 1952
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
AFGHANISTAN
The last part of the name, "-stan" , is a Persian
suffix meaning "place of"." Afghanistan translates
to "land of the Afghans",or "land of the Pashtuns" in
a historical sense.
Language
• Linguistically diverse nation Dari and
Pashto
History
Saur Revolution in 1978
• Conflict between Anti-communist Islamic
Guerrillas andthe Afghan Communist
Government to Overthrow of the Republic
of Afghanistan and President Mohammad
Daoud Khan by the People's Democratic
Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).
Timeline:
• The Soviet Invasion and the Talibam
• Al-Qaeda and The US Invasion
• Operation Enduring Freedom
• Resources and Globalization
President Mohammad Daoud Khan in 1973 –
1978 was an Afghan politician who served as prime
minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 and, as
leader of the 1973 Afghan coup d'état which
overthrew the monarchy by the Last King of
Afghanistan Mohammed Zahir Shah1933 - 1973
Taliban
• Founded by Muhammad Umar and Abdul
Ghani Baradar in1994.
• Current leader: MullahHibatullah
Akhundzada
Osman Bin Laden
• Saudi-born Islamic dissident and militant
leader Established Al-Qaeda and Died in
2011 under US Navy Seals.
Burka is the female headgear
1st President of the 20th century is Hamid Karzai
2002 - 2014
16 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
SYRIA
• It is located at the center of the Middle
East’s geopolitical issues. Syria gained its
independence from the French Mandate in
1946, the same year as Jordan. Syria has
strived to work out and stabilize its political
foundation. In a move to create greater Arab
unity in the realm, Egypt and Syria joined
forces and created the United Arab Republic
in 1958.
• OFFICIAL NAME: Syrian Arab Republic
• FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Presidential
Republic
• CAPITAL: Damascus
• POPULATION: 20,384,316
• OFFICIAL LANGUAGE: Arabic
• Hafiz al-Assad served as the leader of Syria
for twenty-nine years without having been
democratically elected to the office by the
people. His son Bashar took the reins of
leadership after Hafiz died in 2000. The
Alawite sect held power in Syria through the
Assad family under military control. Syria
has been accused of using its military power
to influence conditions in Lebanon, where it
brokered a peace deal in its civil war (1975–
1990). Syria has also been accused of
supporting the anti Israel groups
headquartered in Lebanon.
• located in an ancient land with a long history
of empires and peoples. The region of Syria
was once part of the cradle of civilization
that sprung up in Mesopotamia.
• Oil and natural gas have been the country’s
main export products. The petroleum
reserves are being depleted, and few new
fields are being developed. Eventually, the
wealth generated by the sale of petroleum
reserves, which are finite resources, is
projected to diminish, even as the population
continues to increase.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
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2021
• Euphrates river flows fell down that affects
in the whole country
• `3 euphrates dam who almost supplies the
70% of electricity in Syria.
2011-Urising / Civil War
• inspired by the Arab springs uprisings in
Tunisia and Egypt.
• dissatisfactions of citizens caused by high
unemployment rate, lack of democratic
reform, and loss of civil right and 3 thousand
people were arrested and killed by the
government
Syria and Libya
• both leaders reign for decades
• Syria have a huge control in political and
economical activities. Meanwhile, Libya has
a weak structure of government
ISIS
• Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
• a sunni jihadist group that claims authority
over Muslims.
• mostly attacks military targets and civilian
defense forces in Iraq and Syria.
• emerged from the remnants of al Qaeda in
Iraq (AQI), a local offshoot of al Qaeda
founded by Abu Musab al Zarqawi in 2004.
• It faded into obscurity for several years after
the surge of U.S. troops to Iraq in 2007. But
it began to reemerge in 2011.
• Despite losing many of its leaders and its
territory, ISIS remains capable of conducting
insurgent operations in Iraq and Syria while
overseeing at least 19 branches and
networks in Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization provides
students with conceptual skills that will assist them
in interpreting the revolutionary course of events
17 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
taking place in what was the core region of Islamic
Civilization. At the regional level the geographical
focus of the field includes Southwest Asia (roughly
South Asia to Egypt), the Eastern Mediterranean,
Central Asia, and the Caucasus. At the global level
of analysis its courses are particularly concerned
with how the history, culture, politics, and
economics of the states and societies of this portion
of Eurasia condition the human response to an
accelerating impact of global change.
SOUTH ASIA
Countries in South Asia
• India
• Nepal
• Pakistan
• Bangladesh
• The Maldives
• Bhutan
• Sri Lanka
South Asia had a strong social, cultural and
economic connections with other countries and
regions throughout its history.
This region is home to one of the world’s
earliest known civilizations, the Indus civilization,
and today is one of the most densely populated
regions on the planet.
Sanskrit
• primary sacred language of Hinduism
It is home to the third most spoken language in the
world, Hindi–Urdu from the family of Austroasiatic
Language.
South Asian countries were in the shadow of
the superpowers
and had to engage in diplomacy to balance their
relationships
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
TAJ MAHAL
• An immense mausoleum of white marble,
built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by
order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in
memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal
Mahatma Gandhi
• an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial
nationalist and political ethicist who
employed nonviolent resistance to lead the
successful campaign for India's
independence from British rule
Ramayana and Mahabharata
• India's most prominent ancient texts apart
from Bhagwat Geeta. Rama, the hero of
Ramayana, and Krishna, the hero of
Mahabharata are the most revered
incarnations of Vishnu and the most
illustrious characters of Hindu mythology
BOUNDARIES OF SOUTH ASIA
The landmass of South Asia was formed by the
Indian plate colliding with the Eurasian plate. This
action started about seventy million years ago and
gave rise to the highest mountain ranges in the
world.
