WORKED EXAMPLES

Example1: Solve d'y_dy+2y =0

dr2 dx
d
The given equation (D-3D+2) y =0 where D =
Solution: dx
AE is m-3m +2 0 i.e (m-1)(m -2) 0= m =
1, 2
2
e**
The general solution of the given equation is y=c, e*+c,
 Differential Equations.1
Modi
Example 2: Solve 5+4y=0
d+4y=
dx
Solution : The
given equation is (D' -5D +4)y=0
' AE is m'-5m +4 0 or (m-1)(m* -4) = 0
or
(m-1)(m+1) (m-2) (m+2) 0 roots of AE are
= , -1, 2, -2
Hence general solution is
y =c, e* +c, e"* +C, ¢" +e-2x
Example3: Solve +6+11 +6y =0 (N.P.Bali and Manish Goua
dx dx
Solution : The given
equation is (D° +6D +1ID +6) y = 0
AE is m' +6m* +l Im+6 0 this cannot be
=
factorized. We shall use
method by first
finding a root by inspection. synthetic div
m=- is
-i|16 I16
a
root ((by inspection) 0--5-6
i.e m+ 5m
I56 0
+6 0 (m +2) (m+ 3) =0
Hence the roots
m = 2. -3
-
of the AE are -I, -2, -3
General solution is y= c,
e* +c,e" +c,e
Example 4: Solve 4
Solution: A.E: 4m'
d -7116y=0 dx dr (B.V.Ramana) (VTU 2008)
-8m- 7m* +1 lm
By inspection observe +6 0
that -I is
Also note that 2 is also
a
root of the A.E (4+8-7-11+6=0)
of the A.E (64-64-28+22+6=
a root
By synthetic division 0)
-I4-8 -7 1 6
-4 12 -5 -6
-6
2 4 -12 |5 6 0
o 8 -8-6
|4-4 -3 0
i.e
4m-4m-3= 0
By factorization 4m'-6m +2m-3=0
2m(2m-3)+1(2m -3)= 0
(2m +1)(2m -3)= 0
Engineering Mathematics - Second semester
7

Hence the 4 roots of the A.E are m=-1, 2 , - , which are real and distinet

General solution y=c,e+c,c*+0,e? +e,e?

d
Example 5: Solve +4 4v =0
L dr
Solution:Thegiven equation is (D +4D+4)y =0.
AE is m +4m +40 > (m +2 = 0 m = -2, -2 repeated root.
.. General solution y = (¢, +e,x)ea*

Example 6: Solve (D° -3D+2)y =0

Solution: AE is m*-3m+2 =0
m I is a root by inspection. using syntheticdivision method
I0-3 2
0 -2
-2 0
m +m-2 =
0 (m+2) (m-1) = 0 m =-2,1
Hence roots of AE are 1, 1,-2
General solution y=(c +c,1)e*+C,e*

Example7: Solve -2d + y =0

d dr
Solution: The given equation is (D" -2D* +1)y = 0
AE is m-2m =I = 0 (m-1) =0 ( m -1) (m -1) = 0

1.e m 1, 1,-1, -l are the roots.

General solution is y =
(¢, +C,x)e* + (¢,+C,)e

Example 8: Solve (D'+5D +6D-4D-8)y = 0

Solution: AE is m'+Sm +6m-4m-8 = 0

By inspection m =
l is a root. Using synthetic division
1 5 6 -4 -8
m'+6m+ 12m+8 0
0 6 12 8 . =

6 12 8 0
Le
(m+2)'=0 m= -2, -2, -2.
Ihus the roots of the AE are 1, -2, -2, -2
He the general solution is y =C,e' +(¢,+¬,Y+C,X")e*
 8 pifferential Equations-1
ions-1 -Nod
Example 9: Solve -6+13y =0
d dr
Solution: The Auxiliary equation is D-6D+13=0
D 6t 36-52
2
6t-16_ 6t4i 3+ 2i
2 2
Snce the roots are is
complex, the general solution of the given equation given by
y= A cos 2.x+ Bsin 2.x
Example 10: Solve -16y =0
Solution: The Auxiliary equation is D" -16=0
i.e (D-4) (D +4) 0 D D t2 i
= =
t 2, =

Hence the general solution is y=, e" +c,e*+A cos 2.x+ Bsin 2x
Example 11: Solve +8+16y
dx =0
Solution : AE is m* +8m> + 16=0 or
roots of
(m+4) 00 =

AE are t2i, t2i (repeated complex roots)

Hence general solution y
(¢,+6,*) cos 2x +
=
(¢,+Cx)sin 2x
Example 12: Solve
(D+2D +3D? +2D+1)y =
0
Solution: AE is m*
+2m +3m*+2m+l 0 =

