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Cohen y Franco
Cohen y Franco
PL@F>IBP
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FKQOLAR@@FöK /1
F, Aebanaj_e]o lkn l]Äoao aj ah c]opk lÉ^he_k ok_e]h* 159 FF, Bh c]opk lÉ^he_k ok_e]h
aj >i~ne_] I]pej]* 2.9 FFF, Cqajpao `a na_qnoko l]n]h] lkhÄpe_] ok_e]h* 279 FS, >oec+
j]_eÇj `ah c]opk lÉ^he_k* 319 S , I] i]pnev `ah c]opk ok_e]h* 34
3, BI IBKD R >GB A B IL P M O L V B @ Q L P 63
F, Bj bqj_eÇj `ah ikiajpk aj mqa oa na]hev] u hko k^faperko mqa lanoecqa* /.79
FF, Bj bqj_eÇj `a mqeaj na]hev] h] ar]hq]_eÇj* //09 FFF, Bj bqj_eÇj `a h] ao_]h]
`a hko lnkua_pko* //49 FS , Bj bqj_eÇj `a hko `aopej]p]neko `a h] ar]hq]_eÇj* //6
F, Bh qjeranok `ah lnkua_pk* /2.9 FF, I]o qje`]`ao `a ]j}heoeo* /2.9 FFF, I]o delÇ+
paoeo* /2/9 FS , AeoaÅk iqaopn]h* /209 S , Bh lh]j `a ]j}heoeo* /229 S F, Bh _kjpatpk
u h]o bkni]o `a na_kcan ejbkni]_eÇj* /229 S FI Iko ejopnqiajpko `a na_kha__eÇj
`a ejbkni]_eÇj* /249 S FFF, I]o bkni]o u l]oko `ah lnk_ao]ieajpk* /249 FU , I]o
p~_je_]o `ah ]j}heoeo* /3.
F, Bh _]ilk `ah ]j}heoeo* /5/9 FF, Bp]l]o aj ah _e_hk `a hko lnkua_pko* /509 FFF, Bh
]j}heoeo _kopk+^ajabe_ek* /6.9 FS, I] ar]hq]_eÇj ok_e]h `a lnkua_pko[G609, V * GMnqa^]o
ì _kj î u ì oej î ah lnkua_pk* /629 SF, Aebanaj_e]o ajpna h] ar]hq]_eÇj lner]`] u
h] ok_e]h* /629 SFI Iko _kopko u ^ajabe_eko oa_qj`]neko* /649 SFFF, Bh eil]_pk `eo+
pne^qperk `ah lnkua_pk* /659 FU , Bba_pko ejp]jce^hao* /679 U , Bh r]hkn `a h] re`]
dqi]j]* /679 U F, I] p]o] `ah `ao_qajpk* /7/9 UFF, I] _kil]n]_eÇj ajpna hko _kopko
uQko Bajabe_eko* /719 U FFF, Bh lnk^hai] `a h] _q]jpebe_]_eÇj `a hko ^ajabe_eko aj
hko lnkua_pko ok_e]hao* /74
F, Iko _kopko* 03/9 FF, Br]hq]_eÇj Pb LX^P * 0329 FFF, Br]hq]_eÇj Pb ZY]^$ 05.
>KBULP 065
?F?IFL D O> Cô> 1.6
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ôK A F@ B A B D Oò CF@>P 1 /6
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B K O FN R B S , FDIBPF>P
Mnaoe`ajpa
?]j_k Fjpan]iane_]jk `a Aao]nnkhhk
T]odejcpkj* A,@,
FKQOLAR@@FöK
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ML I ôQ F@ > P PL @F> IBP* O > @ FL K > I FA > A V BS > IR > @ Fö K /7
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>gd][lang E]_an qj] _kiqjep]nek ok_e]h `ah cnqlk
Rje`]` _kjpne^q_eÇj ok_e]h `a pn]^]fk
na_kilajo]`] P]peob]__eÇj D]j]j_e] Oa_kjk_eieajpk
lanokj]h lanokj]h ok_e]h `ah
Df\ana\mYd ej`ere`qk
>qpkatlnaoeÇj
P]h]nek
>qpk`ao]nnkhhk
@O ? H N ?5 O, ?q_da u E , @kdaj &/757',
YU <[[]kg k]_e]flY\g
ZV Pfan]jkYdake g YhYj]fl]
[V M ]_j]kana\Y\
I]o lkhÄpe_]o ok_e]hao d]j ikopn]`k qj] af]j[aY mqa `ebe_qhp] oq nak+
neajp]_eÇj, Oaoqhp] _]oe eilkoe^ha `ao_kjpejq]n lnkcn]i]o* ]qj _q]j`k
oa] are`ajpa mqa jk aop}j ]h_]jv]j`k oqo k^faperko, Q]jpk h] ^qnk+
_n]_e] mqa rera `a ahhko* _kik h] _heajpah] mqa hko ]lnkra_d]* naoeopaj
ah _]i^ek,
Q]i^e~j ao lkoe^ha aj_kjpn]n ah `aba_pk ejranok8 h] \ak[gflafma\Y\*
I]o ejranoekjao ok_e]hao _]na_aj `ah peailk ja_ao]nek l]n] ì i]`q+
n]nî u l]n] mqa oqo naoqhp]`ko lqa`]j ar]hq]noa,
e' >jpa pk`k* d]u mqa arep]n `qlhe_]_ekjao u _kkn`ej]n h]o ejopepq+
_ekjao, Rj lnk^hai] pÄle_k `a h]o lkhÄpe_]o ok_e]hao ao oq `ao_kkn`ej]+
_eÇj, > iajq`k* ah oa_pkn ok_e]h ao `enece`k lkn `erano]o ]qpkne`]`ao
mqa jk oeailna _kej_e`aj aj hko k^faperko k aj h] ik`]he`]` `a afa_q+
_eÇj u lqa`aj hhac]n ] oan* aj k_]oekjao* ]jp]cÇje_]o, I] ieoi] bkn+
i] aj mqa oa ]oecj]j hko na_qnoko _kj`q_a ] h] bn]ciajp]_eÇj `a h]o
lkhÄpe_]o, Aebanajpao ejopepq_ekjao aop]p]hao `eoaÅ]j u na]hev]j ]__ek+
jao oal]n]`]iajpa u oej pajan aj _qajp] hk mqa aop}j d]_eaj`k kpn]o
]caj_e]o `ah ieoik oa_pkn lÉ^he_k, Aa hk mqa oa pn]p] ao `a _na]n _kj+
`e_ekjao l]n] mqa ah ck^eanjk na]hiajpa ck^eanja, Bo `a_en* mqa aop]+
^hav_] qj] `ena__eÇj aj hko lnkcn]i]o ok_e]hao9 mqa klpa _kjoeopajpa+
iajpa, ïïPa pn]p] okh]iajpa `a d]_an lkoe^ha mqa ah ck^eanjk oa] _]l]v
`a _kjpnkh]n ah ]l]n]pk aop]p]h l]n] nakneajp]nhk `a ]_qan`k _kj oqo
_nepanekoî &@ B M > I * /7668 /.',
Bopko lnk^hai]o oa _kilhe_]j lkn h] `eopne^q_eÇj aol]_e]h `a _ki+
lapaj_e]o ajpna `ebanajpao ajpao pannepkne]hao* ajpna Çnc]jko `a qj] ieo+
i] lanokj] fqnÄ`e_] u* ok^na pk`k* lkn h] ateopaj_e] `a ]`iejeopn]_ek+
jao aola_e]hev]`]o &bqj`]_ekjao* _knlkn]_ekjao* ejopepqpko* l]pnkj]pko*
ap_,'* mqa oe ^eaj i]jpeajaj rej_qh]_ekjao _kj ]hcÉj Jejeopanek* jk
aop}j oqfap]o ] nah]_ekjao fan}nmqe_]o, Mqa`aj pajan ej_hqok lnaoqlqaopk
lnklek u jkni]o `ebanajpao ] h]o mqa necaj ]h naopk `a h] ]`iejeopn]+
_eÇj `ah Bop]`k,
Pqlan]n aoko `aoaj_qajpnko ao `ebe_qhpkok u* ] iajq`k* hko aobqan+
vko naoqhp]j aop~nehao, @]`] knc]jev]_eÇj paj`an} _kjoe`an]n aoaj_e]h
ah oanre_ek mqa lnaop]* u lan_e^en} h]o kpn]o i}o _kik lkpaj_e]hao _ki+
lape`kn]o mqa _kik _kh]^kn]`kn]o, Q]h i]jan] `a ran jk ao annÇja]
oe oa leajo] mqa hko na_qnoko mqa h]o jqpnaj ] pk`]o lnkreajaj `a h]
ieoi] bqajpa, Bj _kjoa_qaj_e]* oe ]qiajp] hk mqa oa kpknc] ] qj]*
d]u kpn] mqa na_e^en} iajko í_kik aj qj fqack `a oqi] _ankí _kj
h] _kjoecqeajpa l~n`e`] `a lqaopko `a pn]^]fk u `a ejbhqaj_e],
I] ja_aoe`]` `a _kkn`ej]n `aoai^k_]* ejarep]^haiajpa* aj hko lnk+
^hai]o `a ]qpkne`]` u `a h] ]npe_qh]_eÇj ejopepq_ekj]h, Bop]o _qaopek+
jao oqahaj oan lk_k reoe^hao lank peajaj cn]j eil]_pk ok^na h] _]l]_e+
`]` klan]per] `a h]o lkhÄpe_]o ok_e]hao,
Bh jq`k `a h] _qaopeÇj n]`e_] p]jpk aj h] paj`aj_e] ] bqj`]n _kjpe+
jq]iajpa jqar]o ejopepq_ekjao l]n] h] afa_q_eÇj `a oqo lnkcn]i]o ok+
_e]hao* _kik aj h] `ebe_qhp]` `a fan]nmqev]n oqo bqj_ekjao, I] bn]ciaj+
p]_eÇj oa_pkne]h ]_ajpÉ] h] paj`aj_e] ] h]o lnekne`]`ao dknevkjp]hao*
aj mqa pk`k ao ecq]hiajpa eilknp]jpa* u oa i]jpeajaj lnekne`]`ao `a
~lk_]o aj mqa hko lnk^hai]o an]j `ebanajpao, Ik mqa b]hp]* aj neckn*
ao h] ]qpkne`]` na]h mqa `eolkjc] mq~ `a^a d]_anoa lneiank,
12 ML I ôQ F@ > P PL @F>IBP* O > @ FL K > I FA > A V B S > I R > @ Fö K
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>I D > PQL D R ? B O K > J B K Q > I
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Fj`qopne]hev]`ko 03,1 2,6 2,1 /3,0 /,.
