Congruence of Triangles After completing this chapter, you will be able to : 10 define congruence and congruent figures. 1 Identify congruence of line segments, angles, squares, rectangles, circles and triangles. 1 identify the corresponding sides, vertices and angles of two congruent triangles. 10 identify and apply SSS condition of congruence of two triangles. (0 identify and apply SAS condition of congruence of two triangles. 10 identify and apply ASA condition of congruence of two triangles. identify and apply RFS condition of congruence of two triangles. «Il Tick the figure with the same shape and same size. Shape Options LZ ee@CONGRUENCE Every figure has a shape and size. By simply looking at the two figures, we can decide whether they have same shape or not. To decide whether they are of the same size, we put one figure over the other. If they cover each other exactly, then the figures are of the same size and same shape. ‘Two geometrical figures are said to be congruent, if they are exactly of the same shape and same size. The relation of two objects being congruent is called congruence. Such figures can be superposed on the other to cover it exactly. For example : Two photographs of the same size from the same negative are congruent. A Two coins of the same year are congruent. Congruent objects are exact copies of one another. ‘The word ‘congruence’ is represented by the symbol ‘=’ and read as ‘is congruent to’. Thus, if there are two figures A, and A, then A,= A, means that figure A, is congruent to figure A,. CONGRUENCE OF LINE SEGMENTS ‘Two line segments are congruent, if they have the same length. Let AB and CD be two line segments. A BOC D We take the trace-copy of AB and superpose it on the line segment CD. If C coincides with A and B with D, then AB and CD have same length. Hence, two line segments AB and CD oD. Conversely, if two line segments are congruent, they have the same length. CONGRUENCE OF ANGLES Two angles are congruent, if they have the same measure. Consider two angles, ZABC and ZDEF. A D Ll. L.. are congruent and written as ABWe take a trace-copy of ZDEF and superpose it on ZABC such that E falls on B and ray EF falls on ray BC. If ray ED falls along ray BA, then ZDEF covers ZABC exactly and we say that two angles are congruent. Also, if ZABC = ZDEF, then ZABC = ZDEF. CONGRUENCE OF SQUARES ce, all the squares have the same shape and the size of a square is determined by the length of its side. Two squares are congruent, if they have the same side length. Thus, square ABCD = square PORS, if AB = PQ. B c Q R K D 5 CONGRUENCE OF RECTANGLES ‘Two rectangles are congruent, if their lengths and breadths respectively are same. Consider two rectangles ABCD and PQRS. We take a trace-copy of rectangle ABCD and superpose it on rectangle PQRS. We find that, it will cover rectangle PQRS exactly, if AD = PS and CD = RS. Thus, rectangle ABCD = rectangle PORS, if AD = PS and CD = RS. B c Q R A D P 3 CONGRUENCE OF CIRCLES We know that, all circles have the same shape and the size of a circle is determined by its radius. Gq Q We take the trace-copy of one of the two circles, say C, and try to cover the second circle C, If they are of the same radius, the circles will cover each other exactly. Thus, circle C, = circle C, if they have the same radii. CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES ‘Two triangles are congruent, if and only if one of them can be made to superpose on the other, 80 as to cover it exactly. There are six elements of a triangle which decide the shape and size of the triangle. Let us consider two triangles AABC and APORB c Q R where ZA=22 2B=2Q LC=2R AB= PQ, BC=QR, AC=PR Take one of the triangles, say ABC, trace it on a paper and cut it along its boundary. Now superpose this cut-out triangle on APQR by placing vertex A on P, side AB on PQ and side BC on QR. We observe that two triangles coincide with each other. Hence, two triangles are congruent. If, under a given correspondence, two triangles are congruent, then their corresponding parts (ie, angles and sides) that match one another are equal. Thus, we have Corresponding