(m* +2m +m*)+ (2m +2m+ 1) 00 =

or
(m+m) +2(m++m)+1 =0 or (m+m+1) =
0

m -1t-3
2

i.e m ==

Hence the general solution of the equation is

y=e ( +,)cos3 +(c+, x) sin

2

Example 13: Solve +13+36y = 0

dr
Solution: AE is m'
+13m*+36=0
(m*+ 4)(m* +9)=0 m t2i, t 3i
Hence general solution is
y=e(A cos 2.x+ Bsin 2x)+e (Ccos 3.x+ Dsin 3.X)
or y Acos 2.x+Bsin 2.x+Ccos 3.x + Dsin 3x
Cnaineering Mathematics -

Second semester 9

d'r
Example 14: Solve +4.=0
dt
Solution AE is m* +4=0
or (m+4m +4)-4m = 0
or (m +2) -(2m)' = 0

or (m+2m+2)(m* - 2m+2) = 00
2t -4
m and m-24
2 2
-2t 2 and m= 2 2 i
2
m=-1ti and m= lti

Hence general solution: x=e"(A cost + Bsin t)+ e'(Ccost + Dsin t)

Example 15: Solve (D +1'y =0 where D=

dr
Solution AE is (m* +1)' = 0
(m +1)m +1)(m +1)= 0
m=t i, ti, ti

Hence general solution is y=e|(¢, +c,x +Cx)cosx +(c, +C,x +C,x*)sin x

or y= (c, +C,* +C*)cos.x +(c, +e,*+cgx)sinx

Example 16: Solve |(D+2D?(D+2D +3 |y = 0

Solution: AE (m+ 2m) (m +2m +3' = 0
(m +2m) =
0, (m +2m +3) =0
m(m +2) = 0

m(m +2) = 0 m=0,0,-2, -2

Also (m +2m+3) = 0 (m +2m+3)(m* +2m+3)(m* +2m +3)= 0
Consider m +2m+3 0 m
2

-2t-8 -222i -it Vi -

2 2
i.e m= - 1t v2i is a root repeated 3 times.
Thus roots of the AE are m= 0. 0, -2. -2. - 1tv2i, -1tv2i, -1tv2i

Hence the general solution is

y=e(c+e,x)+e*(c, +e,x)+e"* [(¢, +¢,x +C,x")cosx +(¢, +c,* +C,**)sin x|
 10 Differential Equation

Example 17: Solve dy

3*y= 0
+y=0 (VT 2012, 2
d

Solution: AE: m1= 0

(m+ )(m -m +1) =0
m=-1 and =
1tyi-4(1)0)1tv-3
2

_ 1tiv3
2

Thus the roots of the A.E are m =- I, l t i s

2

Hence the general solution is y= C,e*+e C cos- -X+C sin-

2

Example 18 Solve Y d y d y
d (VTU 2014
Solution: A.E is m'
-3m+3m -1= 0. m=l is a root by inspection. The other two roo:
can be found through synthetic division.
-3 3 -1
0 1 -2 1
-2 o
P m-2m +1 = 0 or (m-1)= 0 or m=1, 1
Hence the roots of AE are m 1, 1, =

General solution y=(¢,

+c2xtcg**)e"
Example 19: Solve (D+1)' (D-1)y= 0
(Grewal
Solution: A.E is (m +1)*
(m -1) =0
(m +1) =0.
(m-1) =0
(m +)(m*+ 1) = 0
m=t i, ti
Also (m-1)= 0 m= 1
Hence the roots
of the AE are m= 1, ti, ti
General solution y=c,e* +(¢,
+c,x)cosx+ (c, +c,x)sinx
1'x
Example 20: If m'*, Show that
*= c,cosmt +c,sinmt+c,coshmt+c,Sin hmt
de
(Grewal

d'r
Solution: We have -

m"x =0
dt
 ineering Mathematics - Second semester 11

A.E is or (D -m*)r=0 whe

Where D
dt
sually we are writng AE in terms 'm' for all the problems, since the letter 'm is
already used m the problem we shall use some other letter 'p.

AF is p-m'=0 (p +m ( p - m)=0

p=Im and p =m or P=tm and p=t m

Hence the roots are p=tmi.

