English B - writing text type

Themes:
- Identities
- Experience
- Human ingenuity
- Social organization
- Sharing the planet

Text
Personal text
- Blog
- Diary
- Email
- Personal letter
Professional text
- Essay
- Formal letter
- Proposal
- Report
Mass media text
- Brochure
- News report
- Review
- Speech
Others
- Article
- Official report
- Letter to the editor

CAP structure:
- Context (what,when,where)
- Audience (who)
- Purpose (why)

P - state your POINT

E - support with EVIDENCE/facts
E - explain the EVIDENCE
L - LINK to the tropic
 PERSONAL TEXT

The structure of Blog

- A typical blog post often follows a structured format to engage readers effectively. It typically consists
of three main components: an introduction, body, and conclusion.

​ Purpose:
● Blog posts are written for online platforms, typically blogs, to inform, entertain, engage,
or educate a specific audience on a particular topic or theme. They aim to attract readers,
generate traffic to the website, and encourage interaction through comments, shares, and
subscriptions.
​ Audience:
● The audience for a blog post can vary depending on the blog's niche, focus, and target
demographic. It may include subscribers, followers, or readers who are interested in the
blog's content and regularly visit the website to consume new posts.
​ Format:
● Blog posts can vary widely in format and style depending on the blogger's preferences
and the nature of the content. They may include text, images, videos, infographics, or
other multimedia elements to enhance readability and engagement. Common formats
include listicles, how-to guides, opinion pieces, interviews, reviews, and personal stories.
​ Level of Formality:
● Blog posts are generally less formal than traditional forms of writing, such as academic
papers or official reports. They often adopt a conversational tone and style that resonates
with the blog's audience, making the content more relatable and engaging.

The Structure for a diary entry

Date and Introduction:
​ Start with the date of the entry and a brief introduction about the context or reason for writing the
diary entry. This could include significant events or emotions you're experiencing.
Body:
● Reflections/Thoughts: Share your thoughts, feelings, and reflections on the events of the
day or recent experiences. Write about what stood out to you, what made you happy, sad,
or any other emotions you experienced.
● Details/Description: Provide details about the events or experiences you're reflecting on.
Describe the people you interacted with, the places you visited, or the situations you
encountered.
● Reactions/Analysis: Analyze your reactions to the events. Reflect on why certain things
made you feel a certain way or how you handled particular situations. This is also a good
place to explore any lessons learned or insights gained.
● Plans/Intentions: If applicable, discuss any plans or intentions for the future based on
your reflections. This could include changes you want to make, goals you want to set, or
actions you want to take.
Conclusion:
● Summarize: Summarize the main points of your reflection. Highlight the most significant
aspects of the day or experiences.
● Closing Thoughts: End with any final thoughts, feelings, or observations you want to
share. This could include expressing gratitude, expressing hopes for the future, or simply
signing off.
Remember, a diary entry is personal, so feel free to customize the structure to fit your own style and
preferences. The key is to capture your thoughts and feelings authentically.

The structure of Email

An email typically follows a three-part structure: introduction, body, and conclusion.

Purpose:
● Emails are written for communication purposes, to convey information, share updates,
request action, or build relationships with recipients. They serve as a direct and personal
means of communication, allowing senders to reach individuals or groups quickly and
efficiently.
Audience:
● The audience for an email depends on the sender's intentions and objectives. It may
include colleagues, clients, customers, subscribers, or other individuals with whom the
sender has a professional or personal relationship.
Format:
●Emails typically follow a structured format that includes a subject line, salutation, body,
and closing. The body of the email may include text, links, attachments, or images,
depending on the content and purpose of the message. Some emails may also include
formatting options such as bold text, bullet points, or headers to improve readability.
Level of Formality:
● The level of formality in an email can vary depending on the sender's relationship with
the recipient and the context of the communication. While some emails may adopt a
formal tone, particularly when addressing professional or business matters, others may be
more informal or casual, especially when communicating with friends, family, or close
colleagues.

