Integrative Medicine, Fourth Edition

David Rake
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Integrative Medicine

FOURTH EDITION

David Rakel, MD
Professor and Chair, Department of Family and Community Medicine,
University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Using the Evidence-Versus-Harm Grading Icons

Part I. Integrative Medicine

Chapter 1. Philosophy of Integrative Medicine

A Brief History of Integrative Medicine

Integrative Medicine
 Reducing Suffering

The Future

Conclusion

Chapter 2. Creating Optimal Healing Environments

The Optimal Healing Environment

Spiritual Connection

Creating an Optimal Healing Environment in the Clinical Setting

Foundations of a Healing Encounter

The Value of Creating Optimal Healing Environments

Chapter 3. The Healing Encounter

Practitioner Versus Pill

Mindfulness in Your Practice

The 3 Ps: Pause, Presence, and Proceed

Five Questions to Consider Before Prescribing a Therapy

Steps to Enhance the Healing Encounter

Conclusion

Chapter 4. The Whole Health Process

Value Over Volume

Patient-Defined Goals

Innovative Health Systems

The Circle of Health

Three Questions

Developing the Personal Health Plan

Four-Step Process for Health Planning

The Value of the Whole Health Process

Part II. Integrative Approach To Disease

Section I. Affective Disorders

Chapter 5. Depression
Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Nutrition

Dietary Supplements

Botanicals

Mind–Body Therapy

Other Traditional Healing Techniques

Acupuncture

Phototherapy

Pharmaceuticals

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Therapies to Consider for Depression

Novel Treatments Having Preliminary Studies

Chapter 6. Anxiety
Definition and Diagnostic Criteria

Comorbid Conditions

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 7. Attention Deficit Disorder

Definitions, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
 Integrative Therapy

Lifestyle

Biochemical Therapies

Chapter 8. Autism Spectrum Disorder

Prevalence, Characteristics, and Guidelines for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Therapies in Autism

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Pharmaceuticals

Supplements

Botanicals and Herbal

Mind-Body Medicine

Chapter 9. Insomnia
Definitions

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Mind-Body Therapy

Chapter 10. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Definition and Diagnostic Criteria

Integrative Therapy

Mind-Body

Acupuncture

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Pharmacotherapies
Section II. Neurology

Chapter 11. Alzheimer Disease

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 12. Headache

Migraine Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Tension-Type Headache

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 13. Peripheral Neuropathy

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 14. Multiple Sclerosis

Pathophysiology

Etiology

Diagnosis

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 15. Parkinson’s Disease

Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Acupuncture

Pharmaceuticals
 Surgery

Mind-Body Connection

Section III. Infectious Disease

Chapter 16. Otitis Media

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 17. Chronic Sinusitis

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Integrative Therapy: Treating and Preventing Sinus Infections and Colds

Chapter 18. Viral Upper Respiratory Infection

Integrative Therapies

Chapter 19. HIV Disease and AIDS

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 20. Herpes Simplex Virus

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestation

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 21. Chronic Hepatitis

Pathophysiology
 Integrative Therapy

Nutrition

Chapter 22. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Integrative Therapies

Chapter 23. Lyme Disease

Epidemiology

Integrative Therapy

Acute Infection

Chronic Persistent Symptoms

Section IV. Cardiovascular Disease

Chapter 24. Hypertension

Integrative Therapy

Therapies to Consider

Chapter 25. Heart Failure

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 26. Coronary Artery Disease

Integrative Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Supplements

Other Therapies
Chapter 27. Dyslipidemia
Introduction

Pathophysiology

Testing

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 28. Arrhythmias

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Conclusion

Section V. Allergy/ Intolerance

Chapter 29. Asthma

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 30. The Allergic Patient

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 31. Food Allergy and Intolerance

Nomenclature

Pathophysiology

Research Validation

Diagnosis

Integrative Therapy
Section VI. Metabolic/Endocrine Disorders

Chapter 32. Insulin Resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome

Defining Metabolic Syndrome

Prevalence

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 33. Diabetes Mellitus

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 34. Hypothyroidism

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 35. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 36. Osteoporosis

Epidemiology and Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 37. An Integrative Approach to Obesity

Introduction

Pathophysiology
 Integrative Therapy

Chapter 38. MTHFR, Homocysteine and Nutrient Needs

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 39. Adrenal Fatigue

The Natural Stress Response

Diagnosing Adrenal Fatigue

Integrative Therapy

Section VII. Nephrology

Chapter 40. Chronic Kidney Disease

Introduction

Integrative Therapy

Section VIII. Gastrointestinal Disorders

Chapter 41. Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 42. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy
Chapter 43. Peptic Ulcer Disease
Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 44. Cholelithiasis

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 45. Recurring Abdominal Pain in Pediatrics

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 46. Constipation

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Section IX. Autoimmune Disorders

Chapter 47. Fibromyalgia

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 48. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 49. Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pathophysiology
 Integrative Therapy

Chapter 50. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Introduction and Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Section X. Obstetrics/Gynecology

Chapter 51. Preconception Counseling and Fertility

Overview

Introduction

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 52. Labor Pain Management

Physiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 53. Postdates Pregnancy

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 54. Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 55. Managing Menopausal Symptoms

Introduction

Physiology of the Female Reproductive Life Cycle

 Integrative Therapy

Chapter 56. Premenstrual Syndrome

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 57. Dysmenorrhea

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 58. Uterine Fibroids (Leiomyomata)

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 59. Vaginal Dryness

Description and Prevalence

Physiology of Vaginal Lubrication

Pathophysiology of Vaginal Epithelium

Integrative Therapy

Section XI. Urology

Chapter 60. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 61. Urolithiasis (Kidney and Bladder Stones)

Pathophysiology
 Integrative Therapy

Chapter 62. Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 63. Erectile Dysfunction

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 64. Testosterone Deficiency

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Section XII. Musculoskeletal

Chapter 65. Osteoarthritis

Pathophysiology

Integrative Approaches

Chapter 66. Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 67. Chronic Low Back Pain

