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1
2 Application of the spectral decomposition technique for characterizing 2
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4 reservoir extensional system in the Abadan Plain, southwestern Iran 3
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Mohammad Reza Saadatinejad and 2Khalil Sarkarinejad 5
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11 Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez 7
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13 Avenue, Tehran, Iran 8
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15 Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Iran 9
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Sarkarinejad@geology.susc.ac.ir, 10
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Corresponding author: Khalil Sarkarinejad, Department of Earth Sciences, 11
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College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 12
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21 Phone: 098 711 8321348 13
22 Mobile: 09173162845 14

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23 Fax: 098 711 2284572 15
24 16
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27 18
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29 Abstract: 19
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The Abadan plain in southwestern Iran has important petroleum reservoir 20
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32 potential but poorly defined structural setting. It is located at the 21
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34 Mesopotamian foredeep basin, bounded by the Arabian plate and the Dezful 22
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36 Embayment. The main reservoir in this field is the Fahliyan formation, 23

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38 composed of reef carbonates. Most of the Abadan area is flat and covered by 24
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recent alluvial deposits with no outcrops. Studies of the structures in this area 25
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41 have provided information about the structural history and allowed better 26
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43 reservoir and drilling management. Seismic spectral decomposition 27
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45 techniques have been utilized as a quick and effective interpretation tool. Fast 28
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47 Fourier transform (FFT) and continuous wavelet transforms (CWT) have been 29
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49 used to convert time to frequency domain, and have been applied to detect 30
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51 fault systems in the reservoir. Application of the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) 31
52 and continuous wavelet transforms (CWT) indicate that the Abadan reservoir 32
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54 consists normal extensional system of the reservoir which display paralleling 33
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56 of contour common depth in two sides of extensional system in some regions 34
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58 and large displacement between two sides of contours indicate that system is 35
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normal in which hanging wall moved over footwall. Various displacements 36
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2 between sides indicate parallel strike-slip movements which are associated 37
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4 with reverse faulting and inversion tectonics 38
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11 Key words: Spectral decomposition, Structural system, Extensional faults, 42
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13 Abadan plain, Inversion tectonics 43
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1. INTRODUCTION 45
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20 47
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22 New geophysical instruments have widespread capabilities for 48

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24 petroleum reservoir characterization if the datasets have good quality. 49
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26 Seismic data and the results of drilled wells are key tools for detecting 50
27 subsurface features. Figure 1A shows the interpreted horizons and a 51
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stratigraphic column of the study area in the Abadan Plain of SW Iran, and 1B 52
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31 shows the lithological column of upper Cretaceous units in the DN2 well 53
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33 (Maleki, 2002). 54
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35 The modality of seismic data in nature is non-stationary; therefore 55
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these data have varying frequency content in time. Spectral decomposition 56
38 involves the time-frequency decomposition of a seismic signal, and it 57
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40 decomposes a seismic signal into its constituent frequencies, allowing the 58

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42 researcher to see phase and amplitude tuned to specific wavelengths and to 59
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44 characterize the time-dependent frequency response of subsurface rocks and 60

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46 reservoirs. 61
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Spectral decomposition techniques typically generate continuous volumes 62
49 of instantaneous spectral attributes from broadband seismic data, to provide 63
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51 useful information for reservoir characterization and direct hydrocarbon 64
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53 detection (Partyka et al., 1999, Castagna et al., 2003, Liu and Marfurt, 2007). 65
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55 The frequency contents of seismic traces vary with time (and depth) due to 66
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57 the fact that the Earth is non-stationary. With this technique it is possible to 67
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analyze each frequency independently, revealing more clearly features which 68
60 may not be seen from a map view. Different images result from different 69
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frequencies, due to the tuning effect of frequency. The tuning effect can 70
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2 creates ¼ wavelengths whereas common seismic methods cannot detect unit 71
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4 thicknesses at less than this value. Spectral decomposition is a quick and 72
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effective method that gives better definition for determining stratigraphic 73
7 architecture and structural features. 74
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9 Since time-frequency mapping is a non-unique process, there exist various 75
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11 time-frequency analysis methods. Methods are available to improve the 76
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13 temporal and spectral resolution, such as windowed Fourier transform (with 77
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15 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm), continuous wavelet transform 78
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(CWT), Matching Pursuit Decomposition (MPD) and S-transform, etc. Wavelet 79
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transform (continuous and discreet) is a method that has been applied in 80
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20 many branches of science and engineering. It provides a different approach to 81
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22 time-frequency analysis (Sinha and et al., 2005) and it is an important and 82

