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 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Anthology of
Russian literature from the earliest period to the
present time, volume 1 (of 2)
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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Title: Anthology of Russian literature from the earliest period to

the present time, volume 1 (of 2)
From the tenth century to the close of the eighteenth
century

Author: Leo Wiener

Release date: October 22, 2023 [eBook #71933]

Most recently updated: December 27, 2023

Language: English

Original publication: New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1902

Credits: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
images generously made available by The Internet
Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTHOLOGY

OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO
THE PRESENT TIME, VOLUME 1 (OF 2) ***
 ANTHOLOGY OF
RUSSIAN LITERATURE

From the
Earliest Period
to the Present
Time

BY
LEO WIENER
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF SLAVIC
LANGUAGES AT HARVARD
UNIVERSITY

In Two Parts

8o with Photogravure
Frontispieces

Part I.—From the Tenth Century

to the Close of the
Eighteenth Century

Part II.—From the Close of the

Eighteenth Century to
the Present Time

G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
NEW YORK LONDON
Lomonosow
Anthology of Russian Literature
From the Earliest Period to the
Present Time

By
Leo Wiener
Assistant Professor of Slavic Languages at Harvard University

IN TWO PARTS

From the Tenth Century to the Close of the Eighteenth Century

G. P. Putnam’s Sons
New York and London
The Knickerbocker Press
1902
 Copyright, 1902
BY
LEO WIENER

Published, June, 1902

The Knickerbocker Press, New York

 TO MY FRIEND AND COLLEAGUE
ARCHIBALD CARY COOLIDGE
THIS WORK IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED
 PREFACE
The time is not far off when the Russian language will occupy the
same place in the curriculum of American universities that it now
does in those of Germany, France and Sweden. A tongue that is
spoken by more than one hundred million people and that
encompasses one-half of the northern hemisphere in itself invites the
attention of the curious and the scholar. But the points of contact
between the Anglo-Saxon and Slavic races are so many, both in
politics and literature, that it is a matter of interest, if not yet of
necessity, for every cultured person of either nationality to become
well acquainted with the intellectual and social life of the other. In
Russia, the English language is steadily gaining in importance, and
not only the universities, but the gymnasiums as well, offer courses
in English. In England and America there are many signs of a similar
interest in their Russian neighbour, though at present it expresses
itself mainly in the perusal of Russian novels in translations that
rarely rise above mediocrity. There is also a growing demand for a
fuller treatment of Russian Literature as a whole, which even Prince
Wolkonsky’s work cannot satisfy, for the reason that only a small
fraction of the nineteenth-century writers, and hardly anything of the
preceding periods, is accessible to the reader for verification. It is the
purpose of this Anthology to render a concise, yet sufficient, account
of Russian Literature in its totality, to give to the English reader who
is not acquainted with any other language than his own a
biographical, critical and bibliographical sketch of every important
author, to offer representative extracts of what there is best in the
language in such a manner as to give a correct idea of the evolution
of Russian Literature from its remotest time. The selections have
been chosen so as to illustrate certain important historical events,
and will be found of use also to the historical student.
In the preparation of this work, I have availed myself of many
native sources, to which I shall express my indebtedness by a
general declaration that I have with profit perused the monumental
works of Pýpin and the authors on whom he has drawn in the
preparation of his history of Russian Literature. To give variety, I
have reproduced such of the existing translations as are less
objectionable. In my own translations, for which alone I am
responsible, I have attempted to render minutely the originals, with
their different styles, not excepting their very imperfections, such as
characterise particularly the writers of the eighteenth century. Only
where the diction is inexpressibly crude, as in Pososhkóv’s writings,