General solution r=e, cosmt tc,sinmt+c,e"+c',et
Consider = c , cosmt + c. sm mt + c, cosh mt + c, sinh mt given

e emt e- e
=
c, cosmt +e, sin mt + c,|
2 2

i.e =C, COS mt +C,sin nt +|

Denoting c= and e= ,
= , cosmt+c,sinmt+c,e+ce ...(2). (1) and (2) are same.
Example 21: Solve (D +D+1) (D-2)y=0 (Grewal, Delhi 2012)

Solution: A.E is (m* +m

+1 (m-2)= 0
(m+m+1) =0. m-2=0

(m+m+1) =0 (m*+ m +1) (m* + m+1) =

0

m
-1t-4(10-1+i3
=
is a double root
2 2
Also m-2 0 m=2

Hence the roots of the A.E are m = -Iti3-:iv3

2 2

Solution is y=e "| ( , +C,x)cosx+(c, +¢,x)sinx+c,e* 3

Example 22: Solve (D* +1)' (D* + D+1) y=0 (N.P.Bali and Manish Goyal)

A.E is (m* +1)'(m* +1) = 0

olution: +m

(m +1)'= 0, (m+m+ 1)* = 0

Consider (m +1)'=0 (m*+1(m* +1)(m*+1) =0

m=ti, ti, tiitripleroot
Also (m + m +1) = 0 (m +m +1)(m" + m+)=0

m
-I+i is a double root
2
 12 Differential Equations.
s-1-
EIV3-1tiA
Hence the roots of ti, ti,
the A.E are m=ti, 2 2
Solution is y- (¢, te,r+ e,')cosr+(¢, +c,r+cr*)sinr
+e(c,+ +c,x)cos- 2 -x+(c, +eo*)sin YS

Example 23: Solve +18d +81y-0

Solution : A.E
d
m +18m +81 =
0 (m* +9)=0
(B.V.Rar
(m*+9) (m* +9)= 0 so m=-9 is a repeated root
m=t 3i, t3i
Hence Solution is
y =

(c, +c,x)cos3x+(¢, +cg*)sin3x

Example 24 Solve d'r
+4x= 0
dt (N.P.Bali and Manish Go
Solution A.E is
:
m'+4 0
or (m' +4m + 4)-4m = 0
or
(m +2)-(2m) =0
or
(m +2m+2) (m -2m+2) = 0
m V4
and m
1.e m=-1ti and m=1ti
Hence the roots
of the AE are m=-1ti, 1ti
General solution is
x=e° (c,cost+c,sint)+e'
Initial value (¢,cost+c,sint)
problems on homogeneous differential
equation
Example 25: Solve
d- 3 +2x =0
given that when t =0, x=0 and dr
dt
Solution : The given equation is (N.P.Bali and Manish Go-
(D°-3D+2)x =0
where= D. AE is
D-3D+2=0 (D-1)
Hence General solution is (D-1) (D-2) =0 » D=1,4
D=1,2
x
c, e'
=

dr +c, e
dt
=
c, e' +2c, e", using the given
we get
conditions when t =
0, and=0
=0 and
0=c,+c2 and 0 x
dt
c,+2c,.Solving
=

substituting these values in

(l1) we
we get c,
=0 and c, =0
get x=0. This is the particular solution.
particular solu
Engineering Mathematics - Second semester 13

Example2 6 : Solve d'y +y =0 given

d y =2 for x= 0 and y = -2 for *= 2

plution:
Solu
The given equation is (D + 1)y =
0.
AEis D +1 = 0 D' = - I or D= t i

Hence General solution y = A cos r + Bsinr . . . . ( 1 )

Using the conditions y=2 for x=0 and y= -2 for

x=
We get A-2 and B - 2 substituting these values in (1) we get y=2cosx-2sin x

This is the particular solution.

Frample27: Solve +5+6x=0 given x(0)=0.0)=15 (VTU 20110)

dt

Solution: We have (D +
5D +6)x= 0 where D
dt
AE is m+Sm +6=0 (m+3)(m +2) = 0
m=-2, -3
Hence general solution is x= c,e +c,e ....(1)
dx = -2c,e-3c, e" 2)
dt
When t=0, r =0 (1) becomes 0= c, +C2

When t-0.=15 (2) becomes 15 = -2c, 3c

Solving c +C, =0 and -2c, -3c= 15, we get c,= 15, c.= -15

Substituting these values in (1), we get the particular solution

r=1Se15e or x=15(e-e")
dx (VTU 2008)
Example 28: Solve 4+13x0 given x(0)= 0,(0)=2
dt dt
Solution: AE is m*-4m +13 0

m=
4t16-4x1x13 4tv-36
2 2

m 4t1
=-

2
2t3i
General solution is x = e" (A cos3t + Bsin 3t) (1)
Given when t= 0, x = 0 . (1) becomes 0=A or A =0

dx
Also
dt
sin3t +3 Bcos3t)+ (A cos3t + Bsin3t) 2e*
Given t=0,= 2 2 3B+ 2A
dt
A pifferential Equations-1-M.
- Module