The structure for a personal letter

Greeting:
​ Start your letter with a warm greeting. Address the recipient by name if possible, and use an
appropriate salutation such as "Dear [Recipient's Name]," or "Hello [Recipient's Name],"
​ Introduction:
● Opening Remarks: Begin with some opening remarks to set the tone of the letter. This
could be a reference to a previous conversation or a general inquiry about the recipient's
well-being.
 ● Purpose of the Letter: Clearly state the purpose of your letter. Whether it's to catch up,
share news, express gratitude, or offer support, let the recipient know why you're writing.
Body:
● Main Content: This is where you'll delve into the main content of your letter. Break it
down into paragraphs for clarity.
● Updates/Events: Share any updates, news, or events from your life that you think
the recipient would be interested in. This could include personal achievements,
milestones, or experiences.
● Thoughts/Feelings: Express your thoughts, feelings, and emotions about various
aspects of your life or any significant events that have occurred since your last
communication.
● Questions/Inquiries: Ask the recipient about their life, interests, and experiences.
Show genuine interest in their well-being and make them feel valued.
● Personal Anecdotes: Share personal anecdotes, stories, or memories that you
think the recipient would appreciate. This helps to strengthen the personal
connection between you.
Conclusion:
● Closing Remarks: Conclude your letter with some closing remarks. Reiterate your
gratitude or well-wishes, and express your desire to stay in touch.
● Closing Salutation: Use an appropriate closing salutation such as "Sincerely," "Best
regards," or "With love," followed by your name.

Remember to keep the tone of your letter personal and authentic, and tailor the content to suit your
relationship with the recipient.
Professional text

Structure for an essay:

Introduction:
● Hook/Attention Grabber: Start with a hook that grabs the reader's attention and makes
them want to read further. This could be a startling statistic, a provocative question, a
relevant quote, or an anecdote.
● Background Information: Provide some context or background information on the topic.
Explain why it is important or relevant, and outline the scope of your essay.
● Thesis Statement: Clearly state your main argument or thesis. This should be a concise
statement that encapsulates the central idea of your essay and what you will be arguing or
discussing.
Body:
● Topic Sentences: Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main
point or argument of that paragraph.
● Supporting Evidence: Provide evidence, examples, data, or quotations to support each
point you make. This could include findings from research, real-life examples, expert
opinions, or logical reasoning.
● Analysis/Explanation: Analyze and explain the significance of the evidence you've
presented. Show how it supports your thesis and contributes to your overall argument.
 ● Counter Arguments (Optional): Acknowledge and address any potential
counterarguments or opposing viewpoints. This demonstrates that you have considered
multiple perspectives and strengthens your own argument.
● Transitions: Use transitional phrases and sentences to smoothly transition between
paragraphs and ideas. This helps to maintain coherence and flow in your essay.
Conclusion:
● Restate Thesis: Begin by restating your thesis statement, but rephrase it slightly to remind
the reader of your main argument.
● Summary of Key Points: Summarize the main points you've made in the body of the
essay. Highlight the most important evidence and arguments that support your thesis.
● Final Thoughts/Implications: Offer some final thoughts on the topic and discuss any
broader implications or significance. Consider the "so what?" factor—why does your
argument matter?
● Closing Statement: End with a strong closing statement that leaves a lasting impression
on the reader. This could be a call to action, a thought-provoking question, or a
memorable quote.

Remember to maintain a logical structure, provide clear and coherent arguments, and support your claims
with evidence throughout the essay.

