COEN 366-

Communication Networks and Protocols

Concordia University

Chadi Assi
EV9.179
 Text books

“Communication Networks: Fundamental

Concepts and Key Architectures” by Alberto
Leon-Garcia and Indra Widjaja
 Course outline
§ Introduction to Computer networks

§ Application Layer (principles, some apps, socket programming)

§ Transport Layer (Principles of error detection and control ,

principles of Flow and congestion control, TCP)

§ Network Layer (forwarding, switching, routing, addressing and

internetworking, SDN, etc.)

§ (if time permits) Link Layer (Error detection and control,

Access methods: deterministic and random, Aloha and S-Aloha,
CSMA/CD, Ethernet, STP protocol)

§ Learning Wireshark, Mininet, socket programming

 Course outline

§ Chadi Assi, chadi.assi@concordia.ca

• Office : E 9.179
• Office Phone: 5799
• Office Hours : W/F 3:00pm – 4:00pm

§ Marking Scheme:
o Midterm 20%
o Final 50%
o Lab assignments + Proj. 30%
o Ali Amhaz, Shreya Khisa and Y Joarder (Lab instructors)

§ More info: ENCS Moodle

Chapter 1
Introduction

All material copyright 1996-2016

J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Introduction 1-5
Chapter 1: introduction
overview:
§ what’s the Internet?
§ what’s a protocol?
§ network edge; hosts, access net, physical media
§ network core: packet/circuit switching, Internet structure
§ performance: loss, delay, throughput
§ security
§ protocol layers, service models
§ history

Introduction 1-6
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
§ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
§ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-7
 1.1 • WHAT IS THE INTERNET

1.1 • WHAT IS THE INTERNET? 3

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view National or

Global ISP

National or

§ billions of connected Global ISP

computing devices: Mobile Network

Mobile Network Datacenter Network

• hosts = end systems Datacenter Network

• running network apps

Datacenter Network

§ communication links Datacenter Network

• fiber, copper, radio, Local or

satellite Home Network

Home Network
Local or
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Content Provider Network
Content Provider Network

• transmission rate:
bandwidth

§ packet switches: forward

packets (chunks of data) Key:
Key:
Enterprise Network
Enterprise Network

• routers and switches

Host Host
Server Server
Mobile Mobile Link-layer
Router Router Base
Link-layerSmartphone
Base Smartphone
Cell phone Cell phone
(= end system)Computer
(= end system) Computer switch switch or station
station tablet or tablet
tower tower

WorkstationWorkstation
Datacenter Datacenter Traffic light Traffic light
Thermostat Thermostat
Fridge Fridge Introduction 1-8
Figure Figure
1.1 ♦ Some
1.1 pieces
♦ Some ofpieces
the Internet
of the Internet
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

10

Introduction 1-10
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

ad insertion
WAN accelerator

BRAS

session border IDS

transcoder
carrier-grade NAT controller

load balancer
DDoS protection

firewall
DPI
QoE monitor

The Middlebox World

Introduction 1-11
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

Introduction 1-12
 “Fun” Internet-connected devices
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

Tweet-a-watt:
IP picture frame monitor energy use
http://www.ceiva.com/

Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely

Internet
refrigerator

Introduction 1-13
Internet services

Introduction 1-16
Internet services

Introduction 1-17
 1.1 • WHAT IS

1.1 • WHAT IS THE INTERN

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view National or

Global ISP

National or
Global ISP

§ Internet: “network of
Mobile Network

networks”
Mobile Network Datacenter Network

Datacenter Network

• Interconnected ISPs
§ protocols control sending,
receiving of messages
Datacenter Network

Datacenter Network

• e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Local or

802.11 Home Network
Home Network
Local or
Regional ISP
Content Provider Network
Regional ISP

§ Internet standards
Content Provider Network

• RFC: Request for

comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force Enterprise Network
Enterprise Network
Key:
Key:

Host Host
Server Server
Mobile Mobile Link-layer
Router Router Base
Link-layerSmartphone
Base Smartphone
Cell phone Cell phone
(= end system)Computer
(= end system) Computer switch switch or station
station tablet or tablet
tower tower

WorkstationWorkstation
Datacenter Datacenter Traffic light Traffic light
Thermostat Thermostat
Fridge Fridge Introduction 1-19
Figure Figure
1.1 ♦ Some
1.1 pieces
♦ Some ofpieces
the Internet
of the Internet
 1.1 • WHAT I