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24 widely used method in spectral analysis. In this method, a time-frequency 83
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26 spectrum (such as Fourier transform) is produced by calculating the inner 84
27 product of a signal segment at the Kernel function over whole signal but with 85
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various lengths of window whereas, conventional methods produce a time- 86

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31 frequency map by using a predefined window length which limits the time- 87
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33 frequency resolution.. CWT is an alternative method to analyze a signal, in 88

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35 which, wavelets dilate in such a way that the time support changes for 89
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different frequencies. Smaller time supports increase the frequency support, 90
38 which shifts toward higher frequencies (Mallat, 1999). 91
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40 The CWT method provides a good image of reservoir structural 92

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42 characteristics and can detect low-frequency shadows (Castagna et al., 2003) 93
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44 under petroleum (affected by gas) reservoirs. In this paper the CWT method 94
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46 has been applied to identify hidden structural systems such as faults and 95
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fractures in the Fahlingen reservoir. 96
49 97
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51 2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING 98
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55 100
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57 This field is situated in the south west of Iran in the Abadan plain, and 101
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is surrounded by the Dezful embayment, Khoramshahr and other structures 102
60 (Fig. 2). The area analyzed in this paper is about 23 kilometers long and 9 103
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kilometers wide, and it trends N-S in contrast to the fold belt of southwestern 104
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2 Iran which strikes NW-SE. The seismic data indicate a regional dip to the NE. 105
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4 The Abadan region is a foredeep basin to the SW of the Zagros foreland and 106
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contains many super giant oil and gas fields. Figure 3 is a cross section 107
7 through the Abadan plain and the Dezful Embayment from SW to NE (line B- 108
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9 B’ in Fig. 2A), including data from recent seismic profiles and wells 109
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11 (Abdollahie Fard, 2006). 110
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13 The Abadan plain and Dezful Embayment contain two types of structural 111
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15 closure: very gentle N-S- to NE-SW-trending basement-cored anticlines 112
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(Arabian-type highs) in the SE, and open to tight, NW-SE trending thrust- 113
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related folds in the NE (Zagros fold-and thrust-related anticline in the NE) 114
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20 (Zagros Fold-and -Thrust Belt; Abdollahie Fard et al., 2006). 115
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22 116

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24 2.1. Regional tectonics 117
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26 The tectonic system of this region is not clearly understood and is 118
27 based on various assumptions. One assumption is that extensional structure 119
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is dominant in this area. Widespread studies show that this area was 120
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31 subjected to penetrative fracturing as it is parallel to the Zagros thrust system, 121
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33 which has components of dip-slip and dextral strike-slip and brittle listric faults 122
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35 consistent with inclined transpression (Sarkarinejad and Azizi, 2008). This 123
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region also has evidence of extension including folding associated with 124
38 normal faulting and asymmetric grabens. 125
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40 The Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary shelf-break was likely initiated by 126

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42 subtle faulting in the sedimentary basin. The present trend of the Jahrum- 127
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44 Pabdeh shelf break is NW-SE, parallel to the deep-seated Kushk fault zone. 128
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46 This fault zone has been detected within the Gotnia formation (based on 3D 129
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seismic data), and it may penetrate the overlying units although this has not 130
49 been detected by conventional seismic exploration methods (Abdollahie Fard, 131
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51 2006). 132
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53 133
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55 In our study area, the top of the Gotnia horizon represents the top of an 134
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57 evaporate interval and it is a strong seismic reflector. The interval underneath 135
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probably represents cyclic changes within the evaporate basin. Some parallel 136
60 and sub-parallel lineaments with a NW-SE trend seen in the top of the Gotnia 137
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horizon are probably gravity collapses (Graben) (Maleki, 2002). Figure 4 138
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2 shows the Bouger gravity anomaly of this area; its negative value of about -60 139
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4 mgal is evidence of a graben structure. 140
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7 Based on these studies and well data, Alavi (2004) and Motiei (1993) 142
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9 modified the simplified stratigraphy of the area, and depicted the major 143
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11 lithological successions and main tectonic events in the Dezful embayment 144
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13 and the Abadan plain in Figure 5. Mechano-straigraphy, detachments, and 145
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15 their influence on the hydrocarbon system are outlined by Abdollahie Fard 146
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(2006). 147
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148
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20 3. METHODOLOGY 149
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24 151
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26 3.1. Spectral decomposition methods 152
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Spectral decomposition is a quick and effective method to resolve 154