Put A 0, we get
Substituting these values in ( 1) we pet the particular solulion
sin 3 or sin 3t
EAample 29 Solvey"-2y'+ 10y=0, y(0)=4, y'(0)=1|
Solution: A is m
(Grewal
2m 100
21 4 41-10 21 36
2
21 6
or 1 3i
2
General solution is y= c' (A cos3x+ Bsin 3x) . (1)
Given r 0 y 4 (1) becomes 4 A or A =4
dy e' (-3Asin 3x+ 3Bcos3x) +(Acos3x + Bsin 3x)e' (using product rule)
dr
Given x = 0 . 2 =|
dx
' = 3B+A put A =4, we get 1= 3B+4 or 3 B=-3 or B = -1

Substituting these values in (1) we get particular solution

e
dcos3x sin 3x) -

Example 30: Solve +6+12+8y =0 y(0)=0, y(0)= 0, y"(0)=2

d dx
Solution: A.E is m' +6m + 12m +8 =0
By Inspection -2 is a root
of the A.E (-8+ 24-24 +8= 0)
By synthetic division method
26 12 8
-2-88
4 4 0

m +4m +4 0 (m+2) =0 >m=-2. -2

Hence the roots of the A.E are m= -2, -2, -2 (triple root)
General solution is given by y= (c, +c,x +C,x*) e* (1)
Using the given initial conditions
x=0, y=0 we get 0= cor c, =0
Using o =0 +c,x +c,x )(-2e2)+e2" (c, +2c,x)
(c,
dx dx
0-2c,+C, C, =0
 eering Mathematics Second semester
Engineen 15

Alsousing r=0,

= (Cc.r+e,r*)(4e)+(¢. +2e,TK-2e**) +e*(2c,)+(c. +2¢,rX-Ze )

dr
4c 2c. +2c, -2e
2
Put,=0 and c, =0 we get 2= 2c, c,=1|
Substituting e, =0. c. =0 and c,=l in (1)
We get the particular solution y=xe*

Example 31: Solve (D° +D-2)y= 0 subject to the conditions y(0) = 2.

0)=2 and y'(0)= -3

Solution: AE is m'+m* -2 0
By Inspection 1 is a root of the AE (1 +1-2 =0)

1 0 -2
By Synthetic division 0 2 2
22 0
i.e m2m+2 = 0

-2 4-4x1x2
22:4-8
m =
2

2 22-1ti
Hence the 3 roots of the AE are l. -1+i. -1-i.

General solution is y =c,e'+e c cos.r+c, sin x ..(1)

Using r =0 y=2 in (1) we get 2=c, +C

Also dy = c e +e (-c, sin r+ c, cos.r)+(c. cos.r+c, sin x)(-e")
dr
Using = 0. =2 we get

2 c, +C-C
Also dy = c,e' +e"(-c, cos.r-c, sin«)+(-c, sin.x+C, cos.r)(-e")
dr
+(c. cosx+c, sin x)(e")+(-c, sinr+e, cos.r)(-e )

Using x =0 - 3 we get
dr
-3 c, - c. -C, +CC
=

-3 =c,-2c,
Thus we have C, +C=2 (2)
 Differential Equations-1- Mo
16 Module
(3 )
C, C,C, = 2
(4)
C2e,= -3
Solving (2) + (3) 2c, +C, = 4x -2

2c 8
We havne C -3

Ct+C, 2 1+c, =2 c. =1
= -4 2
1-2c, =-3 -2c,
=
Also e 2c, =
-3 c,

Substituting these values in () we get the particular solution.

y = e+c (cos *+2sin r)

dx dr
ENample 32 : Solve that 0 when t=
dt
+ ur=0 (p>0) given x=a
dt
V
Solution : A.E is m +u= 0 m= -
m =
t i
Hence general solution iS

(t)= e, cos yul +e sin yut .....()

dr
-e, sin ut (Vu )+ e, cosyu (Vu) ......(2)
dt
Using r = a , = 0 when t=
dt

(1) becomes a =
C cos + c, sin u

a = c, cos T + C, Sin T

.a = c , ( - ) + c2(0D)

1.e a =-C Or C,=-a

(2) becomes 0 -

-,sin e,cos )
0 =
(-c, sin t+C, cosr) (Vu
0 -[-, (0) +c. (-1)](Vu)
0-c. yu) or e, =0
Substituting c=-a and c,= 0 in() we get the particular solution
X()= -a cos yut
 Engineer Mathematie - Second semester