&.,1.' &.,14' &.,34' &.,16' &.,41'
Fjc, ia`eko ]hpko /1,0 2,. 0,1 4,0 .,4
&.,24' &.,12' &.,41' &.,65' &/,./'
>ncajpej] //,1 0,7 /,/ 5,0 .,/
@deha 00,5 3,/ 0,1 /2,2 .,7
Rnqcq]u /7,2 0,1 /,. /4,/ .,.
Fjcnaoko ^]fko 5,2 2,/ /,4 /,2 .,2
&.,30' &.,3.' &.,50' &/,05' &/,/0'
@kop] Oe_] /0,4 2,0 4,/ 0,/ .,0
Oal, Aki eje_]j] 3,/ 0,0 /,3 /,0 .,1
Qkp]h /0,7 2,0 0,2 3,6 .,4
&.,5.' &.,22' &.,6.' &/,/7' &/,..'
HIN;5 Iko jÉianko ajpna l]n~jpaoeo ej`e_]j _kabe_eajpao `a r]ne]_eÇj,
@O?HN?5 Mapnae &/765',
an % Aebanajpao ]j}heoeo
>gfk][m]f[aYk kgZj] dY g^]jlY \] k]jna[agk kg[aYd]k*
`ah bej]j_e]ieajpk `a h] lkhÄpe_] ok_e]h* ikper]`ko ok^na pk`k lkn h]
_neoeo `a hko k_dajp]* d]j qpehev]`k h] na`q__eÇj `a hko na_qnoko `aope+
j]`ko ] hko oanre_eko ok_e]hao _kik qj ej`e_]`kn `ah `apaneknk `a h]o
_kj`e_ekjao `a re`] `a h] lk^h]_eÇj, Pa ]`q_a mqa d] d]^e`k qj] na+
`q__eÇj `a h] kbanp] `a oanre_eko ok_e]hao _kik _kjo~_qaj_e] `a h] `eo+
iejq_eÇj `ah c]opk lÉ^he_k,
Q]i^e~j oa ]ncqiajp] mqa oa aop]nÄ] `]j`k qj `apaneknk `a h] _]+
he`]` `a hko oanre_eko* p]jpk ] _kjoa_qaj_e] `a h] `eoiejq_eÇj `a hko
bkj`ko `eolkje^hao _kik `a hko na_knpao aj hko c]opko, Bh oanre_ek oa
i]jpeaja* lank jk oa najqar]j hko amqelko* aileav]j ] ao_]oa]n iq+
_dko ]npÄ_qhko &_kik he^nko u Épehao* aj h] a`q_]_eÇj9 ia`e_]iajpko*
aj h] o]hq`'* oej hko _q]hao h] lnaop]_eÇj `ah oanre_ek jk lqa`a d]_anoa
`a i]jan] ]`a_q]`],
I] l~n`e`] `a naoanr]o ejpanj]_ekj]hao u hko _]i^eko `n}ope_ko aj
h] l]ne`]` _]i^e]nÄ] d]j hhar]`k ] h]o ]qpkne`]`ao ] naopnejcen ah kpkn+
c]ieajpk `a `ereo]o l]n] _kiln]o u l]n] ah l]ck `a oanre_eko aj ik+
ja`] atpn]jfan] lkn hk mqa* aj iq_dko l]Äoao `a h] naceÇj naoqhp] `ebÄ+
_eh ]`mqenen hko ejoqiko u amqelko ja_ao]neko l]n] hko lnkcn]i]o `a
`ao]nnkhhk ok_e]h, Bhhk bqa aola_e]hiajpa jkpknek aj ah }i^epk `a h] o]+
hq`* `kj`a ao_]oa]nkj hko ia`e_]iajpko eilknp]`ko k ah]^kn]`ko ]
^]oa `a ahaiajpko ejateopajpao aj ah l]Äo* u `kj`a p]i^e~j oa _]na_eÇ
`a h]o `ereo]o ja_ao]ne]o l]n] nalkjan amqelk a eilknp]n nalqaopko ja+
_ao]neko l]n] i]jpajan aj bqj_ekj]ieajpk ] kpnko,
I] oacqj`] oa nah]_ekj] _kj h] eilknp]j_e] mqa hko l]cko `a lan+
okj]h peajaj aj hko oanre_eko ok_e]hao, @q]j`k hko na_qnoko ao_]oa]j*
hko oqah`ko _kieajv]j ] `apanekn]noa* oeaj`k ]ba_p]`k oq lk`an `a _ki+
ln], Bhhk d]_a mqa iq_dko p~_je_ko u ailha]`ko* aola_e]hiajpa hko
i}o _]l]_ep]`ko k hko mqa peajaj klknpqje`]`ao h]^kn]hao* ]^]j`kjaj
oqo ailhako, Mkn kpn] l]npa* hko mqa mqa`]j oa oeajpaj `aoaopeiqh]+
`ko lkn h] l~n`e`] `a o]h]nek na]h, Qk`k _kjpne^qua ] mqa `eoiejqu]
h] _]he`]` `ah oanre_ek lnaop]`k,
Pej lkjan aj `q`] h] n]vÇj `a aop]o ]ncqiajp]_ekjao* ao ja_ao]nek
na_kn`]n mqa* aj iq_dko _]oko* h] nah]_eÇj ajpna hk mqa oa c]op] aj
hk ok_e]h u hko oanre_eko mqa na_e^aj hko lk^nao ao oÇhk naikp]* u] mqa
jk okj fqop]iajpa hko i}o lk^nao mqeajao na_e^aj h]o lnaop]_ekjao `a
`e_dko oanre_eko, E]u _]oko `kj`a je oemqean] _kjopepquaj h] lk^h]_eÇj+
k^faperk u* _q]j`k hk okj* oqahaj ateopen behpn]_ekjao lkn h]o _q]hao hko
na_qnoko paniej]j ^ajabe_e]j`k ] kpnko aopn]pko ok_e]hao,
Mkn kpnk h]`k* hk mqa ]l]na_a aj h]o aop]`Äope_]o _kik ì c]opk ok+
_e]hî paniej]* aj k_]oekjao* `aopej}j`koa ] bej]j_e]n ^qnk_n]_e]o eja+
DO>CF@> 0,/
D >PQLP PL @ F> I BP-D > PQL D L ?FBO K L @ BK QO > I
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AB O B@ R O PL P
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/757 /76. /76/ /760 /761 /762 /763 /764 /765 /766
Mkn Éhpeik* ah _Yklg kg[aYd ]^][lang ao h] l]npa `ah c]opk `ena_pk mqa
hhac] ] hko oa_pknao i}o lk^nao `a h] lk^h]_eÇj &lk^h]_eÇj k^faperk `a+
beje`] oacÉj ]hcÉj _nepanek',
Aa^a d]_anoa jkp]n mqa h]o lneian]o pnao `abeje_ekjao oa aj_qaj+
pn]j aopna_d]iajpa nah]_ekj]`]o oeaj`k h] lkopanekn qj oq^_kjfqjpk
`a h] lna_a`ajpa, Bj _]i^ek* h] Éhpei] ]cnac] qj] jqar] `eiajoeÇj
íh] `ena__ekj]he`]` naola_pk ] hko i}o lk^naoí mqa jk aop]^] lna+
reop] aj h]o ]jpaneknao, Bj p]h oajpe`k* lk`nÄ] lajo]noa p]i^e~j aj `a+
bejen qj _Yklg kg[aYd^ak [ Y d ]^][lang( mqa oanÄ] ah oq^oe`ek beo_]h i}o c]opko
]`iejeopn]perko `a hko lnkcn]i]o `enece`ko ] hko i}o lk^nao, Bhhk lkn+
mqa oe ^eaj hk mqa ejbhqua aj h] abe_]_e] aj ah hkcnk `a hko k^faperko
ao hk mqa ran`]`an]iajpa hhac] ] h] lk^h]_eÇj+k^faperk naoqhp] bqj`]+
iajp]h _kjk_an hko _kopko ]`iejeopn]perko aj mqa oa `a^a ej_qnnen l]+
