CHAPTER 4 - MUSIC

Philippine and Asian Music 75

Traditional Philippine and Asian Instruments
75--77
Solfeggio 77 — 79
Music Literature 79 81
Choral Work and Conducting 81 82

CHAPTER 5 — ART EDUCATION

83 — 87
Visual Arts and Its Elements
87 — 88
Three Languages of Artist Accdg.to Dudley
88
Four Principal Approaches to Art Appreciation and Evaluation Great
Philippine Works in Visual Arts 88 — 89
89 — 92
Painters and Sculptors and Other International Artist
MUSIC & ART: 50 Questions with Rationalization 93 — 108

PE & HEALTH: 100 Questions with Rationalization 109 —141

Bibliography 142 --143

Appendix: LET Competencies Major in MAPEH 144 —146
 Chapter 1: MAPEH

FOUNDATION IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Introduction
The legal bases in the development of MAPEH states that: Article -1 of
the International Charter of Physical Education and Sports, UNESCO, Paris
(1978) and Recommendation 1, Inter-disciplinary Regional Meeting of Experts
in Physical Education and Sports, UNESCO, Brisbane (1982). The practice of
physical education and sports is a fundamental right for all. And the right should
not be treated as different in principle from the right of adequate food, shelter and
medicare.

Article XIV, Section 19 of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the

Philippines states that:
 The state shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league
competition and amateur sports, including training for international competition, to foster
discipline, teamwork and excellence for the development of healthy citizenry.
 All educational institution shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the
country, in cooperation with the athletic clubs and other sectors.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MAPEH

 Physical activities were not organized.

 Physical activities were mainly to search food and depend on themselves to harm and
danger.
 Physical and biological activities were at its highest level.
Ancient oriental countries:
 Ancient China
 The people were concern about intellectual excellence and led a sedentary life. Their
concern was memorizing the teaching of Confucius, the Great
Teacher at that time.
 Physical activities, only for the rich, were Chinese classic show in music, dancing and
archery.
 Wrestling, polo, tug of war, kite flying and water games, jujitsu.
 The people felt that the cause of their illnesses was their sedentary life, so KUNG FU was
developed, a form of medical gymnastics.

India
 Concentrate solely on spiritual rather than physical activities.
 Their religious belief stress reincarnation of the soul before being united finally with
BRAHMA the supreme goal.
 Evidence of physical activities; Hindu dancing one of the oldest organized dancing
 Favorite pastime-throwing balls, dice, tumbling, riding elephants, wrestling, boxing and
dancing
  YOGA their greatest contribution, exercise in posture and breathing and involves several
positions to regulate and discipline the mind.

Other Asian countries near East countries:

The civilization of these countries marked the turning point in the history
physical education.

 All boys above six years old are subjected to a rigid training and entered
the agoge, which was a system of public compulsory training.
 The Physical activities consisted of wrestling, jumping, and running, throwing the discus
and javelin, hunting, horseback riding and marching.
 In Athens, individual life was not controlled so people enjoyed individual freedom.
 The objective of physical education was for physical perfection with emphasis on beauty
of physique.
 Gymnastic and music were considered as the two important subjects in the curriculum.
 "Palaestra" - were a building for exercise and a space for jumping and wrestling.
 Greece laid the foundation of the present Olympic Games, which was first held in 776
B.C. and continued every four years after.
 Greek philosophers, teachers and medical men who contributed to the worth of physical
education.
 Herodotus a physical education as an aid to medicine.
 Hippocrates a proclaimed the law of use and dis use of the body parts.
 Aristotle prescribes progression of exercises and recognized the
interrelationship of body and soul.
 Socrates •• gave emphasis on the importance of physical education in attaining
health in order to achieve one's purpose in life.
 Plato considered gymnastics and music as the two most important subjects in
the curriculum.
 Galen •• stated that physical education is part of hygiene and subordinate to
medicine

Physical Education in Modern Europe

Germany
 John Bernhard Baredon (1723-1790)
 Established the first school in Europe that offered a program where physical
education was a part of the curriculum.
 The school is called "Philanthropinurn".

 Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths (1759-1839)

 Referred as one of the founders of modem physical education in Germany.
 He wrote two books: Gymnastics for the Young and Games.
 Friedwich Ludwig John (1778-1852)
 Instilled in the youth a love for gymnastics because of his beliefs that physical
education is a means of aiding the growth and developmentm of children.
 Adolf Spiess (1810-1858)
 His thoughts about physical education:
  Physical education should be required to all students.
 It should receive the same consideration as other subjects in the curriculum.
 The physical education program should be progressive, from simple exercise
to the more difficult.
Sweden
 Per Henrick Ling (1776-1839)
 stressed that through anatomy and physiology, one would be better able to
understand the human body and its needs.
 Activities must be done and applied intelligently through scientific approach.
 Establish the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics to prepare teachers in
three categories of gymnastics: education, military and medical.
His objectives:
 To develop the body to its fullest extent.
 To restore health to the weak.
 To make the country strong to protect against aggressors.
 Lars Gabriel Branting (1799-1881)
 Spent his time in medical gymnastics.
 His teaching were based on the premise that physical activity causes changes
in the muscular, nervous and circulatory system.
Denmark
 Franz Nachtegall (1777-1947)
 Introduced physical education into the school of Denmark.
 First director of the Training School for Teachers of Gymnastics in the Army.
 Director of Gymnastics for All Denmark.
 Niels Bukh
 Introduced "Primitive Gymnastics".
Great Britain
 Great Britain is known as the home of outdoor sports that utilized a program of
organized games and sports. The English youth engaged in physical activities such as
wrestling, throwing, ridding, fishing, and hunting, swimming and skating. Football
was one the oldest among English nation sports.
 Archibald Maclaren (1820-1884)
 His work or books pointed out that the objective of physical education should
consider health as more important than strength.
 That physical training and mental training are inseparable.
 That physical education should be organized and administered: effectively so
that all its potentialities will be realized.
Physical Education in America
The national period in United States History began to recognize physical education as
important to American society, as shown in the following events:
 German gymnastics were introduced.
 Turnverein associations were organized.
 Building of gymnasium and formation of gymnastics and athletics clubs were notable.
 Normal School of Physical Education were established.
 Tennis was introduced in 1874.
 Golf came to America in the late 1980's.
  Bowling had been popular.
 1895 American Bowling Congress was organized. -
 James Naismith invented basketball.
 Dr. Dudley Allen Sargent was known for his work in teacher preparation
 remedial equipment: exercise devises. anthropometric measurements
 and experimentation as basis for activity and scientific research.
20th Century Physical Education Contributors:
 Thomas Dennison Wood introduced Natural Gymnastics, which gave more emphasis on
game and game skills.
 Jessie Bancroft a influenced the development of physical education as a responsibility of
homeroom teachers in the elementary schools.
 Clark Hetherington la emphasized the importance of children's play activities
 Jacob Riis symbolic in the playground movement in New York.

Broad and extensive programs have established in schools, recreational organizations and
other agencies. Higher standards of Physical Education were established and better- trained
leaders were produced,

Physical education in the Philippines

Physical Education in the Philippines dates to the primitive society when physical activity
was very important for survival, making it necessary for the adults to teach physical skills to
their young. With the fast-changing times, it is quite interesting to note the strides by physical
education and how it has affected lives of the people.
 The Pre-Spanish Period
 Negritos or Aetas, aborigines of the Philippines:
 They lived mainly by hunting with the use of bow and arrow. They had to run leap,
jump and climb, and these activities kept them physically
 Those who were living in the mountains of Bataan, Zambales and fit. Tarlac were
very fond of music and dancing. They possess crude musical instruments made of
bamboo and mountain cane with abaca fiber and plays like violin. Among their
dances were:
 "Juan Camote" performed by men; motion of stealing camotes in the field.
 "Pina-Pani-lan" motion of gathering honey from a tree.
 Indonesians and Malays migrated to the Philippines:
 Those who settled along the coast or in the lowlands produced their food through
planting and cultivating the mountainsides.
 Dancing was a form of religious activity and they danced for their Gods, other
purposes of their dances were:
 To cure the sick
 They wanted rain
 When their land was drought
 After a bountiful harvest
 Victory in a tribal war (termed as "canao")
 Swimming and bathing along the riverbanks and lakes were their
 favorite pastime.
 Cockfighting is an ancient sport in the Philippines.
Even after the Spanish regime, dancing continued to be one of the major activities enjoyed by the
people. Spanish and other European dances were introduced, such as:
 Fandangos
 Curachas
 Jotas of Spain
 Polkas
 Mazurkas of central Europe
 Rigidon and laceros of France

Games were played by the Filipinos during grand celebrations. Some of

these games are:
 Pabitin was very much enjoyed by the little children.
 Palo sebo a boy will climb a long bamboo pole which has been greased with oil and some
amount of money is suspended at the top end of the bamboo.
 Juego de anillo the players objective is to get any of the rings suspended
 in an arch.
 Duplo a poetic joust.
They were some games that are popular for girls, such as:
 Sungka
 Piko
 Luksong-tinik
 Hide-and-seek
On the other hand, there were also games that are popular among the boys. Some of these are:
 Patintero
 Sipa
 Kite-flying
 Top-spinning (trumpo)
Among the adults, card games with money at stakes become popular. It is called panguingui.