1.1 • WHAT IS THE INTERN

What’s the Internet: a service view National or

Global ISP

National or
Global ISP

Mobile Network

§ infrastructure that provides Mobile Network Datacenter Networ

services to applications: Datacenter Network

• Web, VoIP, email, games, e-

commerce, social nets, … Datacenter Networ

Datacenter Network

§ provides programming Local or

interface to apps
Home Network Regional ISP
Local or Content Provider Network
Home Network Regional ISP
Content Provider Network

• hooks that allow sending

and receiving app programs
to “connect” to Internet
• provides service options, Enterprise Network

analogous to postal service

Enterprise Network
Key:
Key:

Host Host
Server Server
Mobile Mobile Link-layer
Router Router Base
Link-layerSmartphone
Base Smartphone
Cell phone Cell phone
(= end system)Computer
(= end system) Computer switch switch or station
station tablet or tablet
tower tower

WorkstationWorkstation
Datacenter Datacenter Traffic light Traffic light
Thermostat Thermostat
Fridge Fridge Introduction 1-20
Figure Figure
1.1 ♦ Some
1.1 pieces
♦ Some ofpieces
the Internet
of the Internet
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
§ “what’s the time?” § machines rather than
§ “I have a question” humans
§ introductions § all communication activity
in Internet governed by
… specific messages sent protocols
… specific actions taken
when messages protocols define format, order of
received, or other
events messages sent and received
among network entities, and
actions taken on message
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-21
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Introduction 1-22
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
§ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
§ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-23
 1.1 • WHAT I

1.1 • WHAT IS THE INTERN

A closer look at network structure: National or

Global ISP

National or
Global ISP

§ network edge: Mobile Network

• hosts: clients and servers

Mobile Network Datacenter Networ

Datacenter Network

• servers often in data

centers Datacenter Networ

§ access networks, physical

Datacenter Network

media: wired, wireless

Local or
Home Network Regional ISP
Local or Content Provider Network
Home Network Regional ISP

communication links
Content Provider Network

§ network core:
• interconnected routers
Enterprise Network
Enterprise Network
Key:
Key:

• network of networks
Host Host
Server Server
Mobile Mobile Link-layer
Router Router Base
Link-layerSmartphone
Base Smartphone
Cell phone Cell phone
(= end system)Computer
(= end system) Computer switch switch or station
station tablet or tablet
tower tower

WorkstationWorkstation
Datacenter Datacenter Traffic light Traffic light
Thermostat Thermostat
Fridge Fridge Introduction 1-24
Figure Figure
1.1 ♦ Some
1.1 pieces
♦ Some ofpieces
the Internet
of the Internet
 1.1 • WHAT I

1.1 • WHAT IS THE INTERN

Access networks and physical media National or

Global ISP

National or
Global ISP

Q: How to connect end Mobile Network

systems to edge router? Mobile Network Datacenter Networ

Datacenter Network

§ residential access nets

§ institutional access Datacenter Networ

networks (school, company) Datacenter Network

§ mobile access networks Home Network

Local or
Regional ISP
Local or Content Provider Network
Home Network

keep in mind:
Regional ISP
Content Provider Network

§ bandwidth (bits per second)

of access network?
§ shared or dedicated? Enterprise Network
Enterprise Network
Key:
Key:

Host Host
Server Server
Mobile Mobile Link-layer
Router Router Base
Link-layerSmartphone
Base Smartphone
Cell phone Cell phone
(= end system)Computer
(= end system) Computer switch switch or station
station tablet or tablet
tower tower

WorkstationWorkstation
Datacenter Datacenter Traffic light Traffic light
Thermostat Thermostat
Fridge Fridge Introduction 1-25
Figure Figure
1.1 ♦ Some
1.1 pieces
♦ Some ofpieces
the Internet
of the Internet
Access network: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

§ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
§ < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
§ < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
§ Rates may vary with the standard used.
Introduction 1-26
§ Rates vary with distance (~5-10 Miles)
Access network: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-27
 cable Internet access from the same company that provides its cable television. As illustrated in Figure
1.6, fiber optics connect the cable head end to neighborhood-level junctions, from which traditional
coaxial cable is then used to reach individual houses and apartments. Each neighborhood junction

