DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES Math (NM) Topic-1 (Theory+LDA)

DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES 233
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

DETERMINANTS
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1. DEFINITION
a 22 a 23
e.g. M = minor of a11 = = a a33 – a32 a23
Lakshya
(i) Lakshya
The determinantLakshya Lakshya
consisting two Lakshya
rows and two Lakshya
11 Lakshya a 32 Lakshya
a 33 22 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya aLakshya

b1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1
columns is D = . Its value is given by : Cofactor of aij : Denoted by Cij
Lakshya Lakshya
aLakshya
2 b2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
i+j
Cofactor of aij (Cij) = (–1) Minor of aij
Lakshya
D =Lakshya
a1b2 – a2 b1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
e.g. Cofactor of a11 (C11) = (–1)1+1 M11 = M11
Lakshya
(ii) A Lakshya Lakshya
determinant which consists Lakshya
of 3 rows andLakshya
3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
columns is called Lakshya
Lakshya
a 3rd-order-determinant
Lakshya
and isLakshya
of 3. EVALUATION
Lakshya OFLakshya
DETERMINANT
Lakshya Lakshya
the following form.
Value of any determinant can be obtain by adding product
Lakshya a11 a12
Lakshya a13Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
of all elements of a row (or column) to their corresponding
D = a 21 a 22 a 23
cofactors. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a31 a 32 a 33
It’s value is :
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyaa11 a12Lakshya
a13 Lakshya Lakshya
D = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a21a32a13 e.g.  a a22 a23
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 21 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a31 a32 a33
– a13a22a31 – a23a32a11–a12a21a33
2. MINORS AND COFACTORS
 = a11 C11 + a12 C12 + a13 C13
a11 a12 a13 = a21 C21 + a22 C22 + a23 C23
Lakshya
Let   aLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
21 a 22 a 23
= a31 C31 + a32 C32 + a33 C33
a 31 a 32 a 33
= a11 C11 + a21 C21 + a31 C31
Lakshya
Here aij = Lakshya Lakshya
Element in ith row Lakshya
and jth column of . Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
= a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32 C32
Minor of aij : Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
It is defined as the value of the determinant obtained by = a13 C13 + a23 C23 + a33 C33
eleminating the ith row and jth column of .
Lakshya
We donoteLakshya
the minor of aLakshya
by M . Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
ij ij
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234 DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES

4. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyaa 1 b1Lakshya
c1 Ka1 Kb1
Lakshya Kc
Lakshya
1
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered; if the D = a2 b2 c 2 ; and D’ = a 2 b2 c2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyaa b Lakshya
c Lakshya
a3 b3 Lakshya
c
rows and columns are interchanged, 3 3 3 3
a1 b1 c1 Lakshya
a1 a 2 a 3 Lakshya Then D’ = KD
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D = a 2 b2 c 2 = b1 b 2 b3 (vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be
Lakshya Lakshya
a 3 b3 c3 Lakshya
c1 c 2 c3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinantLakshya Lakshya
can be expressed as the sumLakshya
of two
(ii) If any two adjacent rows (or columns) of a
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya determinants,
Lakshya i.e.
determinant be interchanged, the value of
Lakshya Lakshya is changed
determinant Lakshya Lakshya
in sign only. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 Lakshya
c2 a Lakshya
b2 c2 a 2 Lakshya
b2 c2
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 = 2 +
a3 b3 3c a3 b3 c
3 a3 b3 c3
Lakshya Lakshya c 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D = a 2 b2 and D’ = a 1 b1 c1
a 3 b3 c3 a 3 b 3 c3
(vii) The value of determinant is not altered by adding
to the elements of any rowLakshya
(or column) a Lakshya
constant
D’ = – D.
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
multiple of the
Lakshya
corresponding
Lakshya
elements of any
Lakshya
other
Lakshya
(iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any
row (or column).
Lakshya rowLakshya
(or column) then its values isLakshya
Lakshya zero. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
e.g.
0 0 0 R1  R1 + mR2 (change R1 as sum of R1 and m (R2).
Lakshya Lakshya c 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D = a 2 b2 =0 R3  R3 + nR2 (change R3 as sum of R3 and n (R2).
a 3 b3 c3
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya a1 b1Lakshya

