Comparing Quantities After completing this chapter, you will be able to : 1 Identify percentage as a fraction with 100 as the denominator. J convert a percentage into a fraction, a decimal, a ratio and vice-versa. 3 apply the concept of percentage in real life problems. J identify the terms : cost price (C.P), selling price (S.P.), gain, loss and overhead charges. 1 calculate C.P. and SVP. in order to determine profit/loss percentage. J understand the terms associated with simple interest ~ principal (P), time (T), rate (R) and amount (A). J calculate simple interest and amount for a given principal, rate and time. T5, therefore Akshay performed better These two ratios with 100 as denominator are called percentages. ‘Thus, percentage of marks obtained by Akshay is 75% and percentage of marks obtained by Ajay is 72%. ‘% reads ‘per cent’ means ‘per hundred’ or ‘out of hundred’, If an object is divided into 100 equal parts, then each part is w or 1%. 100 Thus, 1 = 1% ~ and 1% — 100% 100 100 Thus, a percentage is a fraction with 100 as denominator. In general, | = x% Exaueie 1: Rewrite cach of the following statements using percentage : (i) 8 out of 25 students scored above 90 marks. (i) 21 students are present in a class of 30 students. So.ution : (i) 8 out of 25 students means = 8 _ 8x4 32 4, 25" 25<4 “100 “2% ‘Thus, 32% of students scored above 90 marks. Now, (ii) 21 students in a class of 30 students means z 2 _ 7 _ 7*10 | 70 ee 30 ~ Wo = 10x10 ~ 709 = 7% Thus, 70% of students are present in the class.Converting a Fraction into a Percentage To convert a fraction into a percentage, multiply the given fraction by 100%. Exaupue 2: Express each of the following fractions as a percentage : o «3 Sowution : (i) 3 100 \e ($xr00} 60% = i) wie Converting a Percentage into a Fraction To convert a percentage into a fraction, first convert the percentage into its corresponding fractional form and then reduce to lowest terms. Exampue 3: Express each of the following percentages as a fraction : () 85% (ii) 15% it) 62% (iv) 9.5% . vo, - 85.17 ’ _ 153 Sowwnon : (i) 85% = 7535 (ii) 15% = h=35 an 62 2328 o, 95. 98 _ 19 i) 65% = 3° e100" 50015) 95% = T9q-FOo0 ~ 200 Converting a Ratio into a Percentage To convert a given ratio into a percentage, first convert the ratio into a fraction and then multiply the fraction by 100%. Exawpue 4: Express each of the following ratios as a percentage @ 3:12 (i) 4211 Soution : (i) 3: 12= = (Seam) = 25% e 12, 12 (i) 4: 1= 4 = (#0) = 36 4% Conver 1g a Percentage into a Ri To convert a percentage into a ratio, first convert the percentage into a fraction in its lowest terms and then express it as a ratio. Exams 5: Express each of the following percentages as a ratio : () 28% (ii) 35% (ii) 335% io) 17.3% 237 Sownon: () 28% = 2-27.25 (55% = SM 11.29 100 20 (i) 334% = 2-2. «67. 200 2°" 2°" 3x00 ~ 200 175 _7 (iv) 175% = 100 1000 40Converting a Decimal into a Percentage To convert a decimal into a percentage, write the decimal as a fraction and then multiply the fraction by 100%. Exampie 6 : Express each of the following decimals as a percentage : () 0.25 (ii) 0.004 25 5 4 Sownon : () 0.25 = 25-25 » 100% = 25% (if) 0.004 = 7 Converting a Percentage into a Decimal To convert a percentage into a decimal, write the percentage as a fraction with denominator 100 and remove the % sign. This is equivalent to shifting the decimal point two places to the left. Examp.e 7: Express each of the following percentages as a decimal (i) 79% (ii) 135% (iii) 678% (io) 94% 2 = 135 Sowurion : (i) 79% = 755" 0.79 (ii) 135% = 7957138 = 78, jv) 94% = 32.4 29.95% = 275. (ii 67.8% = FS = 0.678 (G0) 95% = Zo = 9.25% = 75° = 0.0925 ONE QUANTITY AS A PERCENTAGE OF ANOTHER In order to express one quantity as a percentage of another, we divide the first quantity by the second and then multiply by 100%. (Make sure both values have the same unit). quant Other quantity Percentage = ( ~100 Exaupte 8: Express (i) 80 paise as a percentage of %4 (ii) 40 seconds as a percentage of 5 minutes (iii) 400 grams as a percentage of 2 kilograms (iv) 6 months as a percentage of 2 years Sowwnion : (i) 80 paise as a percentage of T4 = 80 paise as a percentage of 400 paise [+ @1 = 100 paise] 4 (3 ~100 = 20% (ii) 40 seconds as a percentage of 5 minutes = 40 seconds as a percentage of 300 seconds - ($100) = 8% «134% 1 minute = 60 seconds} 300 3 (iii) 400 grams as a percentage of 2 kilograms = 400 grams as a percentage of 2000 grams 1 kg = 1000 g] = (40 100 )op = -(& 100 20%{iv) 6 months as a percentage of 2 years = 6 months as a percentage of 24 months ['- 1 year = 12 months] (x1 % = 25% 24 Exampte 9: What per cent is : (i) 20 kg of 50 kg? (if) 15 mil of a litre? (iii) 120 cm of 2 m? (iv) 160 m of 5 km? Sowrion : (i) Required percentage = (2 ~100) = 40% (ii) Required percentage = (5 ~100} = 15% [+ 1 litre = 1000 mi] 1 (iii) Required percentage - (RR 100) = 60% [+ 1m = 100 cm} 160, (iv) Required percentage = (4 1 km = 1000 m] Examete 10 : Find a number whose : (i) 15% is 225. (ii) 13% is 65. (iii) 40% is 600. Sowurion : (i) 15% of a number is 225. 