Access network: cable network

typically supports 500 to 5,000 homes. Because both fiber and coaxial cable are employed in this
system, it is often referred to as hybrid fiber coax (HFC).

cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

§ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2
Figure 1.6 A hybrid fiber-coaxial access network
Mbps upstream transmission rate
§ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
Cable internet access requires special modems, called cable modems. As with a DSL modem, the cable
• homes share access network to cable headend
• unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
Introduction 1-28
Access network: FTTH

Figure 1.7 FTTH Internet access

§ FTTH Internet Access

Upontotoa single,
than• 100) Gbpsshared rates (with
optical typical
fiber, which average
connects rates
to an optical of 20Mbps
line terminator or
(OLT) in the

more)
telco’s CO. The OLT, providing conversion between optical and electrical signals, connects to the
Internet via a telco router. In the home, users connect a home router (typically a wireless router) to the
PON,
§ ONT EPON,
and access GPON,
the Internet LR-PON,
via this home etc.
router. In the PON architecture, all packets sent from OLT
to the splitter are replicated at the splitter (similar to a cable head end).

FTTH can potentially provide Internet access rates in the gigabits per second range. However, most
Introduction 1-29
FTTH ISPs provide different rate offerings, with the higher rates naturally costing more money. The
 Access network: typical home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)

Introduction 1-30
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

§ typically used in companies, universities, etc.

§ 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
§ today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-31
Wireless access networks
§ shared wireless access network connects end system to router
• via base station aka “access point”

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access

§ within building (100 ft.) § provided by telco (cellular)
§ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 operator, 10’s km
Mbps transmission rate § between 1 and 10 Mbps
§ 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

Introduction 1-32
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
§ takes application message
§ breaks into smaller two packets,
chunks, known as packets, L bits each
of length L bits
§ transmits packet into
access network at 2 1
transmission rate R R: link transmission rate
• link transmission rate, host
aka link capacity, aka
link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction 1-33
Physical media
§ bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
§ physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
between transmitter & § two insulated copper
receiver wires
§ guided media: • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gbps Ethernet
• signals propagate in solid • Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
§ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-34
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
§ two concentric copper § glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
§ Bidirectional § high-speed operation:
§ Common in cable TV • high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
§ broadband: Gbps transmission rate)
• multiple channels on cable
§ low error rate:
• HFC
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic
noise

Introduction 1-35
Physical media: radio
§ signal carried in
electromagnetic spectrum
§ no physical “wire”
§ bidirectional
§ propagation environment
effects:
• reflection
• obstruction by objects
• interference
radio link types:
§ terrestrial microwave
• e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
§ LAN (e.g., WiFi)
• 54 Mbps
§ wide-area (e.g., cellular)
• 4G cellular: ~ 10 Mbps
§ satellite
• Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
• 270 msec end-end delay
• geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-36
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
§ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
§ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-37
The network core
§ mesh of interconnected
routers
§ packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
• forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
• each packet transmitted at
full link capacity

Introduction 1-38
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
At what time will the
third packet arrive at
the destination?
L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

§ takes L/R seconds to transmit one-hop numerical example:

(push out) L-bit packet into
link at R bps § L = 7.5 Mbits
§ store and forward: entire § R = 1.5 Mbps
packet must arrive at router § one-hop transmission
before it can be transmitted delay = 5 sec
on next link
§ end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming
zero propagation delay) more on delay shortly …
Introduction 1-39
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:

§ if arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link
for a period of time:
• packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
• packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

Introduction 1-40
 Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source-
destination route taken by
packets
§ routing algorithms
forwarding: move packets from
router’s input to appropriate
router output

routing algorithm

local forwarding table

header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
1
011

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction 1-41
Alternative core: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated
to, reserved for “call”
between source & dest:
§ in diagram, each link has four
circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top
link and 1st circuit in right
link.
§ dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
§ circuit segment idle if not used
by call (no sharing)
§ commonly used in traditional
telephone networks
Introduction 1-42
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
Introduction 1-43
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!

example:
§ 1 Mb/s link
§ each user: N

…..
users
• 100 kb/s when “active”
• active 10% of time 1 Mbps link

§ circuit-switching:
• 10 users
§ packet switching: Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
• with 35 users, probability >
10 active at same time is less Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
than .0004 *
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
Introduction 1-44
Internet structure: network of networks
§ End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
• residential, company and university ISPs
§ Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
• so that any two hosts can send packets to each other
§ Resulting network of networks is very complex
• evolution was driven by economics and national policies