c1 Lakshya Lakshya
(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns)
a2 b2 c2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyathen itsLakshya D= and
identical or proportional, values is zero.Lakshya Lakshya
a3
Lakshya
b3 c3
Lakshya Lakshya

a1 b1 c1
D = a1 b1 c1 = 0 a 1  ma 2 b1  mb 2 c1  mc 2
Lakshya c1 c 2 c 3 Lakshya
D’ = a2 b2 c2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya a 3  naLakshya
2 b 3  nb 2 Lakshya
c 3  nc 2 Lakshya
(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) be
multiplied by the same number, then the determinant Then D’ = D.
Lakshya Lakshya by that
is multiplied Lakshya
number. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

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5. CRAMER’S RULE (NOT IN CBSE SYLLABUS)
(i) Two Variables
If a 1x + b 1 y = c 1 ... (i)
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya ThisLakshya
root can be applied
Lakshyafor solving system of ‘n’Lakshya
Lakshya linear
a 2x + b 2 y = c 2 ... (ii)
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya equations
Lakshyain ‘n’ variables.
x D Dy
then x  Lakshya
Lakshya ,y values of x, y areLakshya
Lakshya unique, if D Lakshya
0. Lakshya OF A
CONSISTENCY Lakshya
SYSTEM OFLakshya
EQUATIONSLakshya
D D
a b1 c b a c1 Lakshya (i) If D  0 then the given system of equations are

Lakshya
where, D Lakshya
 1 , Lakshya
Dx  1 1 , Lakshya
Dy  1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a 2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2 consistent and have unique solution.
Similarly Lakshya
‘n’ equations inLakshya
‘n’ variables can be solved. Lakshya (ii) If D = 0 but at least one of Dx, Dy, Dz is not zero then
the equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
(ii) Three Variables
Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 .................(i) (iii) If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 then the given system of
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 .................(ii) equations are consistent and have infinite solution
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 .................(iii) except the case of parallel planes when there is no
solution.
Lakshya Lakshya
Dx Dy Lakshya
Dz Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Then, x = ,y  ,z 
D D D (iv) If d1= d2 = d3 = 0 then system of equation is called
Homogenous system of equations.
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 (v) Solution of Homogenous Equations is always
Where, D = a 2 b 2 c2 ; D = d 2
x
b2 c2 ; consistent, as x = 0 = y = z is always a solution.
Lakshya a 3 b3
Lakshya c 3Lakshya d 3 bLakshya
3 c3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
This is known as TRIVIAL solution.
(vi) For Homogenous Equations, if D  0. Then
a1 d1 c1 a 1 b1 d 1 x = 0 = y = z is only solution.
Lakshya DLakshya
a d2 cLakshya a 2 Lakshya
b2 d2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
y= 2 2 and Dz =
(vii) For Homogenous Equations, if D = 0, then there exists
a3 d3 c3 a 3 b3 d3
non zero solutions [NON TRIVIAL SOLUTONS] also.
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6. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANT 7. SOME MORE PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
Following examples of short hand writing large expressions (i) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order
Lakshya
are : Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
is zero. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(i)
Lakshya Area of triangle whose
Lakshya vertices are (xLakshya
Lakshya r, yr) ; r = 1, 2, 3,Lakshya
is: Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 2

Lakshya 9 Lakshya Lakshya
x1 y1 1
1 D= 2 0 log a b = 0
Lakshya x 2 y 2 1Lakshya
D =Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2 1
x 3 y3 1  9 log a   0
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya b
Lakshya If D = 0 then the three