n] na]hev]n ao]o pn]jobanaj_e]o, Bh _kjfqjpk `a `abeje_ekjao ]mqÄ lna+
oajp]`]o lk`nÄ] oejpapev]noa aj ah _q]`nk 0,1,
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Pq^oe`ek D , ok_e]h `ena_pk D , ok_e]h aba_perk
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D ]opk ok_e]h
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D ]opk ok_e]h
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0`k, mqejpeh
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1an, mqejpeh
1an, mqejpeh
V >PFDK>@FöK
D ]opk ok_e]h
2pk, mqejpeh
2pk, mqejpeh
D ]opk ok_e]h
3pk, mqejpeh
3pk, mqejpeh
D ]opk ok_e]h
AB O B@ R O PL P
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o]hq`* lnkcn, o]hq`* lnkcn, D ]opk oa_pkn D ]opk oa_pkn D ]opk oa_pkn
lani ]jajpao pailkn]neko rereaj`] a`q_]_eÇj oacqne`]` ok_e]h
@ > M Q > @ Fö K V > PFD K > @ Fö K AB O B@ R O PL P 37
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oa ajpan]nkj `a h] ateopaj_e] `ah lnkua_pk* k mqa rerÄ]j aj kpnko hqc]+
nao lkn hk _q]h an]j ejahace^hao _kik lk^h]_eÇj+k^faperk,
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I]o p~_je_]o ] qpehev]n `alaj`aj `ah jerah `a ia`e_eÇj mqa lqa`a ]lhe+
_]noa ] hko ]pne^qpko k r]ne]^hao `a h]o qje`]`ao `a ]j}heoeo, Bopk ateca
bkniqh]n ]hcqj]o _kjoe`an]_ekjao ok^na h] ia`e_eÇj,
YU O]gjxY \] dY e]\a[azf
Iko l]oko ja_ao]neko l]n] na]hev]n _q]hmqean ia`e_eÇj okj8 `abejen hko
k^fapko `ah qjeranok aj aopq`ek9 aop]^ha_an h]o lnklea`]`ao k ]pne^qpko
mqa oa r]j ] _kjoe`an]n aj `e_dk qjeranok* l]npe_ekj]j`k h] lk^h]+
_eÇj9 ]oecj]n u _kjp]n hko ahaiajpko aj _]`] oq^_kjfqjpk,
I]o nach]o qo]`]o l]n] ]oecj]n hko jÉianko ] hko ahaiajpko `abe+
jaj ah pelk `a ]k[YdY \] e]\a[azf( jkiej]hao* kn`ej]hao* ejpanr]h]nao* u
`a n]vÇj &r~]oa _q]`nk 6,2' mqa* ] oq rav* `apaniej]j h]o dann]ieaj+
p]o aop]`Äope_]o mqa lqa`aj qpehev]noa l]n] ah ]j}heoeo &r~]oa _q]`nk
6,3', Bh kn`aj aop]^ha_e`k ao `a _kilhafe`]` u namqeoepko _na_eajpao*
`a bkni] p]h mqa hko ejopnqiajpko aop]`Äope_ko ]lhe_]^hao ] qj] ao_]h]
ejbanekn lqa`aj oan qpehev]`ko l]n] kpn] `a kn`aj oqlanekn,
J]ejpv &/753' iaj_ekj] _q]pnk namqeoepko l]n] ia`en _eajpÄbe+
_]iajpa8
a' Bop]^ha_an _nepaneko `abeje_ekj]hao _h]nko l]n] h] e`ajpebe_]_eÇj `a
h]o qje`]`ao `a ]j}heoeo* `a bkni] p]h mqa oa]j oal]n]^hao `a ]mqahh]o
mqa jk _kjopepquaj ah k^fapk `a h] ejraopec]_eÇj,
ax% E]_an mqa h]o r]ne]jpao _kjpatpÉ]hao `ah lnk_aok `a na_kha__eÇj
`a ejbkni]_eÇj oa]j pn]`q_e^hao aj r]ne]^hao `a _kjpnkh l]n] mqa jk
lanpqn^aj h] ia`e_eÇj u hko `]pko naoqhp]jpao `a h] ieoi],
aal% Aapaniej]n hko lnk_a`eieajpko `a ]lhe_]_eÇj `a hko ejopnqiaj+
pko l]n] h] na_kha__eÇj `a hko `]pko aop]^ha_eaj`k nach]o atlhÄ_ep}o l]+
n] ]lhe_]n h] ao_]h] `a ia`e_eÇj ]`a_q]`] ] h] j]pqn]hav] `a h] `eiaj+
oeÇj aj aopq`ek u ]h k^faperk `a h] ejraopec]_eÇj,
an% Aabejen mq~ d] `a k^oanr]noa aj h] qje`]` `a ]j}heoeo l]n] h]
k^paj_eÇj `a `]pko aj _]`] qj] `a h]o `eiajoekjao paÇne_]iajpa aop]+
^ha_e`]o,
I] cn}be_] 6,/* `] qj] reoeÇj `a h]o oa_qaj_e]o `a eilhaiajp]_eÇj
`a hko ik`ahko l]n] h] ar]hq]_eÇj,
@ R > A O L 6,2
BP@>I>P ?òPF@>P A B J BAFA> Ke
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( Bopa _q]`nk ao qj] ]`]lp]_eÇj `a qj] lnaoajp]_eÇj oeieh]n pki]`] `a Peacah &/734',
A L ã @ C= ; 3),
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/34 AB IL P L ?GBQFSL P > IL P FK A F@ > A L O B P AB I> B S > I R > @ Fö K
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hev]`],
L Z H ]lYk ] af\a[Y\gj]k
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Df\a[Y\gj -6 @]jpe`]` `a ]_pere`]`ao hhar]`]o ] _]^k _kj ah k^fapk
`a hkcn]n `kj]perko `a ]heiajpko,
Df\a[Y\gj . 6 @]jpe`]` `a `kj]_ekjao hkcn]`]o,
[U Df\a[Y\gj]k q ]k[YdYk
I] b]oa mqa oecqa _kjoeopa aj \]l]jeafYj dYk ]k[YdYk mqa kpknc]n}j oecje+
be_]`k ] hko ej`e_]`knao, M]n] ahhk oa `apaniej] ah n]jck `a r]ne]_eÇj
`a h] r]ne]^ha ajpna qj i}teik u qj iÄjeik,
E]u `ko ]hpanj]per]o8
a% I] ar]hq]_eÇj `a qj lnkua_pk aj ah _kjpatpk `a qj lnkcn]i] `ah
mqa bkni] l]npa, Aajpnk `a aopa i]n_k &lnkcn]i]'* oa `apaniej] h]
`eopne^q_eÇj `ah ej`e_]`kn* oqo ia`e`]o `a paj`aj_e] _ajpn]h u `a `eo+
/40 AB ILP L ?GB QFS L P > ILP FK A F@ > A L O B P A B I> BS > I R > @ Fö K
>hpk 4
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fe ; 2. .