225 100 = 1500 [ ‘Other quantity = See tuantity -10| . Required numbe: percentage 15 (ii) 13% of a number is 65. Required number = $100 = 500 (iii) 40% of a number is 600. Required number = S92100 = 1500 FINDING A PERCENTAGE OF A GIVEN QUANTITY To find a percentage of a given quantity, first convert the percentage into a fraction and then multiply by the given quantity. For example : Aniket scored 60% marks in an examination out of 300. Then, 60% of 300 = 300 = 180 Thus, Aniket scored 180 marks out of 300. Exaueue 11 : Find : (i) 33% of 660 (ii) 64% of 7600 (iii) 12% of 400 kg 33 2178 Soturion : (i) 33% of 660 = 755 *660 = > = 2178 (i), 64% of 2600 = 7 P4600 = z384 (iii) 12% of 400 kg = 2 Ta" 100 kg = 48 kgINCREASE OR DECREASE AS PERCENT Sometimes we need to know the increase (or decrease) in a certain quantity as percentage. For example: If the number of students in a class increased from 100 to 110, then the increase in the number of students can be understood as 10%. Exampie 12 : A 20 cricket team won 6 games this year against 4 games won last year. What is the percent increase? Sotution : The increase in number of wins = 6 - 4=2 amount of change 100 original amount Percentage increase = __ increase in the number of wins 19 _ 2 199 sq original number of wins 4 Exanpie 13 : The number of illiterate persons in a country decreased from 150 lakhs to 100 lakhs in 10 years. What is the percentage of decrease? So.uvio ; Original amount = The number of illiterate persons initially = 150 lakhs Amount of change = decrease in the number of illiterate persons 150 lakhs ~ 100 lakhs = 50 lakhs amount of change 499 _ 2 r00 338% Percentage decrease = 8 original amount 150 APPLICATION OF PERCENTAGE IN REAL LIFE Example 14 : Mukesh secures 65% marks in an examination. If he secures 520 marks, find the maximum marks. SowuTion : Maximum marks = Marksobtained 14) _ 520 , 199 - go Percentage 6 Exauete 15 : A man purchased 700 eggs. He found that 15% of them were broken. How many eggs were found broken? Sowwtion ; Number of eggs that were found broken = 15% of 700 = = * 700 = 105 ‘Thus, 105 eggs were found broken. Examete 16 : Ina school, 40% of the total number of students use school transport. If the number of students who do not use school transport is 420, find the total number of students in the school. Sowurion : 40% of the total number of students use school transport. ie, (100 — 40)% = 60% students do not use school transport. 60% of total number of students = 420 420 «100 60 ‘Thus, total number of students in the school is 700. Total number of students = 700 Exaupte 17 : Gurjeet’s monthly income is €16,000. If his monthly savings is 20% of his income, find his monthly expenses. 20. Sowurion ; Monthly savings = 20% of 816,000 = & 755 16,000 = %3200s: Monthly expenses = Monthly income - Monthly savings = %(16000 ~ 3200) = 12,800 Alternative Method : Monthly savings = 20% of his income Monthly expenses = (100 ~ 20)% = 80% of his income = 80% of %16,000 = 782 416,000 = 712,800 100 Thus, Gurjeet’s monthly expenses is €12,800. Exaupie 18 : 82% of fans at a cricket match support India. If there are 28,864 Indian fans, how ‘Sowution many people attend the match? Number of people attended the match = a x 100 = 35200 Thus, 35200 people attended the match Example 19 : A baker baked 500 cookies. 