vertices : A and P, B and Q, C and R. Corresponding sides : AB and PQ, BC and QR, AC and PR Corresponding angles : ZA and ZP, ZB and ZQ, ZC and ZR. For congruence, we have to match the corresponding vertices of AABC and APOR. AGP BOQ COR This is called one-to-one correspondence between two vertices of triangles. It can also be written as ABC <> PQR. It also means AB <> PQ, BC < QR and AC © PR. To prove congruence of two triangles, it is sufficient to match three particular elements to be equal. Examp.e 1: AABC and AXYZ are congruent under the correspondence ABC <> XYZ. Write the parts of AABC that correspond to (i) XY (i) 2 (iil) XZ The correspondence is ABC «> XYZ. This means A<>X, BY and CZ. @) XY @ AB (i) Yo 2B (ii) XZ @ ACUse Cordova Smart Class Software on the smart board in class to do all the Exercises. (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Analysing) 1. Name six elements of APQR. 2. AXYZ = ARPQ under the correspondence XYZ <> RPQ. Write all the corresponding congruent parts of the triangles. 3. ADEF = ABCA, write the parts of ABCA that correspond to a (i), DE (ii) 2D (io) EF (o) DE 4. Answer the following questions and justify your answer. (Are the triangles equal in area, congruent? (ii) Are congruent rectangles equal in area? (iii) Are the squares having equal area congruent? (id) Are all squares congruent? (0) Are circles with same centre congruent? 5. In the given figure, ZBOD = ZAOC, prove that ZBOC = ZAOD. ic D CRITERIA (CONDITIONS) FOR CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES ‘There are four conditions to verify congruence of triangles. Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Condition Two triangles are said to be congruent, if three sides of one triangle are equal to the three corresponding sides of another triangle. Let us consider two triangles ABC and APQR, where AB = 5 cm, BC PQ = 5 cm, QR = 4.5 cm and PR = 3.5 cm. 5m, AC=3.5 cm, A P e a Sy sy & % 3 7 3 Bi 45cm S Q 45cm a We measure all the angles of these two triangles. We observe that, ZA = ZP, ZB = 2Q, ZC= ZR. If the corresponding sides of two triangles are equal, then their corresponding angles are also equal. So, all six elements of triangles are equal. Hence, AABC = APQR. This is called SSS congruence rule.Exaupue 2: In the given figure, it is given that AB = CD and AD = BC. Prove that AADC = ACBA. Sowtion : In AADC and ACBA, AD = CB (Given) ° Z CD = AB Given) AC is common. A c AADC = ACBA (By SSS congruence rule) Exaurte 3: In APRQ and APSQ, PR = PS and RQ = SQ. Prove that APRQ= APSQ. Rg Sowtion : In APRQ and APSQ, PR = PS (Given) RQ = SQ Given) P Q PQ is common. Hence, APRQ = APSQ (By SSS congruence rule) Ss ® Think and Answer > {Consider the triangles. x. B 75cm 75cm Sem hoe A C Y 29am Z Are the triangles congruent? Why or why not? Exwriz 4: In the given figufe, PORS is a paralelogtam. If two diagonals PR and SQ are equal, find ZRSP. R Sowution ; In APQS and ASRP, PQ=SR (Gides of ||gm) QS = RP (given) PS is common. é Hence, APQS = ASRP (By SSS congruence rule) = ZQPS = ZRSP (Corresponding parts of congruent triangles) But PQ || SR (Being opposite sides of parallelogram) ZQPS + ZRSP = 180° (Interior angles on the same side of transversal PS) = ZRSP + ZRSP = 180° (: ZQPS = ZRSP) = 2ZRSP = 180° = ZRSP = 90° B Exawpue 5: In the given figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = BC and BD is the median. Prove that AABD = ACBD. SowvTion : In AABD and ACBD, AB = CB (Given) BD is common Pees gie AD = DC (Median BD bisects the side AC) Hence, AABD = ACBD (By $8 congruence rule)(According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Analysing) 1. Choose the correct options : (i) In ABC and AXYZ, AB = 26 cm, AC = 3 cm, BC = 3.5 em, XY =35 cm, XZ=26cm A and YZ = 3 em. Are the triangles congruent? (@) Yes, by SAS criterion. (0) Yes, by SSS criterion. B 35cm (©) No valid conclusion can be made as the third side in cach triangle is not unknown. (@) No valid conclusion can be made as the angles are unknown in each triangle. (il) Consider the triangles given below: M a 6cm J ey J 2 BY ascm IN Tear ° Which triangles are congruent? (@) AABC and