or the text corrupt, as in the Word of Ígor’s Armament, have I made
slight deviations for the sake of clearness.
Russian words are transliterated differently by every translator:
some attempt to give English equivalents, which, even if they were
correctly chosen (they seldom are), cannot possibly give an idea of
the phonetic values in Russian; others follow the simpler method of
an etymological transliteration of letter by letter, but needlessly
encumber the words with diacritical marks and difficult consonant
combinations. The method pursued here, though far from ideal,
recommends itself for its simplicity. Where the Russian and English
alphabets are practically identical, the corresponding letters are
used; in the other cases, the combinations are made with h, for
which there is no corresponding sound in Russian; for the guttural
vowel y is used, which does also the duty of the English y in yes.
There can be no confusion between the two, as the guttural y before
or after a vowel is extremely rare. It is useless for anyone without
oral instruction to try to pronounce Russian words as the natives do.
The nearest approach will be attained if the consonants be
pronounced as in English (g always hard, zh as z in azure, r always
rolled, kh, guttural like German ch in ach), and the vowels always
open as in Italian (a as a in far, e as e in set, o as o in obey, or a little
longer when accented, u as oo in foot, or a little longer when
accented, y between consonants is guttural, which it is useless to
attempt and had better be pronounced like i: i. e., like i in machine or
bit, according to the accent). The accents are indicated throughout
the work. Accented é is frequently pronounced as yó, but it would be
useless to indicate all such cases. It has not been found practicable
to spell Russian names uniformly when their English forms are
universally accepted.
It will not be uninteresting to summarise all that Englishmen and
Americans have done to acquaint their countrymen with the
language and literature of Russia.
When Russia was rediscovered by England in the middle of the
sixteenth century and the Muscovy Company established itself at
Moscow, there was naturally a demand for Englishmen who could
speak Russian. There are frequent references in native reports to
Englishmen who spoke and wrote Russian fluently and who were
even used as ambassadors to the Muscovite Tsars. It was also an
Englishman, Richard James, who, in 1619, made the first collection
of Russian popular songs. In 1696, the first Russian grammar was
published by the Oxford University Press, though its author, Ludolf,
was not an Englishman by birth. In the eighteenth century, there
seems to have been in England no interest in Russia except as to its
religion, which received consideration from certain divines. An
exception must be made in the case of W. Coxe, who in his Travels
in Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark, 1st edition, London, 1784,
gave an excellent account of Russian Literature from German and
French sources. In 1821, Sir John Bowring startled his countrymen
with his Specimens of the Russian Poets, which for the first time
revealed to them the existence of a promising literature. Though his
knowledge of Russian was quite faulty, as his translations prove, yet
he put the poems into such pleasing verses that they became
deservedly popular. A second edition followed the same year, and a
second part two years later.
The impulse given by Sir John Bowring found a ready response in
the periodic press of that time. In 1824 the Westminster Review
brought out an article on Politics and Literature of Russia, which
gave a short review of eighteenth-century literature. In 1827, R. P.
Gillies gave a good sketch of Russian Literature in vol. i of the
Foreign Quarterly Review, based on the Russian work of Grech. The
same year, the Foreign Review brought out a short account, and the
next year an elaborate article on Russian Literature and Poetry, also
after Grech, which for some decades formed the basis of all the
articles and chapters dealing with the same subject in the English
language. The Foreign Quarterly Review brought out similar matter
in vol. viii, xxi, xxiii, xxix, xxx. But more interesting than these, which
are nearly all fashioned after some Russian articles, are the
excellent literary notes in every number, that kept the readers
informed on the latest productions that appeared in Russia. There
seems hardly to have been a public for these notes in England, and