The transition years to the present

 1863 a a royal decree established a normal school for men in the city of Manila which
provided for a system of primary instruction throughout the country. Physical education
was not included in the curriculum.
 1892 Another royal decree established the Superior Normal School for Women Teachers
in Manila. Physical Education was included in the curriculum. Instructors were appointed
to teach "room gymnastics".
 1893 a Normal School for men was established and the name was change later to
Superior Normal School for Men Teachers. Gymnastics was also included in the
curriculum.

During the revolutionary government, a decree was issued which provided for an official primary
school curriculum. Physical education was one of the required subjects.

The American period

The following dates mark the significant events:
  1901 - Physical exercise was one of the subjects that was introduced in public school
and a regular program of athletics was developed.
 1905 - Baseball and Track-and-field were introduced and taught.
 1909 - Emphasis in playing western sports and coaching of tennis.
 1910 Basketball was first introduced as a game for girls but was discontinued later
because it was too strenuous.
 1911 Athletic Book was published. The first part contains simple group games, and
the second part contains rules for baseball and basketball for girls. Volleyball, indoor
basketball, track-and-field and lawn tennis.
 1919 - "Physical Education: A Manual for teachers" was first published. It was
submitted by a special committee of superintendents, edited by Frederick 0. England
and Playground Director of the City of Manila.
 1920 Physical education was made a required subject in the curriculum of all public
schools.
 1937 Physical education was made a curriculum subject in the secondary school
curriculum. Grading system was based on the following: attendance, proficiency in
skills, attitude, daily performance, reports and sportsmanship. "Mass Athletics" was
introduced wherein elementary pupils learn the fundamentals of sports activities and
to play games and specialized sports such as volleyball, basketball and other sports
for high school students. Athletic competitions were held in the original athletic
associations formed the Bureau of Public school Interscholastic Athletic Association.
 1938 Summer school for physical education was open by the Bureau of Education
under the direction of Mr. Serafin Aquino. This was held at the Rizal Memorial Field.
 1942 Under Japanese Military Administration, the radio taiso or calisthenics on the
air was made obligatory. Instructions and demonstration was held at the Luneta and
participated by thousands of Filipino children.
 1947 National College of Physical Education (NCPE) got its name and was still held
at the Rizal Memorial Field. It offered a 40-unit course for a Certificate in Physical
Education.
 Department Order No. 15 series 1967 entitled "Physical Education and Sports
Development Program" was launched by Secretary of Education Sit ever made. Hon.
Carlos P. Romulo. This was considered as the greatest push forward has ever made.
 Republic Act No.5708 known as "The School Physical Education and Sports
Development Act of 1969" was approved by Congress on June 21, 1969.
 1970 Revised Elementary Education program issued by Secretary of Education and
Culture, that: Health and Science as subject area of Physical Education with Music.
 1972 “Physical Fitness Testing Program” was launched.
 1973 – Revised Secondary Education Program (RSEC) was introduced with new
course: Youth Development Training (YDT) and Citizen Army Training (CAT).
Four subject’s component area of YDT:
 Physical Education
 Scouting
 Health Education
 Music
It is being offered in the first, second and third year and CAT is added in the fourth, taking the
place of scouting.

 1981 - World Congress was held in Philippines International Convention Center

(PICC) by the International Council on Health, Physical Education and Recreation
(ICHPER). Aside from this, the Southeast Asian Games was also held in Manila.
 1982 - Bureau of Sports Development was created, with Dr. Aparecio Mequi as its
first director. The Gintong Alay Foundation Project was also implement in this year.
Gintong May is the national sports training program of the country which has the task
of recruiting, selecting and training of athletes.
 1984 1985 Scouting became a co-curricular activity, leaving only three components
of YDT with their respective schedules: P.E. - 2 days a week; Health Education 2
days a week; and Music once a week. Also, the Secondary Education Development
Program (SEDP) made an effort to upgrade PEHM in general school curriculum.

Concept in Physical Education

Physical Education the interaction of person and social group with certain
ends in view for the development of the persons and the welfare of the society
through the medium of psychosocial activity: Mason (1961). A naturalist would
define physical educations as 'education of physical" and to the realist physical.