Lakshya points areLakshya
Lakshya collinear. Lakshya
(ii) Lakshya
DeterminantLakshya Lakshya
of a skew-symmetric Lakshya
matrix of even order
(ii) Equation of straight line passing through (x1, y1) & is always a perfect square. Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya x yLakshya

1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 5 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D= = 25
 5 0 22
Lakshya , y2) is x1
(x2Lakshya y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(iii) n–1, where n is order of the determinant is equal to the
determinant made from cofactors of elements of .
(iii) The lines :
31
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...........(1) a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyaa b 2 c 2 = A 2 Lakshya
Lakshya B2 C 2 Lakshya
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0............(2) e.g. 2
Lakshya Lakshyaa 3 c 3 33 A 3 Lakshya
b3Lakshya B3 C 3
a3xLakshya Lakshya
+ b3y + c3 = 0............(3) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Where Ai’s are co-factors ofLakshya
ai’s Lakshya
a1 b1 c1
Lakshya (iv)Lakshya
DeterminantLakshya
of a diagonal Lakshya
matrix is product of its
areLakshya
concurrent if, Lakshya
a 2 b 2 Lakshya
c2 = 0 Lakshya Lakshya
diagonal elements
a 3 b3 c3
5 0 0
Lakshya Lakshya
This Lakshya
is condition for Lakshya
the consistency Lakshya
of simultaneous Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D = 0 2 0 = 5 × 2 × 6 = 60
linear equation in two variables.
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 0 Lakshya
6 Lakshya Lakshya
(iv) ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a
pair of straight lines if : (v) If a determinant considered as a polynomial becomes
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya zero when xLakshya
Lakshya = a, then x – aLakshya
is factor of this.Lakshya
(This is
a h g an application of Factor Theorem)
abc + 2 fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = h b f =0
gLakshya
f c x a a2
D= a x x2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya a x Lakshya
a Lakshya Lakshya
(v) To find the variable (x, y, z etc) in linear equations
Lakshya (Cramer’s
Lakshyarule) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Because zero when x = a so x – a is factor of this.

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(vi)
Lakshya TheLakshya
sum of the products
Lakshyaof the elements ith
Lakshya of the Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
row/column with the co-factor of the corresponding 1 1 1
Lakshya elements of kth row/column
Lakshya Lakshya is zeroLakshya
provided i  Lakshya
k. a b
(iii)Lakshya cLakshya
= (a – b) (b –Lakshya
c) (c – a) (a + Lakshya
b + c)
a 3 b3 c3
Lakshya Lakshya n Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
i.e. (i) a C ij kj  0; if i  k
Lakshya Lakshya j1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 1Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya n Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya a 2 b2

(iv)Lakshya 2
cLakshya
= (a – b) (b –Lakshya
c) (c – a) (ab +Lakshya
bc + ca)
(ii) 
i 1
aijCik  0 if j k a 3 b3 c 3

