Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction: 1-4
Text Books
▪ Text Book:
• [T1] James F. Kurose and Ross, Computer networking: a top-down approach featuring the
Internet, 7th Ed., Pearson, 2017.
▪ Reference Books:
• [R1] Behrouz A. Forouzan. Data Communications and Networking. McGraw Hill Pub., 5th
edition, 2013.
• [R2] Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Computer Networks. Fourth Edition, Pearson Education, 2006.
• [R3] L. Peterson and B. Davie. Computer Networks: A Systems Approach. Fourth Edition, MK,
2007.
• [R4] W. Richard Stevens, “TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 1, The protocol”, 2nd Ed. Addison-
Wesley,2011.
▪ Source of the Slides: https://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/ppt.php
Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach
7th edition, Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, Pearson,
Introduction: 1-5
Evaluation Components:
Weightage Nature of
Component Duration Date & Time
(%) Component
Comprehensive
180 min 40% 11/05 AN Closed book
examination
14/03
Mid-term examination 90 min 30% Closed book
4.00 - 5.30PM
QUIZ
30 min 10% TBA Closed book
(1 Nos.)
4/03 AN
Lab Test (2 Nos.) 60 min 20% Open book
29/04 AN
Introduction: 1-6
Chamber consultation Hours
▪ Chamber: H-108
▪ Monday 5:15 pm to 6:15 pm
▪ Email to pragati.Shrivastava@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in
▪ For any queries and meeting appointment
Introduction: 1-7
Introduction
Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:
▪ Get “feel,” “big picture,” ▪ What is the Internet? What is a
introduction to terminology protocol?
• more depth, detail later in ▪ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
course
▪ Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ Security
▪ History
Introduction: 1-8
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
▪ hosts = end systems
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”
bikes
Others?
mattress
Gaming devices
Internet phones Fitbit
Introduction: 1-10
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
4G
▪ Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP
• Interconnected ISPs
▪ protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
Streaming
video
• control sending, receiving of
messages local or
regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet home network content
provider
HTTP network
Internet standards
datacenter
▪ network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
TCP
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task enterprise
Force network
WiFi
Introduction: 1-11
The Internet: a “services” view
▪ Infrastructure that provides mobile network
transport service
• provides service options, analogous enterprise
to postal service network
Introduction: 1-12
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
▪ “what’s the time?” ▪ computers (devices) rather than humans
▪ “I have a question” ▪ all communication activity in Internet
▪ introductions governed by protocols
Rules for:
Protocols define the format, order of
… specific messages sent messages sent and received among
… specific actions taken network entities, and actions taken
when message received,
or other events on message transmission, receipt
Introduction: 1-13
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-16
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-17
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
▪ interconnected routers
▪ network of networks enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-18
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems mobile network
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-19
Introduction: 1-20
Access networks: home networks
Wireless and wired
devices
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-22
Access networks: enterprise networks
Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers
local or
regional ISP
Introduction: 1-24
CSF303
Lecture:2 Introduction to
network core
BITS Pilani By Pragati Shrivastava
Hyderabad Campus
Overview
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History
Introduction: 1-26
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
▪ takes application message
▪ breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L bits L bits each
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-29
Two key network-core functions
Introduction: 1-31
forwarding
forwarding
Introduction: 1-32
Overview
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History
Introduction: 1-33
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
Introduction: 1-34
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C
D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link
Introduction: 1-35
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C
D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link
Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for some period of time:
▪ packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
▪ packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Introduction: 1-36
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “call” between source
and destination
▪ in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st
circuit in right link.
▪ dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
▪ circuit segment idle if not used by call (no
sharing)
▪ commonly used in traditional telephone networks
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Introduction: 1-37
Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM) 4 users
frequency
▪ optical, electromagnetic frequencies
divided into (narrow) frequency
bands
▪ each call allocated its own band, can
transmit at max rate of that narrow time
band
frequency
▪ time divided into slots
▪ each call allocated periodic slot(s), can
transmit at maximum rate of (wider) time
frequency band (only) during its time
slot(s) Introduction: 1-38
Packet switching versus circuit switching
example:
▪ 1 Gb/s link
N
▪ each user: users
• 100 Mb/s when “active” 1 Gbps link
• active 10% of time
Q: how many users can use this network under circuit-switching and packet switching?
