Vibrationpaper

International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics
Vol. 18, No. 11 (2018) 1850144 (23 pages)

#.c World Scienti¯c Publishing Company
DOI: 10.1142/S0219455418501444
by UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND on 07/11/18. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
Vibration Analysis of Woven Fiber Metal Laminated

Plates — Experimental and Numerical Studies
E. V. Prasad and S. K. Sahu*

Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Int. J. Str. Stab. Dyn. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India

*sksahu.nitrkl@gmail.com
Received 4 November 2017

Accepted 16 May 2018
Published 18 June 2018
The present study deals with numerical and experimental investigations on the vibration be-
havior of ¯ber-metal-laminated (FML) plates, a new aircraft material. A ¯nite element (FE)-
based formulation is established for the plate using the ¯rst-order Reissner–Mindlin theory,
including both ¯bers and metals of di®erent material properties in alternate layers. A four-node
isoparametric quadratic element with ¯ve degrees of freedom per node is adopted in the analysis.
Convergence studies and comparison with previous studies are made to validate the present FE
formulation. A set of experiments was conducted to get natural frequencies of vibration for glass
FML (GFML) plates using Bruel and Kjaer (B&K) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyzer
with PULSE platform. The e®ects of di®erent parameters such as aspect ratio, side-to-thickness
ratio, ply orientation, and boundary conditions on the dynamic behavior of the FMLs are
studied. Good agreement is achieved between the numerical and experimental results. Both
results indicate that increasing the aspect ratio can increase the natural frequency of the FML
plate, while the increase in the side-to-thickness ratio decreases the natural frequency of vi-
bration. The boundary conditions can signi¯cantly a®ect the natural frequency of the FML
plates due to the restraint e®ect at the edges.
Keywords: Aspect ratio; experimental study; FML plate; free vibration; ply orientation; side-to-
thickness ratio.
1. Introduction
Laminated composites are the advanced class of materials formed by combining one
or more materials, having di®erent physical and chemical properties. The material
property of each layer remains the same with di®erent orientations for tailorability.
However, the ¯ber-metal-laminated (FML) composites comprise alternate layers of
metal-and ¯ber-reinforced polymer (FRP). This type of hybrid materials gives an
excellent mechanical quality over the traditional high-strength uni¯ed metals and
* Corresponding author.
1850144-1
E. V. Prasad & S. K. Sahu
polymer composite laminates. This has the optimum advantage of both metals and
¯brous laminates. It is well known that FMLs o®er many advantages compared to
metals, mainly because of their high-speci¯c strength and sti®ness, excellent fatigue
properties. These hybrid materials are categorized into three groups according to the
type of ¯ber used in the polymeric composite layers. They are, glass laminate alu-
minum-reinforced epoxy (GLARE), carbon-reinforced aluminum laminate (CAR-
ALL) and aramid-reinforced aluminum laminates (ARALLs). Recently, a new type
of FML has been developed by some researchers using basalt ¯ber which is named as
basalt FMLs (BFML). GLARE is the most popular FML till now, and it is presently
used for the manufacturing of major aerospace structural components such as the
fuselage of the Airbus A380 aeroplane. It can also be used in aircraft engine cowlings,
cargo °oors, containers and seamless tubes. In service, many structures like aircraft
are frequently subjected to both static and dynamic loads. Due to this reason, it is
necessary to understand the deformation and the vibration properties of FML
structures. The correct and e±cient use of composite materials such as GFRP and
FML needs more sophisticated analysis techniques and experimental systems to
estimate the dynamic behavior of such structures to external loading accurately.
Due to a wide variety of applications, plenty of studies are available on the
dynamic analysis of ¯ber composite panels and reviewed by Sahu and Datta1 from
1987 to 2005. This review paper discussed the vibration and stability behavior of
¯ber composite panels through 2005. This study focused on the dynamic analysis of
structures changing toward the new type of materials and its testing. But the de-
tailed discussions on FML are not treated. Mishra and Sahu2 investigated the vi-
bration analysis of woven ¯ber-laminated composite plates in ambient temperature
using ¯nite element method (FEM). Mohanty et al.3 reported experimental and
numerical results on the vibration of delaminated woven glass-¯ber composite plates
using ¯rst-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Rath and Sahu4 investigated the
free vibration behavior of woven ¯ber-laminated composite plates subjected to
hygrothermal loading using FEM and experiments. Panda et al.5 studied the vi-
bration of delaminated composite curved panels subjected to the thermal environ-
ment using FEM. Sahu and Asha6 used FEM and Bolotin's approach to study the
dynamic stability behavior of composite laminated twisted curved panels. The vi-
bration behavior of composite cylindrical shallow shells under hygrothermal e®ect
was investigated by Biswal et al.7 using FE analysis. The dynamic stability behavior
of woven ¯ber-laminated composite shells was examined by Biswal et al.8 using
FEM. Panda et al.9 studied the e®ect of temperature on the dynamic stability be-
havior of woven ¯ber curved panels by FEM. Faroughi et al.10 developed an iso-
geometric approach based on higher order smooth Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines
(NURBS) basis functions for the stress, vibration and stability analysis of laminated
composites. All the studies mentioned above have discussed2–10 the dynamic be-
havior of ¯ber composite panels. Lightweight material such as FRP has been ex-
tensively used in aeronautical, naval, and automotive applications; however, the
1850144-2
Vibration Analysis of Woven Fiber Metal Laminated Plates
disadvantage of this system is that FRPs are vulnerable to impact damage. To

overcome these drawbacks, a di®erent combination of materials has been used (alu-
minum and FRP). Besides, when a composite material is subjected to high temper-
ature or corrosive environment, it a®ects the mechanical and corrosive properties. One
way to enhance the material quality, when exposing to such an environment, is to