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31 stratigraphic and structural features. It decomposes the seismic signal into its 155
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33 constituent frequencies, which allows the researcher to see phase and 156
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35 amplitude tuned to specific wavelengths. The frequency contents of seismic 157
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traces vary with time (and depth) due to the fact that the Earth is a non- 158
38 stationary medium. With this technique it is possible to analyze each 159
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40 frequency independently. 160

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42 This technique produces significantly different images for different 161
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44 frequencies. The tuning effect creates stratigraphical images at ¼ (seismic) 162

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46 wavelengths whereas common seismic methods can’t detect a layer thickness 163
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at less than this value. The amplitude values of seismic reflectors are 164
49 highlighted at the tuning value, and the tuning thickness decreases as the 165
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51 frequency increases because there is an inverse relation between tuning 166
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53 frequency and thickness. Figure 6A shows a wedge synthetic seismic model 167
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55 (Liu, 2007). At the left side, thickness increases from 0 to 30 m and the right 168
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57 side shows amplitude tuning in three different frequencies. Figure 6B shows 169
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the application of Figure 6A and the tuning effect in spectral decomposition for 170
60 identifying the thickness of a buried channel body; high frequency (36 Hz with 171
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green color) indicates the thinner part of the buried channel and low frequency 172
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2 (15 Hz with red color) indicates the thicker part (Chopra, 2007). 173
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4 174
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Geological features such as the reef structures due they have on lap 175
7 system tracks and its pinch out in their edges therefore same channel body, 176
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9 the tuning effect had shown tuning frequency events in the edges of these 177
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11 structures (Fig. 7- middle) as with temporal thickness of pinch out in edges 178
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13 decrease, tuning frequency increase inversely. If (we will can animate) various 179
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15 frequencies are animate, it could cause thickness propagation in spectral 180
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decomposition result map. 181
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182
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20 3.1. Spectral decomposition method (CWT method) 183
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22 184

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24 There are various spectral decomposition methods available to 185
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26 improve the temporal (time) and spectral (frequency) resolution; these are fast 186
27 Fourier transform (FFT), continuous wavelets transform (CWT), matching 187
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pursuit decomposition (MPD), S-transform and others. 188

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31 CWT is a method used in many sciences and provides a different approach 189
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33 to time-frequency analysis (Sinha et al 2005). In CWT, wavelets dilate in such 190

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35 a way that the time support changes for different frequencies. Smaller time 191
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support increases the frequency support, which shifts toward higher 192
38 frequencies. Similarly, larger time support decreases the frequency support, 193
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40 which shifts toward lower frequencies. Thus, when the time resolution 194
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42 increases, the frequency resolution decreases, and vice versa (Mallat, 1999). 195
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44 It provides the frequency band from a scaled wavelet, with the advantage that 196
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46 it does not relate to a fixed window (Castagna and Sun, 2006). The CWT 197
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method allows a clear image of reservoir structural characteristic and can 198
49 detect low-frequency shadows (Castagna et al. 2003) under petroleum 199
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51 reservoirs which also contain gas. In this paper the CWT method is used to 200
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53 identify hidden structural features such as faults and fractures. 201
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55 202
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57 3.2. Advantages of continuous wavelet transform studying 203
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Wavelet transform i.e. compare one choosing wavelet with part of 205
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2 segment from signal and parameters and detect it as frequency, phase, scale, 206
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4 time delay and amplitude for that part of segment from signal and parameters 207
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and compare with other parts of signal (Fig. 8). Faults and their effect on 208
7 seismic signals can be observed in Fig. 7 by discontinuous wavelet transform. 209
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9 In our study we did not use other methods such as neural network, coherency 210
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11 attributes or complex attributes; because of data quality for our site, these 211
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13 methods do not have as great accuracy as CWT. 212
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15 213
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3.3. Properties of Morlet wavelet 214
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215
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20 A wavelet is a function with zero average. In reflection seismology, 216
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22 Morlet knew that the modulated pulses sent underground have a duration that 217