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Akj`a fÅ okj h]o bna_qaj_e]o _kj mqa ]l]na_aj hko naola_perko r]+
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(; 3
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v]j ]p)hgkl &r~]oa _]lÄpqhk L ' lq`eaj`k oan* `a ]_qan`k _kj oqo k^fape+
rko* `a lnk_aoko k `a eil]_pk,
Pe oa aop} na]hev]j`k qj] ar]hq]_eÇj `a lnk_aoko* hko ej`e_]`knao
oa nah]_ekj]j _kj hko ejoqiko mqa oa lnkraaj l]n] na]hev]n h]o ]_pere+
`]`ao `ah lnkua_pk u _kj hko lnk`q_pko ] k^pajan,
Bj qj] ar]hq]_eÇj `a lnk_aoko oa oaha__ekj]j ej`e_]`knao `a lnk+
`q_pko u* arajpq]hiajpa* `a aba_pko &naoqhp]`ko' mqa `aner]j `a h] qpe+
hev]_eÇj `a hko lnk`q_pko `ah lnkua_pk # I H O ' /762', Bo ja_ao]nek na+
_kn`]n mqa jk pk`ko hko aba_pko ]l]na_aj `qn]jpa ah lanek`k `a afa_q_eÇj
`ah lnkua_pk u ]hcqjko lqa`aj lnaoajp]noa `aolq~o `a oq paniej]_eÇj,
I] j]pqn]hav] `ah lnkua_pk `apaniej] oqo aba_pko lnareoe^hao9 lkn oq
l]npa* h] atlaneaj_e] iqaopn] ah pelk `a hko mqa okj lan_alpe^hao aj
h]o `eopejp]o ap]l]o `ah ieoik* k hqack `a oq bej]hev]_eÇj,
Mkn Éhpeik* qj] ar]hq]_eÇj `a eil]_pk ]j]hev] hko naoqhp]`ko `a
hko aba_pko `a qj lnkua_pk, Iko ej`e_]`knao `a^aj `apaniej]n ah cn]+
`k `a ]h_]j_a `a hko bejao Éhpeiko mqa ah lnkua_pk lanoecqa* aop]^ha+
_eaj`k oe oa d]j lnk`q_e`k _]i^eko aj h] lk^h]_eÇj+k^faperk9 aj mq~
`ena__eÇj9 aj mq~ ia`e`]9 lkn mq~ # I H O ' /762', M]n] na]hev]n aopa
pelk `a ar]hq]_eÇj `a^aj qpehev]noa hko ik`ahko ]j]hev]`ko aj ah _]lÄ+
pqhk 5,
Aa i]jan] ]j}hkc] ] hk `e_dk _kj naola_pk ] h] ar]hq]_eÇj `a lnk+
_aoko* ateopaj eil]_pko mqa jk oa lqa`aj ia`en oejk `aolq~o mqa ah
lnkua_pk d] bej]hev]`k, Bj pk`k _]ok* hko ej`e_]`knao `a eil]_pk `a+
^aj _kil]n]noa aj `ko peailko `ebanajpao &]jpao+hÄja] ^]o]h u `aolq~o+
hÄja] bej]h'* k ] l]npen `a qj okhk _knpa pailkn]h* na]hev]j`k ejbanaj+
_e]o napnkola_per]o mqa b]_ehepaj p]h _kil]n]_eÇj u qpehev]j`k r]ne]+
^hao `a _kjpnkh,
@ > M ôQ R I L /.
C) ? F = ; G J I > ? F ; H ã F CM CM
CC) ? N; J; M ? H ? F = C= F I > ? F I M J L I S ? = N I M
= I M N I (< ? H ? @ C= CI
LD ; L^faperk cajan]h
LB ; L^faperk aola_Äbe_k
M ; Mnk`q_pk
F ; Fjoqik
A L ã @ C = ; ,+)-
@F O DI > ? F J L I S ? = N I S F ; ; J F C = ; = C ç H > ? F ; = < I ? F ; = ?
q <
= I MNI / ( CH M O G I M ê JLI> O =NI M < ? H ? @ C= CI
#; g w ebl bl ] ^ eZ ^ _b\ b^ g \ bZ $
; g w ebl bl = h l mh (? _ ^ \ mbo b] Z ]
CG J ; = N I
#; g w ebl bl ] ^ eZ ^_b\ Z \ bZ $
= O ; > L I ,+),
? N ; J ; M ?H ? F = C= F I > ? F I M J L I S ? = N I M
Bop]`ko
I]o k^n]o namqane`]o lkn hko lnkua_pko ok_e]hao oqahaj oan `a qj]
ao_]h] u _kilhafe`]` iq_dk iajknao mqa h]o atece`]o lkn h]o cn]j`ao
ejranoekjao `ah oa_pkn lÉ^he_k, M]n] pki]n `ko atpnaiko lkh]nao* ^]o+
pa iaj_ekj]n h] _kjopnq__eÇj `a qj] ao_qah] u `a qj] nalnao] de`nka+
h~_pne_], E]u mqa ]cnac]n* ]oeieoik* mqa iq_dko lnkua_pko ok_e]hao
jk namqeanaj k^n] bÄoe_]* hk mqa d]_a ejja_ao]nek ah aopq`ek `a lnab]_+
pe^ehe`]` u ah ]j}heoeo `a b]_pe^ehe`]`, A]`k mqa jk ateopa h] ejranoeÇj*
ah lnkua_pk lqa`a l]o]n `ena_p]iajpa `ah lanbeh ] h] klan]_eÇj, Rj
lnkua_pk `a _kilhaiajp]_eÇj ]heiajp]ne] mqa qpehev] h] ejbn]aopnq_+
pqn] ao_kh]n afailhebe_] aopa _]ok,
E]u* oej ai^]nck* lnkua_pko ok_e]hao aj hko mqa `a^aj _qilhenoa
pk`]o h]o ap]l]o `ah _e_hk `ah lnkua_pk, Bo ah _]ok `a qj dkolep]h _kj
]hpk jerah `a _kilhafe`]`, I] `ebanaj_e] _kj qj lnkua_pk a_kjÇie_k
ao mqa l]n] ar]hq]nhk oa `a^a ]lhe_]n ah >@B aj hqc]n `ah >@?,
Mkn kpnk h]`k* p]h _kik oa ej`e_] aj ah _q]`nk /.,/* _q]j`k h] ao+
_]h] `ah lnkua_pk hk fqopebemqa* lqa`a l]o]noa `ah lanbeh ]h `eoaÅk u afa+
_q_eÇj k* `alaj`eaj`k `a oq j]pqn]hav]* o]hp]n `ah lanbeh ] h] klan]+
_eÇj `ah ieoik,
> _kjpejq]_eÇj oa `ao]nnkhh]n} ^naraiajpa _]`] qj] `a h]o ap]l]o
`ah _e_hk `ah lnkua_pk,
& Ä L m w _nepaneko
`a `eopne^q_eÇj `a lna_eko oa qpehev]n}j _kj nah]_eÇj
] hko qoq]neko `ah lnkua_pk=
( Ä>mvd]k okj h]o Ydl]jfYlanYk l]n] hhar]nhk ] _]^k=
]V ? ak]y g
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CP ) F; ? P ; F O ; = Cç H M I = C; F > ? J L I S ? = N I M
P) JLO?<;M á = I H à S á MCH à ?F JL I S ? = NI
P C) > C@ ? L ? H = C; M ? H N L ? F; ? P ; F O ; = Cç H J L CP ; > ; S F; M I = C; F
M]n] _kil]n]n hko _kopko u ^ajabe_eko `a^aj _kjoe`an]noa pk`ko hko ej+
cnaoko u acnaoko `ah lnkua_pk* ah r]hkn nah]perk `ah `ejank aj ah peailk
u h] p]o] `a ejpan~o amqer]hajpa _q]j`k oa _kil]n]j i]cjepq`ao ik+
jap]ne]o aj ikiajpko `ebanajpao,
Ik ]jpanekn lqa`a pn]`q_enoa aj `erano]o bkni]o `a _}h_qhk, I]o i}o
qpehev]`]o okj ah r]hkn ]_pq]h japk* h] p]o] ejpanj] `a napknjk* u h] na+
h]_eÇj ^ajabe_ek+_kopk,
S>K
&e ) (q
Bh S>K `ah ]Åk _ank &dku' `ah bhqfk `a ejcnaoko japko mqa oa lnk+
`q_en}j aj f ]Åko ao8
&e ) / .