structure for a formal letter

Sender's Address:
● Include your full name, postal address, email address, and phone number aligned to the
left-hand side of the page. If you're writing on behalf of a company or organization,
include the company name and address.
Date:
● Below the sender's address, write the date on which the letter is being written. This
should be aligned with the right-hand margin.
Recipient's Address:
● Leave a space after the date and then write the recipient's full name, title (if applicable),
and postal address aligned to the left-hand side of the page. If you're unsure of the
recipient's name, you can write "To Whom It May Concern."
Salutation:
● Begin the letter with a formal salutation, such as "Dear Mr./Ms. [Last Name]," or "Dear
[Recipient's Title and Last Name],". If you're unsure of the recipient's gender or name,
you can use a generic salutation such as "Dear Sir/Madam," or "To Whom It May
Concern,".
Opening Paragraph:
● In the opening paragraph, state the purpose of your letter in a clear and concise manner.
Provide any necessary context or background information. This paragraph should grab
the reader's attention and set the tone for the rest of the letter.
Body:
●Use the body of the letter to elaborate on the purpose stated in the opening paragraph.
Break it down into several paragraphs for clarity and organization. Each paragraph should
focus on a specific point or topic related to the main purpose of the letter.
● Provide detailed information, supporting evidence, and any relevant facts or figures to
strengthen your argument or request.
● Maintain a formal tone throughout the body of the letter, avoiding slang or colloquial
language.
Closing Paragraph:
● In the closing paragraph, summarize the main points of your letter and restate your
purpose or request. Express gratitude if applicable.
● Indicate any actions you expect the recipient to take or any follow-up steps you plan to
take.
● End the paragraph with a polite closing statement, such as "Thank you for your attention
to this matter," or "I look forward to hearing from you soon,".
Closing Salutation:
● End the letter with a formal closing salutation, such as "Sincerely," "Yours faithfully," or
"Respectfully," followed by a comma.

Signature:
●Leave four lines after the closing salutation for your handwritten signature. Sign your
name in ink within this space.
● If you're sending the letter electronically, you can type your name below the signature
line.
Enclosures/Attachments:
● If you're enclosing any documents with the letter, mention them below your signature. For
example, you can write "Enclosures: Resume, Cover Letter," to indicate that you're including
these documents with the letter.

This formal structure ensures that your letter is professional, well-organized, and effectively
communicates your message to the recipient.

structure for a Proposal

Title Page:
● Include a title that clearly and concisely describes the proposal.
● List the name of the individual or organization submitting the proposal.
● Include the date of submission.
Table of Contents:
● Provide a detailed list of the sections and subsections included in the proposal along with
their respective page numbers.
Executive Summary:
● Summarize the key points of the proposal in a brief and compelling manner.
● Highlight the problem or opportunity, proposed solution, benefits, and key
recommendations.
● This section should give the reader a clear understanding of the proposal's purpose and
potential outcomes.
Introduction:
● Begin by introducing yourself or your organization and providing context for the
proposal.
● Clearly state the purpose and objectives of the proposal.
● Provide an overview of what the reader can expect in the body of the proposal.
Problem Statement/Objective:
● Define the problem or opportunity that the proposal aims to address.
● Clearly articulate the objectives or goals of the proposal.
● Provide background information or relevant context to help the reader understand the
significance of the problem or opportunity.
Methodology/Approach:
● Describe the methodology or approach you will use to achieve the objectives outlined in
the proposal.
● Detail the steps, processes, or strategies you will employ to implement the proposed
solution.
● Provide a timeline or schedule for completing the project, if applicable.
Scope of Work:
● Define the scope of the project or initiative covered by the proposal.
● Outline the specific tasks, deliverables, and responsibilities of each party involved.
● Clarify any limitations or exclusions that apply to the proposal.
Budget/Resources:
● Provide a detailed breakdown of the budget required to execute the proposal.
● Include costs for personnel, materials, equipment, and any other resources needed.
● Specify any funding sources or financing options available.
Expected Outcomes/Benefits:
● Describe the expected outcomes or benefits of implementing the proposal.
● Highlight the positive impact on stakeholders, the community, or the organization.
● Use data, statistics, or case studies to support your projections.
Risk Management:
● Identify potential risks or challenges that may arise during the implementation of the
proposal.
● Discuss strategies for mitigating these risks and ensuring the success of the project.
● Address any contingency plans or alternative courses of action.
Conclusion:
● Summarize the key points discussed in the body of the proposal.
● Reinforce the benefits and feasibility of the proposed solution.
 ● End with a strong closing statement that emphasizes the importance of the proposal and
encourages action.
By following this structured approach, you can create a comprehensive and persuasive proposal that
effectively communicates your ideas and recommendations to the reader.

structure for a Report

Title Page:
● Include a clear and descriptive title that summarizes the content of the report.
● List the name of the individual or organization submitting the report.
● Include the date of submission.