35% of the cookies were sold in the morning and 25% Sowution : were sold in the evening. How many cookies were not sold? Percentage of cookies sold = (35 + 25)% = 60% Percentage of cookies that were not sold = (100 ~ 60)'% = 40% Number of cookies that were not sold = 40% of 500 = a 500 = 200 Thus, 200 cookies were not sold. ExameLe 20 : A student has to secure 35% marks to pass an examination. Rohit secured 145 Sowution : marks and failed by 30 marks. Find the maximum marks. Marks obtained by Rohit = 145 He needed 30 marks more to pass. Passing marks = 145 + 30 = 175 175100 _ 35 Thus, the maximum marks are 500. Maximum marks = 500 Examete 21 : An alloy contains 42% tin, 33% brass and the rest zinc. Find the amount of zinc Sowution : ical Thinking in 800 g of this alloy. In the given alloy, tin = 42%, brass = 33%. Percentage of zinc = (100 - (42 + 33)}% = 25% Amount of zinc in 800 g of alloy = 25% of 800 g = 2% 800g = 200 g ‘Thus, the amount of zinc in 800 g of alloy is 200 g. Gopal, Gautam and Govind sat for a test and achieved 85%, 90% and 95% marks respectively. Gautam scored just one more mark than Gopal. How many marks did Govind get?Use Cordova Smart Class Software on the smart board in class to do all the Exercises. (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Applying) 1. Choose the correct options : (i) Which of the following represents 0.9 as percentage? (a) 0.09% (b) 0.9% (©) 9% (@) 90% (if) Of 50 balls in a bag, 25 balls are red, 5 balls are green and the remaining balls are white. Anil and Sanjay compare the number of balls based on the information given. Anil says that the number of green balls is 30% less than the number of white balls Sanjay says that the number of red balls is 10% more than the number of white balls. Who is/are correct? () Only Anil (b) Only Sanjay (0). Both Anil and Sanjay (a) Neither Anil nor Sanjay (iii) A total of 400 students appeared on a math competition. Out of these students, 32% got Grade A, 56% got Grade B and the remaining got Grade C. Based on the information, which statement is correct? (a) 24 more students got Grade B than Grade A. (b) 44 fewer students got Grade C than Grade B. (Q) 104 fewer students got Grade A than Grade B (@) 80 more students got Grade A than Grade C. 2, What is @ 3% of 74002 (ii) 25% of 2 km? (iii) 25% of 30 m? (ie) 15% of 500 12 (0) 80% of 130 kg? (vi) 20% of 2 minutes? 3. What per cent is : () 8 m 80 cm of 40 m? (i) 15 km of 50 km? (iif) 65 paise of T1? (io) 175 g of 1.5 kg? (0) 3 min 20 sec of 4 hrs? (vi) 18 mm of 2 em? 4, Find a number whose : () 75% is 225. (ii) 17% is 85. (iif) 45% is 90. (iv) 30% is 126. 5. Vibha scored 372 marks out of 600. What was her percentage of marks? 6. Ina class of 40 students, 32 are present. What per cent of students are present? 7. The monthly income of Aman is 224,000. If he spends 75% of his income, how much does he save? 8. In an examination, 85% of the children passed. If 1200 children appeared in the examination, how many children passed? 9, Rohan scored 50 out of 75 in English, 60 out of 85 in Hindi, 72 out of 90 in Mathematics and 84 out of 100 in Science. What was his overall percentage of marks? 10. Sunil receives 16,000 per month as salary. If he spends 212,500 every month, then find (his percentage saving (ii) his percentage expenditure. 11, An alloy contains 65% of copper and the rest zinc. What is the amount of zine in 50 kg of alloy? 12. A student has to secure 40% marks to pass. In an examination, Isha gets 65 marks and fails by 15 marks. Find the maximum marks.PROFIT AND LOSS The concept of percentage is also applied in buying and selling goods. Every businessman earns something when he sells his goods at higher price than the price at which he bought them. ‘The price of an item at which a shopkeeper purchases is called its cost price (C.P.) and the price at which an item is sold is known as its selling price (S.P). When the selling price is higher than the cost price (S.P. > C.P), profit is earned. Hence, Gain or Profit = Selling price - Cost price Since, profit is earned on the cost price (C.P), Gain ~100 i When, the cost price is higher than the selling price (C.P. > S.P), loss is incurred. Loss = Cost price ~ Selling price Loss Loss% = | —— 100 |% sat = (2-1) Sometimes, a shopkeeper has to bear some additional expenses such as transportation charges, labour charges, maintenance charges etc. for the items before they are sold. Such charges are called overhead charges. Thus, Effective cost price = cost price + overhead charges Exaupie 22 : Find the gain and gain per cent, when (i) Cost price = % 600, selling price = 750 (ii) Cost price = % 6000, overhead expenses = % 400 and selling price = €8000 (i) Selling price = € 1200, Cost price = = 1000 Sowrion: (i) CP. = 600, SP. =%750 Since, S.P. > C.P, so there is a gain. Gain = S.P. - C.P, = 8750 - & 600 = % 150 Gain 150 Gain% = +100 }% = | 22 «100 J% = 25% “" ( cP. 0} (i ) Hence, Gain = %150 and Gain% = 25%. (ii) Cost price = % 6000, overhead expenses = & 400 Effective cost price = % (6000 + 400) = % 6400 Selling price = % 8000 Gain = SP. ~ Effective CP. = & (8000 ~ 6400) = € 1600 . Gain ] ( 1600 ) a 1% = | ———___ x 100 |% = 100 }% = 25% SJ ( )° © (e400 35 Effective C.P. Hence, Gain = % 1600, Gain% (ii) SP. = 71200, CP, = % 1000 Since, SP. > CP, so, there is a gain. Gain = S.P. - CP. = %(1200 ~ 1000) = 200 200 100 |% = (= ) 20% Hence, gain = 200 and gain% = 20%. 