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24 is too long at high frequencies to separate the returns of fine, closely-spaced 218
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26 layers. Instead of emitting pulses of equal duration, he thus thought of 219
27 sending shorter waveforms at high frequencies. Such waveforms are simply 220
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obtained by scaling a single function called a wavelet. Morlet wavelets in the 221
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31 CWT method have poor vertical resolution (Castagna and Sun, 2006) and this 222
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33 property is suitable for fault detection due to its sidelobes. .Figure 9 shows 223
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35 Morlet wavelet and Mexican Hat wavelet with their formulas and sidelobes 224
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(user guide of Matlab software, 2007). The formulas of these wavelets are: 225
38 226
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40 Morl (x) = exp (-x2/2) * cos (5x) 227

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42 (1) 228
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44 229
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46 Mexh (x) = (2 / (sqrt (3) * pi1/4)) * exp (-x2/2) * (1-x2). 230
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(2) 231
49 3.4. Multi-color display technique 232
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51 If we can animate several frequencies togather, we will have suitable 233
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53 information from geological events variation. Red-Green-Blue multi-color 234
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55 display technique (RGB) is a quick and effective interpretation tool that stacks 235
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57 three different frequencies with these three different colors for composite 236
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display. Red, green and blue colors equal low, mid and high frequencies, 237
60 respectively, and those illustrate the thick to the thinner parts. So these 238
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different frequency components can together show the distribution of 239
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2 stratigraphic and structral features such as extentional systems. 240
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4 241
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3.5. Flattening technique 242
7 243
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9 A new field of structural analysis is called inversion tectonics. 244
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11 Extensional fault systems are based on a simple transition from extension to 245
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13 compression, and inversion of sense of movement along the fault plane 246
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15 (Coward, 1994). Such a tectonic scenario requires either a homogeneous 247
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basement plate undergoing deformation which does not contain any 248
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significant inherited fault zones that might be reactivated within the applied 249
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20 stress field. If the orientation of inherited fault zones is perpendicular to the 250
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22 extension and compression stress fields, transverse fault zones may form 251

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24 during rifting and subsequent basin development (Cartwright, 1987). 252
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4. DISCUSSION 255
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33 The dominant structural systems control the type of drilling, oil 257
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35 production and recovery. As seen from Fig.10 to Fig.13, inversion tectonics in 258
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this region indicates a dominant extensional system. The trend of the 259
38 extensional system is NE-SW. The upper Fahliyan systems have resulted 260
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40 from regional extension. Fig.10 to Fig.13 represents many effects of this 261
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42 extensional system on the Fahliyan and top of the Gotnia formations. The dip 262
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44 direction and trend of the extensional system are obvious in these figures. 263
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46 As seen from Figure 7, graben faults in the anhydrite Gotnia formation are 264
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obvious, reflecting active tectonics in this region. Some segments of this 265
49 system within and at the bottom of the Gotnia formation are parallel with 266
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51 segments to the N and S of the reservoir, indicating that this tectonic system 267
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53 involves basement deformation. Spectral decomposition has an effective 268
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55 influence on detecting tectonic system which involves basement deformation 269
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57 associated with plastic flow of the Hormoz salt. Whereas study of the other 270
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seismic sections indicate that is difficult to detect such phenomena within the 271
60 reservoir. 272
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273
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2 The extensional system of the reservoir is normal type as paralleling of 274
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4 contour common depth in two sides of extensional system in some regions 275
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and large displacement between two sides of contours indicate that system is 276
7 normal in which hanging wall moved over footwall. Various displacements 277
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9 between sides indicate parallel strike-slip movements which are associated 278
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11 with reverse faulting and inversion tectonics 279
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13 280
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15 Effective extensional system in segment which is parallel with other 281
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extensional system in northwestern and southeastern with southwestern 282
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displacement direction that if in south segment of reservoir has same 283
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20 displacement which connect extensional system to the base segment and the 284
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22 Gotnia formation. I cannot understand this sentence. Figure 14 shows a 285

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24 timeslice of the CWT results; red arrows represent the extension direction and 286
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26 are confined to the reef in the Fahliyan reservoir. 287
27 288
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4.1. Seismic resolution 289

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31 The vertical and lateral resolutions for fault displacement that can be 290
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33 detected are given by these formulas (Yilmaz, 1998): 291