18 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
HUMAN ORIGINATION
South Asian populations across language, caste and
tribal groups. It is likely that haplogroup M was
brought to Asia from east Africa along the southern
route by earliest migration wave 78,000 years ago.
KEY DOMINANT TRAITS OF SOUTH ASIA
Climate in the SOUTH ASIA
• Every April and May, much of south Asia
bakes in the heat. People endure
temperatures that regularly top 100°F. Dust
fills the air, and streams dry up.
•The region is living through a “new climate
normal” in which intensifying heat waves,
cyclones, droughts, and floods
Monsoon
• is a seasonal reversal of winds that is
associated with heavy rains that also brings
moisture to the land between April and
September
RELIGIONS in the SOUTH ASIA
South Asia Is the Birthplace of Four of The World's
Religions:
Hinduism
Buddhism
Sikhism
Jainism
 Bulacan State University
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HINDUISM
• Views the entire universe as god's and
everything in the universe as God. Hindus
believe that each person is intrinsically
divine and the purpose of life is to seek and
realize the divinity within all of us.
• This region has 64% of Hindu people as the
followers of Hinduism religion.
• The TRIMURTI are the most prominent
deities of contemporary Hinduism. This
consists of
BRAHMA- the creator
VISHNU- the preserver
SHIVA- the destroyer.
Their feminine counterparts are
SARASWATI- the wife of Brahma,
LAKSHMI- the wife of Vishnu,
PARVATI (or durga)- the wife of Shiva.
BUDDHISM
• One of the world's largest religions and
originated 2,500 years ago in India Believe
that the human life is one of suffering, and
that meditation, spiritual and physical labor,
and good behavior are the ways to achieve
enlightenment, or Nirvana.
Nirvana
• the highest state that someone can attain, a
state of enlightenment, meaning a person's
individual desires and suffering go away.
• Buddhists do not believe in any kind of deity
or God, although there are supernatural
figures who can help or hinder people on the
path towards enlightenment. BUT…..
Siddhartha Gautama
• is the most commonly referred to as the
buddha ('the awakened'), was a wandering
ascetic and religious teacher who lived in
South Asia during the 6th or 5th century
BCE and founded Buddhism
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SIKHISM
• The world's fifth-largest religion. The word
'sikh' means 'learner' or 'seeker of truth'.
Sikhism advocates equality, social justice,
service to humanity, and tolerance for other
religions.
• They believe that there is only one God who
is genderless and eternal. They also believe
in rebirth and karma.
Karma
• the consequences of a person's actions and
words.
JAINISM
• One of the world's oldest religions,
originating in Northern India at least 2,500
years ago. The spiritual goal of Jainism is to
become liberated from the endless cycle of
rebirth and to achieve an all-knowing state
called moksha
Moksha
• Or mokkha is called as the liberation or
salvation of a soul from saṃsāra, the cycle
of birth and death. It is a blissful state of
existence of a soul, attained after the
destruction of all karmic bonds
• Jains claim their religion to be eternal, and
consider Rishabhanatha the founder in the
present time-cycle, who lived for 8,400,000
purva years. Rishabhanatha is the first
Tirthankar among the 24 Tirthankaras. But,
• The real founder of Jainisim is
Vardhamana Mahavira who became as the
last Tirthankaras
RESOURCES in the SOUTH ASIA
Natural Resources
The natural beauty of the Southern Islands is
just one of the many physical assets of South Asia.
In fact, the subcontinent boasts a wide variety of
 Bulacan State University
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ASIAN STUDIES
natural resources that support human life. At the
same time, South Asia’s rapidly growing population
puts great pressure on its land and resources.
Water and Soil
South Asia relies heavily on its soil and
water resources to provide food through farming
and fishing. The great river systems that bring
alluvial soil down from the mountains help enrich
the land. They also bring the water necessary for
crops to grow.
South Asian waters also provide a means of
transportation and power
Their government also working to harness
hydroelectric energy from the waters. For example,
India and Pakistan have a number of hydroelectric
and irrigation projects underway
Boats
• travel the rivers and coastlines, carrying
goods and people from town to town
Rain forests in India
• produce hardwoods like sal and teak, along
with bamboo and the fragrant sandalwood.
Highland forests in Bhutan and Nepal have
thick stands of pine, fir, and other softwood
trees.
Deforestation
• is a severe problem in the region, however.
It causes soil erosion, flooding, landslides,
and loss of wildlife habitats
Computer Industry
• India supplies most of the world’s mica, a
key component in electrical equipment and
also can be found in Nepal and Sri Lanka
Deposits and Minerals
• South Asia also has large iron-ore deposits,
particularly in India’s Deccan Plateau. India
is one of the world’s leading exporters of
iron ore, which is also used in that country’s
large steel industry. Other South Asian
20 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
minerals include manganese, gypsum,
chromium, bauxite, and copper.
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN SOUTH ASIA
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
• Also known as HARAPPAN civilization
• earliest civilization on the subcontinent,
existence from about 3300 BCE to 1500
BCE
• encompassing cultures in the region
• Hindi as the Lingua Franca
Harrapan and Mohenjo-daro
• located in present-day Pakistan's Punjab and
Sindh provinces, respectively and became
known as the greatest cities of that
civilization but has the poorest of the poor
people.
