Antti Aronen

Cenk Kocer

An enhanced
model of thermo-
mechanical
loading on a
Vacuum Insulated
Glazing
 With analytical thermo-mechanical
model can effectively estimate
stresses and deformations in VIG

2
Vacuum insulated glazing is two glasses combined
from the edge and vacuum gap between glass panes

3
 Analytical thermo-mechanical model
gives stress and deformation results
for simplified case of VIG

4
Temperature difference causes
stresses in VIG
• Hot pane expands and cold pane shrinks
relative to each other

• Rigid solder glass edge prevents relative

lateral movement which causes forces

• Force produces stress in glass sheets and

structure bends

• The stresses and bending depends on edge

constraints

5
Thermo-mechanical model for stress
External forces Thermal forces

𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥′ 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥′ 1 𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇′ 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇′

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = ′ + ′ 𝑧𝑧 + ′
+ ′ 𝑧𝑧 − 𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼 1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼
𝑁𝑁𝑦𝑦′ 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦′ 1 𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇′ 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇′
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = ′ + ′ 𝑧𝑧 + ′
+ ′ 𝑧𝑧 − 𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼 1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼

𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇′ = � 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝜃𝜃2 𝑡𝑡2 + 𝜃𝜃1 𝑡𝑡1

𝑧𝑧
1
𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇′ = � 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝜃𝜃2 − 𝜃𝜃1 𝑡𝑡1 𝑡𝑡2
𝑧𝑧 2
6
Deformations
The curvature of plate 𝜌𝜌𝑥𝑥 is depending on
thermal moment and moment of inertia

1 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥′ + 𝑀𝑀′ 𝑇𝑇
= −𝑤𝑤,𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = −
𝜌𝜌𝑥𝑥 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = � �
𝑥𝑥
1 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � �
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜌𝜌𝑥𝑥
0 0 𝜌𝜌𝑥𝑥 0 0 𝜌𝜌𝑦𝑦

7
Free case solution, if t1=t2=t and T2-T1=ΔT
0 0 0

𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥′ 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥′ 1 𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇′ 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇′

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = ′ + ′ 𝑧𝑧 + ′
+ ′ 𝑧𝑧 − 𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼 1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼
1 2 3
1 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸∆𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡 1 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸∆𝑇𝑇
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝑧𝑧 − 𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 4 𝑧𝑧 − 𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
1 − 𝜈𝜈 8 1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝑡𝑡
𝑡𝑡 3
12

𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇′
Edge stress 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = ′ 𝑧𝑧
𝐼𝐼

8
Stresses if t1 ≠ t2
𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡2 𝑡𝑡2 − 2𝑡𝑡1
Surface 1 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝑡𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑡2 2
𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡2 4𝑡𝑡12 − 𝑡𝑡1 𝑡𝑡2 + 𝑡𝑡22
Surface 2 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝑡𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑡2 3 t1=t and t2=2t
𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡1 𝑡𝑡12 − 𝑡𝑡1 𝑡𝑡2 + 4𝑡𝑡22 T2-T1=ΔT
Surface 3 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = −
1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝑡𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑡2 3
𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡1 𝑡𝑡1 − 2𝑡𝑡2
Surface 4 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = −
1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝑡𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑡2 2
𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡12 + 6𝑡𝑡1 𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑡22
Surface 1 at the edge 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = −
2 𝑡𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑡2 2
𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡12 − 6𝑡𝑡1 𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑡22
Surface 4 at the edge 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = −
2 𝑡𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑡2 2

9
 Example cases for analytic vs. FEM comparison
Glass size: 350 x 500 mm2
x Glass thicknesses: t1= 4 mm (cold), t2 = 6 mm (hot)
Temperature difference between panes: 10 °C

In analytic solution:
y
- No gap
Stresses are along diagonal line - Temperature is uniform over one pane.

In FEM solution:
- Gap is 0,2 mm with pillars
- Temperature is uniform over one pane.