5%, Gain iN% = coins « (St 100 |%Exampte 23 : Find the loss and loss per cent, when SOLUTION : () CP. = 700, SP = F658 (ii) CP. = % 3600, SP. = %3060 (iii) CP. = £3800, overhead expenses = €200 and S.P. = ©3500 () SP. =%658, CP = 2700 Since, CP. > S.P, there is a loss. Loss = CP. - SP. = % (700 - 658) = 742 Loss 42 Loss% = | 2°55 x 100 |% = | ——~100 |% = 6% 08s ( cr 100] (3 ) Hence, loss = % 42 and loss% = 6%. (i) CP. = % 3600, S.P. = 73060 Since CP. > SP, there is a loss. Loss = CP. - SP. = % (3600 — 3060) = % 540 540 % = 10 }% = 100 |% = 15% Loss% ss es ) 1 Hence, Loss = €540 and loss% = 15%, (iii) CP. = ©3800, overhead expenses = € 200 Effective cost price = % (3800 + 200) = 74000 SP. = %3500 Since, C.P.> SP, there is a loss. Loss = C.P.- SP. % (4000 — 3500) = 7500 Loss oy, = { 500. (123 100) (a 100] Loss® Hence, Loss = %500 and Loss% = rtm Exampie 24 : Radha purchased a second-hand bicycle for ¥ 1200 and spent & 300 on its repairs. Sowution : She sold it for 7 1860. Find her gain or loss per cent. CP. of bicycle = €1200 and overhead expenses = % 300 Effective cost price = (1200 + 300) = % 1500 SP. = 71860 Since, SP.> CP, there is a gain. Gain = & (1860 ~ 1500) = 360 . Gain 360 Gain% = 100 \% = (25 <100}o = 24% jain ( CP. } (= a Hence, she gained 24%, Example 25 : A shopkeeper buys 100 eggs for 2250. Out of these, 10 eggs were found to be broken. He sold the remaining eggs at the rate of 40 per dozen. Find his gain or loss per cent.Sowwnion ; CAP, of 100 eggs = €250 Number of eggs sold = 100 ~ 10 = 90 S.P. of 12 eggs = €40 SP. of 90 eggs =% (2-0) = %300 Therefore, S.P. = €300 and CP. = 250 Since, % (300 - 250) = &50 , 50 : 100} = (2 ~100 fs = 20% Hence, his gain is 20%. ExawpLe 26 : A shopkeeper bought a chair for 375 and sold it for ® 400. Find the gain per cent. Sowwtion : CP. =2375, SP. = © 400 Since, SP.>CP, Gain =S.P. - CP. = (400 ~ 375) = &25 % =(22x100\% = 22% = 62 Gains «(2 100) 3 = 65% Exanpie 27 : The cost price of 11 articles is equal to the selling price of 10 articles. Find the gain per cent. Sotution ; Let the cost price of each article be € x. S.P. of 10 articles = C.P. of 11 articles = @ 11x CP. of 10 articles 10x SP. = Tl lx, CP. = T10x SP.>CP, Gain = SP. - CP. = & (11x - 10x) = @x . Gain , 199 \% = («100 \% = Gain% = ( CP. 100) ( 100 10% To Find S.P. when C.P. and Profit or Loss Per cent are Given We can find the selling price by unitary method or by applying the formula. — {CPx (100 + Gain’) _ {C-P.x(100- Loss%) sr | 100 forse = [eRsem=temo Examp.e 28 : The cost price of an item is ®50. It was sold at a profit of 12%. Find the selling price. Sowution : Cost price = %50 and gain = 12% Let the cost price be % 100. Then, SP. = £100 + 12% of F100 = & (100 + 12) = F112 If CP. is 2100, then S.P. = 7112 112 IEC. is @1, then SP. = @95 12 «. Lf GP, is 750, then S.P. =& (2-0) = 856 Hence, the selling price of the item is 756Alternative method : 5.P. { CPx (100+ aint) 100 is «pacer =¢{ 2222) = 256 100 100 Exaupie 29 : Find the selling price of an article for which cost price is €750 and gain is 8%. Sowution : Cost price = £750 and gain = 8% Let the CP. be €100. Then, S.P. = € 100 + 8% of € 100 = %108 If CP. is €100, then SP. = @108 108 ICP. is €1, then SP. = 755 108 “IF CP. is 8750, then SP. = & {555 *750] = 2810 Hence, the selling price of the article is €810. CP. «(100 + Gain%) } Alternative method : S.P. = { 100 750 x (100 +8) Za) CP) Gain% = (S22 «100 x (2-100) By - 12% Hence, his gain per cent isExampte 37 : Narendra sells two cookers for % 2574 each. On one, he gains 10% and on the other he loses 10%, Find his gain or loss per cent in the whole transaction. Sowwnion : First cooker : S.P, = 2574 and gain% = 10% x 2574 «100 2574 «100 nel Sie | =< {faci - (ae) = 2340 00+ gain% (100 +10) 110 Second cooker : S.P. = 22574 and loss% = 10% [ 100 [2574 «100 25742100) {iar . aa - <( 30 Total cost price of two cookers = % (2340 + 2860) = %5200 Total selling price of two cookers = & (2574 « 2) = 75148 Since, C.P. > §.P, there is a loss. Loss = C.P. - S.P. = (5200 - 5148) = 752 Loss 52. | % = — «100 |% = 100 }% = Loss% (25 1 s (S % = 1% CP. 2860 (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Applying) 1. Choose the correct options : () A shopkeeper sells an article at a