Introduction 1-45
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-46
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP

…

…
to each other directly doesn’t

…
access access
…

net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
…

net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-47
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-48
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-49
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
…. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
…
access
access
access
net net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access peering link

net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-50
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to
ISPs

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-51
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft,
Akamai) may run their own network, to bring services, content
close to end users
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-52
Internet structure: network of networks

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IXP IXP IXP

Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

§ at center: small # of well-connected large networks

• “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national &
international coverage
• content provider network (e.g., Google): private network that connects
it data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs Introduction 1-53
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone

peering
… … …
…

to/from customers

Introduction 1-54
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
§ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
§ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-55
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
§ packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
§ packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Introduction 1-56
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay

§ check bit errors
§ determine output link
§ typically < msec
§ time waiting at output link
for transmission
§ depends on congestion
level of router
Introduction 1-57
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:

§ L: packet length (bits) § d: length of physical link
§ R: link bandwidth (bps) § s: propagation speed (~2x108 m/sec)
§ dtrans = L/R dtrans and dprop § dprop = d/s
very different
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on trans vs. prop delay Introduction 1-58
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

§ cars “propagate” at § time to “push” entire

100 km/hr
§ toll booth takes 12 sec to
service car (bit transmission
time)
§ car ~ bit; caravan ~ packet
§ Q: How long until caravan is
lined up before 2nd toll
booth?
caravan through toll
booth onto highway =
12*10 = 120 sec
§ time for last car to
propagate from 1st to
2nd toll both:
100km/(100km/hr)= 1
hr
§ A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-59
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

§ suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr

§ and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car
§ Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at first
booth?
• A: Yes! after 7 min, first car arrives at second booth; three
cars still at first booth

Introduction 1-60
Queueing delay (revisited)

average queueing
§ R: link bandwidth (bps)

delay
§ L: packet length (bits)
§ a: average packet arrival
rate
traffic intensity
= La/R
§ La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0

§ La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large

§ La/R > 1: more “work” arriving
than can be serviced, average delay infinite!

La/R -> 1
* Check online interactive animation on queuing and loss
Introduction 1-61
Example

§ Consider sending a large file of F bits from Host A to Host B.

There are three links (and two switches) between A and B,
and the links are uncongested (that is, no queuing delays).
Host A segments the file into segments of S bits each and
adds 80 bits of header to each segment, forming packets of
L=80 + S bits. Each link has a transmission rate of R bps.
Find the value of S that minimizes the delay of moving the file
from Host A to Host B. Disregard propagation delay.

Introduction 1-62
 large must T be to ensure no queuing before the second link? Explain.

P24. Suppose you would like to urgently deliver 40 terabytes data from Boston to Los Angeles.
Example
You have available a 100 Mbps dedicated link for data transfer. Would you prefer to transmit the
data via this link or instead use FedEx over-night delivery? Explain.
P25. Suppose two hosts, A and B, are separated by 20,000 kilometers and are connected by a
direct link of R=2 Mbps. Suppose the propagation speed over the link is 2.5⋅108 meters/sec.
a. Calculate the bandwidth-delay product, R⋅dprop.