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Vertical resolution 293
38 (3) 294
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40 295
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44 And 297
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Lateral resolution (4) 299
49 300
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51 Where λ is wavelength, v is velocity, f is frequency and t is two way travel 301
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53 time. For example, if velocity v = 5000 m/s, time t = 2.6 s and frequency f =10 302
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55 Hz then the vertical resolution is 125 m and the lateral resolution is almost 303
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57 1275 m; that is, the minimum distance required for a fault to be detected is 304
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125 m of vertical displacement and 1275 m of lateral displacement. 305
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4.2 Application using of CWT and Morlet wavelet 307
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2 308
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4 The CWT has more applications for detecting tectonic features 309
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whereas FFT has more use for detecting stratigraphic features such as reefs. 310
7 Fig. 15 shows a comparison between seismic data (left) and CWT results (a) 311
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9 without arrows and (b) with arrows to show the number of extensional faults. 312
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11 Morlet wavelets are well suited for detecting velocity dispersion and energy 313
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13 attenuation However, the low resolution of Morlet wavelets is a major defect. 314
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15 But in events as fault that associated with diffract and created some various 315
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frequency and phase dispersion, essence these side lobes seem to cause 316
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effect and ability increase as events. The green arrows on the left of Figure 7 317
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20 indicate a discontinuity, which indicate an extensional feature. 318
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22 319

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24 4.3. RGB multi-color display technique 320
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26 The RGB display technique is a simple innovation which has can be 321
27 used as a quick interpretation tool if there is good information abuot 322
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stratigraphic and structural features. There are many details of reef reservoir 323
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31 boundries and extensional features in the Fahlyian and Gotnia formations 324
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33 which can be detected by using this technique of combining three 325

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35 frequencies. Figure 16 shows the three frequencies individually and then 326
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combined, illustrating different parts of the extensional system. The lowest 327
38 frequency (10 Hz, red), illustrates the main system, medium frequency (15 Hz, 328
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40 green) illustrates the middle part of the system, and the highest frequency (20 329
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42 Hz, blue) illustrates the filled extensional system. Finally, the combination of 330
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44 the three frequencies shows some thickness variations. 331

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46 332
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4.4. Inversion tectonics 333
49 334
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51 Fig. 17 shows two seismic profiles which cross orthogonally the 335
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53 Abadan field. The profile in Fig. 17A is flattened at the top of the Sarvak 336
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55 formation and the profile in Fig. 17B is flattened at the top of the Kazhdomi 337
56
57 formation. This flattening helps to establish possible kinematics. These figures 338
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indicate that there was no significant tectonic activitiy during deposition of the 339
60 formations underlying the Sarvak formation. Deformation of the Gotnia and 340
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younger stratigraphic section occurred prior to deformation of the Sarvak and 341
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2 older rocks above the Gotnia detachment The Gurpi and Pabdeh formations 342
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4 show thinning in the crest of the anticline (possibly at Late Cretaceous to 343
5
6
Tertiary). The same features are observed west of the Abadan plain. The 344
7 cross section shows that the anticline is flattened at the top of the Sarvak 345
8
9 formation (Fig. 18B), indicating that uplift continued in the Late Cretaceous 346
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11 and Tertiary, producing thinning of the Late Cretaceous Gurpi formation at the 347
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13 crest. Thus this anticline was active during Middle to and Late Cretaceous. 348
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15 Tectonic activities led to the formation of a complex horst within the 349
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anticline, shown by Seismic data. These faults die up section in the Upper 350
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Jurassic Gotnia formation (Fig. 19). Drill-hole and seismic data from that 351
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20 anticline demonstrate unconformities and erosion surfaces (Mokhtari et al., 352
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22 1999) due to the uplift of basement-cored horsts (Abdollahie Fard, 2006). 353

