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(Charpit’s Method)
Prepared by:
Prof. Sunil
Department of Mathematics & Scientific Computing
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
CHARPIT’S METHOD:
Charpit’s method is a general method for finding the complete solution of non-
linear partial differential equation of the first order of the form
f x, y, z, p, q 0 . (i)
z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy . (ii)
x y
Integrating (ii), we get the complete solution of (i).
Note: In order to integrate (ii), we must know p and q in terms of x, y, z.
For this purpose, introduce another non-linear partial differential equation of the first
order of the form
F x, y, z, p, q 0 , (iii)
On substitution of (iv) in (ii), equation (ii) becomes integrable, resulting in the complete
solution of (i) in the form
x, y, z, a , b 0 , (v)
containing two arbitrary constants a and b.
To determine F: We differentiate (i) and (iii) partially w. r. t. x and y. Thus
f f f p f q
.p . . 0, (vi)
x z p x q x
F F F p F q
.p . . 0, (vii)
x z p x q x
f f f p f q
.q . . 0 , (viii)
y z p y q y
F F F p F q
.q . . 0 . (ix)
y z p y q y
p
Eliminating between (vi) and (vii), we get
x
f F F f f F F f f F F f q
. . . . .p . . 0. (x)
x p x p z p z p q p q p x
q
Eliminating between (viii) and (ix), we get
y
f F F f f F F f f F F f p
. . . . .q . . 0. (xi)
y q y q z q z q p q p q y
q 2z 2z p
Since and the last term in (x) and (xi) differ in sign only, then
x xy yx y
adding (x) and (xi), we get
f f F f f F f f F f F f F
p q p q 0 , (xii)
x z p y z q p q z p x q y
which is the linear partial differential equation (Lagrange’s linear equation) of the first
order with x, y, z, p, q as independent variables and F as the dependent variable.
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 3
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Note: All the equations of Charpit’s equations (xiii) need NOT be used. Choose the
simplest of (xiii), so that p and q are easily obtained.
Now let us solve complete solution of non-linear partial differential equation of the
first order by Charpit’s method:
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 4
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logz ay log x 2 a log b z ay b x 2 a .
z ay b x 2 a ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.2.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: p 2 q 2 y qz or qz p 2 y q 2 y 0 .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f p 2 q 2 y qz 0 . (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
f f f f f
0, p2 q2 , q , 2py , 2qy z .
x y z p q
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
.
f f f f f f f f
p q p q
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
.
pq p 2 qz 2py 2qy z
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From the first two members, we get pdp qdq 0 .
2 2 2 a2y
Putting p q a in (i), we get q .
z
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 5
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a 4y2 a 2
From (ii), we get p a 2 q 2 a 2 z a 2y2 .
z2 z
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy .
x y
a 2 a 2y
dz pdx qdy z a 2 y 2 dx dy .
z z
1 2
d z a 2 y2
zdz a 2 ydy a z 2 a 2 y 2 dx 2 adx .
z2 a 2 y2
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
z 2 a 2 y 2 ax b z 2 ax b 2 a 2 y 2 ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
method: 2z p 2 qy 2 y 2 0 .
q
1
y
2z 2 y 2 a x 2 .
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 6
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2zy 2 y 2 a x 2 y 4 b y 2 x a 2 2z y 2 b ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.4.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: pxy pq qy yz .
Sol. Given non-linear partial differential equation is f pxy pq qy yz 0 . (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
.
f f f f f f f f
p q p q
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
.
py p y px q qp pxy q q p y xy q p y
dp dq dz dx dy
.
0 px q qp pxy q q p y xy q p y
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From first member, we get dp 0 p a .
Putting p a in (i), we get
yz ax
axy aq qy yz qa y yz ax q .
ay
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 7
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z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy .
x y
method: z p 2 x q 2 y .
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
p 2 dx 2pxdp q 2 dy 2qydq
From which, we have .
p2x q2y
Integrating on both sides, we get log p 2 x log q 2 y log a p 2 x aq 2 y . (ii)
1/ 2
2 z
2
From (i) and (ii), we have aq y q y z q .
1 a y
1/ 2
az
From (ii), we have p .
1 a x
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy .
x y
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 8
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1/ 2 1/ 2
az z
dz pdx qdy dx dy 1 a dz a
dx
dy
.
1 a x 1 a y z x y
z
ax y b 2 , Ans.