EXERCISES

Soe the following differential equations

dr
dy 7dy
dr
+12y =0 d'
dr
- 16
3) da d'
dr d
D+2)y = 0 6) D-91) 23D-i5s =
(21
8) D -4D-4)y = 0
- 6 9dry = 0
dr

d' 4y =0 10) dd
dr d dr dr

1)l 6 - 8 , = o 12) 4y =0
dr dr
dr
13) (D +13D+ 36)y = 0 14) (D-4D +8D8D-4)y =C
d'y d'y
15 dy
dr dr dr dy-2y0 16) (D -8)y = 0

17) (D+D+1)°(D-2)y=0 18) (D+1)y=0 (VTU 2000

19) (D D - D-1)y= 0 20) (D +1)'(D D+1)y= 0 +

dr
21) 4+29x=0 given x(0) =0.0)=10
dt
dt

given that y(0)

= I and y'(0) = 22
+8y=0

y'=3 for x 0
23 -2y =0 given that y =
0 and
=

dr dx
dr aw 2T
24) +Wr= 0 given that x = a, when t=
W
dt dt

-y=0 (Grewal)
23d dr dx
*3-y=
dr
0 (VTU 2014) 26)+ d

27) dx
+2+12y= 0 (B.V.Ramana)
 18 Differential Equations-1- odulet
d'y
28) +8+16 y= 0 (Bali and Goyal)
dr

729) dy 3+4y=0. y(0)=l. y'(0) = -8, y"(0)= -4 (B.V.Ramana)

30)
y(0) =
2, y'(0)= 0. y"(0) 2. y"(0)
=
=2 (B.V. Ramana
ANSWERRS
1) y= c, e" +c, e*
2) y= , e" +c, e + C, e
3) y= c, e" +c, ea
4) y= C, e +c, e*
5) y=c,e+c.e
6) y=c,e' +c, e" +C, e
7) y=(c, +Cx) e
8) y= (C, +C,x) e*
9) y=C, e +(c,
+C,x) e" 10) y= (c, +C,x) + (C +Cx) e
1) y= c, +(¢,
+C,x)e* 12) y= C, cos 2x+C, sin 2x
13) y (A cos 3x + Bsin 3x)
=
+
(Ccos 2x+ Dsin 2x)
14) y =
e"[(c, +c^x) cosx +(,+Cx) sin x
15) y =
C, e' +c, e" +e2 | c, cosx
2 +C sin-

16) y =
c, e"+e"|c, cos 3x +C, sin3x|
17) y =
, e* +e *
| (c, + C,x)cos X+(¢,
2 +c,x) sin

18) e+ec,cos+C, sin

19) y= c, e' +(c, +

C,x)e"
20) y= (c,
+C,X+Cg*)cosx+(C, +
CsX+ Cx )sin x

+e(c,+C,x)cosx+(¢,+Ciux) sin
e

21) x(t) =
2e sin 5t
22) y =
(cos 2/2 x+sin 22 x)
23) y=e'-e
24) x(t) =
a(cosot +sin ot)
 19
ngineering Mathematics-Second semester

+ C,r+C,)e"
25) y= (C,

y= C, e +(C,+C,x)e"
26)

27) yCe+,e+e (c, sinx+c,cosx)

28) y=(c, +C.r)COS 2x +(C, +Cx)sin 2x

29) y
23 2e

30) y =
2(e
-

x)

1.5 Linear Non

-

homogeneous equations of second-order with constant

coefficients

coefficients of the
Consider linear non-homogeneous equations of second order with constant

form dy +a,+a,y =
f(x), where a, a, are constants and f(x) is a specified function of x

dx dx
Theorem 1:If y = u(x) is the general solution of the homogeneous equation

+a,+a,y =
0...(1) and vtr) is a function that satisfies the equation
dr

dy+a,+ a,y =f(r) ....(2) then y =

u(r) + v(x) is the general solution of the equation (2)
d dx
Proof: For y = u(r) t+ v(r). we hav

d u(x) +v(x)]+ a,ur) +v(x)]+ a[u(r) +v(x)]|

+a, y+a,y =

dr dx
= u"(x) + v(x) + a, (u'(x)+ v(x)) +a, (u(x) +v(x)
u"(x)+ a, u'(x)+ a, u(x)] +[v"(r) + a, v'(x) +a, v(r)]..(3)

of (3) hand side is zero.