 Introduction

Pathophysiology

Evaluation

History

Physical Examination

Red Flags

Yellow Flags

Subgrouping

Imaging

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 68. Neck Pain

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 69. Gout

Pathogenesis and History

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 70. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 71. Epicondylosis

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Section XIII. Dermatology

Chapter 72. Atopic Dermatitis
Pathophysiology and Diagnosis

Integrative Therapy

Lifestyle and Supportive Care

Nutrition

Chapter 73. Psoriasis

Pathophysiology and Clinical Background

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 74. Urticaria

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 75. Aphthous Stomatitis

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 76. Seborrheic Dermatitis

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 77. Acne Vulgaris and Acne Rosacea

Acne Vulgaris

Integrative Therapy

Rosacea

Pathophysiology of Rosacea
 Integrative Therapy

Section XIV. Cancer

Chapter 78. Breast Cancer

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Screening

Integrative Therapies

Integrative Management of Side Effects From Breast Cancer Treatment

Chapter 79. Lung Cancer

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 80. Prostate Cancer

Background

Prostate Cancer Screening

Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Staging

Integrative Therapy

Chapter 81. Colorectal Cancer

Natural History

Incidence and Prevalence

Screening

Risk Factors

Primary and Secondary Prevention

 Medications

Treatment

Survivorship and Tertiary Prevention

Chapter 82. Palliative and End-of-Life Care

Pathophysiology

Common Issues in Palliative Care

Pain Management

Nausea, Vomiting, and Constipation

Dyspnea

Anxiety and Depression

Anxiety and Depression

Delirium

Spiritual Care

Bereavement

Integrative Therapies

Section XV. Substance Abuse

Chapter 83. Alcoholism and Substance Abuse

Pathophysiology

Integrative Therapy

Section XVI. Ophthalmology

Chapter 84. Cataracts

Pathophysiology
 Screening

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Integrative Therapy

Nutrition

Supplements

Botanicals

Surgery

Chapter 85. Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Pathophysiology

Screening

Risk Factors

Integrative Therapy

Part III. Tools For Your Practice

Section IA. Lifestyle: Nutrition

Chapter 86. The Elimination Diet

Pathophysiology of Nonallergic Food Intolerances

Pathophysiology of Leaky Gut Syndrome: Gut-Immune Barrier

Summary of a Pragmatic Approach for Recommending an Elimination Diet

Chapter 87. Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load

Glycemic Index

Glycemic Load

Disease Prevention and Management

 Conclusion

Chapter 88. Antiinflammatory Diet

Introduction

Conclusion

Chapter 89. The DASH Diet

What is the DASH Diet?

How Much Can I Expect My Blood Pressure to Come Down?

Besides Lowering Sodium, by What Other Means Might the DASH Diet Benefit Health?

Besides Lowering Blood Pressure, How Else Does this Diet Affect Cardiovascular Health?

Does this Diet Reduce the Risk for Cancer?

How does this Diet Affect Bone Health?

Can the DASH Diet Slow Cognitive Decline?

What Foods are Emphasized in this Diet, and How Do they Influence One’s Health?

Chapter 90. The FODMaP Diet

What Does FODMaP Stand For?

What is the Mechanism of Action?

What Type of Condition is FODMaP Best Used For?

Which IBS Symptoms are Reduced the Most?

Is it the Elimination of Sugar or Food Proteins that Results in the Greatest Benefit?

What to Tell Your Patients When Placing them on the FODMaP Diet

What are the Limitations of the FODMaP Diet?

Section IB. Lifestyle: Exercise

Chapter 91. Writing an Exercise Prescription

 Basic Principles

The Five Components of Fitness

The FITT Principle for Exercise Programming

Cardiorespiratory Training

Resistance Training

Levels of Exercise Prescription

The Key Three Strength Program

Flexibility Versus Stability

Balance and Agility

Chapter 92. Therapeutic Breathing

What is Therapeutic BreathING?

The Mechanism of Breathing

Paced and Patterned Breathing

Muscle/Body Emphasis in Breath Work

Airway Resistance in Breath Work

Resources for Practicing Therapeutic Breathing

Chapter 93. Low Back Pain Exercises

Breathing and Relaxation Training

Flexibility Training

Strength Training

Coordination Training

Section II. Mind-Body

Chapter 94. Relaxation Techniques

Introduction
Chapter 95. Self-Hypnosis Techniques
The Six Main Steps

Homework for the Patient

What to Look for in a Consultant

Chapter 96. Enhancing Heart Rate Variability

Background

Polyvagal Theory

Physiology and Measurement of Heart Rate Variability

Heart Rate Variability and Health

The Basics Matter

Making Recommendations to the Patient

Steps to Enhance Heart Rate Variability

A Simple Beginning

Chapter 97. Guided Imagery and Interactive Guided Imagery

What is Guided Imagery?

Applications in Medicine

How does Imagery Work?

Commonly Used Treatment Techniques

How to Get Started with Guided Imagery

The Structure of a Typical Interactive Guided Imagery Session

Precautions and Contraindications

Resources

Chapter 98. Journaling for Health

Pathophysiology of Disclosure

Journaling After a Stressful Event

 Key Areas of Research

Writing Characteristics Associated with Health

Precautions

Relationship-Centered Care

Chapter 99. Forgiveness

The Health Effects of Forgiveness

The Nature of Forgiveness

Guidelines for Helping People to Forgive

Conclusion

Chapter 100. Recommending Meditation

What is Meditation?

Why Meditate?

Review of Meditation Research

Mindfulness in Medical Practice

Types of Meditation

Movement as Meditation

Chapter 101. Motivational Interviewing

Three Helping Styles

Foundation or Spirit of Motivational Interviewing

What Difference May it Make if a Motivational Interviewing Approach is Used?

