Welcome in Online Classes

BCA
Asst. Prof. Ashutosh Pandey
 Unit-4

•Probability & Probability Distribution

•Classical
•Empirical approach to probability
•Axiomatic approach to probability.
•Addition and Multiplicative law of probability
•Binomial Distribution
•Poisson Distribution
•Normal Distribution
 Unit-4
Probability
Probability
&
Probability Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning
Distribution numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur
or how likely it is that a proposition is true. Probability is a
number between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, 0
indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty
Probability = (Number of a Favorable outcome) / (Total
number of outcomes)
P = n (E) / n (S)
Where P is the probability, E is the event and S is the
sample space.
Example : Probability of getting an even number on rolling
a dice once.
Solution: Sample Space (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Event (E) = {2, 4, 6}
Therefore, n (S) = 6 and n (E) = 3
Putting this in the probability formula, we get:
P = 3 / 6 = 1 / 2 = 0.5
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Probability Types of Probability
Distribution

Theoretical Experimental Axiomatic

Probability Probability Probability

Theoretical Probability
It is based on the possible chances of something to
happen. The theoretical probability is mainly based on
the reasoning behind probability. For example, if a coin is
tossed, the theoretical probability of getting a head will
be ½.
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Probability Experimental Probability
Distribution It is based on the basis of the observations of an experiment. The
experimental Probability can be calculated based on the number of
possible outcomes by the total number of trials. For example, if a
coin is tossed 10 times and heads is recorded 6 times then, the
experimental probability for heads is 6/10 or, 3/5.

Axiomatic Probability
In axiomatic probability, a set of rules or axioms are set which
applies to all types. These axioms are set by Kolmogorov and are
known as Kolmogorov’s three axioms. With the axiomatic approach
to probability, the chances of occurrence or non-occurrence of the
events can be quantified. The axiomatic Probability
lesson covers this concept in detail with Kolmogorov’s three rules
(axioms) along with various examples.
Conditional Probability is the likelihood of an event or outcome
occurring based on the occurrence of a previous event or outcome.
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Probability
•Experiment: Any phenomenon like rolling a dice,
Distribution
tossing a coin, drawing a card from a well-shuffled deck,
etc.

•Outcome: The Result of any event; like number

appearing on a dice, side of a coin, drawn out card, etc.

•Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes.

•Event: Any combination of possible outcomes or the

subset of Sample space; like getting an even number on
rolled dice, getting a head/tail on a flipped coin, drawing
out a king/queen/ace of any suit.
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Probability
Distribution Random Experiments
An experiment is called random experiment if it satisfies
the following two conditions:
(i) It has more than one possible outcome.
(ii) It is not possible to predict the outcome in advance.

Probability Function:
A function giving the probability for each outcome
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Probability Question………………………………………………..
Distribution In each of the following Exercises 1 to 3, describe the
sample space for the indicated experiment.
1. A coin is tossed three times.
2. A die is thrown two times
3. A coin is tossed four times
A coin is tossed and then a die is rolled only in case a head
is shown on the coin.
An experiment consists of rolling a die and then tossing a
coin once if the number on the die is even. If the
number on the die is odd, the coin is tossed twice.
Write the sample space for this experiment
An experiment consists of tossing a coin and then throwing
it second time if a head occurs. If a tail occurs on the
first toss, then a die is rolled once. Find the sample
space.
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
& 1.Tossing a coin, Sample Space (S) =
Sample Space The set of all the possible
Probability outcomes to occur in any {H,T}
Distribution trial 2.Rolling a die, Sample Space (S) =
{1,2,3,4,5,6}
Sample Point It is one of the possible results In a deck of Cards:
•4 of hearts is a sample point.
•The queen of clubs is a sample
point.

Experiment or A series of actions where the The tossing of a coin, Selecting a

outcomes are always card from a deck of cards, throwing
Trial
uncertain. a dice.
Event It is a single outcome of an Getting a Heads while tossing a coin
experiment. is an event.
Outcome Possible result of a T (tail) is a possible outcome when a
trial/experiment coin is tossed.

Complimentar The non-happening events. Standard 52-card deck, A = Draw a

The complement of an event A heart, then A’ = Don’t draw a heart
y event
is the event, not A (or A’)