indeed they get weaker with the twenty-fourth volume, and die of
inanity in the thirtieth. This early period of magazine articles is
brought to an end by Russian Literary Biography, in vol. xxxvi (1841)
of the Westminster Review.
The example set by Sir John Bowring found several imitators. We
have several anthologies, generally grouping themselves around
Púshkin, for the first half of the century: W. H. Saunders, Poetical
Translations from the Russian Language, London, 1826; [George
Borrow], The Talisman, with Other Pieces, St. Petersburg, 1835; W.
D. Lewis, The Bakchesarian Fountain, and Other Poems,
Philadelphia, 1849. The Foreign Quarterly Review brought out in
1832 translations from Bátyushkov, Púshkin, and Rylyéev, and in
Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine for 1845 T. B. Shaw gave some
excellent translations of Púshkin’s poems. Other articles, treating
individual authors, will be mentioned in their respective places.
While these meagre accounts of Russian Literature, at second
hand, and the scanty anthologies were appearing, there was
published in the Biblical Repository of Andover, Mass., in 1834, the
remarkable work by Talvi, the wife of Dr. Edward Robinson, entitled:
Historical View of the Languages and Literatures of the Slavic
Nations, and this was republished in book-form, and enlarged, in
New York, in 1850. Though there existed some special works by
Slavic scholars, Talvi’s was the first to encompass the whole field in
a scholarly and yet popular manner. It is authoritative even now in
many departments that have not been overthrown by later
investigations, and it is a matter of surprise that none of the later
English writers should have based their Russian Literatures on this
important work, or should have proceeded in the path of Slavic
studies which she had so beautifully inaugurated. There is no excuse
for G. Cox’s translation of F. Otto’s History of Russian Literature, with
a Lexicon of Russian Authors, which appeared at Oxford in 1839,
and adds a number of its own inaccuracies to the blunders of the
German original. Nor is there any notice taken of Talvi in [C. F.
Henningsen’s] Eastern Europe and the Emperor Nicholas, London,
1846, which gives a chapter on Russian Literature, mainly on
Púshkin.
In the sixties W. R. Morfill began to translate some poems from the
Russian, and towards the end of that decade, but especially in the
next, Ralston published his excellent studies on the Folksongs and
Folktales and Krylóv, and in the Contemporary Review, vols. xxiii and
xxvii, two articles on the Russian Idylls. The magazines that in the
seventies reviewed Russian Literature got everything at second
hand, and are of little value: National Quarterly Review, vol. xxiv
(1872); Catholic World, vol. xxi (1875); Harper’s Magazine, 1878. Of
books there were issued: Sutherland Edwards’s The Russians at
Home, London, 1861, a very useful work for contemporary literature,
and F. R. Grahame’s The Progress of Science, Art and Literature in
Russia, London [1865], which contains a great deal of interesting
material badly arranged and ill-digested. The chapter on Literature in
O. W. Wahl’s The Land of the Czar, London, 1875, is unimportant.
Since the eighties there have appeared a number of translations
from good foreign authors bearing on Russian Literature: Ernest
Dupuy, The Great Masters of Russian Literature in the Nineteenth
Century, translated by N. H. Dole, New York [1886]; E. M. de Vogüé,
The Russian Novelists, translated by J. L. Edmands, Boston [1887];
Dr. George Brandes, Impressions of Russia, translated by S. C.
Eastman, New York, 1889; E. P. Bazán, Russia: Its People and its
Literature, translated by F. H. Gardiner, Chicago, 1890.
The following more or less original works will be found useful: W.
R. Morfill, Slavonic Literature, London, 1883, and The Story of
Russia, New York and London, 1890; also his The Peasant Poets of
Russia (Reprint from Westminster Review), London, 1880; C. E.
Turner, Studies in Russian Literature, London, 1882, and before, in
Fraser’s Magazine for 1877; Ivan Panin, Lectures in Russian
Literature, New York and London, 1889; Memorials of a Short Life: A
Biographical Sketch of W. F. A. Gaussen (chapter on The Russian
People and their Literature), London, 1895; Prince Serge Wolkonsky,
Pictures of Russian History and Russian Literature (Lowell Lectures),
Boston, New York and London, 1897; K. Waliszewski, A History of
Russian Literature, New York, 1900, but this work must be used with
extreme caution, on account of the many inaccuracies it contains. W.