Important contributions of this Civilization
• include standardized weights and measures,
seal carving, and metallurgy with copper,
bronze, lead, and tin. Little is understood
about the Indus script, and as a result, little
is known about the Indus River Valley
Civilization's institutions and systems of
governance.
MAURYAN EMPIRE
• existed between 322 and 185 BCE and was
one of the most extensive and powerful
political and military empires in ancient
India. This empire was founded by
Chandragupta Maurya
Important contributions of this Civilization
• The empire exported silk goods and textiles,
spices, and exotic foods. There was a rich
exchange of scientific knowledge and
technology with Europe and West
Asia. Ashoka also built roads, waterways,
canals, hospitals, and rest houses.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
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ASIAN STUDIES
DELHI SULTANATE
• An Islamic late medieval empire primarily
based in Delhi that stretched over large parts
of the Indian subcontinent, for 320
years. Laid by the Ghurid
conqueror Muhammad Ghori who routed
the Rajput confederacy led by Ajmer
Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451)
ruler Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192 near Tarain
• The Delhi Sultanate was established
by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1206
Delhi Sultanate DYNASTIES
Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290)
• Mamluk dynasty was founded by Quṭb Al-
dīn Aibak, a Mamluk (enslaved soldier) of
the Muslim general and later sultan
Muḥammad of Ghūr. Quṭb Al-Dīn had been
among Muḥammad's most trusted Turkic
army officers and had overseen his master's
conquests in India
• Mamluks became a powerful military
knightly class in various Muslim societies
that were controlled by dynastic Arab rulers.
Particularly in Egypt and Syria, but also in
the Ottoman Empire, Levant, Mesopotamia,
and India, mamluks held political and
military power.
Khalji dynasty (1290–1320)
• the second dynasty which ruled the Delhi
sultanate, covering large parts of the Indian
subcontinent for nearly three decades
between 1290 and 1320. It was founded by
Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji.
Lodi dynasty (1451–1526)
Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414)
21 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
• The third dynasty to rule over the Delhi
sultanate in medieval India. Its reign started
in 1320 in Delhi when ghazi malik assumed
the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-din
Tughluq. The dynasty ended in 1413.
• introduced token currency, i.e., introduced
Copper coins in place of Silver Tankas
• The fourth dynasty of the Delhi sultanate,
with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451 for
37 years. The first ruler of the dynasty, Khizr
Khan, who was the timurid vassal of multan,
conquered Delhi in 1414, while the rulers
proclaimed themselves the sultans of
the Delhi sultanate under Mubarak Shah
• City of Mubarakabad
The city of Mubarakabad was built by
Mubarak Shah during his reign. It was
founded in 1433 AD on the banks of river
Yamuna.
• City of Khizrabad
During his short term rule, Khizr Khan
founded the city of Khizrabad. It was also
built on the banks of river Yamuna in 1414
AD.
• Tomb of Sultan Mubarak Shah
Even though the architectures of the Sayyid
Dynasty are not praiseworthy, the tomb of
Mubarak Shah is an exception. It’s one of
the most exquisite architectural designs of
the dynasty. It has one of a kind octagonal
shaped courtyard. Its unique plan has caught
the attention of several people across the
country.
• Tomb of Muhammad Shah
A tomb for the third ruler of the Sayyid
Dynasty was built in 1444 CE. It is now
located in the Lodi Gardens.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
• Was a dynasty that ruled the Delhi Asia to deepen and sharpen various regional divides
sultanate from 1451 to 1526.[4] it was the and complicate internal and inter-state conflicts.
fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi sultanate,
• The Himalayan border dispute was the
and was founded by Bahlul Khan
chief pretext of the war. China claimed the
Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.
Aksai Chin area in Ladakh, Kashmir and the
• uplifted the Lodi empire regarding art,
Tawang area in Arunachal Pradesh as its
literature, government, agriculture, and
own (Aksai Chin as part of its Xingjiang and
climatic conditions. He made many
Tawang as part of Tibet)
architectural buildings in his rule over the
Lodi Dynasty. INDIA AND PAKISTAN WAR

India and Pakistan had long-running dispute over

MUGHAL EMPIRE the Kashmir. Both India and Pakistan claimed the
entirety of the former princely state of Jammu and
• Islamic Mughal Empire ruled over Kashmir. A long-running dispute over Kashmir and
much of northern and central India from the cross-border terrorism have been the predominant
1500s to about the middle of the nineteenth cause of conflict between the two states, with the
century. After 1725, it began to decline exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which
rapidly because of a combination of factors, occurred as a direct result of hostilities stemming
with European colonialism adding the from the Bangladesh Liberation War in erstwhile
finishing touch. East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
• bringing almost the entire Indian
subcontinent under one domain, drawing the
subcontinent's regions together through
enhanced overland and coastal trading
networks.
• They also introduced revenue
administration, rule of aristocracy, and
centralized power. There were different
segments under the Mughal administration
such as the central administration, local
administration, city administration, judicial
administration, and land revenue.
GEOGRAPHIC and political CONFLICTS in
the SOUTH ASIA
Social polarization is the segregation within a
society emerge in this region because:
SINO-INDIAN WAR
• Inequality in the resources and services
The Chinese war on India in 1962 was also a war • lack of support of government in economic
inflicted on a South Asian country from outside the reforms and usage of resources
region. The cold war had also impinged on South • discrimination

22 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
COLONIALISM IN SOUTH ASIA
Prior to the arrival of their trading partners,
• Trade with India had been valued by the
Europeans
• The long route is unsafe, unreliable, and
expensive
After the fall of Mongol Empire, Ottoman Empire
rose, controlling the western end of the silk road.
