B.

THOMAS AQUINAS: LOVE IS FREEDOM

•he considers the human being as a moral agent:

-kaya ng tao na malaman yung tama sa mali tas kayang panagutan or responsible sya sa nagawa nya.

(ability to discern right from wrong and to be held accountable for his/her own actions

do you consider yourself as a moral agent?

only those with certain mental disability have little or no capacity to be moral agents

•The unity of spiritual and body elements(material) helps us to understand our complexity as human beings.

- parehas tumutulong na maintindihan kung ganu tayu mahirap intindihin HAHAHAHAH

• Our spirituality delineates moral dimension of our fulfillment in an action

- that is why we are separated from other known species, because we have spirituality that portays moral dimension

-moral dimensions is concerned with the way in which an agent's aim in acting and what he/she sees as reasons for acting that way (yung

point/goal ng isang moral agent sa kanyang ginagawa at kung ano yung nakikita nyang dahilan para gawin yun)

• Through it(spirituality), we have a conscience

-whether we choose to be good or evil in our perspective, any of it becomes our responsibility.

•A human being therefore, has a supernatural transcendental destiny:

meaning a person can rise above its ordinary self or being to a highest self or being

-This is similar with the idea of St. Thomas that in the plan of God,

•If a person perseveringly lives in a righteous and virtuous life (pag nagpatuloy daw yung tao na mamuhay ng tama) it transcends his mortal

state of life to an immortal state of life (buhay na walang hanggan daw, sa langit HAHAH)

-But, the power to change or to transcend cannot be done alone, we need God through cooperation to achieve this, meaning it is a union of

humanity and him. (uniting )🫰

-St. Thomas Aquinas gives a fourfold classifications of law

• Fourfold classifications of law by St. Aquinas:

(1) Natural Law (2)

(2) Human Law (3)

(3) Divine Law (4)

(4) Eternal Law (1)

NATURAL LAW

• Natural law only applies to human beings, in its ethical sense

-because we can be rational (understanding)

(tao lang yung kayang magpakatotoo tas maging fair)

• The first principle and percept of this (the natural law) is the instruct of self-preservation

- that good is to be sought after (to look for) and evil avoided, to protect yourself

HUMAN LAW

• It is the man-made law, and we have laws that should be obeyed voluntarily for order and peace

(ex. traffic rules)

• Since the law looks at the common good as its end, ai is then conceived primarily with external acts and not with interior disposition

-kumabaga po, natatake advantage nila yung human law sa pagpapakita ng mabuting gawain tas meron palas ilang dalawang motive para dun,

or may dalawa silang dahilan sa gagawin nila kasi sa kabutihang panlahat(common good) lang parang concern yung human law

ex. yung ginagawa ng mga government officials, pinapakita nila lahat ng mabubuting ginawa or serbisyo or programa na pinatupad sa lahat ng

social medias, hindi lang pala para makatulong sa mamamayan, para din sila yung iboto ba.

•For Aquinas, natural and human laws are concerned with its end determined simply by humanity's nature.

- parehas daw na sa resulta lang nakatuon yung natural and human laws, na nadedetermined sa nature ng tao

DIVINE LAW or REVELATION

• The law that human beings should be followed in transcending his nature
-Since a human being is ordained to an end transcending his nature (dahil daw ayun nga yung destiny natin), it is necessary that he has a law

to follow to that end; the divine law or revelation

- and these laws believed to come directly from God (such as the will of God)

-Divine law

• It deals with interior disposition as well as external acts

• it ensures the final punishment of all evildoings

-neither which is possible for human law

• Divine law(It) is divided into:

- old(Mosaic)

- new(Christian)

they are related as the immature and imperfect (they relate it to a child) to the perfect and complete (adult)

-but now, we have passed beyond philosophy. And since it relies on reason and experience;

•The analysis of the Divine law is the function of theology

- and theology is the study of religion.

It examines the human experience of faith, and how different people and cultures show/express it.

-now,

ETERNAL LAW

• Eternal law is the decree of God that governs all creation. It is, "That law which is the Supreme Reason cannot be understood to be

otherwise than unchangeable and eternal."

-Supreme Reason is what rules and guides individuals, and all things to their proper end.

• Natural law is the human "participation" in the eternal law and is discovered by reason. It is based on "first principles"

- the instruct of self-preservation as mentioned before

"that good is to be sought after (to look for) and evil avoided, to protect yourself"

-For Aristotle, human beings have to develop to the full of their powers - (in) rational, moral, social, emotional, and physical here on earth, ut

lines up with the idea of St. Aquinas but for him,

• For Aquinas, the purpose of -human being points to the perfect happiness that everyone seeks but could only found in God alone.

