Design of sections for Flexure

1
Prestressed Concrete
CENG 518

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

2 Flexural design Criteria
 There are two criteria which need to satisfy.
➢ Serviceability (under service loads)
➢ Ultimate (under factored loads)
 The computed maximum stress at service loads must not exceed the allowable limits, and
also the deformations should remain below permissible limits.
 The ultimate conditions ensure strength of members ≥ the factored load effect

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

3 Limit for Eccentricity

 For the design of prestressing for a given member, the unknown are P and e.
 P depends upon e.
 Thus, “e” plays an important role in design.

𝑓 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟

𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 ቊ 𝑐𝑖
𝑓𝑡𝑖 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝑓 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
Final ቊ 𝑐𝑠
𝑓𝑡𝑠 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

4 a) Initial Condition [Prestress + Self Weight]
𝑃𝑖 𝑀𝑝𝑖 𝑀𝑜
𝑓𝑡 = − + − ≤ 𝑓𝑡𝑖 (𝑇𝑜𝑝) (1)
𝐴𝑐 𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑖 𝑀𝑝𝑖 𝑀𝑜
𝑓𝑏 = − − + ≥ −𝑓𝑐𝑖 (𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) (2)
𝐴𝑐 𝑠𝑏 𝑠𝑏

b) Final Condition [Prestress + Self Weight + All

other loads]
𝑃𝑒 𝑀𝑝𝑒 𝑀𝑡
𝑓𝑡 = − + − ≥ −𝑓𝑐𝑠 (𝑇𝑜𝑝) (3)
𝐴𝑐 𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑒 𝑀𝑝𝑒 𝑀𝑡
𝑓𝑏 = − − + ≤ 𝑓𝑡𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 (4)
𝐴𝑐 𝑠𝑏 𝑠𝑏

➢ Equations 1-4 must be satisfied in a design.

➢ For a given section and prestress force ‘P’, a range of ‘e’ values is available.
➢ Generally, “e” is assumed first and then P is determined by satisfying Equations 1-4.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

5

 Often, for a given section and Pi , Equation 1 controls the value of ‘e’.
 Equation 1 can be written as,
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑒 𝑀𝑜
− + − ≤ 𝑓𝑡𝑖
𝐴𝑐 𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑖
𝐿𝑒𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖
𝐴𝑐
𝑃𝑖 𝑒 ≤ 𝑓𝑡𝑖 + 𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖 𝑠𝑡 + 𝑀𝑜
𝑜𝑟
𝑓𝑡𝑖 + 𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖 𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑜
𝑒≤ + (5)
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖
 In equation (5) 𝑀𝑜 , 𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑃𝑖 are all considered positive quantities.
 In other words, use absolute values of 𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑃𝑖

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

6

 In design, maximum e is chosen first and then Pi is calculated.

 The value of ‘e’ is usually controlled by the ratio of Mt/Mo (total moment /Self weight
moment).
 Smaller value of Mt/Mo (larger Mo) will permit higher value of ‘e’.
 The larger ratios will create difficulty with higher ‘e’ values at the initial stage and often ‘e’
may have to be reduced.
 For a given design problem, a wide range of values of ‘e’ exist as possible solutions.
 Obviously, smallest ‘P’ with largest ‘e’ is the most economical solution, as P decreases with
higher ‘e’.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

7 Adequacy of beam section
 For selected section, it is necessary to find first if the section is adequate (i. e. can the section be
used).
 By using equation 1-4 (necessary conditions) it is possible to write conditions to check the
adequacy of the section.
 Stress at Top
 Initial
𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1 𝑀𝑜
− 1− 2 − ≤ 𝑓𝑡𝑖
𝐴𝑐 𝑟 𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1 𝑀𝑜
− 1 − 2 ≤ 𝑓𝑡𝑖 + 1
𝐴𝑐 𝑟 𝑠𝑡
 Final
𝑅𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1 𝑀𝑡 𝑃𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
− 1− 2 − ≥ −𝑓𝑐𝑠 𝑅= =
𝐴𝑐 𝑟 𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑖 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1 1 𝑀𝑡
− 1− 2 ≥ −𝑓𝑐𝑠 + 2
𝐴𝑐 𝑟 𝑅 𝑠𝑡

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

  Comparing (1) & (2)
8 1 𝑀𝑡 𝑀𝑜
−𝑓𝑐𝑠 + ≤ 𝑓𝑡𝑖 +
𝑅 𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡
 Simplifying
𝑀𝑡 − 𝑅𝑀𝑜
𝑠𝑡 ≥ 𝑓𝑐𝑠 , 𝑓𝑡𝑖 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑓𝑐𝑠 + 𝑅𝑓𝑡𝑖
 Stress at Bottom
➢ Using the equations, one for initial and other or the final condition and proceeding as above,
𝑀𝑡 − 𝑅𝑀𝑜
𝑠𝑏 ≥
𝑓𝑡𝑠 + 𝑅𝑓𝑐𝑖
 Thus, for a given section, the values of 𝑠𝑡 and 𝑠𝑏 can be checked with the required
minimum values of 𝑠𝑡 and 𝑠𝑏 for known values of Mo and Mt.
 Note that equations for 𝑠𝑡 and 𝑠𝑏 are independent of Mp(=P.e). The vales of P and e are not
necessary to determine the adequacy of a section.
 Thus, it is important to know that a section may be OK for a given Mt but may not work for
another Mt (regardless of P and e)

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

9 Example: A simply Supported beam of 21.3 m span will carry a load of
14.6 kN/m. Finalize the prestressing requirements in accordance with
ACI, using the following data:

 𝑓𝑐′ = 34.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

 𝑓𝑐𝑖′ = 24.14 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 Use 7 wire strands (∅ = 15.24 𝑚𝑚 ,Ap=138.7 mm2), Grade 270
 𝑓𝑝𝑢 = 260.8 𝑘𝑁 (𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)

 Properties
➢ Ac=292500 mm2
➢ Ic= 3.67 x 1010 mm4
➢ C1=563.5 mm
➢ C2=486.5 mm
➢ St=65.28 x 106 mm3
➢ Sb=75.625 x 106mm3

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518