laminate both the surfaces of the composite material, with a layer of metallic material.
The previous studies mentioned above only examined a plate laminated with ¯ber
material. However, hybrid laminated composites are fabricated using di®erent
materials such as FRP and metal. However, investigations on the FML plates are
limited in the literature. Most of the researchers are working on static analysis of
FMLs. Few studies are available on low-velocity impact response of FMLs and
reviewed by Chai and Manikandan.11 This review paper brie°y discussed the ex-
perimental results (EXP), numerical and analytical work on the low-velocity impact
of FMLs. However, the author did not focus on the vibration behavior of FML
panels. Roebroeks12 observed the fatigue crack initiation and evolution response of
FMLs subjected to realistic loading conditions without consideration of dynamic
characteristics. Based on FE procedure, Hashagen et al.13 modeled the FMLs using
solid-shell element, and the equations are derived from three-dimensional continuum
mechanics. This study is limited to ¯nding the tensile test results of FML coupons
only and the results were compared with the experimental data.
Gonzalez-Canche et al.14 evaluated the tensile properties of FMLs made of alu-
minum alloy and aramid FRP composites. From the results, it was observed that
FMLs exhibit a more ductile behavior than its constituents. Khalili et al.15 investi-
gated the mechanical behavior of basalt ¯ber-reinforced epoxy (BFRE) and BFML
subjected to tensile and bending loads. Kawai et al.16 employed the classical lami-
nated plate theory for studying the fracture and o®-axis inelastic response of ¯ber
metal composite called GLARE. Sharma et al.17 investigated the tensile behavior of
the FML coupons under uniaxial loading, and for more insight into damage evalu-
ation, an FE-based simulation was performed using the commercial ABAQUS
software. Botelho et al.18 examined the e®ect of hygrothermal conditioning on
mechanical characteristics of the FML coupons under tensile loading. All the above
studies14–18 are limited to determination of the elastic and inelastic properties of the
FMLs from static tensile tests only.
The impact response of BFRE and BFML was examined by Farsani et al.19 with
the help of the experimental tests. The e®ect of addition of micro glass powder to
BFRE composites and adding metal layers to BFRE composites with various com-
binations of metals was studied. Tsamasphyros and Bikakis20 presented the ana-
lytical expressions for ¯nding the dynamic response of thin, circular clamped GLARE
plates subjected to a low-velocity impact. Bikakis21 investigated the low-velocity
dynamic response of GLARE circular plates using the experiments and analytical
expressions. Sadighi et al.22 reported the EXP on low-velocity impact behavior of the
FML plates using drop weight equipment. Jones23 has developed a theoretical model
1850144-3
for predicting the deformation and denting of FML plates subjected to low-velocity
impact and blast loadings. Bikakis et al.24 studied the ballistic impact behavior of
square clamped FMLs, and monolithic plates containing various aluminum alloys
using ANSYS LS-DYNA software. Chen et al.25 reported the EXP on normal and
oblique ballistic impact response of FML plates. Bikakis26 examined the static re-
sponse of circular FML plates, subjected to oblique indentation using FEM-based
ANSYS software and analytical methods. Bikakis and Savaidis27 presented a 3D FE
model in ANSYS platform to determine the response under static loading and
unloading of circular GLARE plates by neglecting shear deformation. Bikakis28
studied the frictional oblique indentation behavior of the circular FML plates using
the ANSYS software and analytical formulae. Most of the studies mentioned above
are focused on static indentation, low- and high-velocity impact, and the ballistic
impact response of the FMLs using analytical, numerical, and experimental

methods.19–28
Harras et al.29 presented a theoretical model based on Hamilton's principle to
study the nonlinear free vibration of a GLARE hybrid composite plate, made up of
alternating layers of metal and ¯ber-reinforced composites. From the study, it was
observed that the author had used a conventional method to ¯nd the natural fre-
quency, currently upgraded instruments are available like FFT spectrum analyzer to
¯nd the same. Shooshtari and Razavi30 investigated the linear and nonlinear free
vibration of FML rectangular plates by using the Galerkin and multiple time scales
methods. However, they have presented only analytical results on FMLs. The
buckling and vibration response of hybrid composite plates was studied by Chen31
using the Reissner–Mindlin theory and average stress method. The e®ect of side-to-
thickness ratio and number of layers were investigated, but the results lack detailed
parametric studies on vibration behavior of FMLs. Chen et al.32 examined the
buckling and vibration characteristics of hybrid Al/GFRP/Al plates, and the gov-
erning equations were derived using Lo's higher order shear deformation theory.
Rahimi et al.33 investigated the vibration response of FML annular plate by com-
bining di®erential quadrature method, and 3D elasticity theory. However, their
study is con¯ned to circular FML plates only.
The thermal post-buckling of FML plates was studied by Fu et al.34 by using
HSDT and the Heaviside step functions. The solutions of thermal post-buckling
response were obtained by using ¯nite di®erence method and iteration method.
Tao et al.35 studied the nonlinear dynamic behavior of FML beams, under moving
loads subjected to thermal environment, using Euler–Bernoulli beam hypothesis and
Von Karman geometric nonlinear theory. From the results, it was observed the
author had studied one-dimensional FML beams only. Botelho et al.36 investigated
the viscoelastic properties of ¯ber-metal hybrid composites using experimental and
theoretical techniques. Rao and Rao37 developed an analytical model for predicting
the failure strength and progressive failure of various FMLs. The developed model
can identify failure between ¯ber and the matrix. Daghigh et al.38 investigated the
1850144-4
creep behavior of BFRE, GFRE, and BFML coupons and compared with plain
aluminum specimens experimentally. However, their investigation is limited to ¯nd
creep properties of FMLs only.
Based on the literature survey, it is observed that though a good amount of
studies are available on the dynamic behavior of FRP using various analytical and
numerical studies. It is found that most of the studies available in the literature are
related to impact and tensile behavior of FMLs. Very few studies are available on the
dynamic behavior of FML plates. The experimental studies on the dynamic behavior
of FMLs are scarce in the literature. Further research is necessary for the assessment
of structures made with FMLs in service. Based on the lacunae of existing literature,
the present study focuses on the determination of elastic properties from tensile
testing and the numerical and experimental vibration analysis of woven glass FMLs
(GFMLs). The e®ects of various parameters on the natural frequency of the FML
plates using woven glass ¯ber and aluminum are presented.
2. Mathematical Formulation
An FML plate is considered of length ‘a', width ‘b', and thickness ‘h' consisting of n
number of thin layers, each of which is oriented at an angle ‘' with lamina system,
as shown in Fig. 1.
2.1. Strain displacement relations