Impossible The event cannot happen In tossing a coin, impossible to get

both head and tail at the same time
Event
 Unit-4
Probability
Events
& Any combination of possible outcomes or the subset of Sample
Probability space; like getting an even number on rolled dice, getting a
Distribution head/tail on a flipped coin, drawing out a king/queen/ace of any
suit.
Or
Any subset E of a sample space S is called an event
Type of Event
1-Impossible and Sure Events
If the probability of occurrence of an event is 0, such an
event is called an impossible event and if the probability of
occurrence of an event is 1, it is called a sure event. In other
words, the empty set ϕ is an impossible event and the
sample space S is a sure event.
2-Simple Events
Any event consisting of a single point of the sample space is
known as a simple event in probability.
For example, if S = {56 , 78 , 96 , 54 , 89} and E = {78} then E is
a simple event.
 Unit-4
Probability
Types of Events
&
Probability 3-Compound Events
Distribution Contrary to the simple event, if any event consists of more
than one single point of the sample space then such an event
is called a compound event.
For example, in the experiment of “tossing a coin thrice” the events
E: ‘Exactly one head appeared’
F: ‘Atleast one head appeared’
G: ‘Atmost one head appeared’ etc. are all compound events.
The subsets of S associated with these events are
E={HTT,THT,TTH}
F={HTT,THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}
G= {TTT, THT, HTT, TTH}
Independent Events and Dependent Events
If the occurrence of any event is completely unaffected by
the occurrence of any other event, such events are known as
an independent event in probability and the events which
are affected by other events are known as dependent
events.
 Unit-4
Probability
Types of Events
&
Complementary Events
Probability
Distribution For any event E1 there exists another event E1‘ which
represents the remaining elements of the sample space S.
E1 = S − E1‘
If a dice is rolled then the sample space S is given as S =
{1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 }. If event E1 represents all the
outcomes which is greater than 4, then E1 = {5, 6} and E1‘
= {1, 2, 3, 4}.
Thus E1‘ is the complement of the event E1.
Similarly, the complement of E1, E2, E3……….En will be
represented as E1‘, E2‘, E3‘……….En‘
The Event ‘A or B’
If two events E1 and E2 are associated with OR then it
means that either E1 or E2 or both. The union
symbol (∪) is used to represent OR in probability.
Thus, the event E1U E2 denotes E1 OR E2.
 Unit-4
Probability
Types of Events
&
Probability If we have mutually exhaustive events E1, E2,
Distribution E3 ………En associated with sample space S then,
E1 U E2 U E3U ………En = S
Events Associated with “AND”
If two events E1 and E2 are associated with AND then it
means the intersection of elements which is common to
both the events. The intersection symbol (∩) is used to
represent AND in probability.
Thus, the event E1 ∩ E2 denotes E1 and E2.
Event E1 but not E2
It represents the difference between both the events.
Event E1 but not E2 represents all the outcomes which
are present in E1 but not in E2. Thus, the event E1 but
not E2 is represented as
E1, E2
= E1 – E2
 Unit-4
Probability
Types of Events
&
Probability Mutually Exclusive Events
Distribution If the occurrence of one event excludes the occurrence
of another event, such events are mutually exclusive
events i.e. two events don’t have any common point.
For example, if S = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6} and E1, E2 are two
events such that E1 consists of numbers less than 3 and
E2 consists of numbers greater than 4.
So, E1 = {1,2} and E2 = {5,6} .
Then, E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive.
NOTE: Simple events of a sample space are always mutually
exclusive
 Unit-4
Probability
Types of Events
&
Probability Exhaustive Events
Distribution A set of events is called exhaustive if all the events
together consume the entire sample space.
Consider the experiment of throwing a die. We have
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Let us define the following events
A: ‘a number less than 4 appears’,
B: ‘a number greater than 2 but less than 5 appears’ and
C: ‘a number greater than 4 appears’.
Then A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3,4} and C = {5, 6}.
We observe that A ∪ B ∪ C = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {3, 4} ∪ {5, 6} = S.
Such events A, B and C are called exhaustive events. In
general, if E1 , E2 , ..., En are n events of a sample space
S and if
E1 ∪ E2 ∪ E3 ∪ E4……….. ∪ En = S
then E1 ,E2 , ...., En are called exhaustive events
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Probability In the game of snakes and ladders, a fair die is thrown. If
Distribution event E1 represents all the events of getting a natural
number less than 4, event E2 consists of all the events of
getting an even number and E3 denotes all the events of
getting an odd number. List the sets representing the
following:
i)E1 or E2 or E3
ii)E1 and E2 and E3
iii)E1 but not E3
Solution:
The sample space is given as S = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6}
E1 = {1,2,3}
E2 = {2,4,6}
E3 = {1,3,5}
i)E1 or E2 or E3= E1 E2 E3= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
ii)E1 and E2 and E3 = E1 E2 E3 = ∅
iii)E1 but not E3 = {2}
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Probability Two dice are thrown. The events A, B and C are as
Distribution follows:
A: getting an even number on the first die.
B: getting an odd number on the first die.
C: getting the sum of the numbers on the dice ≤ 5.
Describe the events
(i) A’ two dice Sample space consists 6 x 6 = 36 outcomes.
S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (3, 3), (3,
(ii) not B 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(iii) A or B (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6,1), (6, 2), (6,
(iv) A and B 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
(v) A but bot C (i) A’: getting an odd number on the first die=B
(ii) not B : getting an even number on the first die = A
(vi) B or C (iii) A or B = A∪B = S
(vii) B and C (iv) A and B = A ∩ B = ⌽
(viii) A ∩ B’ ∩C’ (v) A but not C = A – C
(vi) B or C = BuC
(vii) B and C = B∩C
(viii) A : getting an even number on the first die = B’
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Probability A die is thrown. Describe the following events:
Distribution A: a number less than 7
8: a number greater than 7
C: a multiple of 3
D: a number less than 4
E: an even number greater than 4
F: a number not less than 3
Also find A ∪ B, A ∩ B, B ∪ C, E ∩ F, D ∩ E, A – C, D- E, E ∩ F’, F’.
Solution: An experiment consists of rolling a die.
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} A ∩ B = {1, 2,3,4, 5, 6) ∩ ⌽ = ⌽
(i) A: a number less than 7 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B ∪C = ⌽∪{3,6} = {3,6}
(ii) B: a number less than 7 = ⌽ E ∩ F = {6} ∩ {3, 4, 5, 6) = {6}
(iii) C: a multiple of 3 = {3, 6} D ∩ E = {1,2, 3} ∩ (6} = ⌽
(iv) D : a number less than 4 = {1, 2, 3} A – C = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) – {3, 6} =
(v) E : an even number greater than 4 = {6} {1, 2, 4, 5}
(vi) F : a number not less than 3 = {3, 4, 5, 6} D – E = {1, 2, 3} – {6} = {1, 2, 3}
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) ∩ ⌽ F’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) – {3, 4, 5, 6) =
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6! {1, 2)
E ∩F’=(6)∩{l, 2}= ⌽
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Three coins are tossed once. Let A denote the event “three heads
Probability
show, B denote the event “two heads and one tail show”, C denote
Distribution
the event “three tails show” and D denote the event “a head shows
on the first coin”. Which events are
(i) Mutually exclusive?
(ii) Simple?
(iii) Compound?
Solution:
An experiment consists of tossing three coins:
∴ S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
∴ A : Three heads show = {HHH}
B : Two heads and one tail show = {HHT, HTH, THH}
C : Three tail show = {TTT}
D : A head show on the first coin = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT}
(i) Since A∩B = ⌽, A∩C = ⌽, B ∩ C = ⌽,
C ∩ D = ⌽.
⇒ A and B; A and C; B and C; C and D are mutually exclusive events.
(ii) A and C are simple events.
(iii) B and D are compound events.
 Unit-4
Probability
Basic Concepts of Probability
&
Probability Three coins are tossed. Describe
Distribution (i) Two events which are mutually exclusive.
(ii) Three events which are mutually exclusive and
exhaustive.
(iii) Two events, which are not mutually exclusive.
(iv) Two events which are mutually exclusive but not
exhaustive.
(v) Three events which are mutually exclusive but not
exhaustive.
An experiment involves rolling a pair of dice and
recording the numbers that come up. Describe the
following events:
A: the sum is greater than 8,
B: 2 occurs on either die Aur Question Kha
C: the sum is at least 7 and a multiple ofse
3. Practice Karu?
Which pairs of these events are mutually exclusive?
NCERT Class 11.Page
393 Ex..16.2
 Unit-4
Probability
Axiomatic Probability Conditions
&
Axiomatic Probability Conditions
Probability
Let, S be the sample space of any random experiment and let P be
Distribution
the probability of occurrence of any event. Noting the characteristics
of P, it should be a real valued function whose domain will be the
power set of S and the range will lie in the interval [0,1]. This
probability P will satisfy the following probability axioms:
I. For any event E, P(E)≥0
II. P(S) = 1
III. In case E and F are mutually exclusive events, then following
equation will be valid: P(E∪F) = P(E)+P(F)