(vii) | AB | = | A | | B|
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya9. MULTIPLICATION
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
OF TWO DETERMINANTS
5 2 2 3  2  17
i.e. A = ; B= ; AB =
Lakshya Lakshya
1  1 Lakshya
4 1 Lakshya6 2Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a 1 b1  1 m1 a11  b1 2 a1m1  b1m2
Lakshya | ALakshya
|=–7 | B Lakshya
| = – 14 Lakshya Lakshya (a) Lakshya × Lakshya =
a 2 b2  2 m2 a 2 1Lakshya
 b2  2 a 2 m1Lakshya
 b 2 m2
| A | | B | = – 7 × –14 = 98, | AB | = – 4 + 102
| AB| = 98.
a1 b1 c1 1 m1 n1
(viii) Determinant
Lakshya Lakshya of a triangular
Lakshya matrix is product of Lakshya
Lakshya its Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a2 b2 c2   2 m2 n2
diagonal elements only. =
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya a 3 b3
Lakshya  3 m3
c3Lakshya nLakshya
3 Lakshya
3 2 1
D = 0 4 3 = 3 × 4 × – 1 = – 12 a11  b1 2  c1 3 a1m1  b1m 2  c1m3 a1n1  b1n 2  c1n 3
Lakshya 0 0  1 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyaa 2 1  bLakshya
2 2  c 2  3 a 2m1  b 2 m 2  c 2m
Lakshya 3 a 2 n1  b 2 n 2Lakshya
Lakshya  c2n 3
a 3 1  b 3 2  c 3 3 a 3m1  b 3m 2  c3m 3 a 3n1  b 3n 2  c3n 3
5 0 0
(b) Summation of Determinants
Lakshya D’ Lakshya
= 4 9 0 = 5Lakshya
× 9 × 1 = 45 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
3 2 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya r) a 
f (Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Let r = g(r ) b m
8. SPECIAL DETERMINANTS
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya h (Lakshya
r) c n Lakshya Lakshya
(i)
Lakshya Circulant
LakshyaDeterminants
Lakshya: Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Where a, b, c, l, m and n are constants independent
The elements of the rows (or columns) are in cyclic of r, then
arrangement
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya n Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a b c  f (r )
r 1Lakshya
a 
Lakshya b Lakshya
c a = – (a3 +
Lakshya Lakshya
b3 + c3 – 3abc). Lakshya Lakshya
n n
Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
c a b
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya    Lakshya
Lakshya r
r 1
g(r ) b
r 1
m
Lakshya Lakshya
n
= – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
h (r ) c
r 1
n Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya 1 Lakshya
1 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(ii) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
Lakshya
Here functions of r can be the elements of Lakshya
only one
a 2Lakshya
b2 c2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
row or column. None of the elements other than
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya row or column
Lakshya should be dependent
Lakshya Lakshya on r. Lakshya
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10. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANT
Lakshya f1 (Lakshya
x ) f 2 ( x ) f 3Lakshya
(x ) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
This formula is only applicable if there is a variable only in
g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x )
(x) =
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya oneLakshya
row or column,Lakshya
otherwise expand the determinant
Lakshya and
Lakshya
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x )
integrate.
Then 4
x 3 Lakshya
cos 2 x 2 xLakshya / 2
Lakshya
5
: If f(x) = tan xLakshya1 secLakshya
2x then
Lakshya f1Lakshya
' ( x ) f 2 ' ( x ) fLakshya
3 ' (x) f1 ( x ) Lakshya
f 2 ( x ) f 3 ( x )LakshyaExampleLakshya
3
sin x x 4
5
 f (xLakshya
 / 2
)dx 
’(x) = g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x )  g1 ' ( x ) g 2 ' ( x ) g 3 ' ( x )
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x ) h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x )
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (a) 2Lakshya (b) –2 Lakshya
(c) 0 (d) Lakshya
none of these Lakshya
Sol. We have
Lakshya Lakshya
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) Lakshya
f 3 (x) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) Lakshya
g 3 (x ) 4
+ Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 x3 Lakshya
cos 2 x 2 x Lakshya Lakshya
h1 ' ( x ) h 2 ' ( x ) h 3 ' ( x ) 5
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya f(–x) =  tan x Lakshya
Lakshya
1 sec 2 x Lakshya
= – f(x) Lakshya
3 4
 sin x x 5
IntegrationLakshya
Lakshya of determinant
Lakshya Lakshya
f ( x ) g( x ) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
/2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 f ( x )dx  0 
If (x) =
1 2
,
 / 2
Lakshya Lakshya
b
Lakshya
b
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyax 3 Lakshya
sin x aLakshya Lakshya
b
dx = 
f (x)Lakshya
dx  g(x) dx Lakshya
Example : If f(x) =
1 2 
, then f ( x ) dx is
Lakshya
then a (x)
Lakshya
a a
. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a Lakshya
1 2
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 3 (d) 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 2 Lakshya Lakshya 2
Lakshya
Here f (x) and g (x) and functions of x and 1,  2 are
Lakshya
constants. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a a
a 3 0 0
Sol. 
Lakshya
f ( x ) dx =  x dxLakshya
a
 sin xdx Lakshya
a 1 1
=0
Lakshya