Helping Clients Find and Use Their Motivation

Helping the Client Access His or Her Motivation for Change

Enhancing Your Motivational Interviewing Skills

Chapter 102. Emotional Awareness for Pain

 Introduction

Their Pain is Real

The Psychology of Pain

Diagnosis of Psychophysiologic Disorders

Treatment Approach

Conclusion

Chapter 103. Energy Psychology

Case Study 1: Fear of a Flu Shot

Case Study 2: Bloating, Weight Gain, and Anxiety

What is Energy Psychology?

What is the Evidence for Energy Psychology?

How Does Energy Psychology Work?

How Do I Get Started?

How Do I Get Trained?

Importance of Personal Practice and Development

Energy Psychology as a First-Line Treatment

Section III. Biochemical

Chapter 104. Prescribing Botanicals

Overview

Who Uses Herbs?

What Else are they Taking?

Talking About Herbs with Patients

Efficacy

Safety Considerations
 Choosing a Brand or Product: a Question of Quality

Dosing

Conclusion

Chapter 105. Prescribing Probiotics

Why Probiotics?

How the Human Microbiota is Established and Altered

What are Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics?

How Do Probiotics Work? Potential Mechanisms

What are the Clinical Indications for Prebiotics and Probiotics?

Prescribing Probiotics: Which Ones, What Dose, and How Should They be Taken?

Do Natural Food Sources Provide Probiotics?

How Safe are Probiotics?

Conclusion

Chapter 106. Detoxification

What is Detoxification and Why Do it?

Testing for Toxins

Chelation Therapy

Sauna Therapy

Exercise

Nutrition

Manual Therapies

Chapter 107. Chelation Therapy

Introduction

History of Chelation Uses

The Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy

 Clinical Use of Chelation Therapy

Treatment of Heavy Metal Intoxication

Pharmacological Approaches

Natural Products

Summary

Chapter 108. Integrative Strategies for Planetary Health

A Systems Approach

The Precautionary Principle

Pressing Ecological Problems in Today’s World: Three Examples

Personal and Planetary Health in Everyday Life

Conclusion

Section IV. Biomechanical

Chapter 109. Strain/Counterstrain

History and Theory of Counterstrain Therapy

Practical Applications of Counterstrain Therapy

Examples of the Technique

Benefits

Limitations

Chapter 110. Acupuncture for Headache

Overview

Mechanism of Action

Safety of Acupuncture

Training in Acupuncture

Techniques
 Evidence for Acupuncture in Headache

Selecting Acupuncture and Acupressure Points

During an Acupuncture Treatment

Posttreatment Home Program

What to Look for in an Acupuncturist

Conclusion

Chapter 111. Acupuncture for Nausea and Vomiting

Overview

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

Pregnancy-Related Nausea and Vomiting

Motion Sickness

Acupuncture Points for Nausea and Vomiting

During an Acupuncture Treatment

Posttreatment Home Program

What to Look for in an Acupuncturist

Conclusion

Chapter 112. Prolotherapy for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

Introduction and History

What Is Prolotherapy?

Basic Science

Clinical Research

Contraindications

Common Side Effects

Adverse Events

Practical Considerations
 A Case Example: Lateral Epicondylosis

Insurance Coverage

Chapter 113. Nasal Irrigation for Upper Respiratory Conditions

The Science

Technique Variations

Irrigant Variations

Pediatric Use

Recommended Dose for Treatment and Prevention

Safety

Practical Use of Sni

Section V. Bioenergetics

Chapter 114. Integrating Spiritual Assessment and Care

The Five Clinical Goals of Spiritual Assessment and Care

Chapter 115. Therapeutic Homeopathy

Why homeopathy?

What is Homeopathy?

How are Homeopathic Remedies Prepared?

How do Homeopathic Remedies Work?

How are Homeopathic Medicines Prescribed?

For which Conditions can Homeopathic Treatments be Used?

Conclusion

Chapter 116. Biofield Therapies

Defining Energy Medicine
 Energy Medicine Research

Guidelines for Making an Energy Medicine Referral

Incorporating Energy Medicine Approaches Into One’s Own Practice

Section VI. Other

Chapter 117. Creating a Greener Clinic: The Impact of Global Warming

on Health
A Primer on Life Cycle Assessment

Conclusion

Chapter 118. Integrative Medicine for the Underserved

Introduction

Health Inequities

Social Determinants of Health (SDH)

Why Integrative Care is Especially Valuable with the Underserved

Facilitating Behavioral Change

Provider Characteristics for Healing the Underserved

Affordable Approaches and Sustainable Programs

Examples of Affordable Services by Intervention Type

Characteristics of Successful Integrative Programs for the Underserved

An Example of a Sustainable Alternative Medicine Hospital Practice

Example of Group Visit at a Federally Qualified Community Health Center

Achieving Buy-In from Administration

Outside the Exam Room: Activism

Index
Copyright

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INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE, FOURTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-35868-

2

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Rakel, David, editor.

Title: Integrative medicine / [edited by] David Rakel.
Other titles: Integrative medicine (Rakel)
Description: Fourth edition. | Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2017. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017000204 | ISBN 9780323358682 (hardcover: alk.
paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Integrative Medicine--methods | Complementary
Therapies--methods | Preventive Medicine--methods | Primary Health
Care--methods
Classification: LCC R733 | NLM WB 113 | DDC 616--dc23 LC record
available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017000204

Senior Content Strategist: Sarah Barth

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Printed in the United States

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Dedication

For the students, residents, fellows, friends, and colleagues at

the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public
Health. Thank you for your support and guidance over the past
16 years.
Contributors

Robert Abel Jr. MD

Delaware Ophthalmology Consultants, Wilmington, Delaware
Former Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson
University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Ather Ali, ND, MPH, MHS

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Director, Yale Adult and
Pediatric Integrative Medicine Clinic
Medical Director, Integrative Medicine, Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale-
New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut

Judith Balk, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Obstetrics and

Gynecology, Allegheny Health Network, Temple University, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania

Bruce Barrett, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Family Medicine

and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and
Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin

David K. Becker, MD, HS Clinical Professor, Department of

Pediatrics, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of
California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California

Paul E. Bergquist, MD
Physician Member, American Institute of Homeopathy
Family Practice Physican, Family Practice and Complementary Medicine,
Vernon Memorial Hospital and Clinics, Viroqua, Wisconsin

Apple A. Bodemer, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of

Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Robert Alan Bonakdar, MD, Director of Pain Management, Scripps
Center for Integrative Medicine, Health Sciences Assistant Clinical
Professor (Nonsalaried), Department of Family Medicine and Public
Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,
California

Samudragupta Bora, PhD

Postdoctoral Fellow, Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital
Postdoctoral Fellow, Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts

Suhani Bora, MD, Research Fellow, Department of Pediatric Newborn

Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts

Amy C. Brown, PhD, Department of Complementary and Alternative

Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii

Remy R. Coeytaux, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of

Community and Family Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute,
Durham, North Carolina

Stephen Dahmer, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Family

Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York, New York

Douglas E. Dandurand, PhD, MDiv, MA, MAS, Spiritual Facilitator,

Minnesota Personalized Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Alan M. Dattner, MD, CEO and Founder, HolisticDermatology.com,

New York, New York

Brian Degenhardt, DO
Associate Research Professor, Kirksville College of Osteopathic
Medicine, A. T. Still University
Director, A. T. Still Research Institute, Kirksville, Missouri
Co-Medical Director, Ridgway Integrative Medicine, Ridgway, Colorado

Gautam J. Desai, DO, FACOFP, Professor, Division of Primary Care,

Kansas City University, Kansas City, Missouri

Stephen Devries, MD, FACC, FAHA

Executive Director, Gaples Institute for Integrative Cardiology
Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

Dennis J. Dowling, DO
Private Practice, Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine Associates, Syosset,
New York
Director of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, Clinical Skills Testing
Center, National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners,
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
Director of Osteopathic Manipulative Services, Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New
York

Jeanne A. Drisko, MD, Director and Professor, KU Integrative

Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas

Jeffery Dusek, PhD, Research Director, Integrative Health and

Medicine Research Center, Allina Center for Healthcare Innovation, The
Penny George Institute for Health and Healing, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Connie J. Earl, DO, ABIHM

Director of Integrative Medicine, West County Health Centers,
Forestville, California
Assistant Professor of Family Medicine, University of California San
Francisco–Santa Rosa Family Medicine Residency, Santa Rosa, California

Robert Z. Edwards, MD, Family Physician, GHC of South Central

Wisconsin, DeForest, Wisconsin

Joseph Eichenseher, MD, MAT

Access Community Health Center
Clinical Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin

Ann C. Figurski, DO, Osteopathic Family Medicine Physician, Clinical

Instructor, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Amanda C. Filippelli, MSN, MPH, RN, APRN, Pediatric Nurse
Practitioner, Pulmonary Department, Connecticut Children’s Medical
Center, Hartford, Connecticut

Luke Fortney, MD, FAAFP, Family and Integrative Medicine, Sauk

Prairie Healthcare, Spring Green, Wisconsin

Alan R. Gaby, MD, Past President of the American Holistic Medical

Association, Author of the textbook Nutritional Medicine, Former
Professor of Nutrition and Clinical Faculty, Bastyr University, Kenmore,
Washington

Louise Gagné, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Community Health

and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada

Paula Gardiner, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Family Medicine,

Boston Universtiy Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Tracy Gaudet, MD, Executive Director, National Office of Patient

Centered Care and Cultural Transformation, Washington, DC

Jeffrey Geller, MD
Director of Integrative Medicine and Group Visits, Family Practice,
Greater Lawrence Family Health Center
Director of HIP Fellowship, Integrative Medicine, Lawrence Family
Practice Residency, Lawrence, Massachusetts

Katherine Gergen-Barnett, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of

Family Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston,
Massachusetts

Andrea Gordon, MD
Director of Integrative Medicine, Tufts University Family Medicine
Program, Cambridge Health Alliance, Malden, Massachusetts
Associate Professor, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston,
Massachusetts

Russell H. Greenfield, MD
Director, Greenfield Integrative Healthcare, PLLC, Charlotte, North
Carolina
Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Hana Grobel, MD, Integrative Family Physician, San Mateo,

California

Thomas G. Guilliams, PhD

Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin School of
Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
Vice President–Scientific Affairs, Ortho Molecular Products Inc., Stevens
Point, Wisconsin

Steven Gurgevich, PhD

Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Arizona Center for Intergrative
Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine
Faculty, Fellow, and Approved Consultant, The American Society of
Clinical Hypnosis
Private Practice, Behavioral Medicine, Ltd., Tucson, Arizona

Fasih A. Hameed, MD, ABIHM

Director of Integrative Services, Petaluma Health Center, Petaluma,
California
Assistant Clinical Professor, University of California, San Francisco-Santa
Rosa Family Medicine Residency, Santa Rosa, California

Adrienne Hampton, MD, Department of Family Medicine, University

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Patrick J. Hanaway, MD, Medical Director, Center for Functional

Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio

Joshua Harbaugh, OMSIV, Kansas City University of Medicine and

Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri

John W. Harrington, MD
Division Director, General Academic Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of
The King’s Daughters
Professor of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk,
Virginia

James Harvie, PEng, Executive Director, Institute for a Sustainable

Future, Duluth, Minnesota

Supriya Hayer, MD, Research Specialist, Department of Family

Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Community
Health, Madison, Wisconsin

Michael Hernke, PhD, Lecturer, University of Wisconsin School of

Business, Madison, Wisconsin

Michael J. Hewitt, PhD, Research Director for Exercise Science,

Department of Exercise Physiology, Canyon Ranch Health Resort,
Tucson, Arizona

Randy J. Horwitz, MD, PhD

Medical Director, Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine
Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Arizona College of
Medicine, Tucson, Arizona

Mark Houston, MD, MS, MSc

Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
Instructor in Medicine, Physical Medicine, Georgetown Medical School,
Washington, DC