b.
b. Consider
Consider sending
sendingaafile fileofof800,000
800,000bits
bitsfrom
fromHost
HostAA to to
Host B. B.
Host Suppose
Supposethethefilefile
is sent
is sent
continuously as one largeof message. What is Host
b. Consider sending
continuously a file
as one large 800,000 bits
message. from
What isthe maximum
the to Hostnumber
Amaximum B.numberof bitsthe
Suppose that
of bits filewill
that be in
iswill
sentbe in
b. Consider
the link atsending
continuously a file
any given of 800,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose the file is sent
time?
the link at anyasgiven
one large
time?message. What is the maximum number of bits that will be in
continuously as given
one large message. What is the maximum number of bits that will be in
c. the link at any time?
Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth-delay product.
c. Provide
the link atan anyinterpretation
given time? of the bandwidth-delay product.
d.
c. What
Provideis the width (in meters)
an interpretation of a
of the bit in the link? Isproduct.
bandwidth-delay it longer than a ­football field?
d.
c. What is the width (in meters) of a bit in
Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth-delay product. the link? Is it longer than a ­football field?
e.
d. Derive
What isathe general
widthexpression
(in meters)for of the
a bitwidth
in theoflink?
a bitIs initterms ofthan
longer the propagation speed s, the
a ­football field?
e.
d. Derive a general expression for the width of a bit in terms of
What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link? Is it longer than a ­football field? the propagation speed s, the
e. transmission
Derive a general rate expression
R, and the lengthfor the of the link
width of a m.bit in terms of the propagation speed s, the
transmission
e. Derive a general rate R, and the
expression for length
the widthof of
thea link
bit inm. terms of the propagation speed s, the
transmission rate R, and the length of the link m.
transmission rate R, and the length of the link m.
P26. Referring to problem P25, suppose we can modify R. For what value of R is the width of a
P26. Referring to problem P25, suppose we can modify R. For what value of R is the width of a
bit
P26.asReferring
long as the to length
problem of P25,
the link? suppose
bit as long as the length of thesuppose
P26. Referring to problem P25, link? wewecancan modify
modify R. For
R. For what what value
value of R of
is R
theiswidth
the width
of a of a
P27.
bit asConsider
bit as long as
long asthe problem
the lengthof
length P25
ofthe but
the now with a link of R=1 Gbps.
link?
link?
P27. Consider problem P25 but now with a linkR⋅dprop of R=1 Gbps.
a. Calculate
P27. Consider
Considerproblem the bandwidth-delay
problemP25 P25but butnownow product,
with
with a link
a link of R=1
of R=1 .
Gbps.
Gbps.
Calculate the bandwidth-delay product, R⋅dprop.
a. Consider Introduction 1-63
b.
a. Calculate
Calculatethe sending a file
thebandwidth-delay
bandwidth-delayof 800,000
product, bits
product, from Host
R⋅dprop
R⋅dprop . . A to Host B. Suppose the file is sent
b. Consider sending a file of 800,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose the file is sent
“Real” Internet delays and routes
§ what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
§ traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-
end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
• sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
• router i will return packets to sender
• sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-64
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org

Introduction 1-65
 Packet loss
§ queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite
capacity
§ packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
§ lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by
source end system, or not at all

buffer
packet being transmitted
A (waiting area)

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss Introduction 1-66
Throughput
§ throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server with bits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bitspipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-67
Throughput (more)
§ Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

§ Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-68
Throughput: Internet scenario

§ per-connection end-
end throughput: Rs
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) Rs Rs
§ in practice: Rc or Rs
is often bottleneck
R

Rc Rc

Rc

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more
examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/ Introduction 1-69
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
§ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
§ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-70
Protocol “layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
§ hosts Question:
§ routers is there any hope of
§ links of various organizing structure of
media network?
§ applications
§ protocols …. or at least our
§ hardware, discussion of networks?
software

Introduction 1-71
Internet protocol stack
§ application: supporting network
applications
• FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
§ transport: process-process data
transfer transport
• TCP, UDP
network
§ network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination
link
• IP, routing protocols
§ link: data transfer between physical
neighboring network elements
• Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
§ physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction 1-75
ISO/OSI reference model
§ presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data, application
e.g., encryption, compression,
machine-specific conventions presentation
§ session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
network
§ Internet stack “missing” these
layers! link
• these services, if needed, must be physical
implemented in application
• needed?

Introduction 1-76
 message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-77
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
§ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
§ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-78
Network security
§ field of network security:
• how bad guys can attack computer networks
• how we can defend networks against attacks
• how to design architectures that are immune to attacks
§ Internet not originally designed with (much)
security in mind
• original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users
attached to a transparent network” J
• Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
• security considerations in all layers!

Introduction 1-79
Bad guys: put malware into hosts via Internet
§ malware can get in host from:
• virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing
object (e.g., e-mail attachment)
• worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving
object that gets itself executed
§ spyware malware can record keystrokes, web
sites visited, upload info to collection site
§ infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for
spam. DDoS attacks

Introduction 1-80
Bad guys: attack server, network infrastructure
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources
(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic
by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic

1. select target
2. break into hosts around
the network (see botnet)
3. send packets to target from
compromised hosts
target

Introduction 1-81
The Mirai Botnet (2016)
• Malware scans and infects IoT devices (with default factory
credentials) and turn them into bots
• Large scale attacks (SYN Flood) à inaccessibility of several high-
profile websites such as GitHub,Twitter, Reddit, Netflix,Airbnb and
many others

82

Introduction 1-82
Other notable cyber attacks
§ Ukraine power grid hack
• Caused power outages for roughly
230,000 consumers in Ukraine for 1-6
hours. - attributed to a Russian advanced
persistent threat group known as
"Sandworm". the first publicly
acknowledged successful cyberattack on a
power grid.