10
Analytical results of stresses are good
comparing to FEM results

y
Stresses are along diagonal line

11
Analytical result of deformation is good
comparing to FEM results
0,6
Deformation [mm]

0,5 x
0,4

0,3

0,2 y
0,1 Results are along diagonal line

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Distance [mm]

FEM Free Analytical Free

12
 Analytical solution gives good results
for freely supported case

13
 Analytical solution can be solved also
for simply supported and fixed cases

14
Simply supported and fixed cases are special
cases for free case

𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥′ 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥′ 1 𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇′ 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇′ • Trigonometric series solution

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = ′ + ′ 𝑧𝑧 + ′
+ ′ 𝑧𝑧 − 𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼 1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼 ∞ ∞
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = � � 𝑤𝑤𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = ′ − 𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑚𝑚=1,3,5,… 𝑛𝑛=1,3,5,…
∞ ∞
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 1
𝑀𝑀′𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷 2
+ 𝜈𝜈 − 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇 = � � 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2 1 − 𝜈𝜈
𝑚𝑚=1,3,5,… 𝑛𝑛=1,3,5,…
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 1
𝑀𝑀′𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷 2
+ 𝜈𝜈 − 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇
𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 1 − 𝜈𝜈
w, Mx, My and Mxy are edge
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 constraint dependent
𝑀𝑀′𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝐷𝐷
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦
15
For simply supported case deformations and
stresses has simple solution
∞ ∞
1 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = � � 2 2 cos 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦
1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝐷𝐷 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 + 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛
𝑚𝑚=1,3,5,… 𝑛𝑛=1,3,5,… -b/2
∞ ∞
𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛2
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = − � � cos 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦 x
2
𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 + 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛2 -a/2 a/2
𝑚𝑚=1,3,5,… 𝑛𝑛=1,3,5,…
∞ ∞
2
𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = − � � 2 cos 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦
𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 + 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛2 y b/2
𝑚𝑚=1,3,5,… 𝑛𝑛=1,3,5,…
∞ ∞
𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = � � 2 sin 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦
𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 + 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛2
𝑚𝑚=1,3,5,… 𝑛𝑛=1,3,5,…

𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥′ 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥′ 1 𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇′ 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇′ VIG

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = ′ + ′ 𝑧𝑧 + + ′ 𝑧𝑧 − 𝐸𝐸𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼 1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝐴𝐴′ 𝐼𝐼
16
 Simply supported case has high shear stress
10 12
S1_SX_FEM 10 S2_SX_FEM
8
6 8
S1_SY_FEM S2_SY_FEM
6
4
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]
4
2 S1_SXY_FEM S2_SXY_FEM
2
0
0
-2 S1_SX_A S2_SX_A
-2
-4 -4
S1_SY_A S2_SY_A
-6 -6
-8 -8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 S1_SXY_A 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 S2_SXY_A
Distance [mm] Distance [mm]
4
4
S3_SX_FEM
2 S4_SX_FEM
2
0 S3_SY_FEM
S4_SY_FEM
Stress [MPa]

-2 0

Stress [MPa]
S3_SXY_FEM
-4 S4_SXY_FEM
-2
-6
S3_SX_A
-4 S4_SX_A
-8

-10 S3_SY_A -6 S4_SY_A

-12
-8
17 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 S3_SXY_A
S4_SXY_A
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Distance [mm]
Distance [mm]
Solution for fixed case is more complex
𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦
∞ ∞
1 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= � � 2 cos 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦
1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝐷𝐷 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 + 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛2
𝑚𝑚=1,3,5,… 𝑛𝑛=1,3,5,…
∞
1 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚
− � (𝛼𝛼 𝑦𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 -b/2
2𝐷𝐷 2
𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 cosh 𝛾𝛾𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚=1,3,5,…
-a/2 a/2 x
− 𝛾𝛾𝑚𝑚 tanh 𝛾𝛾𝑚𝑚 cosh 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦) cos 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥
∞
1 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛
− � 𝛽𝛽 𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 − 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛 tanh 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛 cosh 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦 b/2
2𝐷𝐷 𝛽𝛽𝑛𝑛2 cosh 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑚𝑚=1,3,5,…
y
Extra terms from edge constraints
Frame

Similar extra terms to moments

VIG
18
Fixed case uniform stress over each pane

19
Deformation results of analytical solution are
good comparing to FEM results

20
 Analytical solution gives good results
with different boundary conditions

21
 Analytical solution with uniform
temperatures is a worst case
comparing to non-uniform glass
temperature

22
 Simplified analytical vs. FEM solution with heat
transfer coefficients on surfaces
Glass size: 350 x 500 mm2
x Glass thicknesses: t1= 4 mm (cold), t2 = 6 mm (hot)
Temperature difference between panes: 10 °C

In analytic solution:
y
- No gap
Stresses are along diagonal line - Temperature is uniform over one pane.

