Mini Project Report

On

FERTILIZER FROM EGG SHELL AND FRUIT PEELS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
of the degree of
Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
by

MAYURESH PATIL – (22111064)

SAHIL PATIL – (22111053)
JAYESH RAJAI – (221110626)

Under Supervision of
Prof. V. B. MANE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

BHARATI VIDYAPEETH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
NAVI MUMBAI
2023-24

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 Mini Project Report Approval For S.E

This project report ‘FERTILIZER FROM EGG SHELL AND FRUIT PEELS’ Generated
by Mayuresh Patil , Sahil Patil , Jayesh Rajai is approved for the degree of S.E. – Chemical
Engineering.

Prof. V. B. MANE
Project Guide

Dr. S. P. Shingare Dr. Sandhya Jadhav

Head of Department Principal

Date:-
Place:-

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 Project Report Approval for SE
This project report entitled ‘FERTILIZER FROM EGG SHELL AND FRUIT PEELS’ by
Mayuresh Patil, Sahil Patil, Jayesh Rajai is approved for SE– Chemical Engineering.

Examiners

Date:-
Place:-

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 Declaration

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others'
ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources.
I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have
not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I
understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute
and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or
from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

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(Name of student and Roll No.) (Signature)

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(Name of student and Roll No.) (Signature)

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(Name of student and Roll No.) (Signature)

Date:

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 Abstract

Repetitive use of soil for farming losses its nutrients. Fertilizer is organic material added to soil
to supply essential nutrients to the growth of the plant. The present study deals with the
utilization of eggshell and fruit peels for effective growth of the plant. By experimenting
eggshell and fruit peels formulation for assessment of pH, we can regulate the amount of
eggshell powder, sweet lime powder and banana peel powder required for a particular soil. The
aim of this paper is to study and analyze the carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H) content
from eggshell powder and fruit peels using CHNS Analyzer. The final result of this study
showed that Sweet lime peel powder has a higher percentage of nitrogen (1.197% in 2.114 mg)
and carbon (38.053% in 2.114 mg) whereas Banana peel powder has a higher percentage of
hydrogen (6.153% in 2.256 mg) compare to remaining samples. This experimental study
proves that eggshell powder and Fruit peel powder can be used as fertilizer with no cost bearing
as this eggshell and fruit peels are collected from household waste

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 Table of Content
Chapter No. Content Page. No
List of figure (i)

1 Introduction 8
2 Literature review 10
3 Methodology 14
4 Plane of work 18
5 Future scope 19

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Fig no. Name Pg.no
3.1 Process flow chart 14
3.2 Fruits peel 15
3.3 Egg shell 15
3.4 Fertilizer powder 17

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 Chapter 1
Introduction

Like every living thing, the plant also needs food for their growth and development. Cultural
practices, control of diseases and insects play vital roles in the plant growth. Domestic waste
is classified into two types i.e Dry waste and wet waste. Some of the organic matter from
household waste can use to prepare fertilizer for agriculture field. Every plant has a different
range of nutrient requirement level. Below this requirement level, plants start to show nutrient
deficiency symptoms. Soil pH indirectly affects the nutrient availability and toxicity of soil.
Generally, soil pH ranges from 6.0-7.5 is acceptable for most plants as nutrients. The plant
requires a total of 16 essential nutrients. The Plant receives Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from
the atmosphere and soil water. The remaining required elements are nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, Sulphur, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron, molybdenum,
and chlorine. Soil minerals or organic matter or fertilizer are supplied to plant to maintain a
constant level of nutrition in the soil. Fertilizer is one of the main sources of nutrition in the
soil. It also improves the immunity of soil because of a high source of nutrition . Chemical
fertilizer makes soil impure and also decreases the soil immunity. Nitrogen is biologically
combined with Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Sulphur to create amino acids, which are the
building blocks of proteins. Nitrogen is a play a vital role in process of photosynthesis. Nitrogen
plays a key role in agriculture by increasing crop production also improve food quality. A
single eggshell contains 2.07 ± 0.18 g of Ca. Eggshell has high calcium source. Calcium
regulates many metabolic process and biochemical function. Calcium is chemical element for
the growth and development of plant without calcium the development of shoot tissue new root
stops the growth of new root calcium has major role in formation of cell wall membrane in the
plant. Calcium reduces soil acidity which indirectly improves crop production. Basically,
hydrogen comes from solidity water into hydrogen gas and oxygen. Hydrogen is required in
form of carbon photosynthesis. Hydrogen plays important role in the development of the plant.
Organic carbon release nutrition for plant growth, promote the structure, biological and
physical health to the soil. Carbon is one of the main building blocks of plant and boosts the
growth of plant and development.