The displacement function in the shear deformation theory is assumed to be of the
form
uðx; y; zÞ ¼ u0 ðx; yÞ þ zx ðxyÞ;
vðx; y; zÞ ¼ v0 ðx; yÞ þ zy ðxyÞ; ð1Þ
wðx; y; zÞ ¼ w0 ðx; yÞ;
where u, v, and w are the displacements in X, Y , and Z directions, respectively; u0 ,
v0 , and w0 are the displacements. x , and y are the rotations of the cross-section
perpendicular to Y and X axes, respectively.
Fig. 1. Layer details of ¯ber metal laminate.
1850144-5
The Green-Lagrange strain relations are

8 9
> @u >
>
> >
>
>
> @x >
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
8 9 > > @v >

>
> " > >
> >
>
>
>
xx >
> >
> @y >
>
< "yy = < @u @v >
> > > =
xy ¼ þ ; ð2Þ
>
> >
> >
> @y @x > >
>
> >
> > >
> @u @w > >
>
: xz
; > >
yz >
> þ >
>
>
> @z @x >
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
> @v @w > >
>
: þ ;
@z @y
where "xx , "yy , and xy are the bending strains and xz , yz are the transverse shear
strains.
2.2. Constitutive relations

The constitutive equations for the plate from the study of Rath and Sahu4 are
fF g ¼ ½Df"g; ð3Þ
where
fF g ¼ fNx ; Ny ; Nxy ; Mx ; My ; Mxy ; Qx ; Qy g T ;

f"g ¼ f"x ; "y ; xy ; x ; y ; xy ; ’x ; ’y g T ;
2 3 ð4Þ
Aij Bij 0
½D ¼ 4 Bij Dij 0 5;
0 0 Sij
where Nx , Ny , and Nxy are in-plane stress resultants; Mx , My , and Mxy are moment
resultants; Qx , Qy are the transverse shear stress resultants. Aij , Bij , Dij , and Sij are
the extensional, bending-stretching coupling, bending and transverse shear sti®ness.
n Z k
X
ðAij ; Bij ; Dij Þ ¼ ij k ð1; z; z 2 Þdz ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ;
½Q
zk1
n Z
X k
k¼1
ð5Þ
ðSij Þ ¼ ij k ð1; z; z 2 Þdz
½Q ði; j ¼ 4; 5Þ;
k¼1 zk1
where ½Q ij is the o®-axis elastic constant matrix and ‘' is the shear correction
factor. In the present study, a shear correction factor of 5/6 is adopted for all nu-
merical computations. (Q ij Þ in Eq. (5) is de¯ned as
ij Þk ¼ ½T1 T ½Qij k ½T1
ðQ ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ;
ð6Þ
ij Þk ¼ ½T2 T ½Qij k ½T2
ðQ ði; j ¼ 4; 5Þ;
1850144-6
2 3
cos 2 sin 2 sin cos " #
6 7 cos sin
½T1 ¼ 6
4 sin 2 cos 2 sin cos 7 5; ½T2 ¼ ;
sin cos
2 sin cos 2 sin cos cos 2 sin 2
ð7Þ
where T1 and T2 are the transformation matrices, ½Qij is the on-axis elastic constant
matrix and which is de¯ned as
2 3
Q11 Q12 0
½Qij k ¼ 4 Q12 Q22 0 5 ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ;
0 0 Q66 ð8Þ

Q44 0
½Qij k ¼ ði; j ¼ 4; 5Þ;
0 Q55
in which
Q11 ¼ E11 =ð1 12 21 Þ; Q12 ¼ 12 E22 =ð1 12 21 Þ;
Q22 ¼ E22 =ð1 12 21 Þ; Q44 ¼ G13 ; Q55 ¼ G23 ;
where E11 ; E22 are Young's moduli of lamina along and across the ¯bers, G12 ; G13 ,
and G23 are shear moduli of lamina w.r.t 1, 2, 3 axes, 12 ; 21 are Poisson's ratios
along and across the ¯bers, respectively.
2.3. FE formulation
A four-node isoparametric element with ¯ve degrees of freedom u; v; w; x ; y and per
node is adopted for the present vibration analysis of woven FML plates. The iso-
parametric element is oriented in the natural coordinate system using Jacobian
matrix. By using the principle of minimum potential energy, the elastic sti®ness
matrix and the mass matrix are derived.
2.4. Element mass matrix

The element mass matrix [Me ] is expressed as
Z þ1Z þ1
½Me ¼ ½N T ½P ½NjJjdd; ð9Þ
1 1
where [N] is shape function matrix and [P ] is the inertia matrix and they are
expressed as
2 3 2 3
Ni 0 0 0 0 P1 0 0 0 0
6 0 Ni 0 0 0 7 6 0 07
X 4 6 7 6 P1 0 0 7
6 0 0 7 6 7
½N ¼ 6 0 Ni 0 7 and ½P ¼ 6 0 0 P1 0 0 7;
6
i¼1 4 0
7 6 7
0 0 Ni 0 5 4 0 0 0 I 05
0 0 0 0 Ni 0 0 0 0 I
1850144-7
in which
n Z
X zk n Z
X zk
P1 ¼ ðÞk dz and I¼ ðÞk z 2 dz; ð10Þ
K¼1 zk1 K¼1 zk1
where ðÞk is the mass density of kth layer from the bottom surface.
2.5. Element sti®ness matrix

The element sti®ness matrix is given by
Z þ1Z þ1
½Ke ¼ ½B T ½D½BjJjdd; ð11Þ
1 1
where [B] is the strain displacement matrix, [D] is the stress-strain matrix and jJj is
the Jacobian determinant.
2.6. Solution process