• Taxing goods
• Imposing religious rules
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
• Italian-born explorer whose sponsored by
the Spanish monarchs to find a western sea
route to China, India, and the fabled gold
and spice islands of Asia
• Arrived at the Americas on, specifically, the
Bahamian Islands on October 12, 1492,
thinking he had reached the East Asia
• First known European contact with the
Americas
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
• Signed in Tordesillas, Spain
• To solidify their claim in the Americas
• Divided the newly discovered lands outside
of Europe between Portugal and Spain
• The land to the east for Portugal
• The land to the west for Spain
VASCO DE GAMA
• Portuguese sailor
• First European to re-establish direct trade
links with India
• Circumnavigated Africa in 1497-1499
• He arrived in Calicut
• The first European trading post was
established at Goa on 1505.
Colonizers and Traders
23 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
• 1599: Dutch East India Company was
formed.
• 1602: Dutch East India Company was
established in the region.
• 1664: French established a trading post at
Pondicherry (Puducherry).
THE ENGLISHMEN JOINS THE SPOTLIGHT
• In 1588, English Navy defeated Spanish
Navy
• Paved the way for the England to join the
international trade.
• Established East India Company on 1600.
• Queen Elizabeth I gave the company the
right to trade with any territory.
EAST INDIA COMPANY (EIC)
• The first temporary EIC factory was
established in Masulipatnam on 1611.
• The first permanent EIC factory was
established in Surat on 1613.
• Three important factories and bases located
in Madras, Bombay, & Calcutta
• The company had its own army and became
the largest corporation in the world.
• Had 260,000 soldiers, twice as much as the
British Army.
• Decided to prioritize India as their base and
expand its economic interest of England in
Asia-Europe trade after their defeat from the
Dutch in Moluccas
KING CHARLES II OF ENGLAND
• In 1661, he gave the EIC the rights to the
following:
• Acquire territory
• Mint money
• Command fortresses
• Command troops
• Declare war
• Declare peace
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
• Exercise civil and criminal jurisdiction.
BATTLE OF PLASSEY
• EIC supported conflicts between different
factions.
• The most notable was the Battle of Plassey
in 1757.
• The company waged war against the last
Nawab of Bengal and his French allies
• Held in Palashi on the banks of Horoghly
River, North of Calcutta (Kolkata), South of
Murshidabad in West Bengal then capital of
Bengal Subah.
• Led by Robert Clive.
• The victory of EIC made possible by the
defection of Mir Jafar, the commander-in-
chief of Nawab Siraj-ud Daulah
• After the Battle of Plassey, the traitorous
Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab.
• Mir Jafar entered into a secret treaty with
Dutch East India Company.
• Mir Jafar was replaced by his son-in-law
Mir Qasim.
• Mir Qasim ceded Chittagong, Burdwan, and
Midnapore to East India Company.
• Mir Jafar was reinstalled in 1763.
MIR QASIM
• Mir Qasim ran into trade disputes with EIC.
• He shifted his capital from Murshidabad to
Munger (Bihar) to raise an army.
• Insisted that the British must pay taxes in
which the British declined.
• He abolished taxes on the local traders as
well.
• European traders were upset.
• He invaded the company offices in Patna in
1763.
BATTLE OF BUXAR
24 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
• Mir Qasim allied with Shuja-ud-Daulah of
Avadh (or Awadh/Oudh) and the incumbent
Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II against the
British led by Hector Munro on 1764.
• Their total force was totaled up to 50,000
men.
• Some historians say that Munro only had
4,200 men (3,000 of which are sepoys),
some says 900 European and 7,000 sepoys.
• Munro also had 1,000 strong cavalry groups.
• The British deployed their troops in a
traditional European battle formation, with
infantry forming the center and flanks,
supported by cavalry and artillery.
• The allied forces, consisting of Bengal,
Awadh, and Mughal troops, adopted a more
traditional Mughal formation, with cavalry
forming the vanguard.
• The Battle of Buxar was a decisive victory
for the British. Despite initial resistance
from the allied forces, the superior firepower
and discipline of the British troops
overwhelmed the enemy.
• The defeat at the Battle of Buxar led to the
disintegration of the alliance against the
British.
• Mir Qasim fled to Oudh, while Shuja-ud-
Daula and Shah Alam II were captured by
the British.
• The British East India Company emerged as
the dominant power in Bengal, Bihar, and
Orissa, consolidating its control over the
region.
• The Battle of Buxar marked a significant
turning point in British expansion in India,
establishing British supremacy over the
Bengal region.
• It paved the way for further British territorial
acquisitions and consolidation of power in
the Indian subcontinent.
• Treaty of Allahabad was signed on August
16, 1765 granting the EIC the diwani or the
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
revenue collecting rights in Bengal, Bihar,
and Orissa.
OUTCOMES:
• The entire Bengal treasury was loaded into
100 boats sent to Ganges and onward to the
headquarters of EIC in Calcutta.
• Rober Clive became the governor of the
state.
• British defeated France before the company
made India its colony.
• Mughal Empire declined.
• Many states declared independence from the
central government of Mughal.
• Helped the EIC take control of Bengal in
1772.