/72 ;HãFCMCM = I MNI (< ?H ?@C= CI
L hk mqa ao hk ieoik8
S>K ; Ç Me
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f
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S>@ 2
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A L ã @ C= ; ,,),
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A L ã @ C= ; ,,)-
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> K ò I FPFP @ L PQ L +B C B @ Q FS FA > A 0.3
DOòCF@> //,1
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DOòCF@> //,2
>@?8 @LJM>O>@FöK BKQOB PFQR>@FLKBP @LK* PFK MOLVB@QL
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0.4 >K òIFPFP @ L PQ L +B C B @ Q FS FA > A
Q]h _kik bqa `e_dk _kj ]jpanekne`]`* dgk hjgq][lgk kg[aYd]k hm]\]f j])
im]jaj g fg dY [gfkljm[[azf \] mfY gZjY ^xka[ Y _kik lnannamqeoepk l]n] oÑ
klan]_eÇj, A]`k mqa ateopaj iapk`khkcÄ]o aop]j`]nev]`]o l]n] h] ar]+
hq]_eÇj bÄoe_k+bej]j_ean] `a h] ejranoeÇj &ah `eoaÅk u afa_q_eÇj `a h]
k^n]'* ~op]o okj d]^epq]hiajpa ]lhe_]`]o, >j]hev]j`k hko _kopko `a _]+
lep]h u klan]_eÇj oa `apaniej] ah _kopk lkn oanre_ek k ^eaj lnk`q_pk
`ah lnkua_pk, I] nah]_eÇj naoqhp]jpa `a [gklg)]^a[a]f[aY laniepa ao_kcan
h] ]hpanj]per] `a iÄjeik _kopk, Bopa ]j}heoeo `a^a oan p]i^e~j na]hev]+
`k _q]j`k ah lnkua_pk jk namqean] _kjopnq__eÇj ]hcqj]* aheiej]j`k
k^re]iajpa hko _kopko `a _]lep]h mqa okj* aj aopa _]ok* ejateopajpao,
Aa h] ieoi] i]jan]* h] n]vÇj _kopk+abe_eaj_e] `a^a oan _kilhaiaj+
p]`] lkn kpn] `a [gklg)]^][lana\Y\ mqa ej_hqu] ah eil]_pk lnareopk l]n]
h]o `erano]o ]hpanj]per]o `ah lnkua_pk,
an% N]d][[azf \] dY e]bgj Ydl]jfYlanY* Pa _kil]n]j h]o ]hpanj]per]o lh]j+
pa]`]o, Pe ah lnk`q_pk `a pk`]o h]o kl_ekjao ao dkikc~jak &oa lnaop]
ah ieoik oanre_ek _kj ecq]h jerah `a _]he`]`'* oa aheca ah oeopai] mqa
nalnaoajp] ah iÄjeik _kopk, I] _kil]n]_eÇj ateca _kjk_an hko _kopko
pkp]hao `a _]`] oeopai] u h] qje`]` `a lnk`q_pk mqa oa qpehev]n} l]n]
aop]^ha_an ah _kopk qjep]nek `a h] lnaop]_eÇj, {opa ao ah ]j}heoeo `a h]
abe_eaj_e], >h ej_hqen hko eil]_pko lnareopko l]n] _]`] ]hpanj]per]* oa
l]o] ]h `a _kopk aba_pere`]` mqa laniepa oaha__ekj]n h] kl_eÇj &oeopa+
i]' mqa iejeie_a hko _kopko lkn qje`]` `a eil]_pk,
n% @dYZgjY[azf \]d hjgq][lg \]^afalang* Rj] rav oaha__ekj]`] h] ]hpanj]+
per]* _knnaolkj`a h] h]^kn `a `ap]hha mqa namqeana ah lnk_aok `a afa_q+
_eÇj _q]j`k oa] ja_ao]ne] h] _kjopnq__eÇj `a qj] k^n] bÄoe_], Bh cn]`k
`a _kilhafe`]` `a aop] b]oa aop} aj `ena_p] nah]_eÇj _kj h] i]cjepq`
`a h] k^n] mqa ah lnkua_pk namqeana, Pe h] j]pqn]hav] `ah lnkua_pk at+
_hqua h] atecaj_e] `a h] ejranoeÇj `a _]lep]h oa l]o] `a h] ap]l] n `e+
na_p]iajpa ] h] klan]_eÇj,
na% Df[]jla\me Zj] q Yfvdakak \] k]fkaZada\Y\* I] ar]hq]_eÇj ]p Yfl] pn]p]
`a ]jpe_el]n ah bqpqnk mqa ao* lkn `abeje_eÇj* ej_eanpk, Mkn kpnk h]`k*
oeailna ateopaj heiep]_ekjao ln}_pe_]o l]n] `eolkjan `a pk`ko hko `]+
pko nahar]jpao l]n] ah ]j}heoeo, A]`k mqa oq oqop]j_e] ao h] lna`e__eÇj
lnk^]^ehÄope_]* ah annkn lkoe^ha k neaock ao ejdanajpa p]jpk ]h >@B _k+
ik ]h >@?,
Bo* lkn hk p]jpk* ja_ao]nek `apaniej]n hko n]jcko `a lkoe^ha r]ne]+
_eÇj `a hko l]n}iapnko ^}oe_ko `ah lnkua_pk* l]n] atlhe_ep]n ah cn]`k
`a ej_anpe`qi^na naoqhp]jpa `a h] ar]hq]_eÇj,
Bh ]j}heoeo `a oajoe^ehe`]` laniepa `apaniej]n _q}hao okj hko oqlqao+
pko ^}oe_ko mqa afan_aj qj aba_pk oecjebe_]perk aj h] ]_alp]^ehe`]` `a
qj lnkua_pk,
> K ò I FPFP @ L PQ L +B C B @ Q FS FA > A 0.5
[U ?]l]jeafY[azf \] hjagja\Y\]k
_k naoqhp] lkoe^ha `apaniej]n hko `~be_epo aola_Äbe_ko `ah oa_pkn, I]o `a+
beje_ekjao `a lkhÄpe_]* _kj oqo lnekne`]`ao okj* aj `abejeper]* hko
l]n}iapnko l]n] h] bkniqh]_eÇj u ar]hq]_eÇj `a lnkua_pko,
Pe ah l]Äo aop} `ere`e`k aj vkj]o o]jep]ne]o lqa`aj _kil]n]noa hko
ej`e_]`knao `a o]hq` `a _]`] }na] _kj hko j]_ekj]hao, Aa h] ieoi]
bkni] _]^a _]h_qh]n h] r]ne]_eÇj pailkn]h atlaneiajp]`] lkn hko ej+
`e_]`knao* _kj hk mqa oa iqaopn] oq r]ne]_eÇj aol]_e]h a deopÇne_],
I] [gehYjY[azf _]g_jv^a[Y _kjoeopa aj nah]_ekj]n ah r]hkn mqa ah ej`e+
_]`kn lnaoajp] ] jerah hk_]h _kj hko mqa peaja aj ah }i^epk j]_ekj]h,
Bopk ao*
S]hkn hk_]h í S]hkn j]_ekj]h \\\
Aebanaj_e] &aj #' ; ++++++++++ í+++++++++++8++++++++++++++++ t 0..
