Exponents and Powers Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, you will be able to : J dofine and identify base and exponent. © identify and prove laws of exponents. 1 apply the laws of exponents in simplifying expressions. 1 define standard form of a given number. a ‘express a given number in the standard form. Radha! do you know that the distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1.5 10m? Oh! Tmean to say 1150,000,000,000m,, Find the distance (in metres) of the farthest and nearest planet to the Sun.EXPONENTS We know that 343 4+3+3+3-=5 3 (read as 5 times 3) Repeated addition of the same number is known as multiplication, 5 Exponent imilarly, repeated multiplication of the same number is Base. known as exponentiation. Bx3x3x3x 3a Sis read as 3 to the power 5 or 3 raised to the power 5 or the fifth power of 3. The number of times a number is multiplied by itself is called theexponent (or index or power). For example : In 3, ‘3’ is called the base and ‘5’ the exponent. 3° is called the exponential form or power notation of 243. Similarly, 1000 = 10 = 10 = 10 = 10°. 10° is the exponential form of 1000. Here, 10 is the base and 3 is the exponent. Instead of taking a fixed number, let us take any integer ‘a’ as the base. We can write axa=@ (read as ‘a squared’ or ‘a raised to the power 2’) axaxaee (read as ‘a cubed’ or ‘a raised to the power 3') axaxaxazad (read as ‘a raised to the power 4’ or ‘the 4th power ofa’) axaxb*bxb=a BF (read as ‘a squared b cubed’) Exampue 1: Express 64 as a power of 2. Soumow: 64 = 2x 2x2x2x2x I= Exawpie 2: Which is greater: 3° or 5°? Sowwnon: 3 = 3% 3%3%x3x3= 243 S25 x 5x5 = 125 Since 243 > 125, therefore 3° is greater than 5°, Exawpie 3 : Express the following numbers as a product of powers of prime factors : () 512 (ij) 900 Sowunion: (i) 512 (i 900 el 2 3 T 2 900 = 2%2%3*3%5%5 [ab ; - 512 =2«2%2%2%2x2x2%2x2=2° Example 4: Find the value of the following () 2x 10 (i) 8 = 2 Souunow: (i) 2x 1? =2*x2*2x* 10x 10 = 8 = 100 = 800 (i) 8 x 2 =3%3%2%2%2%2 =9x 16 = 144Exampue 5: Evaluate : @ a (i) 5 iit) (4 Sowution: (i) (© 2)°= 2) * © 2)x 2x 2x6 2=-32 (i) © 5) = (5) * 65) x 65) =- 125 (iii) (- 4) = (4) x © 4) x © 4) x 4) = 256 Remark : If follows from the above examples, that 1, if misan even number =1, if nisan odd number (yr = { Use Cordova Smart Class Software on the smart board in class to do all the Exercises. (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding) Express the following in exponential form () 7*7%7%7%7 (i) 3x 3x3%7%7 (ii) axaxaxbxb (io) 5x 5x txEet 2. Express each of the following numbers using exponential notation () 32 (ii) 81 (iii) 343 (iv) 125 3. Identify the greater number in each of the following (i) 2 or 5 (i) 8 or 8 (ii) 3 or 10° (iv) 7 or F 4. Express the following numbers as product of powers of their prime factors: () 324 (i 625 (i) 1080 (iv) 1800 5. (i) P x5 (ii) 8 «2B (io) 8 x 10° 6. Find the values of : @ Cp (i) (-5)* Gil) (AP * (2P LAWS OF EXPONENTS Law I: Multiplying powers with the same base Observe the following: () Bx = Que2" 2x (Qe2xQ2xDaAxWxAxIxIZeIxIaMa wes Gi) C3P * (3) = TE 3) * © 3) « [IE 3) * © 3) x © 3) * 3) = 3) * (8) * (3) * (3) * (3) « C3) = © 3)° = © BP ** For any non-zero integer a, where m and n are positive integers, Fea Law I : Dividing Powers with the same base Let us divide 5” by 5°. 5x5x5x5x5x5%5 BTEaE =5x5x5x5=5=CaF | C3*E3)*E3)*E3)x-3) or 3x3) = E363) *E3)= 63) 3K? For any non-zero integer a, where m and n are positive integers We have © 3y + 3f= Law III : Taking Power of a Power Let us consider (2°)* (2p = 2x 2x = (2% 2) « (2* 2x Ax Hea Ifa is any non-zero integer, where m and n are positive integers, then (a")" = a™ Law IV : Multiplying powers with the same exponents Let us simplify 5° x 2°, where two terms have different bases but same powers. Bix 2 = (6 x5 x 5) x (2x 2% 2) = (5 x 2) « 6 = 2) « 6 x 2) = 10 x 10 « 10 = 10° (10 is the product of the bases 5 and 2) Hence, Sx 2 = 10 = (5 = 2) For any non-zero