Table of Contents:
● Provide a detailed list of the sections and subsections included in the report along with
their respective page numbers.

Executive Summary:
● Summarize the key findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the report.
● Keep this section brief but informative, providing enough detail to give the reader a clear
understanding of the report's content.

Introduction:
● Provide background information on the topic or subject of the report.
● Clearly state the purpose and objectives of the report.
● Outline the scope and methodology used in conducting the research or analysis.

Methodology/Approach:
● Describe the research methods or approach used to gather data and information for the
report.
● Explain any tools, techniques, or sources used to collect and analyze data.
● Provide details on sample size, data collection procedures, and any limitations of the
methodology.

Findings/Results:
● Present the findings of your research or analysis in a clear and organized manner.
● Use tables, charts, graphs, or other visual aids to illustrate key findings.
● Interpret the data and explain its significance in relation to the objectives of the report.

Analysis/Discussion:
● Analyze the findings in depth, drawing connections and identifying patterns or trends.
● Discuss any implications of the findings and their relevance to the topic or subject of the
report.
● Compare the results to existing literature or benchmarks, if applicable.
Recommendations:
● Based on the findings and analysis, provide recommendations for action or further
research.
● Make sure recommendations are specific, feasible, and supported by evidence from the
report.
● Prioritize recommendations based on their importance and potential impact.

Conclusion:
● Summarize the main points of the report and reiterate its significance.
● Emphasize the key findings and recommendations.
● End with a strong closing statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

References/Bibliography:
● Provide a list of all sources cited in the report, following a consistent citation style (e.g.,
APA, MLA).
● Include both primary and secondary sources, as well as any additional readings or
resources consulted during the research process.

By following this structured approach, you can create a comprehensive and informative report that
effectively communicates your findings and recommendations to the reader.

structure for a Brochure

Purpose:
● Brochures are designed to inform, advertise, or promote a product, service, event, or
organization. They aim to attract attention, generate interest, and persuade the audience to
take a specific action, such as making a purchase or attending an event.
Audience:
● The audience for a brochure can vary depending on its content and purpose. It may target
potential customers, clients, investors, tourists, or members of the public who are
interested in the topic or offering presented in the brochure.
​
​
Format:
● Brochures are typically printed on glossy paper and folded into sections or panels. They
often include eye-catching visuals, such as photographs, illustrations, or graphics, along
with concise text and bullet points to convey key information.
Level of Formality:
● Brochures can vary in their level of formality depending on the target audience and the
nature of the content. While some may adopt a more formal tone, particularly in business
or professional contexts, others may be more informal or conversational, especially in the
tourism or hospitality industry.
 structure for a News report
Purpose:
● News reports aim to provide objective, factual information about recent events,
developments, or issues of public interest. They inform the audience about what is
happening in the world and help them stay informed and up-to-date.
Audience:
● The audience for a news report is typically the general public, although it may also
include specific demographics or interest groups depending on the subject matter. News
reports are intended for readers, viewers, or listeners who seek timely and reliable
information.
Format:
● News reports follow a standardized format that includes a headline, byline (author's
name), lead (opening paragraph summarizing the main points), body paragraphs
providing details and context, and a conclusion. They may also include quotes from
sources, photographs, or multimedia elements to enhance the storytelling.
Level of Formality:
● News reports are written in a formal, objective style that adheres to journalistic standards
of accuracy, fairness, and impartiality. They use clear, concise language and avoid biased
or emotive language to present the facts in an unbiased manner.