▪ circuit-switching: 10 users
Q: how did we get value
▪ packet switching: with 35 users, 0.0004?
probability > 10 active at same time is
less than .0004 *
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Introduction: 1-39
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner”?
▪ great for “bursty” data – sometimes has data to send, but at other times not
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
▪ excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss due to buffer overflow
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
▪ Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior with packet-switching?
• “It’s complicated.” We’ll study various techniques that try to make packet
switching as “circuit-like” as possible.
Introduction: 1-40
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
mobile network
▪ hosts connect to Internet via access national or global ISP
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
▪ access ISPs in turn must be
interconnected
• so that any two hosts (anywhere!) local or
regional ISP
can send packets to each other
home network
▪ resulting network of networks is content
provider
very complex network datacenter
network
enterprise
network
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction: 1-42
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction: 1-43
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider.
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
global
access
net
ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction: 1-44
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
ISP A
access net
net
access
net ISP B access
net
access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction: 1-45
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. who will
want to be connected
Internet exchange point
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
ISP A
access net
net
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
peering link
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction: 1-46
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
ISP A
access net
net
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
regional ISP access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction: 1-47
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai) may
run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
ISP A
access net
net
access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
regional ISP access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction: 1-48
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google
IXP IXP IXP
B
packets in buffers (queueing delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction: 1-52
Packet delay: four sources
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction: 1-55
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
Introduction: 1-56
Packet queueing delay (revisited)
▪ a: average packet arrival rate
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation (on publisher’s website) of queuing and loss
Introduction: 1-60
Throughput
▪ throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are being sent from
sender to receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time
link capacity
pipe that can carry linkthat
pipe capacity
can carry
Rsfluid
bits/sec
at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
serverserver,
sends with
bits
(fluid) into pipe (Rs bits/sec) (Rc bits/sec)
file of F bits
to send to client
Introduction: 1-61
Throughput
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction: 1-62
Throughput: network scenario
▪ per-connection end-
Rs end throughput:
Rs Rs min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
▪ in practice: Rc or Rs is
R often bottleneck
Rc Rc
Rc
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more
examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/
A C
A C
Introduction: 1-68
Bad guys: denial of service
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources (server,
bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic by
overwhelming resource with bogus traffic
1. select target
2. break into hosts
around the network
(see botnet)
3. send packets to target target
from compromised
hosts
Introduction: 1-69
Lines of defense:
▪ authentication: proving you are who you say you are
• cellular networks provides hardware identity via SIM card; no such
hardware assist in traditional Internet
▪ confidentiality: via encryption
▪ integrity checks: digital signatures prevent/detect tampering
▪ access restrictions: password-protected VPNs
▪ firewalls: specialized “middleboxes” in access and core
networks:
▪ off-by-default: filter incoming packets to restrict senders, receivers,
applications
▪ detecting/reacting to DOS attacks
Introduction: 1-72
Why layering?