profit of 10%. If the article costs him 1960, then its selling price is () 22156 () 1125 (c) ®2165 (a) 21256 (i) By selling a watch for %1505, a man gains 2 of its cost price. What is the cost price of the watch? (a) %1290 (&) %1190 (9) 22190 (a) 1029 (iii) By selling an article for $1600, a shopkeeper loses 20%. For how much should he sell it to gain 20%? (a) 2000 () 22400 (9) %1400 (a) 1420 (io) The cost price of 16 articles is equal to the selling price of 12 articles. What is the gain per cent? o w2 een saan ostsean wate gin A chair is purchased for 700 and sold for €570. Find gain or loss per cent. A man purchased a sewing machine for 1250 and spent % 250 on its transportation. He sold it for £1600. Find his profit per cent. The cost price of 12 pencils is equal to the selling price of 10 pencils. Find the profit per cent, Parvinder sold a watch at a loss of 5%. If he had sold that watch for £27 more, he would have gained 7%. Find the cost price of the watch Find the selling price of a table, if its cost price is €1250 and loss is 15%. By selling a flower vase for € 600, a shopkeeper gains 15%. Find its cost price. By selling a wooden table at a loss of 20%, a shopkeeper makes a loss of %90. Find its (i) selling price (i) cost price. By selling 8 dozen pencils, a shopkeeper gains the selling price of one dozen pencils. Find, his gain per cent.Cri itical Thinking A cloth merchant sold half of his cloth at 20% profit, half of the remaining at 20% loss and the rest was sold at the cost price. Find his gain or loss per cent in the whole transaction. SIMPLE INTEREST Inevery day life, money regulates all our activities. When we need money, we have to borrow it from a bank or a moneylender with a promise to return the same after a specified period. At the end of that period, we not only return that money but also pay some additional money. This additional money is called the interest and the money borrowed is called the principal or the sum. The total money returned after that specified time is known as the amount. Thus, Amount = Principal + Interest. If we represent amount by A, principal by P and interest by J, then A= P + I Interest is paid in the form of a per cent per year (or per annum) called rate% per annum, denoted by R. The time specified to return the money is termed as ‘Time’ or T. Interest may be half yearly or quarterly. If the interest is calculated on the original principal throughout the loan period, then it is called ‘Simple Interest’ Let us find the interest on a sum of 5000 lent out for 3 years at the rate of 10% per annum. Here, principal (P) = ©5000, rate (R) = 10% per annum and time (T) = 3 years Interest on % 100 for 1 year = 10 10 Interest on @1 for 1 year = % 755 10 Interest on %5000 for 1 year = & | 795 *5000} = %500 and Interest on 5000 for 3 years = z( Principal x Rate « Time Thus, we see that, Simple Interest = y 700 _ PxReT ie, SL To Exame.e 38 : Find the interest on % 1500 for 2 years at 15% per annum. Sowvion : ++ Interest on %100 for 1 year = 815 15 Interest on @1 for 1 year = & 555 Interest on & 1500 for 1 year = % (B50) 15 Interest on % 1500 for 2 years = = (3. 1300%2} = 7450 Alternative method : P = 21500, R= 15% per annum, T = 2 years PKR*T (Somat?) = =| 5 Sl= “09 700 cuExawpte 39 : Find the amount on % 1800 for 1 year 8 months at 6% per annum. 20 5 Sownox : Time =1 year 8 months = 1 year + 75 year= 7 years = > years Interest on % 100 for 1 year = %6 6 Interest on 1 for I year = © 355 6 Interest on € 1800 for 1 year = & 755 * 1800 5 6 5 Interest on % 1800 for > =%| «1800«2 | =z 180 nicest on £180 for $ years = € (85418005) Hence, Amount = P + 1 = 1800 + 2180 = 21980 Alternative method : 21800, R = 6% per annum, T= year 8 months <1 years © =1 year+ © year 12, PxRxT _ | (1800%6 100 ( 100 Amount = Principal + Interest % (1800 + 180) = & 1980 Hence, the required amount is 1980. 5 ~ (2) y= ye S.L= 180 Exampie 40 : Mr. Mathur borrowed % 9500 from a bank at the rate hx, per annum for 24 years. Find the simple Interest. 