AXYZ. (8) AMNO and AABC (0) AXYZ and AMNO (@ AABC and APQR 2. In the given figure, AB = BD and CA = DC. A B c D (Is ABAC = ABDC? (ii) Is ZABC = ZDBC? 3. In AABC and AXYZ, AB = XY, BC = YZ and median AD = median XE. Prove that AABD = AXYE. A x B c Y Zz D E 4. In the given figure, PR is the diagonal of a parallelogram PQRS. Show that APQR = ARSP. 8 R Pp Q5. Give reasons to justify that the following pairs of triangles are congruent and name the correct correspondence. @) A 7m iB Pty ¢ em 5.5m 6. In the given figure, is ABC = ADBC? Give reasons. If yes, then write pairs of equal angles. ~ewenteR Time Q. Which triangles are coldest? A. ce-sosceles triangles. Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Condition If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the two corresponding sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. In short, this condition is written as SAS (side-angle-side). To verify above condition for congruence, let us construct two triangles ABC and PQR, where AB = PQ = dem, BC = QR =3.5 em and ZB = 2Q = 60°. A z & § & w wy BO 3.5m © Q o 3.5 cm. is Now, we measure the angles ZA, 2P, ZC, ZR and sides AC and PR. We observe that, ZA = ZP, ZC = ZR and AC = PR. Hence, all six elements (i, three sides and three angles) are equal. Thus, the triangles are congruent. Exaupie 6: In the given figure, PS and QR intersect at O and OP = OS, OQ = OR. (i Show that APOQ = ASOR. p R (ii) Write equal pairs of angles. ' (iii) Is PQ || RS? (i) In APOQ and ASOR, OP = OS (given) Q is OQ = OR (given) 2P0Q = ZSOR (Vertically opposite angles) Hence, APOQ = ASOR (By SAS congruence rule)Sowution : Exams 8 Sowution : (i) Since, APOQ = ASOR 220Q = ZSOR ZOQP = ZORS ZOPQ = ZOSR (iii) PQ and RS are two line segments. PS is a transversal intersecting them. ZOPQ = ZOSR (Alternate angles) = PQ|| RS Example 7: Prove that AABC is an isosceles triangle, if median ADBC. a In AABC, AD is a median. 5 BD = DC (given) In AADB and AADC, BD =CD (given) ZADB = ZADC = 90° (given) . AD is common. e D f AADB = AADC (By SAS congruence rule) = AB = AC_ (Corresponding sides of congruent triangles) Hence, AABC is an isosceles triangle. A : In the given figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. If P and Q are the mid-points of AC and AB respectively, > prove that CQ = BP. Given a AABC in which AB = AC B c : B= ZC (i) (Angles opposite to equal sides) Since P and Q are mid points of AB and AC, : QB = PC (ii) Now, in AQBC and APCB, QB = PC [From (ii)] 2B= 20 [From (i)] BC is common. . AQBC = APCB (By SAS congruence rule) => CQ-=BP (Corresponding sides of congruent triangles) (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Analysing) 1. Choose the correct options : oO CPCT stands for (a) Corresponding Points of Congruent Triangles (b) Corresponding Points of Combined Triangles (0) Corresponding Parts of Combined Triangles (@ Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles(i) Consider the triangles below. E u MP Q A Vio 707 4m << | S Xo, Fett yyo/Aem dem [tem aaa |” 60° 60? V cae S Ag N R Figure I Figure Il Figure Il Figure IV Which triangles are congruent? (a) AABC and AFEG (6) ABAC and AMNL. (© AMNL and AQRP (@ All triangles are congruent 2. Identify the pairs of congruent triangles from the following and give reason in support of your answer. Write the congruence in symbolic form. o A 7com B C. 5.2em (i) Pp = 8 PANN e™N QA R Bo ic 12.6 cm 12.6 cm 3. In AABC, altitude AD bisects BC. Prove that AADB = AADC. x Also, write equal pair of sides of these two triangles. | | B k c 4. In the given figure, PQ = SR and PQ || SR. Prove that APSR = ARQP. Is PS = QR? R LF A P Ss 5. In the given figure, AD is the bisector of ZA of AABC in which AB = AC. Prove that angles opposite to equal sides are equal. B b c6. In the given figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral and AC is a diagonal. Prove that ABC = ACDA. Is AB || CD? A 68cm 8B [xl D 68cm C Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Condition ‘Two triangles are congruent, if the two angles and the included side of one triangle are respectively equal to the two corresponding angles and the included