• Maratha Empire starts to rise.
• After Bengal, EIC went to seize other
territories. Even Delhi, the capital of Mughal
and everything south of it.
ROBERT CLIVE
• Became the governor of the state of Bengal.
• Collected taxes and customs from Indian to
purchase Indian goods and export to
England.
• Returned to England as the richest “self-
made” man in the country.
• Slit his own throat in 1774 using a penknife.
ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
• Fought between the state of Mysore and the
triple alliance of EIC, Maratha Confederacy,
and Nizam of Hyderabad.
• Led by Haidar Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan
who was known as the “Tiger of Mysore”.
• Primarily driven by territorial expansion,
economic interests, and strategic rivalries
• A series of military campaigns, sieges, and
battles, with both sides vying for control
over key territories and trade routes in
25 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
southern India. Hydar Ali (1721-1782) was
keen on expanding his kingdom.
• Haidar Ali courted the French as allies.
• Haidar Ali declared war on the EIC on
August 1767.
• He had 50,000 well-trained and well-
equipped troops including camel-cavalry
that fired rockets, more and bigger cannons
than EIC has.
• He saw an opportunity to expand into
Madras while the EIC was busy in Bengal
almost capturing the region.
• The EIC joined forces with the Nizam of
Hyderabad to attack Mysore in 1767.
• With the withdrawal of the Marathas,
Hyderabad switched sides and were in the
Battle of Trinamalai on September 1767 by
an army led by Colonel Joseph Smith.
Hyderabad switched sides again.
SECOND ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
• Haidar Ali invaded the Carnatic coast to the
east with 70,000-100,000 men.
• Many British forts were captured and
Madras came under serious threat again.
• British was defeated at the Battle of Pollilur
on September 1780.
• British soldiers were taken prisoner.
• The EIC won the battle of Porto Novo in
July 1781 with their commander Sir Eyre
Coote.
• Haidar Ali died of illness, possibly blood
poisoning or cancer in December 1782 and
his son, Tipu Sultan continued his father’s
acts.
• The French naval support headed by
Admiral de Suffren withdrew.
• Tipu was obliged to sue for peace.
• 1784 Treaty of Mangalore restored the
borders to the situation prior to war.
THIRD ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
• Lord Charles Cornwallis was the EIC
governor-general from 1786.
• He continued boxing Mysore through
alliance.
• Continued hostility of Maratha and
Hyderabad against the southern kingdom.
• Tipu Sultan’s lack of interest in cultivating
allies would lead to his demise.
• EIC gained new ally eager to defend its own
borders. The Kindom of Travancore.
• Few hundred French mercenaries fought for
Tipu Sultan, train his armies, and help
improve his weapon manufacturing in a
small scale.
• Tipu Sultan attacked Travancore on
December 29, 1789. Third Anglo-Mysore
war began.
• EIC army of 19,000 sepoys led by
Cornwallis took Mysore’s second city of
Bangalore.
• Hyderabad’s 18,000 cavalry came.
• Although Cornwallis was struggling, they
were reinforced by a Maratha army of
12,000 men.
• Their combined forces moved to besiege the
capital Seringapatam.
• The sustained attacks led Tipu Sultan to
surrender in January 1792
• Treaty of Seringapatam: Tipu Sultan was
obliged to give up a large slice of his
kingdom, pay the EIC regular 'protection'
money, release all prisoners, and leave two
of his sons with the Company as hostages.
FOURTH ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
• The fourth and final installment of this series
of on-off wars to control the southern India.
• Tipu Sultan forms an alliance with the
French once more.
26 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
• Tipu Sultan had even written to Napoleon
Bonaparte to send him an army but
Napoleon’s sight were set on Egypt.
• Lord Richard Cooley Wellesley, the new
EIC Governor-General amassed a massive
army to quash Mysore once and for all.
• Wellesley had the continued support of
Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of
Hyderabad whose armies led by Arthur
Wellesley.
• A battalion of 1,400 British army grenadiers
and Scottish Highlanders, EIC assembled its
most powerful pieces for this final round.
• By February 1799, 50,000 men were on the
march to attack Seringapatam once again.
• On April 7, 1799, Major-General David
Baird led the EIC army to a one-month siege
of fortress in Seringapatam. He was a one-
time prisoner of Tipu Sultan.
• By the 2nd of May, the EIC had blasted
enough holes in the formidable fortification
wall to storm the city using 40 units of
massive 18-pound cannon.
• 927 cannons were captured in Seringapatam
fortress.
• Tipu Sultan was killed in action and his
remaining family members were exiled.
• 10,000 men in Mysore side had been killed
compared to the 350 of the EIC.
• The city was systematically looted for 24
hours.
• Mysore signed a treaty with the EIC in 1799.
• Mysore came under the British rule.
• Krishna Raja Wadiyar III of the Wadiyar
ruling family was reinstalled as the puppet
ruler.
• The British took Mysore directly in 1831.
THE ANGLO-MARATHA WARS
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
THE FIRST ANGLO-MARATHA WAR
Cause:
• The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782)
was primarily triggered by the expansionist
policies of the British East India Company
and the growing Maratha power in western
India.
• The British aimed to assert their dominance
over the Maratha Confederacy, which
controlled significant territories in the Indian
subcontinent.
Initial Skirmishes:
• Tensions between the British and the
Marathas escalated over control of territories
such as Gujarat and the Carnatic region.
• Several small-scale conflicts occurred as
both sides vied for supremacy in western
India.