S]hkn j]_ekj]h
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Mnkreja, /
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= I M N I (? @ ? = N CP C> ; >
= O ; > L I ,,)-
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G ; N L CT > ? CH > C= ; > I L ? M > ? M; FO >
K, Fj`e_]`knao
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= I M N I (? @ ? = N CP C> ; >
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`a %r
ejpanraj_eÇj Y
OaceÇj F
Mnkrej_e] /
Aalpk, /
Aalpk, 0
Aalpk, 1
Mnkrej_e] 0
OaceÇj FF
H1
0/6 ;HãFCMCM = I MNI (?@?= N CP C> ; >
CCC) F; ? P ; F O ; = Cç H 9 G A@CD
]Z B]f]jYda\Y\]k
ZU @ lY h Y k q ]b]ehda^a[Y[azf
bî
Bh ; = ? ] p h g kl peaja qj] oa_qaj_e] hÇce_] &Jqopk* /753'* _qu]o ap]l]o
bqj`]iajp]hao oa `ao_ne^aj ] _kjpejq]_eÇj, Pq qpehev]_eÇj lqa`a afai+
lhebe_]noa _kj ah Mnkcn]i] `a Mnkik_eÇj Pk_e]h Kqpne_ekj]h #J J M H $ &_q+
u] `ao_nel_eÇj lqa`a aj_kjpn]noa aj hko ]jatko F u FFF'* aj ah mqa oa
na]hev] qj ]j}heoeo _kopk+aba_pere`]` r[oa,ar]hÉ]j hko eil]_pko jqpne+
_ekj]hao u a`q_]_ekj]hao `ah lnkcn]i]` Bj bkni] oa_qaj_e]h `a^aj na]+
hev]noa h]o oecqeajpao ap]l]of
a% D\]fla^a[Yj [gf hj][akazf dgk gZb]langk \]d hjgq][lg* Bj h] ar]hq]_eÇj ]p Yfl]
oa ej_hquaj ah `~be_ep k h] ja_aoe`]` ^}oe_] ] o]peob]_an u hko oaciajpko
lk^h]_ekj]hao mqa oan}j ]paj`e`ko _kj oq hk_]hev]_eÇj aol]_e]h w p j h]
ar]hq]_eÇj ]p h g kl oa _kjoe`an]j oÇhk hko k^faperko pn]`q_e`ko aj ]_pe+
re`]`ao* r]ha `a_en* ]mqahhko ] hko oa d]j ]oecj]`k na_qnoko u* lkn p]j+
pk* nabhaf]j hko ì ran`]`ankoî bejao `ah lnkua_pk, Pe* l]n] fqopebe_]nhk*
oa d]j ej_hqe`k kpnko ] hko mqa jk oa hao d]j `a`e_]`k na_qnoko lqa`a
okopajanoa mqa jk okj ran`]`anko k^faperko `a aoa lnkua_pk[
GfIko bejao `a qj lnkua_pk i]jpeajaj ajpna oÄ nah]_ekjao `a _kilha+
iajp]nea`]`* _kilapaj_e] k ej`ebanaj_e], Pe hko k^faperko okj _kila+ èGf
peperko u `ah ieoik jerah ao ja_ao]nek ao_kcan ajpna ahhko k lneknev]n+
hko, Pe ]hcqjk ao `a kn`aj ejbanekn* oÇhk _kjopepqua qj ia`ek l]n]
]h_]jv]n hko `a kn`aj oqlanekn, >oÄ oq_a`a _kj h]o ik`ebe_]_ekjao ]
hko _kjpaje`ko _qnne_qh]nao l]n] na`q_en h] nalepaj_e] u ah ]qoajpeoik,([
Mkn kpn] l]npa* ]hcqjko k^faperko lqa`aj oan _kilhaiajp]neko aj _ean+
p]o _en_qjop]j_e]o u _kilapeperko aj kpn]o, Bj ah afailhk* hko k^faperko
jqpne_ekj]hao okj _kilhaiajp]neko `a hko a`q_]_ekj]hao aj h] i]ukn l]n+
pa `a hko _]oko lank* aj h]o ao_qah]o nqn]hao `a h]o }na]o i}o _]naj_e]`]o
mqa peajaj qj okhk i]aopnk* ~opa `a^a lnal]n]n h] _kie`] u `]n _h]oa[
_kj hk mqa oa cajan] qj _]ok `a _h]n] _kilapaj_e] ajpna k^faperko,+,+
@q]j`k aok oq_a`a `a^a aop]^ha_anoa qj kn`aj]ieajpk fan}nmqe_k
ajpna hko k^faperk[,&_kj h] lkj`an]_eÇj _knnaolkj`eajpa', Bop] `a_e+
oeÇj jk ao p~_je_], Mk`nÄ] aomqai]pev]noa `a h] i]jan] mqa oecqa8
L Ya /
LH Ya 0
00. ;HãFCMCM = I MNI (?@?= NCP C> ; >
C CP ) F; = I H M C> ? L ; = Cç H > ? F @ ; = N I L N C? G J I *
T
âë(% aj
P) ; F A O H ; M F CG CN ; = CI H ? M > ? F ; = ?
C) F I M = I M N I M
X003Z
004 ;HãFCMCM = I MNI (?@?= N CP C> ; >
Iko _kopko ia`eko naoqhp]j `a `ere`en hko _kopko pkp]hao `ah lnkua_pk
lkn ah jÉiank `a qje`]`ao `a lnk`q_pk mqa ~opa cajan] aj _eanpk la+
nek`k &jkni]hiajpa qj ]Åk', Pe hko lnk`q_pko `ah lnkua_pk okj ]paj+
_ekjao dkolep]h]ne]o* hko _kopko ia`eko okj ah _k_eajpa `ah ì _kopk pk+
p]h ]jq]hî u ah ì jÉiank `a ]paj_ekjao dkolep]h]ne]o lnaop]`]o aj
ah ]Åkî ,
Iko _kopko i]ncej]hao oa ]bnkjp]j l]n] lnk`q_en qj] qje`]` ]`e+
_ekj]h `a lnk`q_pk, Bj ah afailhk ]jpanekn ao ah _kopk `a ì qj] ]paj+
_eÇj dkolep]h]ne] ]`e_ekj]hî , Aa^aj oan _kil]n]`ko _kj hko _kopko ia+
`eko, Pe hko lneianko okj iajknao mqa hko oacqj`ko d]u a_kjkiÄ]o
`a ao_]h]* aopk ao* mqa ah lnkua_pk lqa`a ]qiajp]n oqo lnk`q_pko ej+
_naiajp]j`k ]h ieoik peailk h] abe_eaj_e] _kj mqa oa cajan]j, Pe okj
i]uknao mqa hko ia`eko* ateopaj `aoa_kjkiÄ]o `a ao_]h]* aopk ao* h]
atl]joeÇj `ah lnkua_pk oa na]hev] ] _kopko _na_eajpao, ì Aa^e`k ] mqa
lqa`a d]^an _eajpko `a ik`ko ]hpanj]perko `a ej_naiajp]n h] aba_pere+
`]` `a qj lnkcn]i]* `a^a aopei]noa ah _kopk i]ncej]h `a ao]o ]hpan+
j]per]o _kilapeper]o u ]oÄ ]oecj]n na_qnoko ] h] iafkn `a ahh]o, E]u
mqa nkjk_an h] n]vÇj & jYlag ' i]ncej]h `a ^ajabe_eko &ej_naiajpko `a
aba_pe -e`]`' aj nah]_eÇj ]h _kopk `a aop]o jqianko]o ]hpanj]per]o, PÇhk
ajpkj_ao oa lqa`a aop]n oacqnk `a hkcn]n h] i]ukn aba_pere`]` _kj hko
na_qnoko `eolkje^hao* k hkcn]n qj jerah `]`k `a aba_pere`]` ]h iajkn
_kopk lkoe^haî &Nq]`a* /760',
;HãFCMCM = I MNI (?@?=NCP C> ; > 005
CC) G ; N L CT > ? = I M N I M
M]n] _]`] qjk `a hko oeopai]o _kjoe`an]`ko* aop] i]pnev ej_hqua hko
`eopejpko ra_pknao mqa `apaniej]j ah _kopk pkp]h ]jq]h u ah `a h] qje+
`]` `a lnk`q_pk bej]h _kjopepqe`] lkn ah oanre_ek k ^eaj l]n] _qu] ca+
jan]_eÇj bqa ah]^kn]`k ah lnkua_pk, I] _kjoe`an]_eÇj _kjfqjp] `a oeo+
pai]o u _kopko lkn qje`]` `a lnk`q_pk laniepa ao_kcan h] ]hpanj]per]
`a iÄjeik _kopk, > _kjpejq]_eÇj oa ]j]hev]j h]o r]ne]^hao u nah]_ek+
jao mqa _kilkjaj h] i]pnev,
@L ; @LA ) @LF
n aa% >gklgk \] gh]jY[azf \aj][lgk #= I > $) Pkj hko _kopko `a hko ejoqiko