-and ditu napo ata pumapasok yung mga ways ng pag worship sa kanya in Christianity (pagsasamba)

• St. Thomas wisely and aptly chose and proposed love rather than law to bring about the transformation of humanity

-Because love is in consonance (it correspondence) with humanity's free nature, and law commands and complete

• Thomas emphasizes the freedom of humanity but chooses love in governing humanity's life

- Since God is Love, then it is the guiding principle of humanity toward its ultimate destiny

(his self-perception and happiness)

D. JEAN PAUL SARTRE: INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM

• Representative of existentialism (Falikowski 2004)

-Sartre's philosophy is considered to be a representative of existentialism (Falikowski 2004)

- Existentialism is a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible

agent that determinines their own development through acts of the will. (it can turn out good or bad but either of it will define you) up to

you;v

• For Sartre, the human person is the desire to be God: the desire to exist as a being which has its sufficient ground in itself (en sui causa)

- meaning being one's own cause (a being that owes its existence to no other than God)

• The human person builds the road to the destiny of his/her choosing; he/she is the creator (Srathern 1998).

- They are the only one that can change the directions of their own life

•Sartre's existentialism stems from principle: existense precedes essence

-tayo daw, na nag eexist, nasusurpass yung katangian na meron tayu,?;'vv

• The person is nothing else but that what he makes of himself.

-nagiging definition natin yung kung anu nagagawa natin ng tayo lang
-It says, the person first exists, encounters himself and surges up in the world then defines himself afterward.

-So, as time passes and you're getting older, the more you learn, understand, and do things to/for yourself that makes you, you

• The person is provided with a supreme opportunity to give meaning to one's life.

and In the course of giving meaning to one's life, one fills the world with meaning

-We all have the opportunities to express ourselves, give meaning and know your goal through your lifetime

-we all contribute something to someone, memories, teachings, feelings and more, that could help them gain knowledge and experiences

that either develops them for their future , or the opposite.

• Freedom therefore,the very core and door(the way) for authentic existence.

• (Now) Authentic existence (the fulfilled life) is realized only in deeds that are committed alone.

-kapag nasatisfied tayu sa mag isa nating ginawa o nagawa, and magagawa o nagagawa natin yun dahil sa freedom.

• The person is what one has done and is doing

-Ikaw po yun, kung anu yung ginawa or nagawa mo;vv

Human beings who tried to escape one's obligations and strives to be excused (like yung mga nagsasabing ganto ako pinanganak, "i was

born that way" is acting on bad faith (they intent to deceive) (mauvais foi)- a philosophy in existentialism

-because nobody will ever take the blame or responsibility of you other than yourself, it will still be up to you if you want to be affected by

your surroundings and what they are used to

• Sartre emphasizes the importance of free individual choice

- That is no longer the concern of people who have the power to influence and coerce(force) desires, beliefs, and decisions.

• To be human, to be conscious, is to be free

- Freedom to run your imagination, to choose, and be responsible to one's life.

GUIDED LEARNING (1 BONUS to the quiz):

Explain Jean Paul Sartre's belief: "Human being is free, human being is freedom"

F. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

• Famous influential philosophers of the french enlightenmentt in the 18th century

- he is one of the most famous influential philosophers of the french enlightenment in the 18th century

• In his book, The social Contract, he elaborated his theory of human nature.

- He elaborated his theory of human nature in one of his books, The Social Contract

• In Rousseau, a new era of sentimental piety found its beginning

- a hypertrophy of sentiments (the view or an opinion) that makes the whole spiritual life of a person be based on emotions and sensations

(following instincts orrr, feelings to something,?)

• According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the state owes its origin to a social contract freely entered into by its members.

-so, it is voluntary to be part of it

-Both of them differed in their interpretations, for Hobbes developed his idea in favor of absolute monarchy and Rousseau interpreted the

idea of absolute democracy and individualism.

•They both have one thing in common:

that is Human beings have to form a community or civil community to protect themselves from one another.

-Saying the nature of human beings is to wage war against one another, they tend toward self-preservation, then it comes to, they should

have a free mutual agreement to protect themselves

• Hobbes thinks that humanity founded the state with its sovereign power of control by means of a mutual consent (agreement)

- to end the continuous and self-destructive condition of warfare ( conflicts)

•(and) Roussueau believes that human being is born free and good

-he got chained up and has become "bad" due to the evil influence of society, civilization, learning, and progress, and from these come

dissension (disagreement), conflict, fraud (deceit),

- a human being lost his origin goodness, his primitive tranquility of spirit, he came to form the state through the social contract in order to

return peace and bring his freedom back as he returned to his true self, whereby everyone grants his individual rights to the general will.

-The term "Social Contract" is a philosophical fiction (metaphor) and a certain way of looking at a society of collections of free wills of

agreeable individuals