Declaration of War:
• The formal declaration of war occurred in
1775 when the British East India Company
officially declared war on the Marathas.
• The war began with the Treaty of Surat.
Course of the War:
• The war witnessed numerous battles and
sieges, with both sides experiencing
victories and setbacks.
• The British initially faced challenges due to
the Marathas' guerrilla warfare tactics and
their alliance with other Indian powers.
Significant Battles:
• Battle of Talegaon (1776): A decisive British
victory under General Thomas Wyndham,
weakening Maratha forces.
27 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
• Battle of Wadgaon (1779): A significant
setback for the British, as they suffered a
defeat against the Marathas.
Outcome:
• Despite initial setbacks, the British were
ultimately able to secure favorable terms
through the Treaty of Salbai (1782).
• The treaty established a temporary peace
between the British and the Marathas,
allowing both sides to focus on other
territorial ambitions.
Impact:
• The First Anglo-Maratha War highlighted
the complexities of colonial conflicts in
India, with European powers facing
formidable resistance from indigenous
rulers.
• It set the stage for further Anglo-Maratha
conflicts and contributed to the eventual
decline of Maratha power in the face of
British expansionism.
Colonial Dynamics:
• The war exemplifies the broader context of
South Asian colonization, where European
powers sought to assert control over
indigenous territories and resources.
• It underscores the strategic importance of
western India in the British colonial project
and the challenges posed by indigenous
resistance to foreign rule.
THE SECOND ANGLO-MARATHA WAR
Cause:
• The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-
1805) was primarily sparked by British
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
expansionism and the desire to further
weaken Maratha power in western India.
• The British East India Company sought to
extend its control over additional Maratha
territories, particularly in the Deccan region.
Background:
• Following the Treaty of Bassein in 1802,
which established an alliance between the
British and the Peshwa faction of the
Marathas, tensions between the Maratha
Confederacy and other Maratha factions,
including the Bhonsle and Holkar, escalated.
• Discontent among Maratha rulers regarding
British interference and dominance also
contributed to the outbreak of war.
Declaration of War:
• The formal declaration of war occurred in
1803 when the Marathas launched an attack
on British forces stationed in the Deccan.
Course of the War:
• The war saw a series of battles and
engagements across western and central
India, with both sides experiencing victories
and defeats.
• British forces, under the leadership of
Governor-General Lord Wellesley,
employed superior military tactics and
technology, including artillery and
disciplined infantry.
Three Important Battles:
1. Battle of Assaye (1803): A decisive British
victory under General Arthur Wellesley
(later Duke of Wellington), where British
forces successfully repelled a larger Maratha
army.
2. Battle of Argaon (1803): Another
significant British victory, leading to the
capture of important Maratha territories.
28 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
3. Battle of Laswari (1803): British forces,
under General Gerard Lake, defeated the
Marathas, consolidating British control in
northern India.
• The Second Anglo-Maratha War resulted in
a decisive victory for the British East India
Company.
• The Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon (1803) and
subsequent treaties forced the Marathas to
cede significant territories to the British,
including parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
• The Peshwa became a British puppet ruler,
further weakening Maratha unity and
sovereignty.
THE THIRD ANGLO-MARATHA WAR
Background:
• The Third Anglo-Maratha War occurred in
the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Maratha
War and the subsequent Treaty of Bassein,
which had established British dominance
over the Maratha Confederacy.
• The war was precipitated by internal
divisions among the Marathas, with rival
factions vying for power and influence.
Peshwa Baji Rao II:
• Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa of the Maratha
Empire, sought to challenge British
authority and regain control over his
territories.
• Baji Rao II was supported by other Maratha
chiefs, including Holkar and Scindia, who
resented British interference in Maratha
affairs.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
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Significant Battles
1. Battle of Khadki (1817): British victory
over the Peshwa's forces near Pune.
2. Battle of Koregaon (1818): British forces,
primarily consisting of Mahar soldiers,
successfully repelled the Peshwa's army,
symbolizing Dalit resistance against
Brahminical rule.
British Expansionism:
• The British East India Company, under
Governor-General Lord Hastings, viewed
the Maratha Confederacy as a threat to
British interests in India.
• British expansionism and the desire to
extend British territorial control further into
central India motivated the conflict.
Course of the War:
• The war began in 1817 when the Peshwa
declared war on the British and attacked
British troops stationed in Pune.
• British forces, under the command of Sir
Thomas Hislop and Sir John Malcolm,
launched a series of offensives against
Maratha strongholds across western and
central India.
• Battles and skirmishes occurred throughout
the conflict, with significant engagements at
Koregaon, Sitabaldi, and Mahidpur.
Outcome:
• The Third Anglo-Maratha War ended with a
decisive victory for the British East India
Company.
• Baji Rao II was defeated, and the Peshwa
position was abolished, marking the end of
Maratha rule in Pune.
• The British annexed large parts of Maratha
territories, including Pune and surrounding
29 | A s i a n S t u d i e s - S o u t h w e s t a n d S o u t h A s i a
regions, further extending British control
over central India.
Treaty of Bassein (1820):
• Following the war, the British imposed the
Treaty of Bassein, which reduced the
Marathas to subordinate allies of the British
and deprived them of significant territories
and resources.
• The treaty effectively dismantled the
Maratha Confederacy and consolidated
British dominance in western and central
India.
The Third Anglo-Maratha War marked the final
stage of British conquest in India and solidified
British control over large parts of the subcontinent.