83

Introduction 1-83
Other notable cyber attacks
§ Stuxnet
• Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm first
uncovered in 2010 and thought to have
been in development since at least 2005.

• Stuxnet targets supervisory control and

data acquisition (SCADA) systems and is
believed to be responsible for causing
substantial damage to the nuclear program
of Iran.[

Exploiting four zero-day flaws, Stuxnet functions

by targeting machines using the Microsoft
Windows operating system and networks, then
seeking out Siemens Step7 software.
84

Introduction 1-84
Other notable cyber attacks
§ Ransomware
• ransomware cyberattack that
impacted computerized
equipment managing the
pipeline
• vulnerability of infrastructure
(including critical infrastructure)
• Company shuts down service to
contain attack
• Paid $4.4M

85

Introduction 1-85
Bad guys can sniff packets
packet “sniffing”:
§ broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
§ promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets
(e.g., including passwords!) passing by

A C

src:B dest:A payload

B

§ wireshark software used for end-of-chapter labs is a

(free) packet-sniffer
Introduction 1-86
Bad guys can use fake addresses
IP spoofing: send packet with false source address
A C

src:B dest:A payload

… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)

Introduction 1-87
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
§ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
§ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-88
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
§ 1961: Kleinrock - § 1972:
queueing theory shows • ARPAnet public demo
effectiveness of packet- • NCP (Network Control
switching Protocol) first host-host
§ 1964: Baran - packet- protocol
switching in military nets • first e-mail program
§ 1967: ARPAnet • ARPAnet has 15 nodes
conceived by Advanced
Research Projects
Agency
§ 1969: first ARPAnet node
operational

Introduction 1-89
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
§ 1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii
§ 1974: Cerf and Kahn -
architecture for interconnecting
networks
§ 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC
§ late70’s: proprietary
architectures: DECnet, SNA,
XNA
§ late 70’s: switching fixed length
packets (ATM precursor)
§ 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Cerf and Kahn’s
internetworking principles:
• minimalism, autonomy - no
internal changes required to
interconnect networks
• best effort service model
• stateless routers
• decentralized control
define today’s Internet
architecture
Introduction 1-90
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
§ 1983: deployment of § new national networks:
TCP/IP CSnet, BITnet, NSFnet,
§ 1982: smtp e-mail Minitel
protocol defined § 100,000 hosts connected
§ 1983: DNS defined for to confederation of
name-to-IP-address networks
translation
§ 1985: ftp protocol defined
§ 1988: TCP congestion
control

Introduction 1-91
Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
§ early 1990’s: ARPAnet
decommissioned
§ 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on
commercial use of NSFnet
(decommissioned, 1995)
§ early 1990s: Web
• hypertext [Bush 1945,
Nelson 1960’s]
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
• 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
• late 1990’s:
commercialization of the Web
late 1990’s – 2000’s:
§ more killer apps: instant
messaging, P2P file sharing
§ network security to
forefront
§ est. 50 million host, 100
million+ users
§ backbone links running at
Gbps
Introduction 1-92
Internet history
2005-present
§ ~5B devices attached to Internet (2016)
• smartphones and tablets
§ aggressive deployment of broadband access
§ increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
§ emergence of online social networks:
• Facebook: ~ one billion users
§ service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own
networks
• bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous” access to
search, video content, email, etc.
§ e-commerce, universities, enterprises running their
services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon EC2)

Introduction 1-93
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
§ Internet overview § context, overview, “feel”
§ what’s a protocol? of networking
§ network edge, core, access § more depth, detail to
network follow!
• packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
• Internet structure
§ performance: loss, delay,
throughput
§ layering, service models
§ security
§ history

Introduction 1-94
 Chapter 1
Additional Slides

Introduction 1-95
 application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application

OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
Network (IP)
capture copy of all
Ethernet Link (Ethernet)
(pcap) frames
sent/receive Physical
d