Let, the sample space of S contain the given

outcomes δ1,δ2,δ3……δn, then as per axiomatic
definition of probability, we can deduce the following
points-
I. 0≤P(δi)≤1 for each δi∈S
II. P(δ1)+P(δ2)+…+P(δn) = 1
III. For any event Q, P(Q) = ∑P(δi),δi∈Q.
 Unit-4
Probability
Axiomatic Probability Conditions
&
Probability Probability of an event
Distribution Let S be a sample space associated with the experiment
‘examining three consecutive pens produced by a machine and
classified as Good (non-defective) and bad (defective)’.
We may get 0, 1, 2 or 3 defective pens as result of this
examination. A sample space associated with this experiment
is
S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB, BGG, GBG, GGB, GGG},
where B stands for a defective or bad pen
and G for a non – defective or good pen..
•P(BGG) + P(GBG) + P(GGB) ?
•P(BBG) + P(BGB) + P(GBB) + P(BBB) ?
 Unit-4
Probability
Axiomatic Probability Conditions
&
Probability Probabilities of equally likely outcomes
Distribution Let a sample space of an experiment be
S = {ω1 , ω2 ,..., ωn }.
Let all the outcomes are equally likely to occur, i.e., the
chance of occurrence of each simple event must be
same.
∑ P(ω) = 1
i.e., p + p + ... + p (n times) = 1
np = 1
Let S be a sample space and E be an event, such that n(S)
= n and n(E) = m. If each out come is equally likely, then it
follows that
P(E) = m/n
= Number of outcomes favorable to E/Total possible outcomes
 Unit-4
Probability
Axiomatic Probability Conditions
&
Probability Probability of the event ‘A or B’
Distribution Let us now find the probability of event ‘A or B’, i.e., P (A ∪ B)
Let A = {HHT, HTH, THH}
and B = {HTH, THH, HHH} be two events associated with
‘tossing of a coin thrice’
Clearly A ∪ B = {HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}

Now P (A ∪ B) = P(HHT) + P(HTH) + P(THH) + P(HHH)=?

Also P(A) = P(HHT) + P(HTH) + P(THH) =?

and P(B) = P(HTH) + P(THH) + P(HHH) =?

Therefore P(A∪ B) ≠ P(A) + P(B)

So……………………………………………………………………..
P(A ∪ B) = P (A)+P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
 Unit-4
Probability
Axiomatic Probability Conditions
&
Probability Probability of event ‘not A’
Distribution Consider the event A = {2, 4, 6, 8} associated with the
experiment of drawing a card from a deck of ten cards
numbered from 1 to 10.
Clearly the sample space is S = {1, 2, 3, ...,10} If all the
outcomes 1, 2, ...,10 are considered to be equally likely,
then the probability of each outcome is 1/8
P(A) = P(2) + P(4) + P(6) + P(8)
P(A′) = P(1) + P(3) + P(5) + P(7) + P(9) + P(10)
1-P(A’)
Also, we know that A′ and A are mutually exclusive and
exhaustive events i.e.,
A ∩ A′ = φ and A ∪ A′ = S
or P(A ∪ A′) = P(S)
Now P(A) + P(A′) = 1, by using axioms (ii) and (iii).
or P( A′) = P(not A) = 1 – P(A)
 Unit-4
Probability
Question
&
Probability Three coins are tossed once. Find the probability of
Distribution getting
(i) 3 heads
(ii) 2 heads
(iii) atleast 2 heads
(iv) atmost 2 heads
(v) no head
(vi) 3 tails
(vii) exactly two tails
(viii) no tail
(ix) atmost two tails
Solution:
An experiment consists of tossing 3 coins
∴ The sample space of the given experiment is given by
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT}
∴ n(S) = 8
 Unit-4
Probability
Question
&
Probability A letter is chosen at random from the word
Distribution ‘ASSASSINATION’. Find the probability that letter is
(i) a vowel
(ii) a consonant.
Solution:
An experiment consists of a letter chosen at random from the
word ‘ASSASSINATION’ which consists 13 letters,
(6 vowels and 7 consonants).
∴ Sample points are 13.
(i) Let E be the event that chosen letter is a vowel
E = {A, A, A, I, I, O}
∴ n(E) = 6
⇒ P(E)=n(E)n(S)=6/13.
(ii) Let E be the event that chosen letter is a consonant
∴ F = {S, S, S, S, N, N, T}
⇒ P(F)=n(F)n(S)=7/13
 Unit-4
Probability
Question
&
Probability Fill in the blanks in following table:
Distribution

