Computación Cuántica

Kevin Alejandro Hernández Gómez

April 2024

Problems
2.1 Find the real and imaginary parts of

2 + 3i
z=
5 − 7i

What are the real and imaginary parts of z 2 ?

Solution:

2 + 3i 5 + 7i
z= ·
5 − 7i 5 + 7i

10 + 14i + 15i + 21i2

z=
25 + 35i − 35i − 49i2

−11 + 29i
z=
74

11 29
z=− + i
74 74

z2 = z · z

 11 29   11 29 
z2 = − + i · − + i
74 74 74 74

1
z2 = 121 − 319i − 319i + 841i2


5476

1
 1
z2 =


− 720 − 638i
5476
180 319
R{z 2 } = − 1369 ; I{z 2 } = − 2738

2.2 What is the result of the multiplication of 3 + 4i and its complex con-
jugate? What are the real and imaginary parts of 3 + 4i divided by its
complex conjugate?

Solution:

3 + 4i · 3 − 4i = 9 − 12i + 12i − 16i2

3 + 4i · 3 − 4i = 25

3 + 4i 3 + 4i 3 + 4i
= ·
3 − 4i 3 − 4i 3 + 4i

3 + 4i 9 + 12i + 12i + 16i2

=
3 − 4i 25

3 + 4i −7 + 24i
=
3 − 4i 25

3 + 4i 7 24
=− + i
3 − 4i 25 25

3+4i 7 3+4i 24
R{ 3−4i } = − 25 ; I{ 3−4i }= 25

2.3 Express the complex number z = 4 + 3i in polar coordinates r and ϕ

Solution:

2
 p
r= 42 + 32
r=5

3
ϕ = arctan
4
◦ π
ϕ = 36 =
5

π
z = 5e 5 i

2.4 Show that

2π 4π 6π
1+e 4 i +e 4 i +e 4 i =0

5π 7π π 3π
e 4 i +e 4 i + e4i + e 4 i =0

6π 2π 6π 2π
e 4 i +e 4 i +e 4 i +e 4 i =0

Solution:

2π 4π 6π 2π 2π 4π 4π 6π 6π
1+e 4 i +e 4 i +e 4 i = 1 + cos + i sin + cos + i sin + cos + i sin
4 4 4 4 4 4

=1+0+0−1+0+0+0

=0

5π 7π π 3π 5π 5π 7π 7π π π 3π
e 4 i +e 4 i + e4i + e 4 i = cos + i sin + cos + i sin + cos + i sin + cos + is
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

√ √ √ √ √ √
2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2
=− − √ i+ − i+ + i− √ + i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

=0

3
 6π 2π 6π 2π 6π 2π
e 4 i +e 4 i +e 4 i +e 4 i = 2e 4 i + 2e 4 i

 6π 6π   2π 2π 
= 2 cos + i sin + 2 cos + i sin
4 4 4 4

   
=2 0+0 +2 0+0

=0

2.5 A vector A has a magnitude of 8 units and an angle of 60◦ with the x-axis.
What are the x-and y-components of A?

Solution:

Ax = 8 cos 60◦
Ax = 4

Ay = 8 sin 60◦
√
Ay = 4 3

2.6 Find the dot product of two vectors A = x̂ + ŷ and B = x̂ + 2ŷ. What is
the angle between the two vectors?

Solution:

A · B = (1)(1) + (1)(2)
=3

A · B = |A||B| cos θAB

A·B
θAB = arccos
|A||B|

3
θAB = arccos √ √
2 5

θAB = 18◦

4
2.7 Find out the cross product of two vectors A = x̂ + ŷ + ẑ and B = x̂ − ŷ + ẑ

Solution:

     
A × B = (1)(1) − (1)(−1) x̂ + (1)(1) − (1)(1) ŷ + (1)(−1) − (1)(1) ẑ
A × B = 2x̂ + 0ŷ − 2ẑ

2.8 Prove that

θ
1 + cos θ = 2 cos2
2
2 θ
1 − cos θ = 2 sin
2

Solution:

cos (α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

If α = β = θ2 , then:

θ θ θ θ
1 + cos θ = 1 + cos cos − sin sin
2 2 2 2
θ θ
= 1 + cos2 − sin2
2 2
2 θ θ

= 1 + cos − 1 − cos2
2 2
2 θ
= 2 cos
2

θ θ θ θ
1 − cos θ = 1 − cos cos + sin sin
2 2 2 2
θ θ
= 1 − cos2 + sin2
2 2
θ θ
= sin2 + sin2
2 2
2 θ
= 2 sin
2

2.9 Using the series expansion

5
 x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ...
2! 3!

Show that, for two numbers x and y (real or complex),

ex ey = ex+y

Solution:
Suppose x, y ∈ C, then:

x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ···
2! 3!

y2 y3
ey = 1 + y + + + ···
2! 3!

x2 x3 y2 y3
  
ex ey = 1+x+ + + ··· 1+y+ + + ···
2! 3! 2! 3!

x2 y2 x3 x2 y xy 2 y3
   
ex ey = 1 + (x + y) + + xy + + + + + + ···
2! 2! 3! 2! 2! 3!

(x + y)2 (x + y)3
ex+y = 1 + (x + y) + + + ···
2! 3!

ex ey = ex+y

2.10 From Table 2.3, show that P (6, B) ̸= P (6)P (B)

Solution:
From Table 2.3, P (6) = 0.18 and P (6, B) = 0.13, then:

120
P (B) = = 0.6
200

P (6)P (B) = (0.18)(0.6)

P (6)P (B) = 0.108 ̸= P (6, B)