1 a
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.6.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: z 2 pqxy .
dp dq dz dx dy
pqy 2pz pqx 2qz 2pqxy qxy pxy
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Using the multipliers p, q, o, x, y, we have
pdx xdp qdy ydq
pqxy xpqy 2pxz qpxy ypqx 2 yqz
pdx xdp qdy ydq
2 xpz 2 yqz
d ( xp) d ( yq)
.
( xp) ( yq)
xp
Integrating on both sides, we get xp a yq q .
ay
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 9
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xp
Substituting q in (i) i.e. z 2 pqxy , we get
ay
xp p2x 2 z
z 2 p. xy p a. .
ay a x
xp x z z
Then q . a. .
ay ay x ay
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy .
x y
z 1 z
dz pdx qdy a dx dy
x a y
dz dx 1 dy
a .
z x a y
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
1
log z a log x log y log b
a
1
log z a1 log x log y log b
a1
log z log x a1 log y1/a1 log b log ax a1 y1/a1
z bx a1 y1/a1 , Ans.
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a1 and b.
Q.No.7.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: 2z px qy yp 2 .
dp dq dz dx dy
2p 2p 2q p 2 2q 2 xp 2 yp 2 2qy 2 x 2 yp 2 y
dp dq dz dx dy
2p p 2 xp yp 2 yq x yp y
2q
2
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Using first and fifth members, we have
dy dp a
p ay 2 .
y 2p y2
a a2 z ax
dz pdx qdy dx dy .
y2 2y 4 y y3
Regrouping the terms, we get
x a 2 1
Integrating on both sides, we get yz a . b.
y 2 2 y 2
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 11
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ax a2 b
z , Ans.
y2 4y3 y
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.8.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: px qy pq .
Ans.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is f px qy pq 0 . (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
f f f f f f f f
p q p q
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
.
p q px q q y p x q y p
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Taking first two members, we have
dp dq
.
p q
Integrating on both sides, log p log q log a p aq . (ii)
Putting p = aq in (i), we have
y ax
aqx qy aq 2 q .
a
From (ii), we obtain p aq y ax
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy .
x y
dz y ax dx
y ax dy adz y ax dy adx
a
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
1
az y ax 2 b ,
2
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 12
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which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
General Integral: Writing b a , we have
1
az y ax 2 a (iii)
2
Differentiating (iii) partially w.r.t. a, we have
z x y ax a . (iv)
General integral is obtained by eliminating a from (iii) and (iv).
Singular Integral: Differentiating the complete integral partially w.r.t. a and b, we have
z x y ax and 0 = 1. Hence there is no singular integral.
Q.No.9.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: 2xy px qy p 2 q 2 0 .
p x 2 q y 2 x y 2 (iii)
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 13
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p x 2 a p x 2 x y 2 2p x 2 2a p x a 2 x y 2 0
p x 2a
4a 8a
2 2
x y 2 , (Taking only +ve sign)
4
px
1
2
a 2x y2 a 2
From (ii), q y a
1
2
a 2x y2 a 2
q y
1
2
a 2x y2 a 2 .
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy .
x y
dz xdx ydy
a
2
dx dy 1
2
2x y2 a 2 dx dy
a 2
2 a
xdx ydy dx dy 1 x y dx dy
2 2 2
method: z px qy p 2 q 2
dp dq dz dx dy
pp q q p x 2p q y 2q x 2p y 2q
dp dq dz dx dy
0 0 p x 2 p q y 2q x 2 p y 2q
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From first two members, we get dp 0 and dq = 0.
Integrating, we obtain p = a and q = b.
Putting in (i), we get
z ax by a 2 b 2 ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.11.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: z 2 p 2 z 2 q 2 1
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is z 2 p 2 z 2 q 2 1 .
Here f p 2 z 4 q 2 z 2 1 0 .
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
f f f f f f f f
p q p q
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
2 3
0 p. 4p z 2q z 2
q4p z 2 3
2q z2
p 2pz 4
q2qz
2
2pz 4
2qz 2
.
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
dp dq
Taking first two members, we have .
p q
Integrating on both sides, we obtain log p log q log a p aq .
Putting p aq in z 2 p 2 z 2 q 2 1 , we get
1 1
q2 q
z2 a 2z2 1
z a 2z2 1
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 15
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a
p aq p .
z a z 1 2 2
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy .
x y
dz
a
dx
1
dy z a 2 z 2 1 dz adx dy
2 2
z a z 1
z a z 1 2 2
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
3
a 2 z 2 1 9a 4 ax y b 2 , Ans.