Solution:
(i) P(A ∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
13+15−115=5+3−115=715
(ii) (ii) P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – p(A ∩B)
⇒ 0.6 = 0.35 + P(B) – 0.25
∴P(B) = 0.6 – 0.35 + 0.25 = 0.5 Aur Question Kha
(iii) P(A∪B) = P(A) +P(B) – P(A∩B)
⇒ 0.7 = 0.5 + 0.35 – P(A∩B)
se Practice Karu?
∴P(A∩B) = 0.5 + 0.35 – 0.7 = 0.15 NCERT Class 11.Page
403 Ex..16.3
 Unit-4 Conditional Probability Definition
Probability
&
Conditional Probability Definition
Probability
The probability of occurrence of any event A when another event B in
Distribution
relation to A has already occurred is known as conditional probability. It
is depicted by P(A|B).
As depicted by above diagram, sample space is given by S and there are
two events A and B. In a situation where event B has already occurred,
then our sample space S naturally gets reduced to B because now the
chances of occurrence of an event will lie inside B.
As we have to figure out the chances of occurrence of event A, only
portion common to both A and B is enough to represent the probability
of occurrence of A, when B has already occurred. Common portion of
the events is depicted by the intersection of both the events A and B
i.e. A ∩ B.
This explains the concept of conditional probability problems i.e.
occurrence of any event when another event in relation to has already
occurred.
Conditional Probability Formula
Mathematically this can be represented as,
P(A|B) = N(A∩B)/N(B)
Where P(A|B) represents the probability of occurrence of A given B has occurred.
 Unit-4 Conditional Probability Definition
Probability
&
Probability N(A ∩ B) is the number of elements common to both A and B.
Distribution N(B) is the number of elements in B and it cannot be equal
to zero.
Let N represent the total number of elements in the sample space.
⇒P(A|B) = N(A∩B)/N(B)
Since N(A ∩ B)/N and N(B)/N denotes the ratio of the
number of favorable outcomes to the total number of
outcomes, therefore, it indicates the probability.
Therefore, N(A∩B)/N(B) can be written as
⇒ P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B)/P(B)
Therefore, P(A ∩ B) = P(B) P(A|B) if P(B) ≠ 0
= P(A) P(B|A) if P(A) ≠ 0
Similarly, the probability of occurrence of B when A has
already occurred is given by,
P(B|A) = P(B ∩ A)/P(A)
 Unit-4 Conditional Probability Definition
Probability
&
Probability Definition: If E and F are two events associated with the
Distribution same sample space of a random experiment, the
conditional probability of the event E given that F has
occurred, i.e. P (E|F) is given by
P(E|F) = P(E∩F)/P(F)
provided P(F) ≠ 0
Conditional Probability Properties
Property 1: Let E and F be events of a sample space S of
an experiment, then we have
P(S|F) = P(F|F) = 1.

Property 2: f A and B are any two events of a sample

space S and F is an event of S such that P(F) ≠ 0, then
P((A ∪ B)|F) = P(A|F) + P(B|F) – P((A ∩ B)|F).

Property 3: P(A′|B) = 1 − P(A|B)

 Unit-4 Conditional Probability Definition
Probability
&
Probability Questions……………….
Distribution If P(A) = 7/13 , P(B) = 9/13 and P(A∩B) = 4/13 , evaluate
P(A|B).

A family has two children. What is the probability that

both the children are boys given that at least one of them
is a boy ?

A die is thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as

below:
A : 4 on the third throw
B : 6 on the first and 5 on the second throw Find the
probability of A given that B has already occurred.
 Unit-4 Conditional Probability Definition
Probability
&
Probability Questions……………….
Distribution A coin is tossed three times, where
(i) E : head on third toss , F : heads on first two tosses
(ii) E : at least two heads , F : at most two heads
(iii) E : at most two tails , F : at least one tail

A fair die is rolled. Consider events E = {1,3,5}, F = {2,3}

and G = {2,3,4,5}
Find
•P(E|F) and P(F|E)
•P(E|G) and P(G|E)
•P((E ∪ F)|G) and P((E ∩ F)|G)
Mother, father and son line up at random AurforQuestion
a family Kha
picture se Practice Karu?
E : son on one end, NCERT Class 12.Page
F : father in middle 537 Ex..13.1
 Unit-4 Addition and Multiplicative low of Probability
Probability
&
Probability A…. If two events are A,B and C then;
Distribution
Basic 4 laws of probability are given below:

1. Addition rule:
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B) ;
P(A ∩ B) = P(∅) = 0
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) − P(A ∩ B) − P(A ∩ C) −
P(B ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
 Unit-4 Addition and Multiplicative low of Probability
Probability
&
2. Multiplication rule:
Probability
Distribution P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
P(A and B) = P(A) . P(B/A)
Multiplication rule of probability for more than two
events If E, F and G are three events of sample space, we
have
P(E ∩ F ∩ G) = P(E) P(F|E) P(G|(E ∩ F)) = P(E) P(F|E).P(G|EF)

Similarly, the multiplication rule of probability can be

extended for four or more events.

3. The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes =

1

4. Complementary law:
P(not A) = 1 – P(A)
 Unit-4 Multiplicative low of Probability
Probability
&
We have already learned the multiplication rules we follow in
Probability
probability, such as;
Distribution
P(A∩B) = P(A)×P(B|A) ; if P(A) ≠ 0
P(A∩B) = P(B)×P(A|B) ; if P(B) ≠ 0
Let us learn here the multiplication theorems for independent
events A and B.

If A and B are two independent events for a random experiment,

then the probability of simultaneous occurrence of two independent
events will be equal to product of their probabilities. Hence,
P(A∩B) = P(A).P(B)
Now, from multiplication rule we know;
P(A∩B) = P(A)×P(B|A)
Since A and B are independent, therefore;
P(B|A) = P(B)
Therefore, again we get;
P(A∩B) = P(A).P(B)
Hence, proved.
 Unit-4 Independent Events
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution

Diamonds

Clubs

Hearts

Spades
 Unit-4 Independent Events
Probability
&
Probability Consider the experiment of drawing a card from a deck of
Distribution 52 playing cards, in which the elementary events are
assumed to be equally likely. If E and F denote the events
'the card drawn is a spade' and 'the card drawn is an ace'
respectively, then
P(E)= ¼
P(F)= 1/13
Also E and F is the event ' the card drawn is the ace of
spades' so that
P(E∩F) =1/52
P(E|F)=1/52/1/13= ¼
Since P(E) = 1/4 = P (E|F),
we can say that the occurrence of event F has not
affected the probability of occurrence of the event E
Also
P(F|E) =1/13= P(F)
 Unit-4 Independent Events
Probability
&
Probability Again,
Distribution P(F) = 1/13 = P(F|E)
shows that occurrence of event E has not affected the
probability of occurrence of the event F.
Thus, E and F are two events such that the probability of
occurrence of one of them is not affected by occurrence
of the other. Such events are called. independent events
 Unit-4 Independent Events
Probability
&
Probability Two events E and F are said to be independent, if
Distribution P(F|E) = P (F) provided P (E) ≠ 0
and P (E|F) = P (E) provided P (F) ≠ 0
Thus, in this definition we need to have P (E) ≠ 0 and P(F) ≠ 0
Now, by the multiplication rule of probability,
we have
P(E ∩ F) = P(E) . P (F|E) ……………….. (1)
If E and F are independent, then (1) becomes
P(E ∩ F) = P(E) . P(F) ………………….. (2)
Thus, using (2), the independence of two events is also
defined as follows:
Definition 3 Let E and F be two events associated with the
same random experiment, then E and F are said to be
independent if
P(E ∩ F) = P(E) . P (F)
 Unit-4 Independent Events
Probability
&
Remarks
Probability
Distribution (i) Two events E and F are said to be dependent if they
are not independent, i.e.
if P(E ∩ F ) ≠ P(E) . P (F)
(ii) Sometimes there is a confusion between independent
events and mutually exclusive events. Term ‘independent’
is defined in terms of ‘probability of events’ whereas
mutually exclusive is defined in term of events (subset of
sample space). Moreover, mutually exclusive events never
have an outcome common, but independent events, may
have common outcome. Clearly, ‘independent’ and
‘mutually exclusive’ do not have the same meaning. In
other words, two independent events having nonzero
probabilities of occurrence can not be mutually exclusive,
and conversely, i.e. two mutually exclusive events having
nonzero probabilities of occurrence can not be
independent.
 Unit-4 Independent Events
Probability
&
(iii) Two experiments are said to be independent if for
Probability
Distribution every pair of events E and F, where E is associated with
the first experiment and F with the second experiment,
the probability of the simultaneous occurrence of the
events E and F when the two experiments are performed
is the product of P(E) and P(F) calculated separately on
the basis of two experiments,
i.e., P (E ∩ F) = P (E) . P(F)

(iv) Three events A, B and C are said to be mutually

independent, if
P(A ∩ B) =P(A) P(B) P(A ∩ C)
xz=P(A) P(C) P(B ∩ C) =P(B) P(C)
and
P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A) P(B) P(C)
 Unit-4 Multiplicative low of Probability
Probability
&
Probability Two dies are thrown simultaneously and the sum of the
Distribution numbers obtained is found to be 7. What is the probability
that the number 3 has appeared at least once?
Solution: The sample space S would consist of all the numbers
possible by the combination of two dies.
A = {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)(3, 4)(3, 5)(3, 6)(1, 3)(2, 3)(4, 3)(5, 3)(6, 3)}
B = {(1, 6)(2, 5)(3, 4)(4, 3)(5, 2)(6, 1)}
P(A) = 11/36
P(B) = 6/36
A∩B=2
P(A ∩ B) = 2/36
Applying the conditional probability formula we get,
P(A|B) = P(A∩B)P(B) = 2/36/6/36 = 1/3
If P (A) = 6/11, P (B) = 5/11 and P (A ∪ B) = 7/11, find
(i) P (A∩B)
(ii) P (A|B)
(iii) P (B|A)
 Unit-4 Multiplicative low of Probability
Probability
&
Probability An urn contains 20 red and 10 blue balls. Two balls are
Distribution drawn from a bag one after the other without
replacement. What is the probability that both the balls
drawn are red?
Solution: Let A and B denote the events that first and second ball
drawn are red balls. We have to find P(A∩B) or P(AB).
P(A) = P(red balls in first draw) = 20/30
Now, only 19 red balls and 10 blue balls are left in the bag.
Probability of drawing a red ball in second draw too is an example of
conditional probability where drawing of second ball depends on the
drawing of first ball.
Hence Conditional probability of will be,
P(B|A) = 19/29
By multiplication rule of probability,
P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B|A)
 Unit-4 Multiplicative low of Probability
Probability
&
Probability Given two independent events A and B such that P(A) = 0.3,
Distribution P(B) = 0.6. Find
(i) P(A and B)
(ii) P(A and not B)
(iii) P(A or B)
(iv) P(neither A nor B)

A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd

number at least once.
Probability of getting an odd number in a single throw of a die =3/6​=1/2​
Similarly, probability of getting an even number =3/6​=1/2​
Probability of getting an even number three times =1/2​×1/2​×1/2​=1/8​
Therefore, probability of getting an odd number at least once
=1− Probability of getting an odd number in none of the throws
=1− Probability of getting an even number thrice
=1−1/8​
=7/8​=0.88
 Unit-4 Multiplicative low of Probability
Probability
&
Probability A card is chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards. It is
Distribution then replaced and a second card is chosen. What is the
probability of choosing a jack and then an eight?
Probabilities:
P(jack) = 4/52
P(8) = 4/52
P(jack and 8) = P(jack) · P(8)
= 4/52 · 4/52
= 16/2704
= 1/ 169
Three cards are drawn successively, without replacement
from a pack of 52 well shuffled cards. What is the
probability that first two cards are kings and the third
card drawn is an ace?
P(K) = 4/52 P(K|K) = 3/51
P(A|KK) = 4/50 P(KKA) = P(K) P(K|K) P(A|KK)
 Unit-4 Independent Events
Probability
&
Probability A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number appearing is
Distribution a multiple of 3’ and F be the event ‘the number
appearing is even’ then find whether E and F are
independent ?
sample space is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Now E = { 3, 6}, F = { 2, 4, 6}
and E ∩ F = {6} Then P(E) = 21 31 1 , P(F) and P(E F) 63 62 6 =
== ∩ = Clearly P(E ∩ F) = P(E). P (F) Hence E and F are
independent events.
An unbiased die is thrown twice. Let the event A be ‘odd
number on the first throw’ and B the event ‘odd number
on the second throw’. Check the independence of the
events A and B.
A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the
event ‘head appears on the coin’ and B be the event ‘3
on the die’. Check whether A and B are independent
events or not.
 Unit-4 Independent Events
Probability
&
Probability A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed.
Distribution Let A be the event, ‘the number is even,’ and B be the
event, ‘the number is red’. Are A and B independent?