1 25 SoLuTION : P = £9500, R= 125% per annum =="% per annum, 1 5 = 24 years = > y T= 25 years = > years 1 AP*R er -7(2e 255 ~3.3) = 2968.75 100 100° 22 Exaupie 41 : A sum of % 6050 is borrowed at 6.5% per annum rate of interest. Find the interest and the amount to be paid at the end of 3 years. Sownion : + Interest on € 100 for 1 year = 76.50 6.50 Interest on 1 for 1 year = & 759 6.50 -- Interest on © 6050 for 3 years = & 75g, * 6050 x 3 = €1179.75 Amount = Principal + Interest = & (6050 + 1179.75) = & 7229.75 Hence, Interest = €1179.75, Amount = © 7229.75Exaupie 42 : At what rate per cent per annum ¥ 2500 bring %375 as interest for 3 years? Sotution: P= % 2500, S.L. = %375, T= 3 years, R=? gy x PART _, ayy = 25003 = Jog 87° = 09 375 = g75-75R = R= = R=5 Hence, the required rate is 5% per annum. Exawee 43 : What principal will amount to® 9000 in 5 years at 10% per annum simple interest? Sowuton : R= 10% per annum, T =5 years gy. - PXR*T_Px10x5_P 100 1002 Now, A=P+I = zo000=p+b — SP -zo000 = 2 = p=e (2022) - econo Hence, the required sum is % 6000. Exampie 44 : Suresh lent € 28000 to his friend. He charged 12% per annum on % 20,000 and 15% per annum on the rest. How much interest does he earn in three years? SowuTiOn : Case I Case IT P =% 20,000 P = & (28,000 ~ 20,000) = € 8000 R = 12% per annum R = 15% per annum T=3 years T=3 years PxRxT PxRxT S1= “00 Sh = “09 20,000 «123, $000-15+3) y <| 100 } - <( 00 = 7200 = 3600 Total interest = % (7200 + 3600) = % 10,800 Hence, he earns % 10,800 as interest in 3 years. Exampte 45 : In how many years will 1000 amount to € 1300 at 6% per annum? Sowution : ~~ We have, P = 2 1000, A = 71300, R = 6% per annum. Let the time be T years. Interest = Amount ~ Principal = % (1300 ~ 1000) = € 300 _ PxRxT “100 7 1000 x6*T 100 300 «100 = oe 1000 «6 Thus, 7 1000 will amount to 1300 at 6% per annum in 5 years. SI. > 300Exaupie 46 : A sum of money doubles itself in 6 years. What is the rate of interest? Sowvion : Let the principal be €P and rate of interest be R% per annum Since, the money doubles itself in 6 years ic., it becomes %2P in 6 years. SI=A-P=%(2P-P)=8P PxRxT PxR*6 Now, SL = 00 =>P= 100 = = 10050442 6 3 3 Hence, the rate of interest is. 162% (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Applying) 1. Choose the correct options : (i Alina borrows some amount at rate of interest of 12% per year. Which option correctly interprets the situation? (a) On every 2100 borrowed, 210 is the interest she has to pay for one year. (b) On every 100 borrowed, 12 is the interest she has to pay for one year. (0) On every %1000 borrowed, 10 is the interest she has to pay for one year. (4) On every %1000 borrowed, 12 is the interest she has to pay for one year. (i) A man borrowed some money from the bank at 10% per annum simple interest for 5 years. He paid back %3600 to the bank and settled the account. What sum did he borrow from the bank? (a) 22340 (B) %2400 (©) 22001 (@) @2040 (iii) Mrs. Sood deposited 17000 in a bank at the rate of 12% per annum. If 30% is deducted as income tax on the interest, then the net annual income is (a) %2241 ( 1248 (© 157 (@) %1428 2. A sum of € 1800 is lent for 2 years at 12% per annum. Find the interest. 3. Calculate the simple interest on € 5600 for 3 years at the rate of 12% per annum. Also, find the amount to be paid at the end of 3 years 4, Sunil borrowed % 3800 from the bank at the rate of uh 1 per annum for 2> years. Find the interest and amount paid by him at the end of 24 years. 5. Harish borrowed % 15000 from Subhash at 16% per annum for 34 years. Find the interest and the amount paid by Harish to Subhash. 6, Surabhi deposited % 7500 in a finance company which pays 15% per annum interest. Find the amount Surabhi is expected to get after 5g years. 7. Priyanka deposited % 6500 in a bank which pays 9% per annum interest. She withdrew % 1250 after the end of the first year. What amount will she get after three years? 8. 1200 is invested at 8% per annum simple interest. In how much time will it double itself? 9. Mohsin lent a sum of money at 10% per annum simple interest and received an interest of 2160 in 6 years. Find the sum.10. The simple interest on a certain sum of money for 5 years at 10% per annum is € 196 less than the simple interest on the same sum for 4 years at 16% per annum. Find the sum. 1. At what rate per cent will a sum of £1200 amount to % 1600 in 6 years? 12. Anil borrowed a sum of %12300 for a certain period at the rate of 10% per annum and returned € 18450 after that period. Find the time for which money was borrowed by him. Critical Thinking MY — — —— ~~ --.____ Mf Simple interest on a certain sum for 5 years at 8% per annum is®200 less than the simple ‘terest on the same sum for 3 years 4 months at 18% per annum. Find the sum. Percentage: A fraction with 100 as the denominator is called a percentage. The sign % is used to denote percentage, Conversion of fraction and | | Conversion of ratio and Conversion of decimal and percentage: percentage: percentage: + Toconvert a fraction * Toconvert aratio intoa | | To convert a decimal into a percentage, percentage, first convert into a percentage, write multiply the given the ratio into a fraction the decimal as a fraction fraction by 100%. and then multiply by and then multiply by + Toconvert a percentage 100%. 