The natural frequencies of FML plates are determined from the following condition:
j½K ! 2 ½Mj ¼ 0; ð12Þ
where ½K is the global sti®ness matrix, ½M is the global mass matrix and ‘!' is the
natural frequency. Equation (12) is an eigenvalue problem and is solved in
MATLAB environment. Based on the above formulation, the MATLAB code is
developed in such a way as to accommodate the material properties layerwise, unlike
FRP where the material properties are same in all layers with variation, exist
through ply orientation, to produce numerical results for the vibration studies of
FML plates.
3. Experimental Program
The GFRE-laminated specimens fabricated by taking the weight fraction of ¯ber to
the matrix ratio was 50:50 and GFML plate specimens consist of reinforcement (glass
¯ber and aluminum), and matrix (epoxy resin) were prepared by taking the weight
fraction of reinforcement to the matrix was 70:30 using hand layup method.
Mechanical properties of aluminum sheet and GFRE laminates are presented
in Tables 1 and 2. The woven roving glass ¯bers (WR 360/100, Owens Corning-
360 g/m 2 Þ and aluminum sheets were cut into the desired size, for the preparation of
test specimens. 1:10 wt.% of Hardener (Ciba-Geigy, Araldite HY556, and Hardener
HY951) to epoxy was used for the preparation of epoxy resin matrix. Both the
surfaces (upper and lower) of the aluminum sheet were roughened with emery paper
(360 grit size) to improve the bonding, and surfaces were cleaned thoroughly to
remove dirt. During the specimen preparation, polyvinyl alcohol-coated sheet was
used to avoid sticking between the matrix and wooden platform. To fabricate the
FML, two layers of woven roving glass ¯bers were arranged over the aluminum sheet,
1850144-8
Table 1. Properties of aluminum sheet.
Item Quantity Unit

Density 2742.85 kg/m 3
Young's modulus 58.03 GPa

Ultimate tensile strength 90 MPa
Thermal conductivity 227 W/m-K
Hardness (Brinell) 30 HB
Table 2. Properties of GFRE laminate.
Item Quantity Unit Standard

Density 1866.67 kg/m 3 —
Ultimate tensile strength 200 MPa ASTM D638M

Modulus of elasticity 16.63 GPa ASTM D638M
Flexural strength 310 MPa ASTM D790M
Compressive strength 180 MPa ASTM D695M
Hardness (Barcol) 50 B —
and epoxy resin was applied to create a bond between them. Similar steps were
followed until to get the required con¯guration (Al/GFRP (0/90)/Al/GFRP
(0/90)/Al). To remove the air gaps between the layers, rolling was done using a steel
roller as shown in Fig. 2. The fabricated FML specimens were then pressed for 20 min
using the servo-hydraulic machine at 60 temperature. The glass ¯ber composite
specimens were cut into 250 25 mm for tensile testing, and FML specimens were
cut into 235 235 mm for experimental modal testing. The mean thickness of FML
was evaluated by digital sliding calipers and found to be 3.5 mm.
Fig. 2. Fabrication of ¯ber metal laminate.
1850144-9
3.1. Determination of material constants

The material constants were evaluated for glass ¯ber composites and aluminum
sheets individually. The uniaxial tensile test was performed using universal testing
machine (UTM) (INSTRON 8862), according to ASTM-D3039/D3039M-14.39 The

same test setup was shown in Fig. 3. Young's moduli, shear moduli and Poisson's
ratio ( 12 Þ were estimated from the test data. In case of woven roving glass ¯ber
laminates, Young's moduli of lamina along and across the ¯bers (E11 and E22 Þ are
same and similarly shear moduli (G12 , G13 , and G23 Þ are also same. Young's modulus
(EÞ of aluminum sheet is the same in all the directions due to its isotropic nature.
3.2. Modal analysis

A series of vibration tests were carried out on FML plates (a ¼ b ¼ 0:235 m,
¼ 2468:57 kg/m 3 Þ for various boundary conditions such as clamped (CCCC),

simply supported (SSSS), cantilever (CFFF), two sides simply supported, and two
sides clamped (SCSC), and three sides clamped and one side free (CCCF). The
modal analysis for FML plate with cantilever boundary condition is shown in Fig. 4.
The vibration tests were performed for FML plates using the FFT analyzer (Model
Bruel and Kjaer, Denmark-B&K 3560 C), B&K 2302-5 modal impact hammer, B&K
4507 transducers, laptop, and same can be seen in Fig. 5. The PULSE software was
used for the measurement of vibration. At particular points, the FML plate was
excited with the help of modal impact hammer, and then subsequent vibrations of
the plates were received by the accelerometer (B&K 4507), which was attached to
the plate using beeswax. The signals were then consequently supplied to the FFT
analyzer, where its frequency spectrum was also obtained with the help of PULSE
platform. The coherence represents the accuracy of measurement, and the frequency
Fig. 3. Tensile testing of glass ¯ber composite in INSTRON 8862 UTM.
1850144-10
Fig. 4. Vibration test of FML plate with CFFF boundary condition.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Fig. 5. Complete test setup (a) B & K FFT Analyzer, (b) modal impact hammer, (c) display unit, and (d)
accelerometer.
Fig. 6. FRF of FML plate (a ¼ b ¼ 0:235 m) with CFFF boundary condition.
1850144-11
Fig. 7. Coherence of FML plate (a ¼ b ¼ 0:235 m) with CFFF boundary condition.
response functions (FRFs) gives the modal frequencies from the spectrum. The FRF
and coherence curves of FML plate size a ¼ b ¼ 0:235 m for cantilever boundary
condition (CFFF) are given in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively.
4. Results and Discussion

The numerical (FEM) and EXP are presented on vibration analysis of FML plates.
The results are grouped as
. Convergence study
. Comparison with previous studies
. New examples
4.1. Convergence studies