M. Griswold’s Tales Dealing with Life in Russia, Cambridge, 1892, is
a fair bibliography of all the prose translations that have appeared in
the English language before 1892. But few anthologies have of late
seen daylight: C. T. Wilson, Russian Lyrics in English Verse, London,
1887; John Pollen, Rhymes from the Russian, London, 1891 (a good
little book); E. L. Voynich, The Humour of Russia, London and New
York, 1895. The periodical “Free Russia,” published in London since
1890, contains some good translations from various writers and
occasionally some literary essay; but the most useful periodic
publication is “The Anglo-Russian Literary Society,” published in
London since 1892, and containing valuable information on literary
subjects, especially modern, and a series of good translations from
contemporary poets. Nor must one overlook the articles in the
encyclopedias, of which those in Johnson’s Cyclopedia are
especially good.
Very exhaustive statements of the modern literary movement in
Russia appear from year to year in the Athenæum. More or less
good articles on modern literature, mainly the novel, have appeared
since 1880 in the following volumes of the periodical press:
Academy, xxi and xxiii; Bookman, viii; Chautauquan, viii and xxii;
Critic, iii; Current Literature, xxii; Dial, xx; Eclectic Magazine, cxv;
Forum, xxviii; Leisure Hours, ccccxxv; Lippincott’s, lviii; Literature, i;
Living Age, clxxxv; Nation, lxv; Public Opinion, xx; Publisher’s
Weekly, liv; Temple Bar, lxxxix.
In conclusion, I desire to express my gratitude to my friends and
colleagues who have aided me in this work: to Prof. A. C. Coolidge,
for leaving at my disposal his collection of translations from the
Russian, and for many valuable hints; to Dr. F. N. Robinson, for
reading a number of my translations; to Prof. G. L. Kittredge, to
whom is largely due whatever literary merit there may be in the
introductory chapters and in the biographical sketches. I also take
this occasion to thank all the publishers and authors from whose
copyrighted works extracts have been quoted with their permission.
 CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
A Sketch of Russian Literature 1
I. The Oldest Period 3
II. The Folklore 18
III. The Eighteenth Century 26
The Oldest Period 39
Treaty with the Greeks (911) 41
Luká Zhidyáta (XI. c.) 44
Instruction to his Congregation 44
The Russian Code (XI. c.) 45
Ilarión, Metropolitan of Kíev (XI. c.) 48
Eulogy on St. Vladímir 48
Vladímir Monomákh (1053-1125) 50
His Instruction to his Children 51
Abbot Daniel, the Palmer (XII. c.) 56
Of the Holy Light, how it Descends from Heaven upon 56
the Holy Sepulchre
Epilogue 61
Cyril, Bishop of Túrov (XII. c.) 62
From a Sermon on the First Sunday after Easter 62
Néstor’s Chronicle (XII. c.) 65
The Baptism of Vladímir and of all Russia 65
The Kíev Chronicle (XII. c.) 71
 The Expedition of Ígor Svyatoslávich against the 72
Pólovtses
The Word of Ígor’s Armament (XII. c.) 80
The Holy Virgin’s Descent into Hell (XII. c.) 96
Daniel the Prisoner (XIII. c.) 100
Letter to Prince Yarosláv Vsévolodovich 101
Serapión, Bishop of Vladímir (XIII. c.) 104
A Sermon on Omens 104
The Zadónshchina (XIV. c.) 106
Afanási Nikítin (XV. c.) 111
Travel to India 111
Apocryphal Legends about King Solomon (XV. c.) 114
The Story of Kitovrás 114
Prince Kúrbski (1528-1583) 115
The Storming of Kazán 116
Letter to Iván the Terrible 118
Iván the Terrible (1530-1584) 121
Letter to Prince Kúrbski 121
The Domostróy (XVI. c.) 126
How to Educate Children and Bring them up in the 126
Fear of God
How to Teach Children and Save them through Fear 127
How Christians are to Cure Diseases and all Kinds of 128
Ailments
The Wife is always and in all Things to Take Counsel 128
with her Husband
How to Instruct Servants 129
Songs Collected by Richard James (1619-1620) 130
Incursion of the Crimean Tartars 131
 The Song of the Princess Kséniya Borísovna 132
The Return of Patriarch Filarét to Moscow 133
Krizhánich (1617-1677) 134
Political Reasons for the Union of the Churches 135
On Knowledge 136
On Foreigners 136
Kotoshíkhin (1630-1667) 136
The Education of the Princes 137
The Private Life of the Boyárs and of other Ranks 139
Simeón Pólotski (1629-1680) 149
On the Birth of Peter the Great 150
An Evil Thought 151
The Magnet 151
The Story of Misery Luckless-Plight (XVII. or XVIII. c.) 152
The Folklore 161
Epic Songs 163
Volkh Vseslávevich 163
Ilyá of Múrom and Nightingale the Robber 165
Historical Songs 172
Yermák 172
The Boyár’s Execution 174
The Storming of Ázov 176
Folksongs 177
Kolyádka 178
Bowl-Song 179
A Parting Scene 179
The Dove 180