100%. into a fraction, first + Toconvert a percentage | |* To convert a percentage convert the percentage into a ratio, first convert into a decimal, write the into fractional form with the percentage into a percentage as a fraction 100 as denominator and fraction in simplest form with 100 as the then reduce to lowest and then expressit as a denominator and then terms, ratio. express as a decimal. Percentage of a given quantity: To find One quantity as a percentage of another: the percentage of a given quantity, first one quantity convert the percentage into a fraction and Percentage = ra 100% then multiply by the given quantity. Percentage increase and decrease: Increase in value Decrease in value increase = MEESSEI NOME 100% , % decrease = TEE RYALS , 100% * Original value *'™”™ : Original value Profit and Loss: Simple interest: When selling price is higher than the cost price, a oe en profit is earned. When cost price is higher than the 100 selling price, a loss is incurred. + Amount= Principal + Interest + Profit S..~CP. * Loss = CP.-SVP. 100%Mental Maths Corner i> Find the percentage of the shaded part in each figure. For which of these is the percentage maximum? 2. * 3. (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Applying, Analysing) (Review Exercise iew Exer multiple Choice Questions : 1, 40% of students in a school are girls. If the number of girls is 150, then the number of boys in the school is (a) 225 (b) 250 (Q 275 (a) 350 2. Inan examination, it is required to get 33% marks to pass. A student gets 140 marks and fails by 25 marks. The maximum marks are (a) 600 (b) 500 (©) 750 (a) 700 3. A sum triples itself at simple interest in 10 years, when the rate of interest is (@) 16% per annum (b) 15% per annum (c) 20% per annum (d) 10% per annum 4, Inan examination, 92% of the total examinees passed. If the number of failed students is 24, the total examinees were (@) 250 (®) 350 (0 200 (@) 300 5. A shopkeeper sells 60% of the pens he had and still has 120 pens left. The total number of pens was (a) 300 (b) 250 (0) 420 (a) 350 6. Chalk contains calcium, carbon and sand in the ratio 12 : 3 : 10. What is the percentage of carbon in the chalk? (a) 21% (b) 12% (©) 10% (@) 3% 7. In an examination, Piyush scored 490 marks. If he secored 70% marks, what was the maximum marks? (a) 600 (b) 500 (© 700 (a) 650 8. Jyotsana bought an article for 71315 and spent %45 on its transportation. At what price should she sell the article to have a gain of 15%? (a) %1564 (b) 1640 (9) 1456 (a) %2160 [ilAssertion Reason Based : In the following questions, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answers to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (@) as given below.(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. () Ais true but R is false. (a) Ais false but R is true. 1. Assertion (A) : The simple interest on % 1000 for 2 years at 8% per annum is € 160. PxRxT Reason (R) : Simple Interest = “00 2. Assertion (A); Raj purchased a motorcycle for & 20,000 and sold it at 5% loss. Its selling price is & 19,000. Reason (R): Selling price = Cost price ~ Loss 3. Assertion (A): The ratio 1 : 25 as a percentage is 4%. Reason (R): To convert a ratio into a percentage, we multiply by 100%. 4. Assertion (A) : Loss of 10% means if the cost price is € 100, then the loss is € 10. Reason (R): _ If C.P. is greater than S.P, there is a loss. TAsolve : a After spending 45% of his money, a boy has € 176 left with him. How much money did he have in the beginning? 2. Ifa man were to sell his T.V. set for ©7200, he would have lost 25%. For what price must he sell it to gain 25%? 3. If 60% of the students in a school are boys and the total number of girls in the school is 360, find the number of boys in the school. 4. The population of a city decreased from 25000 to 24500. Find the percentage decrease. 5. I purchased a TLV, for % 12000 and sold it at a profit of 20%. How much money did I get for it? 6. By selling two watches for €780 each, Ravi gains 20% on one and loses 20% on the other. Find his net gain or loss per cent. 7. Riya returned a sum of 1732.50 against a loan at an interest of 5% per annum for a period of two years. Find the sum borrowed by her. 8 A sum of money doubles itself in 10 years. What is the rate of interest? 