side of another triangle. Let us construct two triangles as shown. iG R ad Ap Aso _ 607 4cm EB 4cm Q In AABC, ZA = 50°, AB = 4 cm and 2B = 60° In APQR, PQ = 4 cm, ZP = 50°, 2Q = 60°, We make a copy of AABC on a tracing paper and superpose on APQR with A on P, B on Q and Conk We observe that the two triangles cover each other exactly. Thus, the triangles are congruent. Remark : If too angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of another triangle, then third angle of both the triangles will be equal as the sum of angles of a triangle is 180°. The condition ASA {for congruence is also true for SAS or SSS. Examete 9: In quadrilateral ABCD, ZBAC = 50°, ZBCA = 25°, ZDAC = 25° and ZDCA = 50°. Is AABC = ACDA? Give reasons. B Sowurion : In AABC and ACDA, be, Po ZBAC = ZDCA (given) 4 AC is common. b ZBCA = ZDAC (given) Hence, AABC = ACDA (By ASA congruence rule) Exaupie 10 : AD is the bisector of ZA of ABC such that AD L BC. A Is ABC an isosceles triangle? Give reasons in support of your answer. Sowvtion : In ABAD and ACAD, ZBAD = ZCAD (AD .ctor of ZA) AD is common. B c ZADB = ZADC = 90° a te ABAD = ACAD (By ASA congruence rule) = AB = AC (Corresponding sides of congruent triangles) Hence, AABC is an isosceles triangle.Examece 11 : Sowution : Exampte 12 : Sowution = Exampie 13 : In the given figure, AB and CD intersect at © and OC = OD = 5 cm. Prove that AAOC = ABOD. A D sone] 5 b Bom Cc B In AAOC and ABOD, ZACO = ZBDO = 65° oc = oD (given) ZAOC = ZBOD = 35° (Vertically opposite angles) Hence, AAOC = ABOD (By ASA congruence rule) In the given figure, prove that AABC = ABAD. ES In AABC and ABAD, CAB = ZDBA = 30° AB is common. ZCBA = ZDAB = 75° Hence, AABC = ABAD (By ASA congruence rule) Which pairs of triangles are congruent? Give reason. 9 D 4om ‘eC iw 80° p40 60%, 7 . 4om c ) A RS P Xe & A A N BI ic Q aan R (ii7 30 7 QA AR 7m Sowtion: (j)_ In AABC, ZABC = 180° - (40° + 80°) = 180% — 120° = 60° (Angle sum property) Now, in ADFE and ACBA, ZDFE = ZCBA = 60° EF = AB = 4 cm ZDEF = ZCAB = 40° Hence, ADEF = ACAB (By ASA congruence rule) (i) In ABAC and APRQ, ZBAC = ZPRQ = 40° AC = RQ= 45 cm ZBCA = ZPQR = 50° Hence, ABAC = APRQ (By ASA congruence rule) (iii) In AYZX and APRQ, ZYZX = ZPRQ = 30° XZ = QR=7 cm ZYXZ, = ZPQR = 60° Hence, AYZX = APRQ (By ASA congruence rule) (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Analysing) 1. Choose the correct options : () Which triangle among the following is not congruent to the other triangles? 4 P 4cm — x ye x x X + oN 3.3cm 4cm Se R (a) AEFG () AXYZ (d) APOR (i) Consider the triangles. R A Oo 4cm cm A A he \ Saat Q 3.9m Figure I Figure IT Figure sit Figure IVWhich of the given triangles are congruent? () Figure I and II (b) Figure I and IV (©) Figure Il and IT (@) Figure I and IV 2. In the given figure, P is any point on the bisector of ZAOB. A M, Pp oO N B If PM 1 OA and PN 1 OB, prove that PM = PN. 3. A quadrilateral ABCD is such that the diagonal AC bisects each of the angles BAD and BCD. Prove that AC bisects BD at right angles Right-Angle Hypotenuse and Side (RHS) Congruence Condition If the hypotenuse and one side of a right angled triangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of another right angled triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. This is known as RHS condition for congruence of triangles. Let us draw two right angled triangles AABC and APQR. A P ‘Ss ‘S B ec R Fem . Fem In AABC, 2B = 90°, AC = 5 cm and, BC = 4 cm and in APQR, 2Q = 90°, PR = 5 cm and QR = 4 cm. We observe that ZA = 2P, ZC = ZR and AB = PQ. Thus, all the six elements of one triangle are equal to the corresponding six elements of the other triangle. Hence, AABC = APQR. Thus, RHS condition for congruence of two triangles is verified. Exaup.e 14 : State whether the pairs of triangles are congruent @ A (i) P L Qo+—k N M (i) Not congruent (ii) Congruent as QR = MN, PR = LN, ZPQR = ZLMN = 90°.Exam 15 : SowuTion = Exampte 16 : ‘SotuTION : Exampte 17 : SowuTion | Exampue 18 : SowuTion : In the given figure, PS L SR and PQ 1 QR, also SR = QR. Show that (APSR = APQR $ (i) PQ=PS P R (In APSR and APQR, 2PSR = ZPQR = 