Nitrogen is biologically combined with Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Sulphur to create
amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Nitrogen is a play a vital role in process

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of photosynthesis. Nitrogen plays a key role in agriculture by increasing crop production also
improve food quality. A single eggshell contains 2.07 ± 0.18 g of Ca. Eggshell has high calcium
source. Calcium regulates many metabolic process and biochemical function. Calcium is
chemical element for the growth and development of plant without calcium the development
of shoot tissue new root stops the growth of new root calcium has major role in formation of
cell wall membrane in the plant. Calcium reduces soil acidity which indirectly improves crop
production. Basically, hydrogen comes from solidity water into hydrogen gas and oxygen.
Hydrogen is required in form of carbon photosynthesis. Hydrogen plays important role in the
development of the plant. Organic carbon release nutrition for plant growth, promote the
structure, biological and physical health to the soil. Carbon is one of the main building blocks
of plant and boosts the growth of plant and development.

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 Chapter 2
Literature Review

Existing Literature:
1.Mineral composition in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and resulting frass
from fruit and their peels N. Romano*, A. Sinha, A. Powell and H. Fischer: Compared to
other studies, banana peels produced BSFL with superior content of Mg and Ca, comparable
K and P, but lower Fe, Ni, Zn and Mn. These levels generally reflected the levels in the initial
substrate and in the case of Fe and Ni, these were deficient compared to other reports. Among
the macronutrients in the resulting frass, the K content was remarkably high when bananas,
especially their peels, were used that far exceeded the vast majority of other organic fertilisers.
On the other hand, orange peels led to higher Ca, Ni and Cu content in the frass than bananas.
While fruits peels are unlikely optimal substrates for BSFL growth and development, they
provided relatively high levels of minerals in the BSFL and frass and therefore could be a
beneficial supplement. Considering the growth of BSFL using fruit peels was lower, further
research could explore the different pre-treatment methods to digest the fibre content in order
to potentially enhance BSFL production.

2. STUDY ON EGGSHELL AND FRUIT PEELS AS A FERTILIZER Mayur Dattatray

Khairnar 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.R.H.C.E.T, University
of Mumbai, India : pH testing of samples shows eggshell is less acidic and banana is alkaline
in nature. Sweet lime is acidic due to the availability of citric acid. By experimenting eggshell,
sweet lime peel and banana peel formulation for assessment of pH, we can regulate the amount
of eggshell and fruit peel powder required for a particular soil. Eggshell has high calcium
source and regulates many metabolic process and biochemical function [4]. CHNS analysis
shows that nitrogen and carbon is more available in sweet lime whereas banana peel contains
more hydrogen contain compare to remaining samples. This experimental study proves that
eggshell powder, sweet lime peel powder and banana peel powder can be used as fertilizer. All
three powders have no cost bearing as this organic waste samples are collected
from domestic waste.

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3.Comparative Study of Various Organic Fertilizers Effect on Growth and Yield of Two
Economically Important Crops, Potato and Pea: Agriculture was practiced for thousands of
years without using any artificial chemicals. Soil management practices have recently
increased the use of chemical fertilizers to help crop yields by improving nutrient supply. Use
of these agrochemicals not only causes the degradation of cultivable land but also increases
agricultural pollution. In order to overcome this situation, organic farming is the only solution
in which only natural resources such as organic matter, plant and animal wastes and microbes
are implied [1]. Use of organic manures has improved soil fertility and helps in combating pest
and disease problems

4.Waste Banana Peel and Its Potentialization in Agricultural Applications: Morphology

