Types of tampered urine specimen

•urine substitution
•ingestion of fluids or compounds of flushing out the system
•direct addition of adulterants to the urine specimen itself

Types of poison
* Alcohol.
* Berries and Seeds.
* Carbon Monoxide.
* Food Poisoning.
* Hazardous Chemicals.
* Herbal Supplements.
* Household Products.
* Inhalants.

Chromatographic Technique
•Liquid Chromatography,
•Gas Chromatography,
•Thin-Layer Chromatography
•Paper Chromatography.

Types of Gun powder

•Black powder
•Brown powder
•White powder (also known as smokeless gunpowder)
•gun powder flash

Other names of paraffin test

1. Lunges test
2. Diphenylamine test
3. Dermal nitrate test
4. Gonzales test

Factors to be considered for false negative result:

1. Type of caliber of ammunition
2. Use of gloves
3. Length of the barrel
4. Age of the gun/ efficiency of mechanism
5. Direction of firing
6. Wind Direction and velocity
7. Humidity/ percentage moisture in air
8. When 72 hours has already lapsed

Elements of Arson
•there has been a burning of property.
•the burning is incendiary in origin.
•the burning was started with the intent of destroying the property

Classification of explosives according to velocity

•High Explosives
•Low Explosives

Elements of poisoning
•the poison, the poisoned organism, the injury to the cells, and the symptoms and signs
or death

HPLC-High-performance liquid chromatography

GCMS-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MDMA-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
RDX- Royal Demolition explosive,
ANFO- Ammonium nitrate–fuel oil
SEM- Scanning electron microscopy
TLC- Thin layer chromatography
LSD- lysergic acid diethylamide
TNT- trinitrotoluene
FTIR- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy