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of Linear Equations
4.1 Matrices
𝟎 𝟎
3. Zero matrix: 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 × 𝟐 square matrix
4. Square matrix: 𝟔 𝟏
𝟑 𝟗 𝟎
𝟒 𝟔 𝟖 𝟑×𝟑 square matrix
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟎
kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering
Types of matrices
𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎
5. Diagonal matrix: 𝟎 𝟓
, 𝟎 𝟔 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑×𝟑 identity matrix
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
Matrix Matrix
𝑨 X B
Order of
𝒎×𝒓 𝒓×𝒏 Order of
matrix A matrix B
Equal
Order of 𝑨B
is 𝒎 × 𝒏
𝟑 𝟏 −𝟕 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟕
If 𝑩 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟖 , then 𝑩𝑻 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟖
−𝟕 𝟖 −𝟓 −𝟕 𝟖 −𝟓
kwkang@KMK
Bloom: Remembering
Properties of matrix transpose
1. 𝑻 𝑻
𝑨 =𝐀
𝑻
2. 𝒌𝑨 = 𝒌𝑨𝑻 , 𝒌 is a scalar
𝑻
3. 𝑨±𝑩 = 𝑨𝑻 ± 𝑩𝑻
𝑻
4. 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻
kwkang@KMK
Bloom: Remembering
Symmetric matrix
Leading
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔 𝟓
, diagonal
Leading
𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
diagonal
kwkang@KMK
Bloom: Remembering
Skew-symmetric matrix
A skew-symmetric matrix is a square matrix whose elements on
the leading diagonal are the zeroes whereas the elements
about leading diagonal are different in signs.
Leading Leading
diagonal diagonal 𝟎 𝟒 −𝟑
𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟒 𝟎 −𝟓
,
𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟓 𝟎
kwkang@KMK
Bloom: Remembering
Example
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟒
1. If 𝑨= 𝟎 𝟓 𝟐 and 𝑩= 𝟓 𝟕 𝟖 .
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
2. If 𝑷= 𝟑 𝟎 and 𝑸 = −𝟐 𝟒 . Find
−𝟒 𝟓 𝟕 𝟔
(a) 𝟐𝑷 + 𝑸 (b) 𝟐𝑷 − 𝟑𝑸
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟒
(b) 𝑨−𝑩= 𝟎 𝟓 𝟐 − 𝟓 𝟕 𝟖
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= −𝟓 −𝟐 −𝟔
−𝟐 𝟒 −𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
=𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 + −𝟐 𝟒 = 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 − 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟒
−𝟒 𝟓 𝟕 𝟔 −𝟒 𝟓 𝟕 𝟔
𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 𝟎
= 𝟔 𝟎 + −𝟐 𝟒 = 𝟔 𝟎 − −𝟔 𝟏𝟐
−𝟖 𝟏𝟎 𝟕 𝟔 −𝟖 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟖
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟒
= 𝟒 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐 −𝟏𝟐
−𝟏 𝟏𝟔 −𝟐𝟗 −𝟖
𝟗 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
= =
−𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟔
−𝟐 𝟐 𝟗
= −𝟕 𝟎 𝟐𝟑
−𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏
2. If 𝑴= 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 and 𝑵= 𝟓 𝟔 𝟑 . Find
𝟎 −𝟑 𝟔 𝟐 −𝟒 𝟏
(a) 𝑴 + 𝟑𝑵 (b) 𝟑𝑴 − 𝟐𝑵
𝟏 −𝟒 𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟕
2. (a) 𝑴 + 𝟑𝑵 = 𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎 (b) 𝟑𝑴 − 𝟐𝑵 = 𝟐 −𝟔 −𝟑
𝟔 −𝟏𝟓 𝟗 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟏𝟔
−𝟒 𝟗 −𝟒 𝟑
3. 𝑨𝑩 =
−𝟑 𝟒
, 𝑩𝑨 − 𝟐𝑰 =
−𝟓 𝟎
𝟖 𝟖 𝟐
4. 𝑩𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟏 𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟎 𝟐
Bloom: Applying
kwkang@KMK
Summary
Types of matrices Operations on matrices
• Row matrix • Addition
• Column matrix • Subtraction
• Zero matrix • Scalar multiplication
• Square matrix • Multiplication for 2
• Diagonal matrix matrices
• Upper triangular matrix
• Lower triangular matrix
• Identity matrix
Matrices
Transpose of a matrix
Properties of transpose
Skew-symmetric matrix 𝑻
𝑨𝑻 =𝐀
𝑻
𝒌𝑨 = 𝒌𝑨𝑻
Symmetric matrix 𝑨±𝑩 𝑻
= 𝑨𝑻 ± 𝑩𝑻
𝑻
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻
kwkang@KMK