Corene Humphreys, ND, Director, Nutritional Medicine Ltd., Medical

Research Consultant, Auckland, New Zealand

Alexandra Ilkevitch, MD, Clinical Instructor, Department of

Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of
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Robert S. Ivker, DO
Co-founder and Former President, American Board of Integrative
Holistic Medicine
Medical Director, Fully Alive Medicine, Boulder, Colorado

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Director, BlueWave Medicine, Sausalito, California

Sarah James, DO, Department of Family Medicine, University of

Wisconsin School of Medicine and Community Health, Madison,
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Hwee Soo Jeong, MD, Associate Professor of Family and Integrative

Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea

Julia Jernberg, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal
Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, General Medicine, and Palliative
Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison,
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Wayne Jonas, MD
Professor of Family Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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David J. Kearney, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of

Washington School of Medicine, Director, MBR Program, VA Puget
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and Wellness, Professor, Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus,
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David Kiefer, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Family

Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of
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Marcia Klein-Patel, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Temple University

School of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Philadelphia,
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Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York

Mikhail Kogan, MD
Medical Director, GW Center for Integrative Medicine
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Wendy Kohatsu, MD
Director, Integrative Medicine Fellowship, Santa Rosa Family Medicine
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Univeristy of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

Greta J. Kuphal, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, University of

Wisconsin Integrative Medicine, Department of Family Medicine,
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,
Wisconsin

Jost Langhorst, MD, Director, Center for Integrative Gastroenterology,

University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Taryn Lawler, DO, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of

Family Medicine and Community Health, Academic Integrative
Medicine Fellow, Madison, Wisconsin

Richard T. Lee, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve
University School of Medicine
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Primary Care, Southern Arizona Veteran’s Administration Healthcare
System
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Community Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Native Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska

Sanford H. Levy, MD, FACP, ABIHM, Clinical Associate Professor of

Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo Medical School,
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Founding Member, American Board of Integrative Holistic Medicine,
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Director of Maternity Services, Department of Family Medicine,
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Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto,
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Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington

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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Emir Ikenukhen, 244, 504, 505

Fabu, 67
Fafa, 194, 197, 250, 379
Faguibine, Lake, 33
Faidherbe, General, 17, 24, 352, 500
Fandu, 314, 316
Fanta, 380
Farca, 268, 270, 272, 273
Farimake, 372
Fatimata Azzer’a, 237
Faure, Felix, President, 176
Festing, Major, 474-477, 481, 482, 487, 490
Fily or Fili Kanté, 97, 304, 333, 337, 340, 469, 480
Fituka, 316
Flatters, 114, 145, 244, 391
Flint, Mr., 490
Fogne, 443
Fonssagrives, 458, 474
Footah, 66, 280, 352
Forcades, The, 495
Forcados, 492, 495
Forgo, 164
Fort Archinard, 39, 298, 302, 306, 317, 320-325, 332-337, 339, 344, 348, 356,
360, 371, 387, 392, 398-400, 403, 508
Fort Arenberg or Taubman-Goldie, 470, 471, 473
Fort Goree, 21
Froger, Naval-Ensign, 7
Fulahs or Peuls, the, 3, 65, 75, 78, 129, 166, 181, 194, 202, 251, 271, 280,
309, 312, 314, 316, 325, 351, 352, 359, 362, 363, 368, 379, 386, 394, 396,
408, 422, 436, 454
Futanis, the, 406, 408, 411, 426
Futankés, the, 282, 290, 385, 406

Gaberos, the, 181, 315, 316, 382, 384

Gabibi, the, 216
Gagno, 422
Galam, 496
Gallieni, Colonel, 67, 284, 500
Gambia, the, 6
Gando, 428, 429, 438, 454
Gao or Garo, 165-167, 268, 279, 506, 507
Gao-Wâdy, 242, 243
Garafiri, 462, 467
Garama, 166
Garamantes, the, 166
Gardio, 140
Garnier, Francis, 511
Gauthiot, M., 36, 37, 170
Geba, 471-476, 481, 486
Geigelia, 93
Gheres, 237
Gherinecha, 237, 238
Gilua, 439
Giraudon, M. de, 352
Girris, 427-429, 435
Gober or Sinder, 207, 313, 507
Gomba, 433, 436, 437
Goruberi, 411, 414, 420, 424
Gorubi, 412
Gourma, 316, 317, 328
Grodet, M., 20, 28, 32, 289
Grunner, Dr , 428, 438
Guadjibo or Badjibo, 470, 471, 473, 476
Guinina, 67
Gumba, 405
Gundam, 129
Gungi, 134, 136, 140
Guni, 62
Gurao, 74, 77, 334
Gurienisi, the, 325
Gurma, 354, 366, 387

Ha, 163
Habés, the, 367
Habibulaye, 78, 80, 81
Hacquart, Father, 83, 87, 94, 97, 103, 107, 118, 136, 145, 156-158, 172-174,
258, 272, 278, 279, 283, 290, 303, 324, 338, 340, 341, 351, 398, 427, 430,
432, 510
Hadji Hamet, 427, 428, 430, 432, 435
Hamadi, 80, 87, 89
Hamda-Allahi, 76, 78, 314, 365
Hameit, a sheriff, 104, 135, 140
Hamma Tansa, 392
Hanotaux, Commandant, 228
Haussa, 222, 325, 381, 395, 411, 429, 430, 439, 482
Hoggars, the, 81, 114, 136, 144-146, 231, 244-246
Hombori, 367, 373
Hugo, 282-284, 393

Ibnu, 118, 119

Ibrahim, 155, 161, 397
Ibrahim Bubakar, 342
Ibrahim Galadio, 288, 312-314, 351, 360, 362-367, 371, 372, 382
Idris, 192, 194
Ifoghas, the, 190, 192, 241
Igga, 440, 454, 479, 485
Igharghar, 243
Igwadaren, the, 91, 104, 106, 116-135, 142-145, 148, 209, 217, 240
Ihaggaren, the, 144, 215, 225, 227, 230, 231, 240, 249
Ikum, 440
Ilo, 426, 430, 431, 434-437, 474
Ioraghen, the, 129
Iregnaten, the, 129
Issa, 434
Issa-Ber, 33