Snce u(x) satisfies equation (1) the first term on the right
hand side of (3) is equal to f(r).
Snce v(r) satisfies equation (2). the second term on the right
hus (3) becomes y'"+a, y'+a. y= f(x) showing that y = u(x)+v(x) is a solution of equation
2). Since y=u(x) is the general solution of the homogeneous equation.

arbitrary constants. As such the

solution y=u(r)+v(x) contains two arbitrary
containsintwo
t Constants its first part namely u(r). This is therefore the general solution of the non-

homogeneous equation
2) This completes the proof of the theorem.
Note In the general solution y= u(x) + v(r) the first part u(r) is called the complementary
function (C.F) and the second part namely vír) is called the particular integral (P.1).
The general solution is also referred to as the complete solution.
20 Differential Equations-1 odulet

Theorem 2: If f(x) =
(x,)+f(x,) then a
particular integral of the cquation
d y fx) is =
v(x)
v. (x). where v, (v)is a particnlar integpal
=
v, (r) +

correspondingto f(x,) and v,(x) is a particular inteyral corresponding to fr,)

Proof: Since
v, (x) corresponds to f(x,) we have v+a, va.v, t(x,) =

Similarly since v.(x) corresponds to f(r,). v+ a, v

+a. V. f(x) =

Therefore v =
V, +
V. we lave
+a, v+a,v =(v,+a, v +a,v,) +(v+a, v
+a, v.)= f(x,)+ T(x,)
Thus v V, + V, is a
=

particular integral of equation +a,+a.y f(.r) =

dr
corresponding to f(r) =f(7,) +
f(r.). This completes the proof of the theorem.
1.6 Working rule:

1) Given the equationdy a+ay dv

=ftr) ....(1) find the
dr
homogeneous part of the differential equation (i.e complimentary funetion of
by taking fr) =
0)
2) Find a function v(x) that
satisfies the equation (1). This is
3) Write down the
a
particular integral (PI)
solution general
(or complete solution) of equation (1) as y C.F =
+ P. I
Now weproceed to
consider general method a
of constructing a particular
integral.
1.7 Inverse differential
operator method and particular
lIntegral
As noted earlier, particular integral of the equation
a

function of v(r) that satisfies the d a+ay =f(r).....1) is a

equation.
Thus. if we rewrite
equation (1) as (D +a, D+a.)y= f
(x) ie F(D)y f(r) =
then a Pl v(r)
is a function such that
|F(D)|v(x) =f(r) ...2) i.e v()=-t(t)
F(D) 3)
Where is the inverse of the linear
F(D) differential operator F(D). This
inverse operator is
defined through the condition that the relations (2) and
(3) are
equivalent to one another.
It can be proved that is also a linear
F(D) operator in the sense that

(fx,)+fx.)) =flx)+(x.)
F(D F(D) FD
 ngineering Mathematics Second semester 21

1.8 General method of getting P.I

f(v) is function of then

a x
+(x)
D- m =e* (*)e"* dx
Proof: We write y=. f ( a ) , on operating by (D - m ), we get (D- m)y = T)
(D- m)
d my = f(r) which is a I.d.e whose IF = e " a = e"inr and hence its solution S
or
dr

given by y e = |f(x) e " d

y y =ef(x)e" dr
Thus f(x) =ef(x)e dr
D-m

Corollary: 1) f(r) =
e"f(x) e"" dx
D+Im

2) For m =

0.fr) =ff(mdx
This shows that the inverse operator is indeed the inverse of the differential operator D.
D

i e i sthe integral operator etc stands for successive integration.

D

E Jx*dr = sinx =

sin xdr -

cosx

Note: Since we required only a particular integral, we shall never add a constant of integration
after integration is performed in connection with any method of finding Pl. Hence P.I
will never contain any arbitrary constant.
The above general method can be used to evaluate P.I in any problem.

For example

i) Let us find Cos 2x

D-1

using f(x)
D- m
=e"ef(r)dr
we have cos 2x = e'e cos 2xdr
D-1
e
(a cos br + b sin br)
Again using the standard integral e" cos
brdr = -

a +b
Cos 2x = e -(-cos2.r+ 2sin2r) i.e - cos2x =-(2sin 2r- cos 2.)
D 1 D-1
 22
Differential Equations-1 Module

ii) Let us find

D+3D+2
Here by partial fractions
D+3D+2 (D+1)(D+2) D+1 D+2

eje'.e'dr -e e e'dx
D D

D+3D+2 D+2
- e2
2

Thus +3D+2
6
Thegeneral method becomes highly tedious when F(D) is in higher orders and
complicated form as we have to f(r) is in a a

(D-m,) (D-m,). . .(D-m,) necessarilydecompose F(D) in

for toto
applying the result. Hence we proceed to illustrate
simple and shortcut methods for
finding the particular integral when f(x) is of
special forms. certain
1.9 Specific forms of particular integrals.
Type: When f (x) =e*
i.e we have to obtain the particular integral of the d.e F(D) y e" =

Let F(D) y =
D> +a, D +
a, . we have D(e") =
ae", D(e*) =a*e
F(D) e =(D*+a, D +
a,)a*" =
a* e"+a, a e +a, e"
(a +a, a + a,) e = F(a) e"
Thus F(D) e" =
F(a)e"
1
Operating with - on both sides, we get e
F(D)
=
F(a) e"
ear
F(D)
or ear -ea* where F(a) * 0 (D being replaced by a)
F(D) F(a)
Suppose F(a) =
0 then (D -

a ) is a factor of F(D) i.e F(D) =

(D-a) » (D)....(1)D
ea
ea
FD
F(D) (D-a) p (D) D-a p(a)
Loa) (D-a) P(a) "Je" e" dx
FD
-e
oa
p(a) dr =p(a) tear

(2 )
Engineering Mathematics.
Engine Second semester

(1) FD)
From (1)
From
=

(D -a)o (D)+o(D) F(a) =0+a)

xe
Thus (2) becoe F(D)e"
Thus (2) becomes
Fal
F(a) Where F(a)-0 and F(a)
This result can be extended as further

i.e if F'(a) =0, x and soon

FD) F(a)
1
Summary: 1)
F(D) eA Fi
F(a) (F(a) 0)
2) e " re (F(a) = 0
F(D) F'a) (F'(a) :
0)
3)
(F(a) =0
3)FO)
FD F"(a) P"(a)0)
and so on

Note: If fr) is of the tom sinhr or coshx use the above results by writing

Sinhr = - - . coshr=te
2

WORKED EXAMPLESS:
Example 33: Solve 6+9y =3e*
dx
Solution: AE ofthe given equation is D-6D-9 =0 or (D-3= - D=3.3
CF y. =
(c¢, +Cr) e
we have (D-6D+9)y 3e =

3
Pl=y,D-6D+9 16-6(-4)+9
Hence the complete solution of the given equation is

Y +Y, = (c, +c,x)e* +

49

Example 34: Solve (D*+D +D+1)y =e'***

Solution: AE ofthe given equation is m+m+m+1 =0 ie m(m-4)+l(m-1)=0
(m +l)(m+1) = 0 m = ti, -1,
CF (Acos x + Bsin x) ce
=
+

PI =. e * 4

(D +D +D+1) 27+9+3+1 40

General solution y= C.F+ P. I = A cosx+ Bsinx)+ ce"e**

40
 24 Differential Equations-1 Modulet

Example 35: Solve +5+6y =(e" +1)

dx
Solution : The AE of the given d. e is

m +Sm+6 =0 (m+3) (m +2) = 0 m =

-2, -3
. .
CF =
c,e"+c, e*
PI= (e
D+SD+6
D+5D+6 +1) n D+5D+6-(e+2e +1)
2e +
D+5D+6 D+5D+6 D++5D+6

General solution y = C.F + P.I

ie y= C,e**+ c,e*+ ++
Example 36: Solve y"+2y'+y =cosh|
Solution : AE of the given d.e is (D+2D+1) = 0
i.e
(D+1=0 D=-1, -I CF =(c,+C,x)e"
PI =
D+2D+1 D+2D+1 2

L e
2 D+2D+1 D +2D+1|

e2 e

e+2e
(G)"
Hence general solution y=(c, +¢,x)e* +e? +2e

Example 37: Solve+45y

d2
=-3sin hx
dx
Solution: The given d.e is (D +4D+5)y =
-3 sin hx
AE of the given d.e is m*+4m+5 0 =

m -4t 16-4x 1x5 4

=
2 2 - -2s
 ngineering Mathematics-Second semester 25

CF=e(Acos.x+Bsin r)
3
Pl(D+4D+5)3sinh x -
D+4D+5
e

2 D+4D+5 D+4D+5|
3
1+4+5 -4+5

20be)
Therefore the complete solution is given by y =e" (Acosx+Bsinx)+se"-e")

Example38: Solve (D° +D-D-1)y =e"

Solution: AE ofthe given d.e is m' +m*-m-1 =0
i.e m' (m+) -1(m+1) = 0 or (m-1) (m+1) =0
m =-1, -1, 1
C F = (c, +c^ x) e +c,e"

1 e (Denominator = 0)
Pl D +D-D-1e
1+1-1-1

xe -

3D+2D-1 3+2-1
e*

General Solution y =(c, +c, x) e" ce +- +

e*" e*
Example 39: Solve D +4D+4)y
-

bolution: AE of the given equation 1s

(m +2)*=0 m=-2, -2
m+4m+4 0
CF (c,+c, x)e*

-e-e = -e
PI
D+4D+4 AD+4D+4D+4
D+4D+4

4+8+4 4 - 8 + 4 (dr = 0) 20 2D+4

-e
(dr=0 for D=-2)