integers a and b, where m is a positive integer, a” x b” = (ab)” Law V : Dividing powers with the same exponents Let us consider 3° + 4° 3 _ 3x3x3%3x3 _ @ dedxaxaxa ” 9" 3,3 4 Law VI : Numbers with exponent zero s Let us simplify 2. > Be 5x5x5 Sx5x5 ~ | ff) Also, Gas? Nig = o-3 oP fii) From (i) and (i, we have 5° = 1 Hence, we conclude that any number (except zero) raised to the power (or exponent) zero is 1. If ‘a’ is any non-zero integer, then (a? = 1 Exauete 6: Simplify : 2x34 x25 “9xa? () 8 +2 (PC@+6)+e Gi (iv) 2 « 5° x 4 @) PxPxs — @D @Sonn: (i) 8+ 2= QP+2 = +2 26-3 Pa2rx2x2=8 (i) @ + 6) + =6 2462 = 6+ = 6 +36 = 42 2x3hx2% _ 2x3*x2%_2x34 x28 (i) axa? a Ie 24x G2 aD Be =4x9= 36 (iv) 22x 5° x Pa-1 Kx T= (o) Dx 2x aD? x [ea 5 , [eat x b™ = @ « b)] 3 a (@ ie = a wo & [=F] Logical Reasoning Consider : (-5)" < 72< (-3)" Which of these could be the values of m and n? (a) mis any even number greater than 2 and m is an even number. (b)m is any even number and n is any odd number, (©) mis any odd number and n is any even number. | (a) mis any odd number and 1 is an even number greater than 2 (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding) Simplify and write the answer in exponential form () ¥ «3 (i) # x (iii) a x at (iv) 35 + 3° @ f= (vi) (6 « &) +6 — (ii) (29 (viii) (a°)* (a) 5 8 @ exh Gi) 7 + 6 (aii) (25° +25") + 25 (aii) 7 +7 (xiv) (9°)2. Simplify and express each of the following in exponential form : () (GP * 3) = 37 (i) 16 = (i = (io) Be 4 (@) (F * 7p i) 2 3. Simplify : x7? x13* (32) x5? © Sexa (as (i EXPRESSING LARGE NUMBERS IN THE STANDARD FORM Sometimes we come across very large numbers. For example (3) Mass of the Earth is 5,976,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. (ii) Distance between Saturn and Uranus is 1,439,000,000 km. These large numbers are not convenient to write and read. To make it convenient, we use powers. Observe the following 26 = 26% 10= 26x 10! Research Based 260 = 26 = 100 = 26 « 10° 2600 = 2.6 x 1000 = 26 x 10° 26000 2.6 x 10000 = 2.6 x 10* What is a googol number? How is a googol written as a power? 26000,000 = 2.6 x 10000000 .6 x 10’ and so on. We have expressed all these numbers in the standard form. Standard Form : A number is said to be in the standard form, if it is expressed as a x 10", where 1 F (HB> 5 Gil) 3°> 10" (iv) F> 7 4 2 HS Gi) Bx IS (i) BS 5. () 162 (i) 1715 Gi) 500 (iv) 9000 (0 6 1 O25 Gi) - 128 Exercise 4.2 LO @P Cie a3 @P we (oii) 2° ii) a ne (a) 40° @) @y a) 8 (i 1 Gai) Fs eid OF @4 1 GB Fe (C7 — (id = ei at" 3. 91 45 Gi) 400 Exercise 4.3 LOO MM ida 2. () 6506 (ii) 96157 (iif) 875469 (io) 4864469 3. (3% 1044 x 10 + 5 x 10°46 x 10! +2 « 10° © NCERT Exemplar Problems i> Exampte : Bacteria can di (i) 7 «10° + 8 «1085 «10949 « 108 + 6 «10! +510) (i) 510 +4 1045x1043 x 10+ 210 (io) 7 «108 +5 x 10° +5 x 10 +0 x 107 +4«10'+2% 10° 4, (i) 8 * 10! (ii) 4.1925 x 10" (ii) 4.80767 « 10° (iv) 9.304508 « 10 (0) 5.682026 x 10° (vi) 85597 « 10° 5. (i) 1496 10" m (ii) 3 x 10m (iii) 1.2756 « 10” m (iv) 3 « 10° m/sec 6. (i) 43560000(if) 725300000000 (iii) 7500 (iv) 20345000 (x) 19502100 Review Exercise AL@ 20 3@ 40 50 6@) 70 8%) %© 10@ BL) 26) 3) 44a) CLs D7 (ii) (io 2(je (iM (ii) (io) 2" 3. (i) 80 (il) = 72 (it) 9000 4, (7) 4 (jf) 108 5. (i) 4.1257 « 10° (if) 3.19 « 10" (iif) 5.4601 * 10" (iv) 2.4 « 10” (e) 9.540689 « 10° 6. (i) 3% 10'+0x10'+ 4 «10 +0 « 10'+5 x10 (i) 6 10° +8 «10° +0 « 10°+4 « 10° +1 « 10 +510 +2 x10 (ii) 7 «105 +2 108+ 9 10? + 1 108 + 0 x 10! +110 7.2 vide in every 20 minutes. So 1 bacterium can multiply to 2 in 20 minutes. 4 in 40 minutes, and so on. How many bacteria wil there be in 6 hours? Write your answer using exponents, and then evaluate. ‘Sotution : Since, 1 bacterium can multiply to 2 in 20 minutes Therefore, in 20 minutes there will be 2 = 2! bacteria In 20 x 2 = 40 minutes there will be 4 = 2? bacteria In 20 x 3 = 60 minutes there will be 8 = 2° bacteria Similarly, in 6 hours £¢., 360 (‘¢., 20 * 18) minutes there will be 2°* bacteria