9.

3 Confidence Interval and Significance Test

when s is unknown

Replace287
norffination
s for s and t* for z*
I
Estimating s, the T-distribution
f
In most real problems you will not know s, so you must
estimate with s

o s tends to be smaller than s so to compensate we

adjust z* with a larger value, this is called t*
o The value of t* comes from a chart similar to the
one for z*
o t* = invt(area, DF) ar

ii
Degrees of freedom (DF) = n – 1
n = sample size

t interval
Confidence Interval when s is unknown
&
!̅ ± $ ∗ ∙ Is
√(

Hypothesis Test when s is unknown t

test
Step 1: Name your test, there are no conditions to
check because we only have our sample to work from.
But you can write down observations if it does not seem
like an SRS.

Step 2: Null and Alternate Hypothesis. The Null

must be a sentence.

Step 3: Calculations.

Step 4: Conclusion.
Ex: Claim: Earth is < 93 million miles from sun. In 15
different measurements: t test

!̅ = 92.93 / = .112 (234435()

Test with µ = .10

sun is maffillion
distance from the
Ho the average

Ha n.ca
tests t test
Stat
in

Y s
x̅
s
n
NEG
t tt

t invt 90 14

reject
1.345J
distance
evidence that the average
is less ton
We have Earth to the
sun
from the
93 milli
 5.17 ᵈ
6.17 stat tests interval
6.26
4.26
4
3.17 4.33 5.71
3.76 192
4.76
4.90 x̅ T 5.01911971ft
6.57 n
5.17
invt 96,9
Create a 92% Confidence Interval for the data.

We are
m.EE EEas.n