It led to the dissolution of the Maratha Empire and
the end of Maratha resistance to British rule, paving
the way for British colonial administration in India.
THE ANGLO-SIKH WARS
Background:
• The Sikh Empire, founded by Maharaja
Ranjit Singh in the early 19th century,
emerged as a powerful state in the Punjab
region of northwestern India.
• Under Ranjit Singh's leadership, the Sikh
Empire expanded its territory and
established a formidable military force
known as the Khalsa Army.
• The British East India Company, which
already controlled vast territories in India,
viewed the Sikh Empire as a potential threat
to its hegemony in the region.
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846):
• The First Anglo-Sikh War began in
December 1845 when the Sikh army crossed
the Sutlej River, a disputed border between
the Sikh Empire and British India.
 Bulacan State University
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Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
• The British, under the command of Sir Hugh Annexation of Punjab:
Gough, responded by invading the Sikh
• The annexation of the Punjab by the British
territories.
marked the end of Sikh sovereignty in the
• The war saw several battles, including the
region.
Battle of Mudki, Battle of Ferozeshah, and
• The British established a new administrative
Battle of Sobraon.
system in the Punjab, with a British-
• Despite initial setbacks, the British emerged
appointed Governor-General overseeing the
victorious, and the Treaty of Lahore was
administration of the region.
signed in March 1846.
• Under the terms of the treaty, the Sikh THE SEPOY MUTINY
Empire ceded significant territories to the
Indian Rebellion
British, including the Jalandhar Doab and
Spread of Rebellion:
parts of Kashmir.
• The rebellion quickly spread to other parts
Interwar Period: of northern and central India, encompassing
regions such as Awadh, Bihar, Bengal, and
• The period between the First and Second
the Central Provinces.
Anglo-Sikh Wars saw tensions between the
• Rebels, consisting of sepoys, civilians, and
British and the Sikh Empire persisting, with
disgruntled elements of Indian society,
the Sikhs resentful of British interference in
attacked British symbols of authority,
their affairs.
including government buildings, railway
• The British sought to weaken the Sikh
stations, and telegraph lines.
Empire through political maneuvering and
interference in its internal politics. Key Battles and Siege of Delhi:
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849): • The rebels besieged British-held cities and
engaged in pitched battles with British
• The Second Anglo-Sikh War began in April
forces.
1848 when a revolt broke out in the Sikh
• One of the key battles was the Siege of
army at Multan, triggered by discontent
Delhi, where British forces under General
among Sikh soldiers and leaders.
Sir Archdale Wilson eventually recaptured
• The British, under the leadership of Sir
the city from the rebels after several months
Hugh Gough and Sir Henry Lawrence,
of fierce fighting.
launched a military campaign to suppress
the revolt. British Response:
• The war culminated in the decisive Battle of
• The British responded to the rebellion with
Gujrat in February 1849, where the British
brutal repression, including mass executions,
forces defeated the Sikh army.
reprisals against Indian civilians, and
• Following the battle, the Sikh Empire
widespread destruction of property.
surrendered, and the Treaty of Lahore was
• British reinforcements were sent from
signed in March 1849.
Britain and other parts of the British Empire
• Under the terms of the treaty, the Sikh
to quell the rebellion, and martial law was
Empire was annexed by the British, and the
declared in many areas.
Punjab region came under direct British rule.
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 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
\End of the Rebellion:
• The rebellion gradually lost momentum due
to a combination of British military
superiority, internal divisions among the
rebels, and lack of coordination.
• The capture of rebel leaders, including
Bahadur Shah II, dealt a severe blow to the
rebellion.
• By mid-1858, British forces had largely
suppressed the rebellion, although sporadic
resistance continued in some pockets for
several months.
Consequences:
• The suppression of the rebellion led to
significant changes in British colonial
policy, including the transfer of
governing authority from the British
East India Company to the British
Crown (the beginning of the British
Raj).
o The rebellion also had far-reaching
social, cultural, and political
consequences, fueling nationalist
sentiments and laying the groundwork
for the Indian independence
movement in the years to come.
The Sepoy Mutiny was a watershed moment in
Indian history, representing a major challenge to
British colonial rule and laying the foundation for
India's struggle for independence.
THE Government of India Act of 1858
• Passed by the British parliament
following the Indian Rebellion.
• Marks the end of the British East India
Company passing the governing authority
from the company to the British Crown.
• Laid the groundwork for the establishment
of the British Raj, that lasted until 1947.
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• Established the office of the Secretary of
State for India responsible for overseeing
British India’s affairs.
• Governor-General of India as chief
executive authority appointed by the British
Crown.
• Established the Council of India consisting
of 15 members appointed by the British
crown.
BY THE LATE 19th – 20th CENTURY
• British establish direct rule over princely
states and tribal areas, completing the
consolidation of British India.
PARTITION OF BENGAL
• Refers to the controversial administrative
division of the Bengal Presidency by the
British colonial government in India in
1905.
• Bengal Presidency was the largest
administrative unit in British India,
comprising present-day West Bengal,
Bangladesh, and parts of Bihar, Odisha, and
Assam.
• The partition was proposed by Lord Curzon,
the Viceroy of India, as a means to improve
administrative efficiency and governance in
the region.
• The Partition of Bengal was officially
announced on July 19, 1905.
• Bengal was divided into two separate
entities: Eastern Bengal and Assam, with
Dhaka as the capital, and the rest of Bengal,
including Calcutta, as Western Bengal.
The British cited administrative reasons for
the partition, arguing that the vast size of Bengal
made it difficult to govern effectively.
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
• The Partition of Bengal sparked widespread
controversy and opposition among various
segments of Bengali society.
• Bengali Hindus and Muslims, as well as
prominent leaders, intellectuals, and political
figures, protested against the partition,
viewing it as a divisive policy aimed at
weakening Bengali unity.
• The partition led to the emergence of the
Swadeshi Movement, a nationalist
movement aimed at boycotting British
goods and promoting Indian industries.
• The movement, led by figures such as
Rabindranath Tagore, Aurobindo Ghosh, and
Surendranath Banerjee, mobilized mass
support against the partition
• Due to widespread protests and political
pressure, the British government annulled
the Partition of Bengal in 1911.
• Bengal was reunited as a single province,
with Calcutta reinstated as the capital, under
the newly created Bengal Presidency.
INDIAN PARTICIPATION IN WORLD WARS
World War I
• India played significant role in various
theaters of war.
• Indian soldiers fought alongside British
forces in major battles such as the Battle of
Neuve Chapelle, Battle of Gallipoli, and
Mesopotamian campaign
• Over 1.3 million Indian soldiers served the
war under the crown
World War II
• British Empire relied heavily on Indian
troops.
• Indian troops fought in various theaters of
war.
• National Army (INA), the Royal Indian
Navy (RIN), and the Indian Air Force (IAF)
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• Involved in key campaigns such as the
Burma Campaign, North African Campaign,
and the Italian Campaign.
The participation of Indian soldiers in these wars
also played a role in shaping Indian nationalist
sentiments and contributed to the movement for
independence from British colonial rule.
SOME POSITIVE IMPACT OF
COLONIALISM IN SOUTH ASIA
1. Modern infrastructure
2. Educational Reforms
3. Legal and Administrative System
4. Modern Institution
5. Technological Innovation
6. Legal Reforms
7. Cultural Exchange
8. Unity and Nationalism
POPULATION IN SOUTH ASIA
• Southern Asia population is equivalent to
25.2% of the total world population.
• Southern Asia ranks number 1 in Asia
among subregions ranked by population.
• The population of South Asia is the most
populated region in the world.
• As of March 18, 2024, there are
2,043,038,110 is the current population of
South Asian Region
MAIN FACTORS in POPULATION GROWTH
MIGRATION
• Due to conflict and political instability
people migrate to the neighboring country
mainly Iran and Pakistan. Migration
between these regions is temporary and
cyclic in nature and also prompted by high
wage and stability. Instability, destruction of
 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
infrastructure, industry and houses are
driving the migration.
WHERE IS THE MOST PEOPLE in SOUTH
FERTILITY RATE
ASIA? As of March 18, 2024,
• Fertility trends in South Asia have illustrated
a consistent decline over the past 50 years. INDIA PAKISTAN
There is also strong evidence of an 1,428,627,663 240,485,658
accelerated decline in sperm count in men in BANGLADESH NEPAL
the century. Fertility is usually measured as 172,954,319 30,896,590
the total fertility rate. SRI LANKA BHUTAN
DEATH RATE 21,893,579 787,424
• Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of THE MALDIVES
the number of deaths in a particular 521,021
population, scaled to the size of that
population, per unit of time. One of the INDIA
factors affecting this is the genocide before • India is the most populous country in the
in the wars and the last pandemic happened world with one-sixth of the world's
last 2020 up to 2021 population.
BIRTH RATE • India population is equivalent to 17.76% of
• Factors affecting this is the high birth rate the total world population. India ranks
due to the lack of knowledge in family number 1 in the list of countries (and
planning, unemployment and such that’s dependencies) by population.
why South Asia is one of the most congested PAKISTAN
regions in the world today. • Pakistan population is equivalent to 2.99%
CLIMATE CHANGE of the total world population.
• affects food availability, quality and • Pakistan ranks number 5 in the list of
diversity, exacerbating food and nutrition countries (and dependencies) by population.
crises. And the third most populous Islamic
LACK OF EDUCATION country.
• People who lack education have trouble BANGLADESH
getting ahead in life, have worse health and • Bangladesh is the eighth-most populated
are poorer than the well-educated. Major country in the world with almost 2.2% of the
effects of lack of education include: poor world's population.
health, lack of a voice, shorter lifespan,
unemployment, exploitation and gender NEPAL
inequality.
• Nepal ranks number 49 in the list of
countries (and dependencies) by population.
• The population growth rate is 0.92% per
year.
SRI LANKA
• Sri Lanka population is equivalent to 0.27%
of the total world population.
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 Bulacan State University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Studies
ASIAN STUDIES
•
Sri Lanka ranks number 61 in the list of
countries (and dependencies) by population.
BHUTAN
• Bhutan ranks 133rd in land area and 160th “Take delight in the Lord, and he will give you the
in population. desires of your heart.”- Psalm 37:4
“Commit your work to the Lord, and your plans will
be established.” – Proverbs 16:3
MALDIVES
• Maldives is one of the world's most
geographically dispersed sovereign states,
and the smallest Muslim-majority country Best of luck, 1G!
by land area.
• Maldives is the 2nd least populous country
in Asia.
• Maldives is the ninth-smallest by area.
Prepared by:

Luke Eduard Apostol

BSEd 1G Social Studies
BSEd Board Member
AY 2023-2024

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