Overview Nik Alnur Auli NIK YUSUFa*, Ernie Surianiy ROSLYB, Mazlan
MOHAMED3, Mohamad Bashree ABU BAKARd, Mahani YUSOFFE, Muhammad
Azwadi SULAIMANF, Muhammad Iqbal AHMADG: The reserach is focused on the
resistance of bio-polymer thin film to bio-degradation in compost soil from renewable
resources based on waste banana peel and waste egg shell in polymer matrix. The combination
of waste banana peel and waste egg shell in producing of bio-mulching film is a new inovation
in agricultural industry. Bio-mulching film is a biodegradable plastics films that can help in
increasing the moisture content of soil and improving the soil ingredients in order to make the
plants grow well. The thin film is produced by using the waste banana peel as the reinforcement
fiber, eggshell as filler and epoxy resin as matrix. The thickness of thin film was in between
0.10 mm to 0.15 mm. The epoxy/waste banana, banana peel with eggshell (EWE) 10%, were
affected by bio-degradation in soi burial test where the occurances of surface damages, which
in turn enhances the degradation of physical properties.

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5.Growth performance of roselle (Hibiscus sabdarifa) under application of food
wastecompost and Fe3O4 nanoparticle treatment
Syahnaz Ad‑Din Naquib bin Shuhaimi1·Devagi Kanakaraju1 · Hollena Nori1Received:
30 November 2018 / Accepted: 23 September 2019 / Published online: 1 October 2019 ©
The Author(s) 2019: The application of FW compost to soil in the ratio of 1:1 has resulted in
the best roselle plant growth and development. However, it showed no signifcant diference
(P>0.05) for most of the parameters studied. Biologically, there was an increasing trend for
leaves, fruits, dry weight, and total leaf surface area due to FW inclusion compared to top soil
(S) treatment. Thus, FW compost can be regarded as a useful substitute for commercial
fertilizers since it has a signifcant efect on plant growth. The heavy metal uptake was
insignifcant for most of the metals studied, except for Ni, Mn, and Pb as the roselle plants
showed low tolerance to heavy metal mobility to its tissues in diferent types of treatments. The
performance of Fe3O4 was observed to be similar for all parameters studied compared to its
control. Future studies can be performed by incorporating ferro fluid to the soil to increase its
binding to the treatment medium. This approach could potentially impose synergistic efects on
plant growth compared to the direct application of Fe3O4 as a solid powder to the treatment
medium. In addition, the monitoring of the growth performance will also be continued after
127 days for soil combined with Fe3O4 due to the promising results. Future work needs to
examine the links between the chemical and physical properties of each composting media and
plant growth more closely.

6. Trends in the development and utilization of agricultural wastes as heterogeneous

catalyst for biodiesel production Omojola Awogbemi a, Daramy Vandi Von Kallon a,
Victor Sunday Aigbodion b, c: The present work has reviewed the potential of converting
agricultural wastes to heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. The following
conclusions are drawn from the study. The abundant agricultural wastes which are constituting
nuisance and increasing the cost of disposal can be converted to other uses including catalysts
and other bioplastics. The sanitation problem created by inappropriate agricultural wastes
disposal can be solved by waste recycling. The categorization of agricultural wastes is extended
to include wastes generated from the consumption and utilization of agricultural products.
These classifications will give room for a broader and more encompassing look at the menace
created by these wastes. A more inclusive preparation approach has been developed for the

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conversion of agricultural wastes to heterogeneous catalysts. The application of these waste-
derived catalysts will not only reduce the cost of waste recycling but also ensure a reduction in
the pump price of biodiesel. Various preparation and modification techniques such as physical
mixing, calcination, calcination-hydration-dehydration, wet impregnation, bifunctional, sol
gel, co-precipitation are useful approaches in improving the activity of waste-derived
heterogeneous catalysts. A combination of any of these modification techniques is proposed to
further improve the performance of the catalys

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 Chapter 3

Methodology

Organic waste is generated daily which can be collected from household, fruit juice vendor,
Restaurants and hotels. Organic waste is mainly found to be useful in the agriculture field.
Organic waste becomes one of the main sources for nutrition for agriculture field. Sweet lime
can improve soil immunity due to its acidic nature also it provides porosity in the soil which
help to grow good bacteria which helpful in agriculture process. Eggshell and Fruit peels can
improve the stiffness of soil and provide good resistance to erosion