namqane`ko l]n] lnk`q_en qj] qje`]` `a ^eaj k oanre_ek `ah lnkua_pk,
Bj ah _]ok `a hko @kia`knao Bo_kh]nao* lkn afailhk* aop}j _kjopepqe+
`ko lkn hko _kopko `a hko ]heiajpko* lanokj]h u _ki^qope^ha,
n aaa% >gklgk \] gh]jY[azf af\aj][lgk # = I C $ ) Pkj hko _kopko `a hko ej+
oqiko jk `ena_pko mqa `a^aj oan lnknn]pa]`ko aj h] qje`]` `a ^eaj
k oanre_ek* lnk`q_pk `ah lnkua_pk, Bj ah ieoik afailhk `a hko @k+
ia`knao Bo_kh]nao oa pn]p] `a hko _kopko `a pn]jolknpa u `alÇoepk `a
hko ]heiajpko &_q]j`k jk aop}j `ena_p]iajpa ej_knlkn]`ko ]h lna_ek
`a hko ieoiko' u hko `aner]`ko `a h] ]`iejeopn]_eÇj* oqlanreoeÇj u
_kjpnkh `ah lnkua_pk u ajpnaj]ieajpk `ah lanokj]h mqa pn]^]f] aj ah
ieoik,
Bo eilknp]jpa `ebanaj_e]n hko = I > u = I C lknmqa hko = I > eilhe_]j
qj] _knneajpa `a `aoai^khoko ] hk h]nck `a pk`k ah ]Åk u `a^aj oan
pn]jobkni]`ko ] ikja`] _kjop]jpa* hk mqa ao l]npe_qh]niajpa naha+
r]jpa aj l]Äoao _kj bqanpao lnk_aoko ejbh]_ekj]neko, Iko = I C `a^aj _]h+
_qh]noa _kj ^]oa aj hko lnkia`eko ]jq]hao lkn oeopai]* lnknn]pa}j`k+
hko aj h]o qje`]`ao bej]hao `a oanre_eko k ^eajao mqa oa cajan]j _kik
naoqhp]`k `ah lnkua_pk,
ap% >gklg lglYd YfmYd # = N ; $) I] bkni] `a _}h_qhk `ah = N ; ao h] mqa
oa iqaopn] ] _kjpejq]_eÇj, Oaola_pk ] ahh] ao ja_ao]nek na]hev]n _ean+
p]o _kjoe`an]_ekjao mqa oa ajqian]j lkopanekniajpa,
;>0
@RP ; í &1'
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@RM ; @RP
r
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Bopa _]ok oa `]nÄ]* lkn afailhk* _q]j`k oa _kjpn]p]j &u ajpnac]j'
_kj _kj_aoekj]neko n]_ekjao ]heiajp]ne]o `a qj] _eanp] _]jpe`]` `a _]+
hknÄ]o* `a ]_qan`k _kj qj] lnkcn]i]_eÇj aop]^ha_e`],
@q]j`k oa `] aop] _kj`e_eÇj oa qpehev]n}j h]o atlnaoekjao @RM u
@RM( lkn oan h]o i}o caj~ne_]o,
Iko @RM _kjopepquaj qj ej`e_]`kn `a h] abe_eaj_e] klan]_ekj]h, Bo
qj lnk`q_pk &gml[Ye] ' naoqhp]jpa `~ h] ejranoeÇj na]hev]`] u jkni]h+
iajpa hko ]j}heoeo _kopk-aba_pere`]` hhac]j d]op] aopa lqjpk, Pa pn]p]
`a iejeiev]n ah _kopk `a hko lnk`q_pko `ah lnkua_pk u oa ]oqia mqa
ah eil]_pk* i}o `ebÄ_eh `a ia`en lknmqa namqeana i}o peailk u ajan+
cÄ]* oa hkcn]n} lkjeaj`k ]paj_eÇj aj h] oaha__eÇj `a h] lk^h]_eÇj iap]
&lYj_]llaf_ ', Pej `q`]* aop]o _kjoe`an]_ekjao okj r}he`]o* ok^na pk`k oe
oa _kil]n] _kj h] oepq]_eÇj d]^epq]h `a hko lnkua_pko ok_e]hao* _kj qj]
lnkcn]i]_eÇj mqa lk_]o ra_ao ao necqnko] u aj h]o mqa h] ar]hq]_eÇj
oqaha aop]n ]qoajpa, I] na]hev]_eÇj `a ]j}heoeo _kopk-aba_pere`]` pn]`e+
_ekj]hao nalnaoajp]* k^re]iajpa* qj o]hpk _q]hep]perk aj h] `ena__eÇj
`a lkoe^ehep]n qj] ]oecj]_eÇj i}o n]_ekj]h `a hko na_qnoko aj ah }na]
ok_e]h,
Mank ao ja_ao]nek ajb]pev]n* qj] rav i}o* mqa h] abe_eaj_e] aj h]
cajan]_eÇj `a lnk`q_pko `a qj lnkua_pk ok_e]h jk eilhe_] abe_]_e] aj
ah hkcnk `a oqo k^faperko &eil]_pk', Mkn aok oa lnklkja aop] iapk`khk+
012 ;HãFCMCM = I MNI (?@?= N CP C> ; >
Iko
na% >gklg \] gh]jY[azf &@L', @L bqankj _h]oebe_]`ko aj @LA u @LF
_quko _kopko ]jq]hao lkn oeopai] mqa`]j8
&@ Q > (' ; &@ Q > ( * @ Q > (0* , , , * @ Q > ( j'Q ; &@Q>(è'
l]n] e ; /* 0* , , , * j
&L Q > ' ; &L Q > I L Q > 0* , , , * L Q > j'Q ; &L Q> *'
l]n] e ; /* 0* , , , * j
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vU H Y lj ar \] [gklg)]^][lana\Y\
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l]n] e ; /* 0* , , , * j
l]n]f ; /* 0* , , , * i
XL?hdZ
l]n] e ; /* 0* , , , * j
l]n] d ; /* 0* , , , * /
XL?ègZ
l]n] g ; / ) / */ ) 0 * , , , * i
l]n] e ; /* 0* , , , * j
j ; /* 0* , , , * /
g ; / ) /* /)0 * , , , * i
XMX=hlmh( ^_^\mbob]Z]
@kopko Bba_pere`]`
Mblm^fZl @Q> @RM L?* L?0 L?* L?* )* L?i
l]n] e ; /* 0* , , , * j
f ; /* 0 i
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@ 1 50.
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022
L?F; =CIH?M =I MNI *?@?= NCP C> ; >
[ r r Lkopk+ aba_pere`]`
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P* @RBj @ R B /0 @RBj @RBfw )* @RBhi
l- @ R B 0/ @ R B 00 @ R B 0/ @ R B 0/) / @RB0i
;HãFCMCM =IMNI(?@?=NCPC>;>
Pó @RBjh @RBj0 @RBjh @RBjh)/ @RBji
#-$
;HãFCMCM = I MNI (?@?= NCP C> ; > 023
pai]o L^f, /
l]n] e ; /* 0* , , , * j
f ; /* 0* , , , * i
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Pq oecjebe_]`k ao mqa lnk`q_en qj / # `a eil]_pk jqpne_ekj]h aj
ah oeopai] < ateca ejranpen /7# i}o mqa aj ah oeopai] @,
024 ;HãFCMCM =I MNI (?@?=NCP C> ; >
X@RB&AO'Z ; X@RBef&A>'Z t GF F ;
X@RBòã'Z
l]n] e ; /* 0* , , , * j
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Jj\]f \]
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o* @RBq &`n' @RB/0:` n' @RBR&AO' @ R B q)/&` n' ,, @RBhi&AO< OB@BPZ LAZ
o- @RB0- `n' @RB00&` n' ,,,, @ R B 0- ` n' @ R B 0/)/&` n' ,, @RB0i:AO' OB@BP0 LA0
C) FIM =I MNI M
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&/767'* <ewja[Y GYlafY ]f dgk g[`]flY6 Kjaf[ahYd]k l]f\]f[aYk kg[aYd]k( P]jpe]ck*
=?J; F)
@d]pa]q* G, &/76/'* Kjghgka[azf \] [jal]jagk hYjY dY ]nYdmY[azf \] hjgq][lgk \] Y[[azf
kg[aYd( P]jpe]ck* @ F ; = M I )
= C> ? M *I J M &/765'* @nYdmY[azf \] dgk aehY[lgk fmlja[agfYd]kq ]\m[Y[agfYd]k* <fvdakak