structure for a Review

Purpose:
● Reviews evaluate and critique a product, service, performance, or experience based on
certain criteria. They aim to inform the audience about the quality, value, and merits of
the subject being reviewed and help them make informed decisions.
Audience:
● The audience for a review may include consumers, potential buyers, enthusiasts, or
anyone interested in the subject being reviewed. Reviews are intended for readers who
are seeking opinions, insights, and recommendations before making a purchase or
decision.
Format:
● Reviews typically begin with an introduction that sets the context and introduces the
subject being reviewed. They then provide an evaluation of the subject based on criteria
such as quality, performance, features, value for money, and overall satisfaction. Reviews
may also include a conclusion summarizing the reviewer's findings and
recommendations.
Level of Formality:
● Reviews can vary in their level of formality depending on the context and audience.
While some may adopt a more formal tone, particularly in professional or academic
settings, others may be more informal or conversational, especially in consumer-oriented
publications or online platforms.
 structure for a Brochure
Purpose:
● Speeches are oral presentations delivered to an audience for a specific purpose, such as
informing, persuading, entertaining, or inspiring. They aim to engage the audience,
convey a message or viewpoint, and evoke a desired response or action.
Audience:
● The audience for a speech can vary widely depending on the occasion and context. It may
include colleagues, peers, students, members of the public, or specific interest groups
who are gathered to listen to the speaker's message.
Format:
● Speeches typically follow a structured format that includes an introduction to grab the
audience's attention, a body where the main points are presented and supported with
evidence or examples, and a conclusion that summarizes the key points and leaves a
lasting impression.
Level of Formality:
● The level of formality in a speech can vary depending on factors such as the audience,
occasion, and purpose of the speech. While some speeches may be highly formal, such as
those delivered in academic or diplomatic settings, others may be more informal or
conversational, particularly in social or informal gatherings.
structure for a Article

Purpose:
● Articles are written to inform, entertain, persuade, or provoke thought on a particular
topic or issue. They aim to provide insights, analysis, or commentary that engage the
reader and contribute to the discourse on the subject matter.
Audience:
● The audience for an article can vary depending on the publication and the topic covered.
It may include readers of newspapers, magazines, journals, blogs, or online platforms
who are interested in the subject matter or the publication's editorial focus.
Format:
● Articles follow a flexible format that can vary depending on the publication and the
author's style. They typically include a headline or title, a byline (author's name), an
introduction that sets the stage for the topic, body paragraphs presenting information or
arguments, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points or provides a call to action.
Level of Formality:
● Articles can range from highly formal to informal depending on the publication and the
intended audience. While some articles may adopt a scholarly or professional tone, others
may be more conversational or opinionated, particularly in lifestyle or editorial
publications.

structure for a Official report

 ​ Purpose:
● Official reports are prepared by organizations, government agencies, or professional
bodies to document findings, decisions, or actions taken on a particular issue or topic.
They serve as an official record and may be used to inform stakeholders, make
recommendations, or influence policy.
​ Audience:
● The audience for an official report is typically specific stakeholders or decision-makers
within the organization or governing body. These individuals may have a direct interest in
the subject matter and rely on the report to make informed decisions or take appropriate
action.
​ Format:
● Official reports follow a standardized format and structure, which may include a title
page, table of contents, executive summary, introduction, methodology, findings,
analysis, recommendations, conclusion, and references. The format is often dictated by
organizational guidelines or industry standards.
​ Level of Formality:
● Official reports are characterized by a high level of formality in both language and tone.
They typically use professional language, avoid contractions and slang, and adhere to
grammatical and formatting conventions.

structure for a Letter to the editor

Purpose:
● Letters to the editor are written by readers of newspapers, magazines, or online
publications to express opinions, provide feedback, or raise concerns about articles,
editorials, or issues covered in the publication. They aim to engage with the publication
and its readership on matters of public interest.
Audience:
● The audience for a letter to the editor is typically the editorial staff and readership of the
publication. Letters may be published in print or online and are often read by a broad
audience interested in the publication's content and editorial viewpoints.
Format:
● Letters to the editor are typically brief and to the point, with a clear focus on the issue or
topic being addressed. They usually include the writer's name, contact information, and
may be signed with the writer's location or affiliation. Some publications may have
specific guidelines for formatting and submission.
Level of Formality:
● Letters to the editor can vary in their level of formality depending on the tone and style of
the publication. While some letters may adopt a formal tone, particularly when
addressing serious or contentious issues, others may be more informal or conversational,
especially in community or lifestyle publications.