Let E and F be events with P(E) = 3/5 , P(F) = 3/10 and

P (E ∩ F) = 1 5 . Are E and F independent?

Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a

box containing 10 black and 8 red balls. Find the
probability that
(i) both balls are red.
(ii) first ball is black and second is red.
(iii) one of them is black and other is red.

A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an

odd number at least once
 Unit-4 Addition and Multiplicative low of Probability
Probability
&
Probability Probability Range 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
Distribution
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) –
Rule of Addition
P(A∩B)
Rule of Complementary
P(A’) + P(A) = 1
Events

Disjoint Events P(A∩B) = 0

Independent Events P(A∩B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B)

Conditional Probability P(A | B) = P(A∩B) / P(B)

P(A | B) = P(B | A) ⋅ P(A) /

Bayes Formula
P(B)
 Unit-4 Random Variables and its Probability Distributions
Probability
&
Probability A random variable is a real valued function whose
Distribution domain is the sample space of a random experiment.
For example, let us consider the experiment of tossing a
coin two times in succession.
The sample space of the experiment is
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
If X denotes the number of heads obtained, then X is a
random variable and for each outcome, its value is as
given below : X(HH) = 2, X (HT) = 1, X (TH) = 1, X (TT) = 0
Question; A person plays a game of tossing a coin thrice.
For each head, he is given Rs 2 by the organizer of the
game and for each tail, he has to give Rs 1.50 to the
organizer. Let X denote the amount gained or lost by the
person. Show that X is a random variable and exhibit it as
a function on the sample space of the experiment
 Unit-4 Random Variables and its Probability Distributions
Probability
&
Probability S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
Distribution X (HHH) = Rs (2 × 3) = Rs 6

X(HHT) = X (HTH) = X(THH) = Rs (2 × 2 − 1 × 1.50) = Rs 2.50

X(HTT) = X(THT) = (TTH) = Rs (1 × 2) – (2 × 1.50) = – Re 1

and X(TTT) = − Rs (3 × 1.50) = − Rs 4.50

where, minus sign shows the loss to the player. Thus, for
each element of the sample space, X takes a unique
value,
hence, X is a function on the sample space whose range
is {–1, 2.50, – 4.50, 6}
 Unit-4 Probability distribution of a random variable
Probability
&
Probability The probability distribution of a random variable X is the
Distribution system of numbers are the possible values of the random
variable X and pi ( i = 1,2,..., n) is the probability of the
random variable X taking the value xi i.e., P(X = xi ) = pi
X X1 X2 x3 ……… ……… Xn-1 xn
… ……….
P(X) P(x1) P(x2) P(x3) ………. ……… P(Xn-1) P(xn)

Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from

a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability
distribution of the number of aces.
P(X = 0) = P(non-ace and non-ace) = P(non-ace) × P(non-ace)
P(X = 1) = P(ace and non-ace or non-ace and ace)
= P(ace and non-ace) + P(non-ace and ace)
= P(ace). P(non-ace) + P (non-ace) . P(ace) X 0 1 2
P(X = 2) = P (ace and ace) P(X) 144/ 24/ 1/16
169 169 9
 Unit-4 Probability distribution of a random variable
Probability
&
Probability Questions………………….
Distribution State which of the following are not the probability
distributions of a random variable. Give reasons for your
answer.
 Unit-4 Probability distribution of a random variable
Probability
&
Probability A random variable X has the following probability
Distribution distribution:

Determine
(i) k
(ii) P (X < 3)
(iii) P (X > 6)
(iv) P (0 < X < 3)
Solution: (i) Given a random variable X with its probability
distribution. As we know the sum of all the probabilities in a
probability distribution of a random variable must be one

Hence the sum of probabilities of given table

 Unit-4 Probability distribution of a random variable
Probability
&
⇒ 0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k 2 + 2 k 2 + 7 k 2 + k = 1
Probability ⇒ 10 k 2 + 9k = 1
Distribution ⇒ 10 k 2 + 9k – 1 = 0
⇒ (10K-1) (k + 1) = 0
k = -1, 1/10 It is known that probability of any observation must always be
positive that it can’t be negative.
So k = 1/10
(ii) Now we have to find P(X < 3) P(X < 3)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
= 0 + k + 2k = 3k
P (X < 3) = 3 × 1/10
= 3/10
(iii) Now we have find P(X > 6) P(X > 6)
= P(X = 7) = 7 k 2 + k = 7 × (1/10)2 + 1/10
= 7/100 + 1/10 P (X > 6)
= 17/100
(iv) Consider P (0 < X < 3) P (0 < X < 3)
= P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
= k + 2k = 3k P (0 < X < 3)
= 3 × 1/10
= 3/10
 Probability Distribution
Unit-3 Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two
tosses of a die, where a success is defined as
(i) number greater than 4
(ii) six appears on at least one die
Solution: sample space (6 × 6) = 36.
Now, let X is a random variable which represents the success.
(i) Now, P (X = 0) = P (number ≤ 4 in both tosses) = 4/6 × 4/6 = 4/9
P (X = 1) = P (number ≤ 4 in first toss and number ≥ 4 in second case) + P (number ≥ 4
in first toss and number ≤ 4 in second case)
= (4/6 × 2/6) + (2/6 × 4/6) = 4/9 P (X = 2)
= P (number ≥ 4 in both tosses)
= 2/6 × 2/6 = 1/9
Hence, the required probability distribution is
(ii) Now P (X = 0) = P (six does not appear on any of die)
= 5/6 × 5/6 = 25/36
P (X = 1) = P (six appears at least once of the die)
= (1/6 × 5/6) + (5/6 × 1/6) = 10/36 = 5/18
Hence, the required probability distribution is
 Probability Distribution
Unit-3 Find the probability distribution of
(i) number of heads in two tosses of a coin.
(ii) Number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins.
Solution:
(i) S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
X represents the number of heads. ⇒ X (HH) = 2 X (HT) = 1 X (TH) = 1 X (TT) = 0
P (HH) = P (HT) = P (TH) = P (TT) = ¼
P (X = 0) = P (TT) = ¼
P (X = 1) = P (HT) + P (TH) = 1/4 + 1/4 = ½
P (X = 2) = P (HH) = ¼
Hence, the required probability distribution is
(ii) S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT}
P (X = 0) = P (HHH) =1/8
P (X = 1) = P (HHT) + P (HTH) + P (THH) = 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 = 3/8
P (X = 2) = P (HTT) + P (THT) + P (TTH) = 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 = 3/8
P (X = 3) = P (TTT) = 1/8
Hence, the required probability distribution is
 Unit-4 Probability distribution of a random variable
Probability
&
Probability Questions………………….
Distribution An urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are
randomly drawn. Let X represent the number of black
balls. What are the possible values of X? Is X a random
variable ?