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24 Figure 20 shows flattening from 36 m above the base of the Fahliyan 354
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26 formation (reef reservoir) so it illustrates dispersion and multiplicity of ruptures 355
27 in the reservoir and its base. 356
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357
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31 5. CONCLUSIONS 358
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33 359
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35 We have investigated a probable filled graben at the base of the 360
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Fahliyan formation as a possible stratigraphic trap, using several new 361
38 methods such as seismic spectral decomposition techniques, fast Fourier 362
39
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40 transform (FFT) and continuous wavelet transforms (CWT) have been used to 363
41
42 detect fault systems in the reservoir. 364
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44 . The sigmoidal form of the top of the Gotnia and lower Fahliyan 365
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46 formation is created on the N-trending Arabian and the NW-SE trending 366
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dextral Zagros thrust systems. 367
49 These structures in the Fahliyan reservoir are important because they affect 368
50
51 production and drilling operations. 369
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53 The N-S to NE-SW trending structures experienced significant active 370
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55 faulting influenced by slip on a detachment fault aided by plastic flow of 371
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57 Hormuz salt. 372
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The Abadan plain is characterized by three deep-seated trends, with 373
60 orientations of NE-SW, N-S, and NW-SE. The NE-SW trend of the Hendijan 374
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High and the N-S trend of the Burgan-Azadegan High are the most prominent 375
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2 structural features in the region and they extend to the N within the Zagros 376
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4 fold-and-thrust belt. 377
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In terms of the tectonic history of this area, we infer the following stages: 378
7 (I) generation of the Arabian-trending (N-S or NE-SW) structures due to 379
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9 activity of a deep-seated fault zone, (II) onset of the Zagros inclined 380
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11 convergence and generation of gentle Zagros trending (NW-SE) structures, 381
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13 and (III) continued Zagros deformation, which produced highly deformed fault- 382
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15 related anticlines. 383
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The Zagros fault-propagation folding in the Abadan plain might have 384
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several causes. First lateral facies changes may have caused units in the 385
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20 Abadan plain to have different mechanical properties, causing the variations 386
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22 in structural style between the Abadan plain and the Dezful embayment. Also 387

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24 the varying distance of the Abadan plain from the Zagros thrust system 388
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25
26 (Sarkarinejad and Azizi, 2008) in the NE might be a factor. In addition, 389
27 reduction of pore pressure and high frictional resistance in sediments of the 390
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Abadan plain (Abdollahie Fard, 2006) might have caused them to have a 391
30
31 different mechanical resistance and structural style. 392
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33 393
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35 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 394
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The authors thank NIOC, Exploration directorate and in particular Mr. M.M., 395
38 Khorasani, M.A., Naini, and S.M., Mohaddes for their invaluable help and 396
39
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40 permission to publish this paper. We are grateful to Professor Jan Tullis, 397
41
42 Brown University, USA, for critical reading of the manuscript, which greatly 398
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44 improved the presentation. The authors are grateful to the comments and 399
45
46 suggestions of Mr. M.R., Sokooti, Dr. I., Abdollahi Fard and Mr. M., Maleki are 400
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48
also acknowledged. 401
49 Figure Captions
50
51
52
53
54
55 405
56
57 Fig. 1. (A) Interpreted horizons and stratigraphic column of the study area. (b) 406
58
59
Lithological column of upper Cretaceous in the DN2 well (Maleki, 2002). 407
60 408
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62 12
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Fig. 2. (A) Simplified geological map of the study area, showing that the 409
1
2 Abadan area and the SE margin of the Dezful Embayment are covered by 410
3
4 recent alluvial deposits. (B) Satellite image of the study area. Most of the area 411
5
6
is flat and covered by recent alluvial deposits. The rougher terrain in the east 412
7 and northeast is related to outcrops of Tertiary and Cretaceous sedimentary 413
8
9 rocks (Abdollahie Fard, 2006). 414
10

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11 415
12
13 Fig. 3. SW-NE cross section through the Abadan plain and the Dezful 416
14

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15 Embayment (line B-B’ in Fig. 1A), including data from recent seismic profiles 417
16
and well (locations shown in this figure). Note the compressional duplex 418
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structures of the Dezful Embayment which led to gentle flexures of the 419
19
20 Abadan plain (Abdollahie Fard, 2006). 420
21
22 421

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24 Fig. 4. Composite Bouguer contour map of SW Iran, SE Iraq, and Kuwait 422
AN
25
26 (Abdollahie Fard, 2006). 423
27 424
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Fig. 5. Simplified stratigraphy of the area, depicting the major lithological 425
30
31 successions and main tectonic events in the Dezful Embayment and the 426
32
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33 Abadan Plain. The stratigraphic column is modified from Alavi (2004) and 427
34
35 Motiei (1993), and is based on well data. Mechano-stratigraphy, detachments, 428
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37
and influence on the hydrocarbon system are outlined (Abdollahie Fard, 429
38 2006). 430
39
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40 431
41
42 Fig. 6. (A) Relation between tuning thickness and frequency (Liu, 2007) and 432
43
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44 (B) results of spectral decomposition at 36 Hz, 15 Hz maps and channel 433