Jenné, 52, 73, 96, 352

Jesero, 438
Joffre, Colonel, 33
Joliba or Upper Niger, 5
Jouenne, Dr., 8

Kabara, 81, 83, 90, 91, 93, 102, 121

Kagha, 90, 100, 107, 108, 174
Kaheide, 30
Kale, 392
Kambaris, the, 440
Kandji, 462
Kardieba, 127, 148
Karma, 281, 282, 313, 414
Karu, 251, 257
Kayes, 27, 30, 38, 39, 41, 49, 73, 476, 500
Kebbi, 317, 377, 409, 411, 413, 439
Kel Ahara, the, 238, 240, 241
Kel Air, the, 168, 177, 180
Kel Antassar, the, 33, 103, 118, 125
Kel Avis, the, 192
Kel Es Suk, the, 104, 121, 136, 162, 182-186, 207, 208, 217, 269, 270
Kel Gheres, the, 231, 237, 243, 246, 282
Kel Gossi, the, 100, 101, 107, 241
Kel Kumeden, the, 238, 240, 241
Kel Owi, the, 122, 142, 143
Kel Tedjiuane, the, 238, 240, 241
Kel Temulai, the, 102, 104, 106-110, 114, 173, 209, 375
Kendadji, 265, 438
Kibtachi, 296, 313, 381-384, 403, 405
Kieka-Sanké, 62-64
Kisira, 445
Kita, 9, 50, 51, 54, 408
Koa, 100
Kokoro, 276
Kolikoro, 8, 12, 22, 52-59, 62, 63, 73
Koly Mody, 373
Kompa, 282, 405-408, 411, 417, 420, 424
Kongu, 124
Konnari, 394
Konotasi, 462, 467
Koridjuga, 62
Koriomé, 8, 81
Koyraberos, the, 306, 309, 311, 323, 324, 361, 381, 508
Kpatachi, 462
Kuka, 491
Kunari, 373
Kundji, 438
Kunta, 108
Kuntas, the, 77, 81, 87-91, 100-103, 105, 106, 140, 141, 146, 152, 172, 177
Kurteyes, the, 181, 268, 271, 274, 278, 282, 316, 326, 382, 393, 425, 434, 435
Kutkuole, 282
Kutungu, 265

Labezenga, 193, 252, 257, 260, 261, 264, 370, 406

Lamothe, M. de, 23, 27
Lander, Richard, 472
Lankafu, 438
Laperrine, Captain, 145
Larba, 312
Lat-Dior, 23
Lavigerie, Mgr., 84
Leba, 453, 456, 457, 470, 471, 473, 476
Lefort, Sub-lieutenant, 8
Lemta or Lemtuma, 204, 240
Liptako, 372
Logomaten, the, 218, 242, 252, 270, 312
Lokodja, 344, 473, 475, 479, 480-485, 488

M’Pal, 23
Ma, 55, 56
Mabrok, 90
Madani, 292
Madecali, 420, 423-426, 434
Mademba Seye, 66-69, 71, 73
Madidu, Chief of the Awellimiden, 104-107, 136, 154, 155, 164-168, 170-180,
183, 192, 194-196, 217, 219, 240, 247, 265, 266, 271, 277, 286, 312, 368,
372, 382, 387, 426
Madunia, 102, 112
Mage, The, 9, 10, 74
Malet, Sir Edward, 10, 413
Malinke, the, 54
Malo, 277
Mamadu, 97
Mamé, 96, 97, 109, 259, 260, 263, 434
Manambugu, 8, 9, 52
Mandao, Osmane, 17, 26
Marchand, 36, 38
Marka, 274
Massala, 56
Massenya, 1
Massina, 8, 280, 312, 314, 316, 353, 367, 371, 372, 386, 394, 405
Matam, 30
Matar Samba, 87, 95
Mattei, Commandant, 483, 484, 488
Mauri, 313, 377, 413
Maussinissa, 202
Milali, 107
Mizon, 451, 470, 482
Modibo Konna, 394, 396, 397
Mohamed Askia, 165
Mohamed ben Eddain, 208
Mohamed Uld Mbirikat, 118, 121-123, 127, 130, 134, 136, 140
Mohammed ben Abdallah, 88, 201
Mohammed Djebbo, 385
Monteil, Colonel, 6, 7, 11, 17, 285, 360, 412, 413, 421
Mopti, 34, 140, 386, 394, 405
Mores, 474
Morning Star, The, 472
Morocco, 144, 204, 208, 209, 216
Mosi, 216
Mossi, 39, 65, 66, 316, 325, 353, 354, 373, 375, 377-379
Mount Davoust, 440
Mount Delagarde, 440
Mount Kolikoro, 56, 57
Mount Tondibi, 163
Moyadikoira, 147
Mumi, 386, 387
Mungo Park, 5, 6, 9, 165, 439, 500
Mussa, 97, 337
Mycenæ, 118

Naba of Wagadugu, 378

Nabi Mussa or Mises, 375
Namantugu Mame, 412
Neschrun, 185, 186
Ngiti-Sokoto, the, 243
Ngouna, 33
Ngubi-Sokoto, the, 437
N’Guna, 103, 105
Niger, the, 2, 5-14, 17, 18, 22, 23, 32, 33, 36-39, 42, 44, 52, 54, 56, 72-74, 78,
82, 84, 94, 96, 99, 101, 105, 116, 128, 129, 142, 146, 152, 157, 160, 163,
165-168, 176, 182, 185, 191, 193, 202, 209, 210, 242, 243, 262, 263, 269,
271, 273, 279, 281, 289, 290, 294, 295, 298, 314, 334, 344, 350, 353, 368,
386, 393, 404, 405-408, 411-415, 421, 440, 453, 458, 460, 464, 470, 472,
477, 483, 488, 492, 493, 495, 498, 499, 504, 507, 508, 510
Niger, The, 9, 10, 74
Nigotte, Captain, 218
Nigritian, The, 479
Nikki, 474
Nioro, 68, 100, 280, 282, 312, 313, 316
Niugui, 372
Nuhu, 8
Nupé, 477
Nupé, The, 490