Let X represent the difference between the number of

heads and the number of tails obtained when a coin is
tossed 6 times. What are possible values of X?

Find the probability distribution of

(i) number of heads in two tosses of a coin.
(ii) number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three
coins.
(iii) number of heads in four tosses of a coin
 Unit-4 Probability distribution of a random variable
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
& Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if
Probability
they satisfy the following conditions :
Distribution
(i) There should be a finite number of trials.
(ii) The trials should be independent.
(iii) Each trial has exactly two outcomes : success or failure.
(iv) The probability of success remains the same in each trial.

For example, throwing a die 50 times is a case of 50 Bernoulli trials,

in which each trial results in success (say an even number) or failure
(an odd number) and the probability of success (p) is same for all 50
throws. Obviously, the successive throws of the die are independent
experiments. If the die is fair and have six numbers 1 to 6 written on
six faces,
then
p = 1/2 and q = 1 – p = 1/2
= probability of failure
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
& A binomial distribution can be thought of as simply the
Probability
probability of a SUCCESS or FAILURE outcome in an experiment
Distribution
or survey that is repeated multiple times. The binomial is a
type of distribution that has two possible outcomes (the prefix
“bi” means two, or twice). For example, a coin toss has only
two possible outcomes: heads or tails and taking a test could
have two possible outcomes: pass or fail.
The binomial distribution formula is for any random variable X,
given by;
n x n-x
P(x:n,p) = Cx p (1-p)
Or
n x n-x
P(x:n,p) = Cx p (q)
Where,
n = the number of experiments
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …
p = Probability of Success in a single experiment
q = Probability of Failure in a single experiment = 1 – p
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
& The binomial distribution formula can also be written in the form of n-
Probability Bernoulli trials, where nCx = n!/x!(n-x)!. Hence,
Distribution P(x:n,p) = n!/[x!(n-x)!].px.(q)n-x
Binomial Distribution Mean and Variance
For a binomial distribution, the mean, variance and standard deviation
for the given number of success are represented using the formulas
Mean, μ = np
Variance, σ2 = npq
Standard Deviation σ= √(npq)
Where p is the probability of success
q is the probability of failure, where q = 1-p
Binomial Distribution Vs Normal Distribution
The main difference between the binomial distribution and the normal
distribution is that binomial distribution is discrete, whereas the normal
distribution is continuous. It means that the binomial distribution has a
finite amount of events, whereas the normal distribution has an infinite
number of events. In case, if the sample size for the binomial
distribution is very large, then the distribution curve for the binomial
distribution is similar to the normal distribution curve.
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
&
Properties of Binomial Distribution
Probability
Distribution
•There are two possible outcomes: true or false, success
or failure, yes or no.

•There is ‘n’ number of independent trials or a fixed

number of n times repeated trials.

•The probability of success or failure varies for each trial.

•Only the number of success is calculated out of n

independent trials.

•Every trial is an independent trial, which means the

outcome of one trial does not affect the outcome of
another trial.
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
& If a coin is tossed 5 times, find the probability of:
Probability (a) Exactly 2 heads
Distribution (b) At least 4 heads.
Solution:
(a) The repeated tossing of the coin is an example of a Bernoulli trial.
According to the problem:
Number of trials: n=5
Probability of head: p= 1/2 and hence the probability of tail, q =1/2
For exactly two heads: x=2
P(x=2) = 5C2 p2 q5-2 = 5! / 2! 3! × (½)2× (½)3
P(x=2) = 5/16
(b) For at least four heads,
x ≥ 4, P(x ≥ 4) = P(x = 4) + P(x=5)
Hence,
P(x = 4) = 5C4 p4 q5-4 = 5!/4! 1! × (½)4× (½)1 = 5/32
P(x = 5) = 5C5 p5 q5-5 = (½)5 = 1/32
Therefore,
P(x ≥ 4) = 5/32 + 1/32 = 6/32 = 3/16
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
& For the same question given above, find the probability of:
Probability a) Getting at least 2 heads
Distribution Solution: P (at most 2 heads) = P(X ≤ 2) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)
P(X = 0) = (½)5 = 1/32
P(X=1) = 5C1 (½)5.= 5/32
Therefore,
P(X ≤ 2) = 1/32 + 5/32 = 3/16
A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a success,
what is the probability of
(i) 5 successes?
(ii) At least 5 successes?
(iii) At most 5 successes?
Solution:
Let the number of successes of getting an odd number in an
experiment of 6 trials be x.
Probability of getting an odd number in a single throw of a dice (p)