a
Lakshya 1 Lakshya2 Lakshya Lakshya

Hence (a) is correctLakshya
answer. Lakshya Lakshya

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MATRICES
Square Matrix
1. DEFINITION AND IMPORTANT TERMS
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number
A set of (m × n) numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of column, say (n × n) is called a square matirx of order n.
of m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n.
 2 1  1
A  [a ij ]mn e.g. the matrix 3  2 5  is square matrix of order 3.
 
1 5  3
 a11 a12 ... a1n 
a ... a 2 n  Diagonal Matrix
 21 a 22
or A   a 31 a 32 ... a 3n  is a matrix of order m×n.
  A square matix is called a diagonal matrix if all the elements,
 ... ... ... ... 
except those in the leading diagonal, are zero.
a ... a mn 
 m1 a m 2 A = [aij]n×n , aij = 0 for all i  j
Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are

equal is called the scalar matrix.
The matrix is not a number. It has no numerical value. A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a scalar matrix if.
But it is an arrangement of numbers. (i) aij = 0 for all i  j and
(ii) aii = C for all i {1, 2, ..., n}
Identity or Unit Matrix

2. TYPES OF MATRICES
A square matrix each of whose diagonal element is unity
and each of whose non diagonal element is equal to zero is
Row Matrix
called an identity or unit matrix.
A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix or a A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called identity or unit matrix if
row vector. (i) aij = 0 for all i  j, and
e.g. A = [1 2 –1 –2] is a row matrix of order 1×4. (ii) aii = 1 for all i {1, 2, ..., n}
Column Matrix The identity matrix of order n is denoted by In.
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix 1 0 0

1 0   
or a column vector. e.g. I2 =   , I3 = 0 1 0
 0 1 
0 0 1
3
1 2
Null Matrix
e.g. A =  2  and B =   are column matrices or
5
1   A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix
4
or a zero matrix, represented by O.
order 3×1 and 4×1 respectively.
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4. SUM OF MATRICES
 0 0  0 0 0 
Lakshya
e.g. 0 Lakshya
,  Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 0  0 0 0  Let A = [aij], B = [bij] be matrices of the same order m×n.
Then C = A + B = [cij], is a matrix of order m×n.
Lakshya LakshyaMatrixLakshya
Upper Triangular Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Where, [cij] = [aij + bij]
A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix
1 2 4 7 3 2 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya e.g.Lakshya
A = 0 5 Lakshya 5Lakshya Lakshya
if aij = 0 i > j.  3 and B =  1 9

Lakshya Lakshya
5 4 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1  7 2 Lakshya
 3 4  2 Lakshya
8 5 6 Lakshya
A+B=  = 
e.g
0 2 1
A =Lakshya
  0  5 5 Lakshya

 1 3  9 5 6 12
Lakshya
0 0 6
1  7 2  3 4  2  6  1 2 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya A –Lakshya
B = 0  5 5 Lakshya
 1 3  9  = Lakshya  Lakshya
Lower Triangular Matrix     5 4  6
A square matrix A = [aij] is called lower triangular
PROPERTIES
Lakshya Lakshya
OF MATRIX ADDITION
if
Lakshya
a = 0Lakshyai < j.
Lakshya ij Lakshya Lakshya (i) Lakshya
Matrix addition is commutative
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya A + B = B +Lakshya