2nd term e
16 F(D) F'(a))
r

Complete solution y =
(c, +e,x) e** 16 2
 26
Differential Equations-1 Mod
dulet
Example 40 Solve (D*-4)y= 3cosh'x
Solution :
of the given equation
AE is m'-4 0 m =
t2
Sothat CF c, e*+C,e*=

PI
cosh' x = - 4 D-4 e"+e*+2)
e + D-4 D-4

xe*

2D
Therefore complete solution is given by
y =c,+c,e" +

Example 41: Solve 4y =

cosh (2x-1) +3"
Solution : We have (D
-4)y =
cosh (2x-1) +3 AE =D
C.F
-4 =0 D =2, -

2
=
Ce +C, e*
P.DAlcosh(2x-1)+3"J =

cosh (2x-1)+D-3=P. +P, sa)

PDcosh
-4 (2x-1) = 2
2x-1 le(2-1)

2 D-42 D-4 2D
Xe e-(2x-1) e(2x-1)
2 -4 8
eog3
3
D-4 (log3)-4 (log3-4
PI *e- e 2x-1)
+
3
8 8 (log3 -4
.
Complete solution is y =
c, e" +c,e" +sinh(2.xr-1)+ 3

Example 42: Solve

(log3)-4
(D+2)D-1)'y e* +2sinhx =

(Grewal) (BV Ramana)

Solution :AE is (m+2)(m -1) =0
m -2,1,1
Complementary function CF =
c, e +(c, +C,x)e"
Engineerin
Mathematics- Second semester 27

Pl (D+2)(D-IF+2sinhr]

(D+2(D-1l°*e-e* sinhr=
Let us evaluate separately

(D+2(D-
(D+2 (D-1) (D+2) (-2-1)
9 D+2 = 9

(D+2(D-1) 1+2 (D-1

(D+2)(D-1 H+2)(-1-1)
Hence PI =
General solution y= CF + PI

ie y=ce +(¢, +6,r)e+;

Example 43: Solve + 3 + 3 y =5e"+6e+7
dr

Solution: We have (D +3D +3D+1)y=5e +6e*+7

AE is m' +3m* +3m+1 = 0
By inspection - 1 is a root of the AE (-l+3-3+1 = 0)

-1|1 33 3 1
BySynthetic division 0-1-2
2 1o
m +2m+l = 0

(m +1= 0 m=-l, -1
The roots of the AE are m = -1,-1, -1 (triple root)

CF: Y. =
(c, +c,r+C,r)e"
P:Y, D'+3D+3D+TS+6e"+7)

(D+1 (5e +6e"+7)

(D+1)
F (D+1* (D+1
e"+"(D+1)
7.
 28 Differential Equations-1 Modulas

Y, (2+1 Texe+7 e+r'e"+7 =

Complete solution y=y.+y

y=+r+e,x*)e*+e+x'e*+7
Example 44: Solve 4x"(t)-x(t) =e2+12cosht
Solution : We have 4dr
dt2
-x =
e? +12cosht

i.e (4D-1)x =e?+12+e

(4D -1) x =
e? +6(e' +e")
AE is 4m -1 =
0 = 4m2 =1
m- m-+
1e+6(e' +e")
Y,4D-1|
,4D-T*°4D *°4D-
Consider 1_ 1 1_
(2D-1)2D+1
11
2D-)= tee
Consider 6e =2e
64p-1 4-1
Consider 4p?-1 6e
4-1 2e

Thus y,-te+2e+ +2e

Complete solution y=Y.+y

y=c,e+c,e?+ +2e' +2e

Engineering Mathematics-Second semester
29

Example 45: Solve y"-6y'+13y =e +2*

We have
Solution:

i.e (D-6D +13)y =e +2

dy6+13y=e*+2'
dx dr

where D
dr
AE is m -6m +13 =
0

m = 6t364x1x13 6t 36-52
2
2

6t-166t
2
4
2 3 t2
CF Y.=e"c cos 2x+ c, sin 2x
1e
P,D-6D+13 +2").D-6D+13 D-6D+13 2
Consider
D-6D+13 4-12+3 e
(e) eog2r
Again D
-6D +13 D-6D+13 (log2)*-6(log2) +13
2
(log 2) -6(log2)+13
2
(log 2)-6 (log2)+ 13

Generalsolution y=Y.+Yp
ie 2
y=e"{e, cos2x+c,sin 2x+ (log2)-60log2)+13
Example46: Solve-8y (1-e'}
Solution: where d
We have (D-8)y =(l-e'" D =-dr
AE is m -8= 0 (m -2)(m* +2m + 4) = 0

-2t4-4xlx4
m =2; m
2

-2+4-16-212 -2+2V3i
2
-1+i
-It
2 2

y=e"A cos/5x+3sin vix +ce