Fig 3.1 Process flowchart for egg shell and fruit peel for powder preparation

PREPARATION OF EGGSHELL AND FRUIT PEELS POWDER

Eggshells and fruit peels were collected from household wastage. To remove bacterial and viral
contact, firstly eggshell and fruit peel was washed in Luke warm water. Later eggshell was
treated with boil water for 5min. Eggshells and fruit peels kept in sunlight around 72hrs (14
days - 5 Peak sunshine hour) to make it dry Fruit peel was crushed to small pieces to make

powder. Using grinder, fine powder was done from eggshell and crushed piece of fruit peels

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Fig no 3.2 Fruit peels

Fig no 3.3 Egg shell

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 Creating fertilizer from fruit peels and eggshells involves a decomposition process that
transforms organic materials into nutrient-rich compost. Here's a methodology:

1. *Collect Materials:* Gather fruit peels (banana, citrus, etc.) and eggshells. Ensure the peels
are chopped into smaller pieces for faster decomposition.

2. *Prepare a Composting Bin or Pile:* Use a composting bin or select an area in your garden.
Layer the fruit peels and crushed eggshells. Add some soil to provide the necessary
microorganisms for decomposition.

3. *Maintain the Pile:* Ensure the pile remains moist, but not waterlogged. Turn or mix the
pile every few weeks to aerate and facilitate the decomposition process.

4. *Wait for Decomposition:* Over time, the materials will break down. This process can take
several weeks to a few months depending on environmental conditions and the size of the
pieces.

5. *Use as Fertilizer:* Once the compost looks dark and crumbly, it's ready. You can use it to
enrich soil in your garden or potted plants. It provides nutrients and enhances soil structure.

6. *Application:* Gently mix the compost into the soil around plants, or sprinkle a layer on the
soil surface. Water the area well to aid in the absorption of nutrients.

7. *This homemade fertilizer won't have precise nutrient ratios like store-bought fertilizers, but
it’s a natural way to enrich the soil and provide plants with organic nutrients

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Fig no 3.4 Fertilizer

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 Chapter 4
Plan of work

WE ARE GOING TO DO MORE RESEARCH ON FERTILIZER AND TRY TO MAKE IT

MORE ECO-FRIENDLY AND TO MAKE IT MORE EFFICIENTLY THAT GIVES MORE
RESULT IN SOIL (PH)

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 Chapter 5
Future Scope

According to our latest research, the global Organic Fertilizer market looks promising in the
next 5 years. As of 2022, the global Organic Fertilizer market was estimated at USD million,
and it's anticipated to reach USD million in 2028

Adoption rates of digital and precision farming, leaching inhibitors, biostimulants, and
regenerative agriculture practices such as cover cropping and legume integration are on the
rise. Increased adoption of these techniques over the next ten years could reduce demand for
synthetic fertilizers by 8% to 12%.

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 REFERENCE

1. Hiral J.Jariwala1, Huma S.Syed, Study on Use of Fruit Peels Powder as a Fertilizer.
Conference: Recent Advances in Environmental Sciences and Engineering November 2016

2. Uchida, Essential nutrients for plant growth: Nutrient functions and deficiency symptoms.
In Plant nutrient management in Hawaii soils, Honolulu: College of Tropical Agriculture and
Human Resources, University of Hawaii R. 2000.

3. Shah Jahan Leghari,Niaz Ahmed, Ghulam Mustafa Bhabhan,, Khalid Hussain, Ayaz Ahmed
Lashar, Role of Nitrogen for Plant growth and development: Review. Advances in
Environmental Biology, September 2016, Pages: 209-218

4. Lucas R. Brun, Maela Lupo, Damia´n A. Delorenzi, Vero´nica E. Di Loreto and Alfredo
Rigalli, Chicken eggshell as suitable calcium source at home, Int J Food Sci Nutr, Early Online:
1-4 2013 Informa UK Ltd. DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.787399

5. El Habbasha S.F. and Faten M. Ibrahim, Calcium: Physiological Function, Deficiency and
Absorption. International Journal of Chem Tech Rese arch CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN:
0974-4290 Vol.8, No.12 pp 196-202, 2015

6. Soil Organic Carbon: the hidden potential. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations Rome, Italy FAO 2017. ISBN 978-92-5-109681-9

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