Lakshya A Lakshya Lakshya
2 0 0 (ii) Matrix addition is associative
Lakshya Lakshya
  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
e.g A = 3 2 0
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
Lakshya 4 5 3
5. SCALAR MULTIPLE OF A MATRIX
3. EQUALITYLakshya
Lakshya OF MATRICES
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya If ALakshya
be a given matrix and k is any
Lakshya scalar number
Lakshya real or
Lakshya
complex.
Two matrices
Lakshya A = [aij]m×nLakshya
Lakshya and B = [bij]r×s Lakshya
are equal if Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Then by matrix kA is a matrix of same order, where all the
(i)
Lakshya m =Lakshya
r, i.e., the number of rows in A equals
Lakshya Lakshyathe number
Lakshya elements of kA areLakshya
Lakshya k times of the Lakshya
corresponding Lakshya
elements
of rows in B. of A.
(ii) n = s, i.e., the number of columns in A equals the 2 Lakshya
3 1
e.g. If A = 5 2 4
number of columns in B.  
(iii) aij = bij for i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n.
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 3.2 Lakshya
3.3 3.1 6 9 3
Lakshya Lakshya
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B, Then 3A =   = 15 6 12
3.5 3.2 3.4  
otherwise we write A  B.

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Properties of Multiplication by a Scalar 7. PROPERTIES OFLakshya Lakshya Lakshya
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrix of the same type and  (i) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with
and areLakshya
Lakshya any scalars, then
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya respect to aLakshya
Lakshya addition of matrices.
Lakshya Lakshya
(i) (A + B) = A + B A (B + C) = AB + AC.
(ii) (+ ) A = A + A (ii) Matrix multiplication is associative if
(iii)
Lakshya (A) = () A. Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya conformability
Lakshya is assured.Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order ‘n’ i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.
n
Then |kA| = k |A| (iii) The multiplication of matrices is not always
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya commutative.
Lakshya i.e. AB is not
Lakshya always equal Lakshya
Lakshya to BA.
6. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION (iv) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix
conformable Lakshya
with A for multiplication Lakshya
is a null
If A = [aij]m×p and B = [bjk]p×n
matrix i.e. AO = O.
In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square
Then Am×p
Lakshya
× Bp×n = (AB)
Lakshya Lakshya
m×n Lakshya Lakshya null matrix of
Lakshya the same order,
Lakshya then OA = AO
Lakshya = O.
Lakshya
p (v) If AB = O then it does not necessarily mean that
or C = AB = [cik]m×n where cik = 
j1
a ij b jk A = O or B = O.
 0 0  1 0  0 0 
For multiplication number of columns of first matrix 0 1  0 0  = 0 0 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya   Lakshya
   Lakshya Lakshya
should be equal to number of rows of second matrix.
i.e. cik Lakshya
= ai1 b1k + ai2bLakshya None of theLakshya
matrices on the left is a null matrix
Lakshya 2k + ... aipbpk Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
In other words cik = Sum of the products of ith row of A whereas their products is a null matrix.
Lakshya
(having pLakshya
elements) withLakshya
kth columnLakshya
of B (havingLakshya
p (vi) Lakshya Lakshya
Multiplication of matrix Lakshya Lakshya
A by a unit matrix I:
elements). Let A be a m × n matrix.
Then AIn = A and Im A = A..
Lakshya Lakshya
2 3
 