Thus, q = 1 – p = ½
Now, here x has a binomial distribution.
n n-x x
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
& = 6Cx (1/2)6-x (1/2)x
Probability = 6Cx (1/2)6
Distribution (i) Probability of getting 5 successes = P(X = 5)
= 6C5 (1/2)6
= 6 ×1/64
= 3/32
(ii) Probability of getting at least 5 successes = P(X ≥ 5)
= P(X = 5) + P(X = 6)
= 6C5 (1/2)6 + 6C5 (1/2)6
= 6 ×1/64 + 6 ×1/64
= 6/64 + 1/64
= 7/64
(iii) Probability of getting at most 5 successes = P(X ≤ 5)
We can also write it as: 1 – P(X>5)
= 1 – P(X = 6)
= 1 – 6C6 (1/2)6
= 1 – 1/64
= 63/64
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
&
On a multiple choice examination with three possible
Probability
Distribution answers for each of the five questions, what is the
probability that a candidate would get four or more
correct answers just by guessing?
Solution:
In this question, we have the repeated correct answer
guessing form the given multiple choice questions are
Bernoulli trials
Let us now assume, X represents the number of correct
answers by guessing in the multiple choice set
Now, probability of getting a correct answer, p = 1/3
Thus, q = 1 – p = 1 – 1/3 = 2/3
Clearly, we have X is a binomial distribution where n = 5
and P = 1/3
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution

Suppose X has a binomial distribution B (6, ½) . Show that X = 3 is the

most likely outcome.
(Hint: P(X = 3) is the maximum among all P(xi), xi = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6)
Solution:
Given X is any random variable whose binomial distribution is B (6, ½)
Thus, n = 6 and p = ½
q=1–p=1–½=½
Thus, P(X = x) = nCx qn-x px, where x = 0, 1, 2 …n
 Unit-4 Binomial Probability Distribution
Probability
& Solution:
Probability Given X is any random variable whose binomial distribution is B (6, ½)
Distribution Thus, n = 6 and p = ½
q=1–p=1–½=½
Thus, P(X = x) = nCx qn-x px, where x = 0, 1, 2 …n

It can be clearly observed that P(X = x) will be maximum

if 6cx will be maximum.
∴6cx = 6c6 = 1
6c = 6c = 6
1 5
6c = 6c = 15
2 4
6c = 20
3
Hence we can clearly see that 6c3 is maximum.
∴ for x = 3, P(X = x) is maximum.
Hence, proved that the most likely outcome is x = 3.
 Unit-4 Poisson’s Probability Distribution
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution The Poisson distribution is the discrete Probability
Distribution of the number of events occurring in a
given time period, given the average number of
times the event occurs over that time period.
 Unit-4 Poisson’s Probability Distribution
Probability
&
Probability A random variable X has a Poisson distribution with
Distribution parameter λ such that P (X = 1) = (0.2) P (X = 2). Find P (X
= 0).
Solution:
For the Poisson distribution, the probability function is
defined as:
P (X =x) = (e– λ λx)/x!, where λ is a parameter.
Given that, P (x = 1) = (0.2) P (X = 2)
(e– λ λ1)/1! = (0.2)(e– λ λ2)/2!
⇒λ = λ2/ 10
⇒λ = 10
Now, substitute λ = 10, in the formula, we get:
P (X =0 ) = (e– λ λ0)/0!
P (X =0) = e-10 = 0.0000454
Thus, P (X= 0) = 0.0000454
 Unit-4 Poisson’s Probability Distribution
Probability
&
Probability Telephone calls arrive at an exchange according to the
Distribution Poisson process at a rate λ= 2/min. Calculate the
probability that exactly two calls will be received during
each of the first 5 minutes of the hour.
Solution:
Assume that “N” be the number of calls received during a 1
minute period.
Therefore,
P(N= 2) = (e-2. 22)/2!
P(N=2) = 2e-2.
Now, “M” be the number of minutes among 5 minutes
considered, during which exactly 2 calls will be received. Thus
“M” follows a binomial distribution with parameters n=5 and
p= 2e-2.
P(M=5) = 32 x e-10
P(M =5) = 0.00145, where “e” is a constant, which is
approximately equal to 2.718
 Unit-4 Poisson’s Probability Distribution
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
As only 3 students came to attend the class today, find the
probability for exactly 4 students to attend the classes
tomorrow.
Average rate of value(λ) = 3
Poisson random variable(x) = 4
Poisson distribution = P(X = x) = e– λ λx /x!
P(X=4)=e-3 34 /4!
P(X=4)=0.16803135574154
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian
Distribution distribution, is a probability distribution that is
symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the
mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from
the mean. In graph form, normal distribution will appear
as a bell curve.

Normal
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
& Normal Distribution Properties
Probability
Some of the important properties of the normal distribution
Distribution
are listed below:
•In a normal distribution, the mean, mean and mode are
equal.(i.e., Mean = Median= Mode).
•The total area under the curve should be equal to 1.
•The normally distributed curve should be symmetric at the
centre.
•There should be exactly half of the values are to the right of
the centre and exactly half of the values are to the left of the
centre.
•The normal distribution should be defined by the mean and
standard deviation.
•The normal distribution curve must have only one peak. (i.e.,
Unimodal)
•The curve approaches the x-axis, but it never touches, and it
extends farther away from the mean
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability Applications
Distribution The normal distributions are closely associated with
many things such as:
•Marks scored on the test
•Heights of different persons
•Size of objects produced by the machine
•Blood pressure and so on.
An average light bulb lasts 300 days with a standard deviation
of 50 days. Assuming that bulb life is normally distributed,
what is the probability that the light bulb will last at most
365 days?
The value of the normal random variable is 365 days.
The mean is equal to 300 days.
The standard deviation is equal to 50 days.
Therefore, P( x < 365) = 0.903.
Hence, there is a 90% chance that a light bulb will burn out
within 365 days.
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution
 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability Calculate the probability density function of normal
Distribution distribution using the following data. x = 3, μ = 4 and σ =
2.
Solution: Given, variable, x = 3
Mean = 4 and
Standard deviation = 2
By the formula of the probability density of normal
distribution, we can write;

Hence, f(3,4,2) = 1.106.

 Unit-4 Normal Distribution Probability
Probability
&
Probability If the value of random variable is 2, mean is 5 and the
Distribution standard deviation is 4, then find the probability density
function of the gaussian distribution.
Solution: Given,
Variable, x = 2
Mean = 5 and
Standard deviation = 4
By the formula of the probability density of normal
distribution, we can write;

f(2,2,4) = 1/(4√2π) e0
f(2,2,4) = 0.0997
 Unit-4
Probability
&
Probability
Distribution

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