Convergence study is performed by determination of nondimensional natural fre-
quencies of FML for di®erent mesh sizes, and the results were compared with
Shooshtari and Razavi30 as shown in Table 3. Based on the convergence study, a
mesh of 16 16 is used for all further computations.
Table 3. Convergence of nondimensional frequencies of FML plate of a=b ¼ 1, h ¼ 0:0013 m,

qffiffiffiffiffi
all sides simply supported, nondimensional frequency ( Þ ¼ h
D.
Mesh size 1st frequency 2nd frequency 3rd frequency 4th frequency
44 20.9197 61.9024 61.9024 97.5453
88 19.8739 50.7070 50.7070 79.8910
12 12 19.6887 49.0187 49.0187 77.0970
16 16 19.6245 48.4512 48.4512 76.1510
Shooshtari and Razavi30 19.4723 48.9745 48.9745 77.7891
1850144-12
4.2. Comparison with previous studies

The accuracy of present formulation is validated by determination of ¯ve lowest
natural frequencies of FML plates and compared with the experimental studies,
engineering sciences data unit method (ESDU) and FEM of Harras et al.29 as shown
in Table 4. The present results agree reasonably well with the earlier studies and
matches closely with FEM results.
4.3. New examples

In the present work, both the experimental and numerical results of frequencies of
vibration of FML plates are reported. The FML plate geometrical dimensions are as
follows: length a ¼ 0:235 m, width b ¼ 0:235 m, and thickness h ¼ 0:0035 m. The
di®erent material properties of the FML plates used in the present investigation are
as follows: Aluminum: E ¼ 58:03 GPa, ¼ 2742:85 kg/m3, ¼ 0:3.
GFRP: E11 ¼ E22 ¼ 16:63 GPa; G12 ¼ G23 ¼ G13 ¼ 2:15 GPa;
¼ 1866:67 kg=m 3 ; and 12 ¼ 13 ¼ 0:21:
In this study, the e®ects of di®erent factors such as side-to-thickness ratio, aspect
ratio, boundary conditions, and ply orientations on the natural frequencies are
investigated.
4.3.1. E®ect of aspect ratio on natural frequency of FML plates

To study the impact of aspect ratio on natural frequencies of FML plate (Al/GFRP
(0/90)/Al/GFRP (0/90)/Al), four types of aspect ratios 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 are
considered. For various aspect ratios, the specimen dimensions varied, by keeping the
plate thickness (h ¼ 0:0035 m) constant. For the aspect ratio of 1.0, a ¼ b ¼ 0:235 m;
for 1.5, a ¼ 0:235 m and b ¼ 0:157 m; for 2.0, a ¼ 0:235 m and b ¼ 0:117 m; and for
2.5, a ¼ 0:235 m and b ¼ 0:094 m. The changes in natural frequency with the aspect
ratio are shown in Fig. 8 for clamped boundary condition. The numerical (FEM)
results are in agreement with EXP. The fundamental frequency of FML plates
of aspect ratios 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 is seen to increase linearly with the increase of
aspect ratio. Similar variation is also detected in the study of free vibration of
Table 4. Comparison of the natural frequencies in (Hz) with previous results

a ¼ 0:45 m, b ¼ 0:3 m, h ¼ 0:0014 m, (Al/GFC/Al/GFC/Al), all sides clamped.
Harras et al.29
Mode number Present FEM FEM ESDU method Experimental

1 105.11 105.37 105.60 93.5
2 162.02 162.31 162.90 153
3 255.27 258.34 259.40 245
4 265.82 259.13 260.30 253
5 300.70 310.45 311.90 298
1850144-13
Natural frequency in Hz 1300
1100 FEM-11st freq

EXP-1st freq
900 FEM-22nd freq
EXP-22nd freq
700 FEM-33rd freq
EXP-3rd freq
500 FEM-44th freq
EXP-44th freq
300
1 1.5 2 2.5
Aspeect ratio (a/b)
Fig. 8. E®ect of aspect ratio on natural frequency for clamped boundary condition.
delaminated composite FRP plates by Mohanty et al.3 and Sivakumaran40 for

laminated composite plates. The higher modes of frequencies vary di®erently to that
of fundamental mode for an increase in aspect ratio. At aspect ratio one, the second
and third frequency shows the same value. With the increase of aspect ratio (1.5–2.5)
the natural frequency values are increasing, and same can be observed in Fig. 8.
The quantitative variation depends on the material and geometrical properties of
laminates. Parabolic variation exists for a higher mode of the frequency with the
increase of aspect ratio.
Figure 9 shows the variation of natural frequency with the aspect ratio of FML
plate for cantilever boundary (CFFF) condition. The measured frequencies of
vibration of FML plates using FFT analyzer are close to the computational values.
The frequencies of vibration of cantilever FMLs are signi¯cantly lower to that of fully
clamped FML plates, due to the variation of restraint e®ect at the edges. The second
and third frequencies of vibration vary signi¯cantly unlike clamped FML plates. In
this case, it has been observed that the ¯rst natural frequency decreases with the
increase of aspect ratio, and from second frequency onwards it is increasing with the
increase of aspect ratio. The increment in the second natural frequency of FML plate
430
FEM-1st freq
Natural frequency in Hz
330 EXP-1st freq

FEM-2nd freq
EXP-2nd freq
230 FEM-3rd freq
EXP-3rd freq
130 FEM-4th freq
EXP-4th freq
30
1 1.5 2 2.5
Aspect ratio (a/b)
Fig. 9. E®ect of aspect ratio on natural frequency for CFFF boundary condition.
1850144-14
1100
Natural frequency in Hz FEM-1st freq
900 EXP-1st freq
FEM-2nd freq
700 EXP-2nd freq
FEM-3rd freq
500 EXP-3rd freq
FEM-4th freq
300 EXP-4th freq
100
1 1.5 2 2.5
Aspect ratio (a/b)
Fig. 10. E®ect of aspect ratio on natural frequency for simply supported boundary condition.
is 15.34%, 23.33% and 27.3% for the aspect ratios 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5, respectively, as
compared to the aspect ratio of 1.0.
For simply supported boundary condition, the variation of natural frequency with
the aspect ratio of FML plate is shown in Fig. 10. As expected, the frequency values
of vibration of simply supported FML plates lie between clamped and cantilever
plate frequencies. Like the clamped plates, the fundamental frequency of vibration
increases linearly with the increase of aspect ratio. The higher modes of vibration are
increasing parabolically with the increase of aspect ratio. The ¯rst natural frequency
of FML plate is increased by 1.5, 2 and 2.4 times for aspect ratios of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5,
respectively, when compared to the aspect ratio of 1.0.
The variation of natural frequency as a function of aspect ratio for two sides
simply supported and two sides clamped (SCSC) boundary condition is shown in
Fig. 11. It can be observed that the ¯rst natural frequency is increased by 6.95%,
38.67% and 72.04% for aspect ratios of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5, respectively, compared to the
aspect ratio of 1.0. For all aspect ratios, the frequencies of vibration of FML plates
are increasing signi¯cantly with higher modes unlike simply supported and clamped
plates. The third frequency is much higher to that of second frequency unlike
clamped and simply supported FML plates.
1000
FEM-1st freq
800 EXP-1st freq
FEM- 2nd freq
EXP-2nd freq
600
FEM-3rd freq
EXP-3rd freq
400 FEM-4th freq
EXP-4th freq
200
1 1.5 2 2.5
Aspect ratio (a/b)
Fig. 11. E®ect of aspect ratio on natural frequency for SCSC boundary condition.
1850144-15
1000
FEM-1st freq
EXP-1st freq
800
FEM-2nd freq
EXP-2nd freq
600 FEM-3rd freq

EXP-3rd freq
400 FEM-4th freq
EXP-4th freq
200
1 1.5 2 2.5
Aspect ratio (a/b)
Fig. 12. E®ect of aspect ratio on natural frequency for CCCF boundary condition.
Figure 12 shows that the fundamental natural frequency of FML plate with as-
pect ratios 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 is seen to increase by 1.7, 2.5 and 3.0 times, respectively,
compared to the aspect ratio of 1.0 for CCCF boundary condition. The fundamental
mode of vibration increases linearly with the increase of aspect ratio. However, for
the higher modes, the frequencies increase parabolically with the increase of aspect
ratio. The third and fourth frequencies of FML square plates are almost the same and
vary signi¯cantly with the increase of aspect ratio.
4.3.2. E®ect of boundary conditions on natural frequency of FML plates

To examine the impact of boundary conditions on the natural frequencies of FML
plates, three types of boundary conditions are taken, they are SSSS (four edges
simply supported), where u ¼ w ¼ y ¼ 0, at x ¼ 0; a and v ¼ w ¼ x ¼ 0, at
y ¼ 0; b; CCCC (four edges clamped), where u ¼ v ¼ w ¼ x ¼ y ¼ 0, at x ¼ 0; a
and y ¼ 0; b; CFFF (cantilever), where u ¼ v ¼ w ¼ x ¼ y ¼ 0 at x ¼ 0; SCSC
(two edges clamped and two edges simply supported), where u ¼ w ¼ y ¼ 0, at
x ¼ 0; a and u ¼ v ¼ w ¼ x ¼ y ¼ 0, at y ¼ 0; b; CCCF (three edges clamped and
one edge free), where u ¼ v ¼ w ¼ x ¼ y ¼ 0, at x ¼ 0; a and y ¼ 0. FML plate of
stacking sequence (Al/(0/90)/Al/(0/90)/Al) is considered for this case. From
Figs. 8–10, it is noticed that the experimental and numerical results are in good
relation for all the boundary conditions. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th natural fre-
quencies are observed to be the minimum (40, 84,176 and 212 Hz) for cantilever
boundary condition and the maximum (348, 548, 548 and 668 Hz) for clamped
boundary condition. The fundamental frequency of FML plate with cantilever and
simply supported boundary conditions is decreased by 88.51% and 43.68% corre-
spondingly when compared to all-sides clamped boundary condition. The result
obtained from the experimental studies shows that the natural frequencies of FML
plates are signi¯cantly reliant on the boundary conditions, which means if the plate is
bounded more ¯rmly, the e®ect is also more on natural frequency for all the boundary
conditions due to the restraint e®ect at the edges.
1850144-16
4.3.3. E®ect of side-to-thickness ratio on natural frequency of FML plates

To analyze the in°uence of side-to-thickness ratio on natural frequencies of FML
plate (Al/GFRP (0/90)/Al/GFRP (0/90)/Al), ¯ve types of side-to-thickness ratios
20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 are considered. For di®erent side-to-thickness ratios, the plate
dimensions varied, by keeping the plate thickness (h ¼ 0:0035 m) constant. For the
side-to-thickness ratio of 20, a ¼ 0:07 m and b ¼ 0:235 m; for 30, a ¼ 0:105 m and
b ¼ 0:235 m; for 40, a ¼ 0:14 m and b ¼ 0:235 m; for 50, a ¼ 0:175 m and b ¼ 0:235 m;
for 60, a ¼ 0:21 m and b ¼ 0:235 m. The variation of natural frequencies concerning
side-to-thickness ratio is shown in Fig. 13 for clamped boundary condition. Good
understanding is seen between the experimental and numerical (FEM) results. The
¯rst natural frequency of the FML plate having side-to-thickness ratios 30, 40, 50 and
60 is found to reduce by 37.05%, 55.04%, 64.76% and 70.34%, respectively, when
compared to the side-to-thickness ratio of 20. This reveals that decrease in the side-
to-thickness ratio, the natural frequency of FML plate is also decreasing. Similar
trend is observed in the study of vibration behavior of woven ¯ber composite plates
in the hygrothermal environment by Rath and Sahu.4 The fundamental frequency
and second mode of frequency are almost same for side-to-thickness ratio of 20, and
signi¯cant variation is observed in the higher modes of the frequency of vibration of
FML plate, with the increase in side-to-thickness ratio. The fundamental and second
modes of frequencies of FML plate are decreasing nonlinearly with the increase of
side-to-thickness ratio.
The variation of the natural frequency of FML plate concerning side-to-thickness
ratio for cantilever boundary condition is shown in Fig. 14. It is noticed that the ¯rst
natural frequency reduces by 42.63%, 63.22%, 74.67% and 81.62% for side-to-
thickness ratios of 30, 40, 50 and 60, respectively, when compared to the side-to-
thickness ratio of 20. Unlike clamped FML plates, the fundamental and second
modes of frequencies are varying signi¯cantly with the increase of side-to-thickness
ratio. Third and fourth natural frequencies of FML plate are decreased signi¯cantly
with the increase of side-to-thickness ratio from 20 to 60.
1500
FEM-1st freq
1300
EXP-1st freq
1100 FEM-2nd freq
EXP-2nd freq
900 FEM-3rd freq
700 EXP-3rd freq
FEM-4th freq
500 EXP-4th freq
300
20 30 40 50 60
Side to thickness ratio
Fig. 13. E®ect of side-to-thickness ratio on natural frequency for clamped (CCCC) boundary condition.
1850144-17
Natural frequency in Hz 640
540 FEM-1st freq