90° (given) PR is common. SR =QR (given) APSR = APQR (By RHS congruence rule) (i) Since APSR = APQR, i PS = PQ (Corresponding sides of congruent triangles) In ABC, AB = AC and AD L BC. Prove that D is the mid-point of BC. Given ABC, where AB = AC A AD LBC In AADB and AADC, ZADB = ZADC = 90° (given) Hypotenuse AB = Hypotenuse AC (given) 4 B c AD is common. D AADB = AADC (By RHS congruence rule) = BD = CD (Corresponding sides of congruent triangles) Hence, D is the mid-point of BC. In triangles XYZ and PQR, YX 1 XZ and YX = 7 cm, PQ 1 QR and QR = 7 cm To prove AZXY = APR by RHS congruence rule which other information is needed? In AZXY and APQR, ZEXY = ZPQR= 90% 3 XY = QR =7 cm For the triangles to be congruent, applying 7am Y 2 7am R RHS congruence rule, hypotenuse ZY = hypotenuse PR The mid-point M of the base BC of AABC is equidistant from its sides. Show that triangle ABC is isosceles. In AABC, BM=CM (Mis the mid point of BC) ME=MD (given) A ME 1 AB, MD 1 AC Now, in AMEB and AMDC, E P ZMEB = ZMDC = 90° . y cHypotenuse BM = hypotenuse CM —_ (given) ME = MD (given) . AMEB = AMDC (By RHS congruence rule) = 2B = ZC (corresponding angles of congruent triangles) = AC = AB (Sides opposite to equal angles) Hence, ABC is an isosceles triangle. (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Analysing) | 1. Show that the following pairs of triangles are congruent. Give reasons, @ R c NZ D ZN F 2. P is a point on the side BC of AABC such that PL 1 AB and PM 1 AC and PL = PM. Show that AP bisects ZBAC. 3. In the given AABC and ADEF, AL | BC, DM 1 EF, AB = DE, AC = DF, AL = DM. Show that AABC = ADEF. ID.I\ BOL c & M F 4. ABCD is a square. P and Q are points on DC and BC respectively, such that AP = DQ Prove thatAADP = ADCQ. 5. In the given figure, ADLCD and BCLCD. If AQ = BP and DP = CQ, prove that ZDAQ = ZCBP. A B D PQ iccoNcePt MAP ‘Congruence ‘Two geometrical figures are said to be congruent, if they are exactly of the same shape and same size. The relation of two objects being congruentis called congruence [ Congruence of line segments ‘Two line segments are congruent, if they have the same length. Congruence of angles Congruence of squares ‘Two angles are congruent,|__| Two squares are if they have equal congruent, if they have measure. the same side length. Congruence of rectangles ‘Two rectangles are congruent, if their lengths and breadths respectively are same, Congruence of triangles Congruence of circles ‘Two triangles are If the circles have the congruent, if and only if, same shape and the size one of them can be made ofa circle is determined to superpose on the other, |__| by its radius ie,, the radii s0 as to cover it exactly. of circles are same then they said to be congruent. ST Side-Side-Side Side-Angle-Side | | Angle-Side-Angle | | Right-Angle (SSS) Congruence | | (SAS) Congruence | | (ASA) Congruence | | Hypotenuse and Condition Condition Condition le (RHS) ‘Two triangles are If two sides and the | | Two triangles are Congruence said tobe congruent, | | included angle of | | congruent, if the Condition if three sides of one | | one triangle are two angles and the | | If the hypotenuse triangle are equal to | | equal to the two included side of and one side of a the three corresponding sides| | one triangle are right angled corresponding sides | | and the included respectively equal | | triangle are of another triangle. | | angle of another to the two respectively equal triangle, then the | | corresponding to hypotenuse and two triangles are | | angles and the one side of another congruent. included side of right angled another triangle. triangle, then the two triangles are congruent,Mental Maths Corner i> A. Fill in the blanks : 1, Two line segments are congruent, if they have 2. Two squares are congruent, if they have . 3. Two angles are congruent, if they have .. 4, Two circles are congruent, if they have 5. Two rectangles are congruent, if they have B. State true or false for the following statements. 1. If two figures have same area, then they are congruent. 2. Two circles with equal radii are congruent. 