 1  2 Lakshya
3 Lakshya
4 5
Lakshya (vii)Lakshya Lakshya
If A and B are Lakshya
square matrices of order ‘n’Lakshya
e.g. If A =  and B = 
 4 2 5 23  Then |AB| = |A| |B| Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 2 1
32 n
(viii) |kA| = k |A| where k is a scalar and n is the order of
Lakshya Lakshya
Compute AB Lakshya
and show that AB  BA. A Lakshya
is 2×3 type andLakshya
B Lakshya Lakshya
square matrix A. Lakshya Lakshya
is 3×2 type and hence both AB and BA are defined because (ix)Lakshya
Positive Integral Powers of Matrix
the number of columns in pre factor is equal to the number
Let A be any square matrix of order n.
of rows inLakshya
Lakshya post factor. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2
Then A = A.A
Sol.
3
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya A = A.A.A
 1.2  2.4  3.2 1.3  2.5  3.1   0  4 m
A = A.A.A ... m times
AB =  4.2
Lakshya Lakshya = 
 2.4  5.2 4.3  2.5  5.1Lakshya
Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  10 3  22 All are square matrix of order n.
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (i) Lakshya Lakshya
Am . An = (A.A.A Lakshya
... m times) (A.A.A ... n Lakshya
times)
2 3  10 2 21
Lakshya  
Lakshya  1 Lakshya
2 3  16 2 37  Lakshya = A.A.A.... Lakshya
(m + n) times Lakshya
BA = 4 5  4 2 5 = Lakshya 
Lakshya Lakshya
= Am+n
2 1 32   23   2  2 11 
3Lakshya
3
(ii) (A ) = Amn
m n
Hence A Lakshya
Lakshya B  BA. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Also, we define
Lakshya A0 = I
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8. TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
If A be a given matrix of the order m × n then the matrix
obtained by changing the rows of A into columns and
Lakshya Lakshya
columns of A into rows Lakshya Lakshya
is called Transpose of matrixLakshya
A Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
For a skew symmetric matrix :
and is denoted by A' or ALakshya T
. Hence the matrix A' is of order
aii = – aii for all values of i
n × m.
[i = j when elements are diagonals].
3 4  2aii = 0  aii = 0
   3 2 5
e.g. A = 2 1Lakshya
Lakshya then AT Lakshya
= A' =  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyaelements
Lakshya Lakshya

 4 1 9 23 Hence the diagonal of skew symmetric
5 9
32
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya matrix are zero.

Properties of Transpose 0 h Lakshya
g
e.g.  h 0 f  is a skew symmetric matrix
 
(i)
Lakshya (A')' = A.
  g  f Lakshya
0 Lakshya Lakshya
(ii)
Lakshya (kA)' = kA'. k being
Lakshya a scalar.
(iii)
Lakshya (A Lakshya
+ B)' = A' + B'.Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
10. ADJOINT
(iv)
Lakshya
(AB)' = B'A'.
(v) (ABC)' = C'B'A'. If A is a square matrix, then transpose of a matrix made
from cofactors of elements of A is called adjoint matrix of
9. SYMMETRIC
Lakshya AND SKEW
Lakshya SYMMETRIC
Lakshya MATRICES
A. It’s denoted by adj A.
Lakshya
(i) Lakshya
A sqaure matrix ALakshya Lakshya
= [aij] will be called Lakshya
symmetric Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Properties of Adjoint Matrix
if AT = A.
(i) A. (Adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) . A
Lakshya every ijth element
i.e.Lakshya = jith element.
(ii) |adj A | = | A |n–1
a h g  (iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
e.g. A = h b f 
(iv) (adj A)T = adj AT
Lakshya Lakshya
g f c  33 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A)
(ii) A square matrix A = [a ij ] will be called (iv) Adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1
skew symmetric if AT = –A. 2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (vii)Lakshya
|(adj (adj (A)) | = |A|(n-1)
i.e. every ijth element = -(jith element).

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Method to Lakshya
Find Inverse by Lakshya Lakshya
Elementary Transformations :
11. INVERSE OF MATRIX (A)
Row Transformation
Lakshya 1
A–1 = adj(A)
|A| (i) A–1 exists if |A|  0.
(ii) To find A–1 by row transformation, then we write
PropertiesLakshya
Lakshya of Inverse Matrices
–1
A A = I.
Lakshya
(i) (ATLakshya
)–1 = (A–1)T Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (iii)Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Apply row transformations Lakshya
to the pre-factor A on
(ii)
Lakshya (AB) –1 = B–1 A–1 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya L.H.S. & toLakshya
Lakshya I on R.H.S. such that A becomes
Lakshya a unit
Lakshya
(iii) (A–1 )–1 = A matrix.