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.12.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
a 2 q 2 q 2 2aqx 2qy 1 0 a 2 1 q 2 2ax y q 1 0
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 16
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q
2ax y 4ax y2 4a 2 1
2a 2 1
q
ax y ax y a 1 . (Taking the positive sign only)
2 2
a 2
1
a ax y
ax y a 1
2 2
and p aq
a2 1
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy .
x y
a 2
1 z
t2 t
2 2
t a
2 2
1
a2 1
2
log t
t a
2 2
1 b , where t ax y ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.13.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: p qy z 2 .
a a a z
From (i), we obtain qy z 2 qy z q .
3 / 2
y y y y
a a z a
dz dx dy ydz zdy adx dy .
y y3 / 2 y y
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
yz ax 2 ay b ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.14.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: px qy z1 pq 1 / 2 .
aqx qy z 1 aq 2
1/ 2
q 2 ax y 2 z 2 1 aq 2
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 18
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z2 z az
q2 q p .
ax y 2
az 2 ax y 2
az 2
ax y 2
az
2
dz
azdx zdy dz adx dy
ax y2 az2 z ax y2 az 2
Putting ax y a u , we get
dz
a du
du 1
u 2
z2 .
z au 2
az 2
dz z
Again put, u vz ,
so that v z
dv 1
dz z
v z2 2
z2 v z
dv
dz
v 2
1
z
dv
v 1 v dzz
2 dv
dz v 1 v
2
dz
z
v 1 vdv .
2
v 2 1 12 logv v 2 1 v2 b
2
v
log z
2
log z
v2 v
2 2
v 2
1
1 log v
2
v 1 b , where v uz axz ay .
2
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.15.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpit’s
method: x 2 y 2 pq xy p 2 q 2 1 0 .
Sol.: Here f x 2 y 2 pq xy p 2 q 2 1 0 . (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 19
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dp dq dz dx dy
f f f f f f f f
p q p q
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dx
2pqx y p 2 q 2
2 ypq x p 2 q 2 x 2 y 2 q 2pxy
dy
..........
x 2 y 2 p 2qxy
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
Using x, y, p, q as multipliers, we have
xdp ydq pdx qdy
Each fraction xdp pdx qdy ydq 0 .
0
a qy
Integrating, we get px qy a p .
x
From (i), we have
a qy 2
x 2
y2
a qy
x
q xy 2
q 2
1 0
x
a qy 2
x
x y 2 q a qy y xyq 2 1 0
a qy 2
x
x q ay xyq 2 1 0
a qy x q ay x
2 2
yq 2 x 0
ax 2 q a 2 y x 2 yq 2 ay 2 q x 2 yq 2 x 0
qa x 2 y 2 a 2 y x
a2y x
q
a x 2 y2
p
1
a
a 2y x y
a 2x y
x
a x 2 y 2 a x 2 y 2
.
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
z z
Since we know that dz dx dy pdx qdy .
x y
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 20
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dz
a 2
x y dx a 2 y x dy
dz a
xdx ydy xdy ydx
a x y
2 2
x 2 y2
a x 2 y2
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we have
z
a
2
1 y
log x 2 y 2 tan 1 b ,
a x
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
Q.No.16.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: yz pxy q qy 0 or pxy pq qy yz .
Sol.: Here yz pxy q qy 0 . (i)
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
.
f f f f f f f f
p q p q
x z y z p q p q
f f f f f
Here py , xy q , px q z , pq, y .
x p y q z
dp dq dz dx dy
.
py p( y) px q z q y pxy q q p y xy q p q
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From 1st and 2nd member, we obtain
dp dq
dp 0 p a .
0 px q z qy
Now from (i), pxy pq qy yz 0
yz axy yz ax yz ax
axy a y q yz 0 q q .
ay ay ay
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
yz ax
Now consider dz pdx qdy adx dy
ay
yz ax a
dz adx dy (ii)
ay
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 21
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This solution can also be written as z ax y a 2 be y .
Q.No.17.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: q xp p 2 .
Let f ( x , y, z, p, q ) q xp p 2
f f f f f
Here p, x 2p 0, 1, 0.
x p y q z
Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
f f f f f f f f
p q p q
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
p 0 0 q 0 px 2p q x 2p 1
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
From 1st and 5th members
dp p p
dy log p y log a log y e y p ae y
p a a
Now consider dz pdx qdy ae y dx a 2 e 2 y axe y dy
dz a e y dx xdy a 2 e 2 y dy
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we obtain z a d e y x a 2 e 2 y dy c
a 2 2y
z axe y e c , is the required solution.