9. The salary of a clerk was increased by 10%. If his present salary is €8503, what was it before increment? 10, At what rate% per annum will the simple interest on % 6950 be 347.50 in five months? Case Based Questions j _ ‘Ona particular day, in a cake shop 49% of the pastries are chocolate pastries. The rest of them are butterscotch and pineapple. The ratio of the number of butterscotch pastries to that of pineapple pastries is 5 : 12. There are 204 more chocolate pastries than butterscotch pastries. Also, 43% of the cakes are chocolate cakes. The rest of them are cheese cakes and vanilla cakes. The ratio of the number of cheese cakes to the number of vanilla cakes is 1 : 2. There are 24 more chocolate cakes than cheese cakes. 1. How many chocolate and pineapple pastries are there in total? (a) 525 ) 495 (© 500 ( 510 2. How many cakes are there in total? (a) 120 (b) 60 (c) 100 (d) 80Real Life Connect » Liquefied gas is a type of fuel used in cars and other vehicles. After petrol and diesel, liquefied gas is the third most popular fuel in the world. Liquefied gas contains gases like butane and propane. The percentage of both butane and propane in liquefied gas varies from 100% of propane to 20% of propane. One litre of liquefied gas weighs 510 g in which the mass of propane gas is 357 g. What is the percentage of propane gas present in 1 litre of liquefied gas? Cross Curricular @ Given below are few Mathematical terms. 1. Find the ratio of consonants to vowels in each of the terms. 2. Find the percentage of consonants in each of the terms. Answers B® Exercise 7.1 L 0@ HO He 2 (9 TE Gi 500m Gi 75 om (iv) 751 (v) 104 kg, (vi) 24 sec 3. (i) 22% (ii) 30% (ii) 65% (io) 13% (e) 12% (ai 90% (300 (i) 500 (i) 200 (iv) 420 62% 6 80% 7. 6000 8. 1020 9. 76% 2 ee 10.) 215% (iy 785% 1 175 kg 12. 200 Exercise 7.2 L @O@ ()@ Gi)O) 4 2, 18 65% 2 185% loss 3. 65 4, 20% 5. %225 6.2 1062.50 7. 2521.74 8 t300, T4509, 2% Exercise 7.3 L OO) MO (ia j2 wn 3. €2016, £7616 | 4.€1977.50, %5177:50 5, T8400, £23400 6. 813968:75 7, %6885.30 hs. nk years 9, ©3600 10.2 1400 11. 55% 12. 5 years Mental Maths Corner 1. 66.66% 5. 75% 6. 50% Review Exercise A B. c) 2, 83.33% 3.75% 4. 75% @ 20 30 4@ 5@ (bt) 7.0) 8. (a) - (2) 2 (a) 3. (a) 73202, 712000 3. 540 boys 4.2% e440 6. 4% loss . T1575 8.10% 9. £7730 10. 12%= NCERT Exemplar Problems [> Exam 1: Sowution : Exampie 2 : SowuTion : Exampe 3: SowuTion : Bhavya ears © 50,000 per month and spends 80% of it. Due to pay revision, her monthly income increases by 20% but due to price rise, she has to spend 20% more. Find her new savings. Income of Bhavya = & 50,000 Expenditure is 80% of €50,000 = 2 x %50,000 = % 40,000 Increment of Bhavya = 20% of € 50,000 2. 50,000 = € 10,000 New salary = 50,000 + 710,000 = % 60,000 Expenditure rises by 20%. 20% of % 40,000 = aa x % 40,000 = 8,000 New expenditure = € 40,000 + 8,000 = € 48,000 New savings = New salary - New expenditure = % 60,000 - & 48,000 = €12,000 In an examination, there are three papers each of 100 marks. A candidate obtained 53 marks in the first and 75 marks in the second paper. How many marks must the candidate obtain in the third paper to get an overall of 70 per cent marks? TTo secure 70% in three exams students has to secure 2.300 = 210 marks. [+ Each paper is of 100 marks and there are 3 such papers} In first paper he scored 53 marks. In second paper he scored 75 marks. Let the marks obtained by him in third paper be x. Now, 53+75+x =210 Ee x = 210 — (75 + 53) = 210 - 128 = 82 Hence, student should secure 82 marks in third paper to get an overall 70% marks. ‘A memorial trust donates %5,00,000 to a school, the interest on which is to be used for awarding 3 scholarships to students obtaining first three positions in the school examination every year. If the donation earns an interest of 12 per cent per annum and the values of the second and third scholarships are 20,000 and %15,000 respectively, find out the value of the first scholarship. Trust donated %5,00,000 to the school. Interest on donation at 12% for 1 year = 12% of €5,00,000 500000%12%1 =e = € 60,000 Now 60,000 is to be distributed to top three position holders of the school. Let the value of scholarship for 1* position be &x. Value of scholarship for 2" position = & 20,000 Value of scholarship for 3* position = € 15,000 Therefore, x + 20,000 + 15,000 = 60,000 => x + 35,000 = 60,000 > x = 60,000 ~ 35,000 => x Hence,the value of the first scholarship is 25,000. 5,000