Olinda, The, 495

Onitcha, 490
Osman, 277, 306-308, 325, 327, 353, 368, 376-378, 384-386, 389, 391
Osterman, 59
Othman dan Fodio, 78, 395
Oursi Beli, 243

Patanis, the, 452, 470, 491

Pontoise, 298
Porto Novo, 495
Port Said, 484
Prince de Polignac, 197
Pullo Sidibé or Khalifa, 306-308, 351, 360, 363, 364, 368, 376, 382, 386

Rabba, 378, 476, 477

R’abbas, 109, 112
Raha, 436
R’alif, 109, 112
R’alli, 121-125, 138-140
Regard, Captain, 218
Reichala, daughter of Madidu, 219
Rejou, M., Commandant, 83, 89, 90
René Caillie, The, 470
Rhâdames, 197, 244, 505
Rhat, 207, 278
Rhergo, 102, 107, 114, 116, 118, 119
Ribago, The, 479, 485, 487, 490
Richardson, 505
Rimaibes, the, 316
R’isa, 237
Rocher, M. Du, 23
Rufisque, 22
Rupia, 440-442, 451

Saga, 283, 328

Sahara, the, 8, 82, 136, 160, 204
Said, 89
St. Louis, 17, 22-27, 39, 67, 281, 352, 496
Sakhaui or Sarrawi, 90, 91, 104, 116, 118, 131, 134, 138, 144, 145
Sakhib, 104, 126-128, 130, 131, 134, 135, 147
Saldé, 30
Salla Uld Kara, 88, 104, 149-155, 161
Samba Demba, 300, 337, 338, 468
Samba Laobé, 23, 319
Samba Sumaré, 123
Samory, 54, 67, 299, 301, 310, 313, 314, 330, 331, 377
Sansanding, 66-69, 72-74, 87
Sansan-Haussa, 191, 278, 306, 377
Saraféré, 78
Sarankeni, 331
Sarayamo, 367
Saredina, 74-76, 140, 141
Sarracolais, the, 27, 28, 96, 274, 300, 316, 496,
Satoni, 269, 270
Sauzereau, 38, 39, 41, 59
Say, 32, 74, 75, 96, 99, 174, 180, 219, 240, 250, 274, 277, 280, 282, 285, 289,
290, 293-297, 299, 300, 306-308, 310-328, 333-335, 337, 347, 351, 352,
356, 358, 363, 365-369, 372, 375-378, 381, 384-390, 397, 405, 406, 413,
422, 437, 439, 474, 476, 479, 499, 508
Seba, 450
Sego, 37, 39, 52, 64, 66, 68, 78, 98, 301, 312, 314
Senegal, the, 4, 6, 7, 17, 27, 44, 66, 97, 274, 280, 316, 317, 334, 381, 482,
496, 504, 507
Senegambia, 23, 24
Senussis, the, 201
Sergoe, 377, 388
Serki Kebbi, 378, 406, 409, 411-413, 421
Sidi Alluata, 79, 80, 100-103, 107
Sidibés, the, 316, 361, 382-384
Sidi el Amin, 146
Sidi Hamet, 89-91, 100, 117, 118, 120-122, 127, 148, 149, 151, 153
Sidi Hamet Beckay, 74-77, 79-81, 88, 101, 105, 121, 129, 140, 141, 146, 153-
155, 184
Sidi Moktar, 79, 105
Sidi Okha, 78
Sikasso, 330
Silla, 5
Sillabés, the, 274, 316, 382, 392
Sinder, 180, 207, 218, 266, 269, 272-275, 278, 283, 312, 316
Skobeleff, General, 262
Sokkoto, The, 483
Sokoto, 75, 174, 313, 372, 377, 395, 412, 413, 484
Somangoro, 54-57
Songhay, 96, 109, 161, 163-166, 182, 191-194, 202, 208, 209, 216, 217, 274,
306, 309, 312, 316, 324, 325, 351, 354, 430
Soninkés, the, 54-56, 71, 100, 274
Sorbo, 278, 281, 282
Soule, 423-425
Spahis, the, 23, 319
Stanley, 504
Sudan, the, 7, 14, 19, 22, 32, 37, 43, 49, 50, 52, 67-69, 79, 81, 82, 138, 172,
201, 210, 213, 252, 273, 284, 300, 336, 337, 345, 372, 411, 417, 441, 505
Sudan, The, 475
Sudan, French, 6, 17, 34, 38, 42, 44, 51, 77, 100, 126, 138, 210, 273, 299, 373,
451, 488, 489, 503
Sudan, Western, 76, 100, 165, 166, 193, 406, 498
Suleyman Foutanke, 280, 281, 290, 323, 352, 357, 381, 399, 400, 416, 430
Suleyman Gundiamu, 41, 95, 286, 287, 292, 329, 331, 373, 397, 430, 483
Sultan of Fez, 208
Sultan of Segu, 37, 314
Sundiata, 47, 54, 56
Surgu, 202

Taburet, Dr., 38, 52, 58, 60, 87, 94, 97, 118, 123, 134, 135, 158, 277, 278, 281,
290, 303, 327, 328, 332, 333, 338, 348, 393, 416-419, 474, 476, 484, 486,
510
Tacubaos, the, 218
Taddemekka, 182, 207
Tademeket, the, 104, 131, 148, 152, 154-158, 160-162, 168, 170, 201, 241,
269
Tahar, 121, 140
Talibia, 296-298, 360, 379, 381, 387, 388
Ta-Masheg or Tamschek, 109, 173, 202, 220, 222, 226, 228, 229, 509
Tankisso, 404
Tarik, 203
Tarka, 203
Tarkai-Tamut, 203
Tayoro, 394-398
Tchad, Lake, 28, 165, 247, 352, 372, 507
Tchakatchi, 438-440, 499
Tedian Diarra, 358
Tenda, 414-416, 420-424, 430, 447
Tenger Eguedeche, the, 162-164, 168, 170
Tenguereguif, the, 173, 209, 218
Thies, 23
Tieba, 330, 331
Tillé, 389
Timbuktu, 7, 8, 32, 33, 41, 69, 73, 75, 78-84, 87-91, 98, 102, 103, 106, 114-
120, 122, 126, 129, 130, 134, 136, 138, 142, 148, 245, 273, 279, 288, 309,
331, 335, 344, 351, 352, 368, 369, 427, 473, 495, 498, 499, 507
Tinalschiden, 149
Tintellust, 207
Tioko, 372
Togoland, 428
Tolimandio, 52
Tombuttu, 423, 424
Torodi, 312, 313, 315, 382, 384
Toron, 54
Tosaye or Sala Koira, 88, 89, 104, 128, 131, 148-153, 158, 162, 201, 219
Toucouleurs, the, 3, 8, 41, 62, 63, 66, 67, 73, 75, 76, 79, 105, 129, 130, 140,
152, 209, 218, 271, 279-282, 284, 285, 287-290, 299, 304, 312-314, 360,
382, 384, 386-393, 397, 405, 411, 414, 417, 419, 423
Toutée, Captain, 266, 269, 272, 273, 278, 282, 286, 290, 447, 457, 470
Towdeyni, 83
Trentinian, Colonel de, 34, 38, 138
Tripoli, 216, 505
Tuaregs, the, 8, 18, 33, 37, 65, 75, 78-80, 84, 88, 89, 98, 100, 101, 104, 106,
108, 114, 119-134, 138, 142, 144, 149-178, 182, 189-194, 197, 199-249,
251, 256, 257, 266, 269, 270-273, 275, 283, 307, 312, 315, 351, 368, 372,
379, 383, 388, 394, 397, 434, 470, 505-506, 509
Tuat, 78, 79, 81, 88, 216, 310
Tumaré, 268

Ubangi, the, 11
Uro Galadio, 37

Vermesch, 285
Vinet-Laprade, 24

Wadalen, the, 242

Wagadugu, 373, 375
Wagniaka, 372, 394
Wagobés, the, 269, 270, 272, 274, 316, 377
Walaldé, 30
Wali, 48
Wallace, Mr., 474, 475, 479, 480, 485, 490
Wari, 12, 491-494
Watagunu, 251
Wemé, the, 358
Wolof, 96, 280, 282, 320

Yakare, 71
Yangbassu, 458
Yauri, 377, 439
Yemen, 78
Yoba, 368
Yola, 479, 482
Yuli, 382
Yunes, 104, 156, 219
Yusuf Osman, 281, 282

Zarhoi, 122, 126, 139, 144

 Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London & Bungay.

FOOTNOTES:

[1]A popular French dance.—Trans.

[2]The translator thinks it best to give the actual words of this
celebrated despatch, which caused so much excitement at the
time.
[3]A griot is a superior negro, who acts as interpreter, etc.—
Trans.
[4]Bamana Dankun had replied to Monson who had called him,
“I will come; when I have finished the sacrifices I am offering, I will
come.” Hence the anger of the Fama.
[5]I have failed to ascertain the meaning of the word Jaribata.
The griots sometimes use words in their songs, which the present
natives of Bambara do not themselves understand, and which
may perhaps be survivals of a now extinct language.
[6]The singular of Ihaggaren is Ahaggar, and of Imrad, Amrid.
[7]It will be understood that the translations in the English text
of the free translations of the originals can only give an
approximate idea of the poems quoted.—Trans.
[8]These are the slang names for members of the secret police
in France.—Trans.
[9]I make a special point of the exact situation of Farca.
Captain Toutée says in a note to his book on Dahomey, the Niger,
and the Tuaregs, that he believed it to be much nearer Timbuktu,
but he had not taken any astronomical observations, and he had
made a mistake of a day in his journal. This rectification will
appear somewhat tardy after the articles published on his return
in the newspapers, and in the Bulletin of the Comité de L’Afrique
française, which led to its being supposed that Farca is on the
outskirts of the last French post in the Sudan. Had this been so,
the results of our expedition would have been greatly minimized.
Suum cuique.
 On the subject of the recognition of the French protectorate by
the people of Farca, there must have been, to say the least, a
very great error of interpretation. Our readers have been able to
discover for themselves that unfortunately French influence does
not extend so far. Indeed, the hostile attitude of the people of
Sinder, who are the relations and feudal superiors of those of
Farca, and who attacked Captain Toutée, would have been
enough to prove it without anything else.
[10]The occupation of Say is now an accomplished fact, and
Amadu has fled in a north-westerly direction; but the French must
be more than ever careful to be on their guard against his forces,
aided by those of the Emir of Sokoto. We must be especially on
the watch against offensive action on the part of Samory, for does
not a certain section of the English press talk of arming and
rousing against us that monster in human form who under pretext
of a holy war is responsible for the destruction of thousands of his
fellow-creatures?
[11]Louis Blanc, ‘Histoire de Dix Ans.’ The sentence quoted is
quite untranslatable, but “We don’t care a rap for you,” perhaps
fairly represents it.—Trans.
[12]I must add that of the 373 miles of railway that I ask for,
125 are already made, and are in full work, so that the worst
difficulties are overcome.
 Transcriber's note:

pg 120 Changed: of the Tauregs to: Tuaregs

pg 121 Changed: letter from Sakhuai to: Sakhaui
pg 200 Changed: the Tauregs alone to: Tuaregs
pg 428 Changed: In is, in fact to: It is
pg 516 Changed: Galan to: Galam
Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.
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