Approach to designing/discussing complex systems:
▪ explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
▪ modularization eases maintenance,
updating of system
• change in layer's service implementation:
transparent to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t
affect rest of system
Introduction: 1-75
Layered Internet protocol stack
▪ application: supporting network applications
• HTTP, IMAP, SMTP, DNS
application
application
▪ transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
transport
▪ network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination network
• IP, routing protocols
link
▪ link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements physical
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
▪ physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction: 1-76
Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application Application exchanges messages to implement some application
application service using services of transport layer
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from transport
one process to another, using services of network layer
network ▪ transport-layer protocol encapsulates network
application-layer message, M, with
link transport layer-layer header Ht to create a link
transport-layer segment
• Ht used by transport layer protocol to
physical implement its service physical
source destination
Introduction: 1-77
Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from transport
one process to another, using services of network layer
network Hn Ht M network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment
[Ht | M] from one host to another, using link layer services
link link
▪ network-layer protocol encapsulates
transport-layer segment [Ht | M] with
physical network layer-layer header Hn to create a physical
network-layer datagram
source • Hn used by network layer protocol to destination
implement its service
Introduction: 1-78
Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport transport
network Hn Ht M network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment
[Ht | M] from one host to another, using link layer services
link Hl Hn Ht M link
Link-layer protocol transfers datagram [Hn| [Ht |M] from
host to neighboring host, using network-layer services
physical physical
▪ link-layer protocol encapsulates network
datagram [Hn| [Ht |M], with link-layer header
source Hl to create a link-layer frame destination
Introduction: 1-79
Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application M application
message
Ht M
transport Ht M transport
segment
network Hn Ht M Hn Ht M network
datagram
link Hl Hn Ht M Hl Hn Ht M link
frame
physical physical
source destination
Introduction: 1-80
source Encapsulation: an
end-end view
message M application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction: 1-81
Chapter 1: roadmap
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History
Introduction: 1-82
First mac bridge (switch)
Introduction: 1-83
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
▪ 1961: Kleinrock - queueing ▪ 1972:
theory shows effectiveness of • ARPAnet public demo
packet-switching • NCP (Network Control Protocol)
▪ 1964: Baran - packet-switching first host-host protocol
in military nets • first e-mail program
▪ 1967: ARPAnet conceived by • ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Advanced Research Projects
Agency
▪ 1969: first ARPAnet node
operational
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary networks
▪ 1970: ALOHAnet satellite
Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking
network in Hawaii principles:
▪ 1974: Cerf and Kahn - ▪ minimalism, autonomy - no
architecture for interconnecting internal changes required to
networks interconnect networks
▪ best-effort service model
▪ 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC ▪ stateless routing
▪ late70’s: proprietary ▪ decentralized control
architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA define today’s Internet architecture
▪ 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Introduction: 1-85
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
▪ 1983: deployment of TCP/IP ▪ new national networks: CSnet,
▪ 1982: smtp e-mail protocol BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel
defined ▪ 100,000 hosts connected to
▪ 1983: DNS defined for name- confederation of networks
to-IP-address translation
▪ 1985: ftp protocol defined
▪ 1988: TCP congestion control
Introduction: 1-86
Internet history
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new applications
▪ early 1990s: ARPAnet late 1990s – 2000s:
decommissioned ▪ more killer apps: instant
▪ 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet ▪ network security to forefront
(decommissioned, 1995)
▪ est. 50 million host, 100 million+
▪ early 1990s: Web users
• hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
▪ backbone links running at Gbps
• 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
• late 1990s: commercialization of the
Web
Introduction: 1-87
Internet history
2005-present: scale, SDN, mobility, cloud
▪ aggressive deployment of broadband home access (10-100’s Mbps)
▪ 2008: software-defined networking (SDN)
▪ increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access: 4G/5G, WiFi
▪ service providers (Google, FB, Microsoft) create their own networks
• bypass commercial Internet to connect “close” to end user, providing
“instantaneous” access to social media, search, video content, …
▪ enterprises run their services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon Web Services,
Microsoft Azure)
▪ rise of smartphones: more mobile than fixed devices on Internet (2017)
▪ ~18B devices attached to Internet (2017)
Introduction: 1-88
Chapter 1: summary
We’ve covered a “ton” of material!
▪ Internet overview
▪ what’s a protocol? You now have:
▪ network edge, access network, core ▪ context, overview,
• packet-switching versus circuit-
switching vocabulary, “feel”
• Internet structure of networking
▪ performance: loss, delay, throughput ▪ more depth,
▪ layering, service models detail, and fun to
▪ security follow!
▪ history
Introduction: 1-89
Thank you
Introduction: 1-90
Additional Chapter 1 slides
Introduction: 1-91
ISO/OSI reference model
Two layers not found in Internet
application
protocol stack!
presentation
▪ presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, session
compression, machine-specific conventions transport
▪ session: synchronization, checkpointing, network
recovery of data exchange link
▪ Internet stack “missing” these layers!
physical
• these services, if needed, must be
implemented in application The seven layer OSI/ISO
reference model
• needed?
Introduction: 1-92
Wireshark
application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application
OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
Network (IP)
capture copy of all
Ethernet frames Link (Ethernet)
(pcap) sent/received
Physical
Introduction: 1-93