EXP-1st freq
440 FEM-2nd freq
EXP-2nd freq
340 FEM-3rd freq
240 EXP-3rd freq
FEM-4th freq
140 EXP-4th freq
40
20 30 40 50 60
Fig. 14. E®ect of side-to-thickness ratio on natural frequency for CFFF boundary condition.
1200
1000 FEM-1st freq

EXP-1st freq
800 FEM-2nd freq
EXP-2nd freq
600 FEM-3rd freq
EXP-3rd freq
FEM-4th freq
400
EXP-4th freq
200
20 30 40 50 60
Fig. 15. E®ect of side-to-thickness ratio on natural frequency for simply supported boundary condition.
The variation of side-to-thickness ratio with respect to natural frequency is pre-

sented in Fig. 15. As observed, the fundamental mode of the frequency of FML plate
is decreased by 35.03%, 51.93%, 61.33% and 67.08% for side-to-thickness ratio of 30,
40, 50 and 60, respectively, when compared to the side-to-thickness ratio of 20. The
¯rst and second modes of frequencies of vibration are varying nonlinearly with the
increase of side-to-thickness ratio. The third and fourth frequencies of FML plates
are almost same for the side-to-thickness ratio of 40.
In case of two sides ¯xed and two sides simply supported (SCSC) boundary
condition, the ¯rst natural frequency of FML plate as shown in Fig. 16 is decreased
by 36.98%, 55.08%, 65.34% and 71.64% for side-to-thickness ratios of 30, 40, 50 and
60 with respect to side-to-thickness ratio of 20, respectively. For the side-to-thickness
ratio of 20, the ¯rst two lowest frequencies have less di®erence. For the side-to-
thickness ratio of 50, third and fourth modes of frequencies are almost the same.
Signi¯cant variation is observed in natural frequencies of FML plates with the in-
crease of side-to-thickness ratio from 20 to 60.
Figure 17 shows that the ¯rst frequency of FML plate with CCCF boundary
condition is decreased by 21.17%, 27.8%, 30.24% and 31.27% for side-to-thickness
1850144-18
1200
FEM-1st freq
1000 EXP-1st freq
FEM-2nd freq
800
EXP-2nd freq
FEM-3rd freq
600 EXP-3rd freq
FEM-4th freq
400 EXP-4th freq
200
20 30 40 50 60
Fig. 16. E®ect of side-to-thickness ratio on natural frequency for SCSC boundary condition.
1000
FEM-1st freq
EXP-1st freq
800
FEM-2nd freq
EXP-2nd freq
600 FEM-3rd freq
EXP-3rd freq
400 FEM-4th freq
EXP-4th freq
200
20 30 40 50 60
Fig. 17. E®ect of side-to-thickness ratio on natural frequency for CCCF boundary condition.
ratios of 30, 40, 50 and 60, respectively, when compared with side-to-thickness ratio
of 20. Signi¯cant variation is observed in all four natural frequencies for the side-to-
thickness ratio of 20, unlike clamped FML plates.
4.3.4. E®ect of ply orientation on natural frequency of FML plates

To study the in°uence of ply orientation on natural frequencies of FML plates, four
types of ply orientations, namely (Al/(0/90)/Al/(0/90)/Al), (Al/(15/-15)/Al/(15/-
15)/Al), (Al/(30/-30)/Al/(30/-30)/Al), and (Al/(45/-45)/Al/(45/-45)/Al) are
considered. The dimensions of plate are as follows: a ¼ b ¼ 0:235 m and thickness,
h ¼ 0:0035 m. The variation of natural frequency with respect to ply orientation is
presented for the clamped boundary condition. The free vibration results of the FML
plates obtained by the numerical (FEM) and experimental analysis are in good
relation.
From Table 5, it is noticed that the fundamental natural frequency of the FML
plate with 15 , 30 and 45 orientations is decreased by 0.37%, 0.61% and 1.01%,
respectively, when compared to the 0 orientation. It shows that with the increase of
1850144-19
Table 5. Variation of natural frequency with ply orientation for CCCC boundary condition.
1st frequency 2nd frequency 3rd frequency 4th frequency

Ply orientation FEM EXP FEM EXP FEM EXP FEM EXP
0 347.1 348 542.92 548 542.92 548 670.51 668

15 345.81 344 540.79 535 540.79 535 668.34 664
30 344.98 342 539.49 532 539.49 532 666.99 662
45 343.58 340 537.22 530 537.22 530 664.72 660
Table 6. Variation of natural frequency with ply orientation for cantilever (CFFF)
boundary condition.