2
Q.No.18.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: p p 2 1 b z q 0 .
Sol.: Let f ( x , y, z, p, q ) p 3 p bq zq 0
f f f f f
Here 0, 3p 2 1 , 0, bz, q .
x p y q z
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Consider Charpit’s Auxiliary equations
dp dq dz dx dy
f f f f f f f f
p q p q
x z y z p q p q
dp dq
.....etc
pq q 2
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
dp dq
From 1st and 2nd members, .
p q
Integrating on both sides, we get
log p log q log c p cq .
zcb zcb
c 3q 2 c b z 0 q 2 3
q .
c c. c
1 1
Now consider dz pdx qdy z c b . dx 3/ 2
. z c bdy
c c
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 23
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1 y
z c b 1 / 2 dz dy .
c c3/ 2
Step No. 4: Find the complete solution:
Integrating on both sides, we get
1 1
a c b dz
1 / 2
c
dx
c 3/ 2 dy a
x y
2 zcb 3/ 2
a , is the required solution.
c c
Q.No.19.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: 1 p 2 qz .
Sol.: Let f ( x, y, z, p, q) 1 p 2 qz 0
f f f f f
Here 0, 2p , 0, z , q .
x p y q z
Step No. 1: Write Charpit’s auxiliary equations:
Consider Charpit’s Auxiliary equations
dp dq dz dx dy
f f f f f f f f
p q p q
x z y z p q p q
dp dq
.....etc
pq q 2
Step No. 2: Take the simplest relation involving at least one of p and q:
dp dq
From 1st and 2nd members, .
p q
Integrating on both sides, we get
log p log q log c p cq .
z z 2 4c 2
Now from (i) p 2 1 qz 0 c 2 q 2 qz 0 q .
2c 2
Step No. 3: Substitute the values of p and q and substitute in dz =pdx+qdy:
Now consider
1 1
z z 4c dx 2 z z 4c dy
2 2 2 2
dz pdx qdy
2c 2c
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 24
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dz 1 1
dx 2
z z 2 4c 2 2c 2c dy
1 z ∓ z 2 4c 2 1 1
. dz dx 2 dy .
z z 2 4c 2 z ∓ z 2 4c 2 2c 2c
z2 z 2 1
z 4c 2 2c 2 log z z 2 4c 2 4c 2 x 2 y b 2cx 2 y d ,
1
2 2 2c 2c
where d 4c 2 b ,
x a2
∵ x 2 a 2 dx x2 a2 log x 2 a 2
2 2
z2 z 2
z 4c 2 2c 2 log z z 2 4c 2 2cx 2 y d , is the required solution.
2 2
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Home Assignments
Q.No.1.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: 16p 2 z 2 9q 2 z 2 4z 2 4 0 .
Hint:
dp dq dx dy dz
3 2 2 3 2 2
32p z 18pq z 8pz 32p qz 18q z 8qz 32pz 18qz 32p z 18q 2 z 2
2 2
xa
4zdp 0.dq 1.dx 0.dy 4pdz 0 , x 4pz a , p ,
4z
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 25
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2 1
q 1 z 2 x a 2 .
3z 4
Ans.:
x a 2 y b 2 z2 1.
4 9
4
Q.No.2.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: p 1 q 2 b z q 0 .
dp dq dz dx dy
Hint: ,
pq q 2 3pq 2 p b z q q 2 1 z b 2pq
method: q px q 2 0 .
1
Hint: q a , p ∓ x x 2 4a .
2
x2 1 x
Ans.: z x 2 4a 2a log x x 2 4a ay b .
4 2 2
Q.No.4.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: yzp 2 q 0 .
Ans.: z 2 2ax a 2 y 2 b .
Q.No.5.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: 2pq py qx x 2 y 2 0 .
Ans.: 2z ax x 2 ay y 2
1
2
x y x y2 a 2 .
a2
2 3/ 2
log
2x y 2x y2 a 2 b
Q.No.6.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: q 3p 2 .
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations: Charpit’s Method 26
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Ans.: z ax 3x 2 y b .
Q.No.7.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: z pq .
1
Ans.: 2 z ax y b.
a
Q.No.8.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpit’s
method: zpq p q .
y
Ans.: z 2 2a 1 x b .
a
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