45
46 thickness detected with variable frequency (Chopra, 2007). Low frequency 434
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47
48
slices indicate high thickness (green lines) and high frequency slices indicate 435
49 low thickness (red lines). 436
50
51 437
52
53 Fig. 7. Comparison of seismic section (right) with results of FFT (middle) and 438
54
55 CWT (left). 439
56
57 440
58
59
Fig. 8. Representation of continuous wavelet transform (using Matlab 441
60 software). 442
61
62 13
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443
1
2 Fig. 9. Representation of Mexican Hat wavelet (left) and Morlet wavelet with 444
3
4 their formulas and sidelobes (using Matlab software). 445
5
6
446
7 Fig. 10. Common depth contour and dip of the extensional system (graben). 447
8
9 448
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11 Fig. 11. Common depth contour and dip of the extensional system (normal 449
12
13 fault). 450
14

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15 451
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Fig.12. Common depth contour and dip of the extensional system (with 452
17
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normal or reverse faults). 453
19
20 454
21
22 Fig. 13. Common depth contour and dip of the extensional system (graben or 455

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24 horst). 456
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26 457
27 Fig. 14. A timeslice of CWT results in reservoir segment showing extensional 458
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trends and limits of the reef. Yellow line is top of Fahliyan formation as 459
30
31 previously interpreted. 460
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33 461
34
35 Fig. 15. Comparison between seismic data (left) and CWT results with faults 462
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(right) in the same time slice (a) without arrows and (b) with arrows to show 463
38 the number of extensional faults. 464
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40 465
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42 Fig. 16. (A) Red color shows low frequency (10 Hz), (B) green color shows 466
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44 medium frequency (15 Hz), (C) blue color shows high frequency (20 Hz) and 467
45
46 (D) shows the combination of the three frequencies. 468
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47
48
469
49 Fig. 17. (a) Seismic line showing flatten at the top of the Sarvak formation. (b) 470
50
51 Seismic crossline showing flattening at the top of the Kazhdomi formation. 471
52
53 472
54
55 Fig. 18. (A) E-W structural cross section from an anticline west of the Abadan 473
56
57 plain. (B) The structural cross section shows flattening at the top of the 474
58
59
Bangestan Group, indicating thinning of both the Middle Cretaceous 475
60 Bangestan group and the Late Cretaceous Gurpi formation at the crest of this 476
61
62 14
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anticline. This evidence implies active folding during Middle and Late 477
1
2 Cretaceous (Abdollahie Fard, 2006). 478
3
4 479
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Fig. 19. (A) The field shown in Fig. 16 has a steep fault system in the Jurassic 480
7 and underlying sedimentary rocks with onlapping reflectors especially on the 481
8
9 western flank, and thinning of layers above the crest. (b) Geological 482
10

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11 interpretation of this field (Abdollahie Fard, 2006). 483
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13 484
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15 Fig 20. A timeslice that shows flattening of the RGB display from 36 ms 485
16
above the base of Fahliyan formation (reef reservoir) and dispersion and 486
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multiplicity of faults in reservoir and its base. 487
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20 488
21
22 REFRENCES 489

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24 490
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26 491
27 Abdollahie Fard, I., 2006. Structural models for the South Khuzestan area 492
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31 and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, School of Earth Sciences. 494
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33 495
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35 Abdollahie Fard, I., Braathen, A., Mokhtari, M., and Alavi, A., 2006. Interaction 496
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38 Abadan plain and the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Petroleum Geosciences 498
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49 Castagna, J.P., S., Sun, and R.W., Siegfried, 2003, Instantaneous spectral 504
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57 Coward, M. P., 1994. Inversion tectonics. In: Hancock, P.L., Editor. 508
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stratigraphy and hydrocarbons, PhD thesis, University of Houston. 520
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22 interpretation and inversion of X structure (SW Iran), Farsi. Geological report, 523

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49 transpression along the Zagros Thrust System, Iran. Journal of Structural 538
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55 Yilmaz, O., 1994. Seismic data processing. SEG Geophysical, Tulsa, 541
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