0 43.99 40 90.22 86 182.09 188 214.43 216
15 43.78 38 90.14 84 181.31 184 213.64 212
30 43.65 36 90.13 82 180.81 176 213.12 208
45 43.41 34 90.12 80 179.96 170 212.27 204
ply orientation, the natural frequency of FML plates is decreasing, but the reduction
in the natural frequency is not perceptible. Similar trend is noticed in the study of
free vibration of delaminated composite plates by Mohanty et al.3 In case of a
clamped square FML plate, second and third mode of frequencies of vibration are
the same.
It is observed from Table 6 that the fundamental frequency is decreasing in the
range of 0.48%, 0.77% and 1.32% for ply orientations of 15 , 30 and 45 , respec-
tively, as compared to 0 ply orientation for cantilever boundary condition. The
third lowest frequency of cantilever FML plate is rapidly increasing to that of the
second mode of frequency.
In case of simply supported (SSSS) boundary condition, the fundamental fre-
quency of FML plate as shown in Table 7 is reduced by 0.27%, 0.43% and 0.69% for
ply orientations of 15 , 30 and 45 , respectively, concerning 0 ply orientation. As
expected, the frequencies of vibration of simply supported FML plates lie between
clamped and cantilever FML plate frequencies. Like clamped FML plates, the second
Table 7. Variation of natural frequency with ply orientation for SSSS boundary condition.

0 199.42 196 384.05 388 384.05 388 514.85 512

15 198.89 192 382.75 376 382.75 376 513.48 508
30 198.57 188 381.93 372 381.93 372 512.67 504
45 198.05 186 380.55 370 380.55 370 511.32 502
1850144-20
and the third mode of frequencies are the same. The second mode of frequency is
rapidly varying to that of the fundamental mode of frequency.
5. Conclusions
Based on the ¯rst-order Reissner–Mindlin theory, a computer code is developed in
MATLAB environment, to study the vibration behavior of woven glass FML plates.
Numerous experiments are carried out, and they are checked with the numerical
results of FEM for various aspect ratios, side-to-thickness ratios and ply orientations
with various types of boundary conditions. Based on the conducted experiments and
FE analysis, the following conclusions were made.
The EXP agree well with their numerical results. The natural frequencies are
increasing with the increase of aspect ratio of FML plates. With the increase of side-
to-thickness ratio, the natural frequencies of FML plates are decreasing. The natural
frequencies of FML plates are decreasing with the increase of ply orientation, but
there is no signi¯cant variation. The boundary conditions are greatly a®ecting the
natural frequency of glass FML plates because of the restraint e®ect at the edges. The
¯gures/graphs dealing with variation of the frequencies of woven FML plates can be
used as design aids for FML plated structures. The free vibration results can be
utilized as a technique for health monitoring of structures or structural integrity
testing.
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International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics

Vol. 18, No. 11 (2018) 1850144 (23 pages)

Vibration Analysis of Woven Fiber Metal Laminated

E. V. Prasad and S. K. Sahu*

Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India

Received 4 November 2017

disadvantage of this system is that FRPs are vulnerable to impact damage. To

way to enhance the material quality, when exposing to such an environment, is to

impact response of the FMLs using analytical, numerical, and experimental

2.1. Strain displacement relations

Fig. 1. Layer details of ¯ber metal laminate.

The Green-Lagrange strain relations are

8 9 > > @v >

2.2. Constitutive relations

fF g ¼ fNx ; Ny ; Nxy ; Mx ; My ; Mxy ; Qx ; Qy g T ;

2.4. Element mass matrix

2.5. Element sti®ness matrix

the Jacobian determinant.

2.6. Solution process

Table 1. Properties of aluminum sheet.

Item Quantity Unit

Young's modulus 58.03 GPa

Table 2. Properties of GFRE laminate.

Item Quantity Unit Standard

Ultimate tensile strength 200 MPa ASTM D638M

Fig. 2. Fabrication of ¯ber metal laminate.

3.1. Determination of material constants

machine (UTM) (INSTRON 8862), according to ASTM-D3039/D3039M-14.39 The

3.2. Modal analysis

 ¼ 2468:57 kg/m 3 Þ for various boundary conditions such as clamped (CCCC),

Fig. 3. Tensile testing of glass ¯ber composite in INSTRON 8862 UTM.

Fig. 4. Vibration test of FML plate with CFFF boundary condition.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 6. FRF of FML plate (a ¼ b ¼ 0:235 m) with CFFF boundary condition.

Fig. 7. Coherence of FML plate (a ¼ b ¼ 0:235 m) with CFFF boundary condition.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Convergence studies

Table 3. Convergence of nondimensional frequencies of FML plate of a=b ¼ 1, h ¼ 0:0013 m,

4.2. Comparison with previous studies

4.3. New examples

4.3.1. E®ect of aspect ratio on natural frequency of FML plates

Table 4. Comparison of the natural frequencies in (Hz) with previous results

Mode number Present FEM FEM ESDU method Experimental

Natural frequency in Hz 1300

1100 FEM-11st freq

delaminated composite FRP plates by Mohanty et al.3 and Sivakumaran40 for

330 EXP-1st freq

600 FEM-3rd freq

4.3.2. E®ect of boundary conditions on natural frequency of FML plates

4.3.3. E®ect of side-to-thickness ratio on natural frequency of FML plates

Natural frequency in Hz 640

540 FEM-1st freq

1000 FEM-1st freq

The variation of side-to-thickness ratio with respect to natural frequency is pre-

4.3.4. E®ect of ply orientation on natural frequency of FML plates

1st frequency 2nd frequency 3rd frequency 4th frequency

0 347.1 348 542.92 548 542.92 548 670.51 668

1st frequency 2nd frequency 3rd frequency 4th frequency

1st frequency 2nd frequency 3rd frequency 4th frequency

0 199.42 196 384.05 388 384.05 388 514.85 512

9. H. S. Panda, S. K. Sahu and P. K. Parhi, Thermal e®ects on parametric instability of

Compos. Struct. 172 (2017) 259–266.

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¼ 2468:57 kg/m 3 Þ for various boundary conditions such as clamped (CCCC),