[gklg)]^][lana\Y\ \]d Kjg_jYeY \] Kjgeg[azf Ng[aYd Imlja[agfYd( ?qajko >enao*
= C> ? M ' 3 pkiko,
@k_dn]j* T,D, u D, J, @kt &/743'* ?ak]ygk ]ph]jae]flYd]k( J~te_k* Qnehh]o,
@kdaj* A,H, u G, >, Taeoo &/756'* ì Pk_e]h o_eaj_a ]j` ok_e]h lkhe_u8 P_dkkho
n]_aî * aj Q, @kkg &_kilo,'* @nYdmYlagf Nlm\a]k M]na]o <ffmYd( ?aranhu Eehho*
P]ca* rkh, 1820+27,
@kdaj* B, &/762'* KjgZd]eYk kg[aYd]k( hgdxla[Yk kg[aYd]k q hdYfa^a[Y[azf kg[aYd( ?qa+
jko >enao* = C> ? M )
@kdaj* B, u M, Sejk_qn &/763'* @ d hjgZd]eY \] dY ]nYdmY[azf \] dgk hjg_jYeYk
kg[aYd]k* @d [Ykg \] mf hjg_jYeY Ydae]flYjag)fmlja[agfYd ]f <j_]flafY( ?qajko >enao*
ieiak,
@kdaj* J, u B, K]cah &/75/'* Dfljg\m[[azf Y dY dz_a[Yq Yd ewlg\g [a]flx^a[g( ?qajko
>enao* >iknnknpq B`epknao,
@khki^e], Aal]np]iajpk K]_ekj]h `a Mh]ja]_eÇj-RKF@HC-Cqj`]_eÇj Ckn`
&/760'* Kjgq][lgk dg[Yd]k ] af\a[Y\gj]k kg[aYd]k6 Dehda[Y[agf]k hYjY dY af^gjeY[azf
q dY hdYfa^a[Y[azf j]_agfYd q fY[agfYd* H]egjaY \] lYdd]j q [gf^]j]f[aY( ?kckp}*
O H C= ? @ )
@ k hk i ^ e] , J ej eopa n ek `a P]hq`-RKF@BC &/757'* Hg\]dg \] ]nYdmY[azf hYajY ]d Nak)
l]eY IY[agfYd \] NYdm\ á G I ? M M à ' ? k c k p} ,
@kjpnan]o* B,?, &/76/'* ì I] paha`q_]_eÇj _kik oeopai]î * aj Ggk j]lgk \] dY
]\m[Y[azf Y \aklYf[aY( Dq]pai]h]* @ O J ; = )
@kkg* A, u Q, @]il^ahh &/757'* LmYka)]ph]jae]flYlagf \]ka_f Yf\ YfYdqkak akkm]k
^gj ^a]d\ k]llaf_k( ?kopkj* Ekqcdpkj Jebbhej @k,
@kki^o* @, E, &/731'* ì Qdaknu ]j` iapdk`o kb ok_e]h ia]oqnaiajpî * aj
I, Caopejcan u A, H]pv &_kilo,'* M]k]Yj[` e]l`g\k af l`] Z]`YnagjYd k[a]f[]k(
Kqar] Vkng* Anu`aj,
@knje]* D, >, &/765'* ì Ckniqh]_eÇj `a h] lkhÄpe_] ok_e]h8 naaopnq_pqn]_eÇj*
k^faperko* abe_eaj_e]î * aj D, >, @knje]* O, Gkhhu u C, Ppas]np* <bmkl] [gf
jgkljg `meYfg* Kjgl][[azf \] dgk _jmhgk nmdf]jYZd]kq hjgeg[azf \]d [j][aea]flg* J]+
`ne`* O H C= ? @ ' Pechk UUF `a Bol]Å] B`epknao,
1/. <C<FCIAL;@å;
J H O > &/77.'* ?]kYjjgddg `meYfg af^gje] -55,( ?kckp}* Qan_an Jqj`k B`epknao,
Mnao_kpp* K, u G, T]nbkn &/77.'* ì Br]hq]_eÇj a_kjÇie_] `ah oa_pkn o]hq`î *
aj ?]kYjjgddgq ^gjlYd][aea]flg \] dgk kakl]eYk dg[Yd]k \] kYdm\( T]odejcpkj* A ,@ ,*
Lnc]jev]_eÇj M]j]iane_]j] `a h] P]hq`,
Nq]`a* B,P, &/760'* <fYdqkak^gj hmZda[ \][akagfk( Kqar] Vkng* Bhoarean P_eaj_a
Mq^heodejc @k,* Kqar] a`e_eÇj8 Kknpd+Ekhh]j`* /760,
Nq]u* E,@, &/757'* ì Qda pdnaa b]_ao kb ar]hq]pekj, Td]p _]j ^a atla_pa`
pk skng=î * aj I, P_dnaop &_kil,'* @nYdmYlagf Nlm\a]k M]na]o <ffmYd( ?aranhu
Eehho* P]ca* 2874+/.7,
O]k* J,S,P,* H, Mknsep u K, ?]opan K, &/756'* Df\a[Ylgjk g ^ `meYf Yf\ kg[aYd \]n])
dghe]fl* M]hgjl gf l`] NlYl] g^ l`] <jl,* Qkgek* Rjeranoe`]` `a h]o K]_ekjao Rje`]o,
O]sho* G, &/75/'* < l`]gjq g^bmkla[]( ?kopkj* E]nr]n` R, Mnaoo* ranoeÇj _]opa+
hh]j]* J~te_k* Ckj`k `a @qhpqn] B_kjÇie_]* /756,
Oaej* J, &/753'* @f[a[dgh]\aY \] dYk [a]f[aYk kg[aYd]k( J]`ne`* >cqeh]n* pkik 6,
Oaej* J, u P,E, Tdepa &/756'* ì @]j lkhe_u naoa]n_d dahl lkhe_u=î * aj Q,
@kkg &_kil,'* @nYdmYlagf Nlm\a]k M]na]o <ffmYd( ?aranhu Eehho* P]ca* 1802+2/,
Oaujkh`o* G, &/754'* ì Fj_knlkn]_eÇj `a h] ar]hq]_eÇj `a h]o ]_pere`]`ao _k+
iqje_]per]o ] hko lnkcn]i]o `a lh]jebe_]_eÇj `a h] b]iehe]î * aj B, J, Ok+
cano u O, >c]ns]h]+Okcano* @klm\agk \] ]nYdmY[azf kgZj] [gemfa[Y[azf ]f eYl])
jaY \] hdYfa^a[Y[azf \] dY ^Ye adaY( M]nÄo* OH?M=I' = I G )21*Q M *,)
Oaujkh`o* G, u H,@, D]ol]ne &/763'* >gkl)]b^][lan]f]kk YfYdqkak( @daru @d]oa*
J L C = I L ' Mnei]nu Ea]hpd @]na Llan]pekjo Oaoa]n_d* @ajpan bkn Eqi]j
Panre_ao,
Oavaj`a* C, &/761'* AafYf[aYea]flg \] dYk hgdxla[Yk kg[aYd]k( P]jpe]ck* @q]`anjko
CFJ?M*OHe=?@ ok^na MkhÄpe_]o Pk_e]hao jÉi, ,)
Oeran]* I, &/754'* @ d kakl]eY nYdgjYljar hYjY dY ]nYdmY[azf \] hjgq][lgk( ?kckp}* OHC(
=?@' ieiak,
Oerhej* >, &/75/'* K]fkYea]flg kakl]evla[g hYjY dY Y[[azf kg[aYd( ?nkkgejco Fjopepq+
pekj* T]odejcpkj* A,@* ranoeÇj _]opahh]j]* ?qajko >enao* = C> ? M ' o,b,
Okooe* M,E, &/757'* ì Fooqao ej pda ar]hq]pekj kb dqi]j oanre_ao `aheranuî *
aj I, P_dnaop &_kil,'* @nYdmYlagf Nlm\a]k M]na]o <ffmYd( ?aranhu Eehho* P]+
ca* 2847+73,
Okooe* M, E,* E, B, Cnaai]j u P, O, Tnecdp &/757'* @nYdmYlagf* < kqkl]eYla[
YhhjgY[`( ?aranhu Eehho* P]ca,
P]d]* A ,* ì Japdk`o bkn ar]hq]pekj pda jqpnepekj]h eil]_p kb bkk` ]e` lnkfa_p8
Iaookjo bnki pda l]op atlaneaj_aî * Agg\ Yf\ Imljalagf =mdd]laf( 4 &1'8 /+/4,
P]h]i]j_]* C, u G, @, Dkjv}hav &/767'* Kjg_jYeY[azf kg[aYd* <hmfl]k \g[]fl]k(
P]jpe]ck* = ? F ; > ? ' Fjopepqpk `a Pk_ekhkcÄ]* Rjeranoe`]` @]pÇhe_] `a @deha,
P_dqhpv* Q, &/746'* QYdgj ][gfzea[g \] dY ]\m[Y[azf( J~te_k* Rpad],
&/76.'* Dfn]klaf_ af h]ghd]( Rjeranoepu kb @]hebknje] Mnaoo,
Pahhpev* @,* J,G]dk`]* J, Aaqpo_d u P,T, @kkg &/743'* Hwlg\gk \] afn]kla_Y)
[azf \] dYk j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k( J]`ne`* B`e_ekjao L C; F J )
Peacah* P, &/734'* Igf)hYjYe]lja[ klYlakla[k( Kqar] Vkng* J_Dn]s+Eehh,
Pmqena* I, u E, S]j Aan Q]g &/76.'* <fvdakak ][gfzea[g \] hjgq][lgk( J]`ne`*
?]j_k Jqj`e]h* Qa_jko,
<C<FCIAL;@å; 1/3
X1 / 5 Z
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ôKAF@B AB DOòCF@>P
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