3. If three angles of one triangle are equal to three corresponding angles of another triangle, then two triangles are congruent. 4. Two squares are always congruent 5. If three sides of a triangle are equal to corresponding three sides of the other triangle, then the triangles are congruent. Review Exercis A [Xi muttipie Choice Questions : 1. The bisector of the vertical angle of an isosceles triangle bisects the base at (a) 60° (6) 90° (c) 30° (d) 45° (According to NEP Guidelines) (Understanding, Applying, Analysing) 2. If ADEF = ABCA, then which part of ABCA correspond to EF of ADEF? @ AC () AB (0) CA @) BC 3. In the given figure, if AB = AC and ZACD = 115°, then ZBAC = A 15° B cD (a) 55° (6° (9) 60° (d) 50° . ‘ ZABO 4. In the given figure, if AB = AC and OB OC, then [Gq is equal to @ 1:1 () 1:2 () 2:1 (@ none of these B c 5. In two right triangles ABC and DEF, if hypotenuse AB = hypotenuse EF and AC = DE, then AABC (@) EDF ()) ADEF (0) AFED (d) SEFD6. In the given figure, two triangles are congruent. The values of a and b are . In the given figure, PQRS > > (a) 80°, 50° (b) 100°, 50° (0) 100°, 60° (a) 90°, 55° [diAssertion Reason Based : In the following questions, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answers to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (@) as given below. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. A is true but R is false. A is false but R is true. Assertion (A) : All right angles are congruent. Reason (R): Two congruent angles are same in measurement. Assertion (A) : All isosceles triangles are congruent. Reason (R): _Isosceles triangle has two sides of equal length. Solve : In the given figure, ABC is an is a point on the side of BC opposite of A, such that BD = CD. Show that AD bisects ZA and 2D. In the given AABC, altitude AD bisects BC. Prove that ADI Write equal pairs of sides and angles of these two triangles. A poe 2ZPSQ = ZQRP and SPQ = ZROP. a quadrilateral in which PS = QR and PR = SQ. Prove that P Q Ss R In the given figure, DE = DF, BD = DC, DE 1 AB, DF AC. Prove that AB = AC. A 7 F B Cc5. State the condition by which the following pairs of triangles are congruent. @ A @ Q Bi D R s Cc al Thinking 1. Two equal chords AB and CD are drawn in a circle with centre B Cc ©. Show that AOAB and AOCD are congruent. 2. In the given figure, ABCD is a square. A is joined to X on BC and D is joined to Y on AB. If AX = DY, then prove that AX and DY intersect each other at right angles. is y ‘art Integrated Learning Spiral Triangles To create the design start with a large triangle. Then, cut out a triangle whose side is of the same length as of large triangle. Paste the side of the triangle along the centre of the large triangle, so that it covers half of the large triangle as shown below. Keep on creating smaller triangles with sides that match the previous triangle’s height to create a spiral. oo BEB | Create one more design of spiral triangles. Answers BD Exercise 11.1 Exercise 11.2 1. 2 22, & PQ QR PR 1 0® WM 2. X= AR LY= 2, Z= 2Q XY=RPYZ=PQ | 2. (i) Yes (ii) Yes XZ=RQ 5. () AABC = APQR AGP BOQCOR (ii) SABC = AQRR AG QBGR COP Yes, ZA = 2D, ZACB = ZBCD, ZABC = ZCBD. 3. ZAG) BC (ii) Bo) TA ©) BA 4, (@ No (if) ¥es (iii) Yes (0) No(o) NoExercise 11.3 3. Same measure 4. Same radii LOO G@ 5. Same length and same breadth 2. (i) AABC = AFDE (ii) Not congruent B. 1. False 2. True 3. False 3. AB = AC, BD = DC, AD common 4. False 5. True 4. Yes 6. Yes Review Exercise Exercise 11.4 AL®20 30 4 5d 1 @ Ge 6.0) Exercise 11.5 B. 1. @ 2. @) 1. () RHS congruence (ii) RHS congruence C. 2. AB = AC, BD = CD, ZADB = ZADC, Mental Maths Corner 2B = ZC, ZBAD = ZCAD A. 1 Same length 2 Same side length 5. (i) SSS (ii) SAS © Maths Lab Activity Bm ~~ Experiential Learning Objective : The diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles. Step 1: Draw a parallelogram ABCD on a sheet of cardboard such that AB || CD and AB = CD. Also, BC || AD and BC = AD. LST A D Step 2: Cut it along its sides and draw one of its diagonals say, AC. Step 3: Cut along the diagonal to obtain two triangles, AABC and AADC. A D Step 4: Superpose ACDA over AABC so that B coincides with D. What do you observe?