23
In FEM solution:
Temperature [°C]

21
19 - Gap is 0,2 mm with pillars
17 - Cold side HTC 23 W/m2K and hot side HTC 8 W/m2K.
15
13 - Cold air temperature 10 °C and hot air temperature 20 °C
11 - VIG U-value is 0.42 W/m2K
9
7
0 100 200 300
23 Distance [mm]
Free case
8 6

6 5
S1_SX_FEM S2_SX_FEM
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]
4
4 S1_SY_FEM S2_SY_FEM
3
2 S1_SXY_FEM S2_SXY_FEM
S1_SX_A 2 S2_SX_A
0
S1_SX_HTC 1 S2_SX_HTC
-2 S1_SY_HTC 0 S2_SY_HTC
-4 S1_SXY_HTC -1 S2_SXY_HTC
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
Distance [mm] Distance [mm]
2 4
1
S3_SX_FEM 3
Stress [MPa]

0 S4_SX_FEM

Stress [MPa]
-1 S3_SY_FEM 2 S4_SY_FEM
-2 S3_SXY_FEM S4_SXY_FEM
1
-3 S3_SX_A S4_SX_A
0
-4 S3_SX_HTC S4_SX_HTC
-5 S3_SY_HTC -1 S4_SY_HTC
-6 S3_SXY_HTC -2 S4_SXY_HTC
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
24 Distance [mm] Distance [mm]
 Simply supported
8 S1_SX_FEM 12 S2_SX_FEM
6 S1_SY_FEM 10 S2_SY_FEM
4
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]
S1_SXY_FEM 8 S2_SXY_FEM
2
S1_SX_A 6 S2_SX_A
0
S1_SY_A 4 S2_SY_A
-2
S1_SXY_A 2 S2_SXY_A
-4
S1_SX_HTC 0 S2_SX_HTC
-6
S1_SY_HTC S2_SY_HTC
-8 -2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 S1_SXY_HTC 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 S2_SXY_HTC
Distance [mm] Distance [mm]
4 S3_SX_FEM 4 S4_SX_FEM
2 S3_SY_FEM 2 S4_SY_FEM
0
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]
S3_SXY_FEM 0 S4_SXY_FEM
-2
S3_SX_A S4_SX_A
-4 -2
S3_SY_A S4_SY_A
-6 -4
S3_SXY_A S4_SXY_A
-8
-10
S3_SX_HTC -6 S4_SX_HTC
S3_SY_HTC S4_SY_HTC
-12 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -8
25 Distance [mm] S3_SXY_HTC 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 S4_SXY_HTC
Distance [mm]
Fixed case
8 8
7 S1_SX_FEM 7 S2_SX_FEM
6 S1_SY_FEM 6 S2_SY_FEM
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]
5 5
S1_SX_A
4 S2_SX_A
4
3 S1_SY_A
3 S2_SY_A
2 S1_SX_HTC
1 2
S2_SX_HTC
0 S1_SY_HTC 1
-1 S1_SXY_HTC 0 S2_SY_HTC
-2 -1 S2_SXY_HTC
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
Distance [mm] Distance [mm]
8 8
6 S3_SX_FEM S4_SX_FEM
6
4 S3_SY_FEM S4_SY_FEM
4
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]
2 S4_SX_A
S3_SX_A 2
0 S4_SY_A
S3_SY_A 0
-2
-2 S4_SX_HTC
-4 S3_SX_HTC
-6 -4 S4_SY_HTC
S3_SY_HTC
-8 -6 S4_SXY_HTC
S3_SXY_HTC
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
26
Distance [mm] Distance [mm]
Deformation results of analytical solution are
good comparing to FEM results
0,6 0,007
Deformation [mm]

Deformation [mm]
0,006
0,5
0,005
0,4
0,004
0,3 0,003

0,2 0,002

0,001
0,1
0
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0 50 100 150
Distance [mm] 200 250 300 350
Distance [mm]

FEM Free FEM Simply supported

FEM Fixed Analytical Free
Analytical Simply supported Analytical Fixed
HTC Free HTC Simply Supported
HTC Fixed
27
 Analytical solution always gives the
worst case outcome.

Except for small difference in the shear

stress

28
 With analytical thermo-mechanical
model can effectively estimate
stresses and deformations in VIG

29