(iv) Now R.H.S. becomes I A–1 = B A–1 = B
Lakshya 1
(iv) (kA)–1 = A–1 if k  0.
k 13. SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION
BY MATRIX METHOD
(v) Let A, B, C be square matrix of the same order n. If A
is non–singular matrix then Consider a system of linear equation
(a) AB = AC  B = C (left cancellation law) a11 x1 + a12x2 + ....................... a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22Lakshya Lakshya
x2 + ....................... a2n xn = bLakshya
(b) BA = CA  B = C (right cancellation law) 2

..................................................................... Lakshya
(vi) If A is non singular matrix such that A is symmetric
Lakshya then A–1 is also symmetric.
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya .....................................................................
an1 x1 + an2x2 + ....................... ann xn = bn
12. ELEMENTARY
Lakshya TRANSFORMATIONS
We can express these equations as a single matrix equation.
Lakshya Lakshya

Any one of the following operations on a matrix is called
Lakshya Lakshya
an elementary Lakshya
transformation. Lakshya Lakshya  a 11 a 12 ......
Lakshya a 1n 
Lakshya  x1Lakshya
  b1  Lakshya
a a 2n  x  b 
(i)
Lakshya Interchanging
Lakshya anyLakshya
two rows (or column).
Lakshya Lakshya  21 a 22 ......
Lakshya Lakshya  2Lakshya
  2 Lakshya
 ..... ..... .....  ..... .....
(ii) Multiplication ofLakshya
the elementsLakshya
of any row (or    = 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  .....
Lakshya .....Lakshya
.....  .....Lakshya
 ..... Lakshya
column) by a non zero scalar quantity. a a n2 a nn  x   b 
 n1  n  n
(iii) Addition of constant multiple of the elements of any
Lakshya
rowLakshya Lakshya
to the corresponding elementLakshya Lakshya
of any other row. Lakshya
A
Lakshya
X
Lakshya
B
Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
Two matrices are said toLakshya
be equivalent Lakshya Lakshya
if one is obtained LetLakshya Lakshya
| A |  0 so that Lakshyaper-multiplying
A–1exists uniquely Lakshya
from the other by elementary transformation. The sysmbolLakshya

 both sides AX = B, by A–1 we get
is used for equivalence. A–1 (AX) = A–1 B  (AA–1) X = A–1 B
 I X = A–1 B  X = A–1 B
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Lakshya
CriterionLakshya
of ConsistencyLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
14. SOME OTHER TYPES OF MATRICES
Lakshya
Let AX = Lakshya
B be a system ofLakshya Lakshya
n linear equation Lakshya
in n variables. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(a) Orthogonal Matrix : A square matrix A is called an orthogonal
(i)
Lakshya If |Lakshya
A |  0 then Lakshya
the system of Lakshya
the equations Lakshya
is Lakshya
matrix Lakshya
if the product of the matrix Lakshya Lakshya
A and its transpose A’ is
consistent and has a unique solution given by identity matrix.
X = A–1 B. AA’ = I
Lakshya
(ii) If |Lakshya Lakshya
A | = 0 and (adj Lakshya
A) B = O then the system Lakshya
of Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
equations is consistent and has infinitely many
solutions except the case of parallel planes when
Lakshya Lakshya
there Lakshya
is no solution. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(iii)
Lakshya If |Lakshya
A | = 0 and (adj A) B  O then
Lakshya the system Lakshya
Lakshya of (i) Lakshya
If AA’ = I then A–1 = A’
equations is inconsistent i.e. it has no solution. (ii) If A and B are orthogonal then AB is also orthogonal.
Homogeneous Equation (iii) All above properties are defined for square matrix only.
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (iv)Lakshya
Elements ofLakshya Lakshya of orthogonal
all 3 rows (or columns) Lakshya
The system of equations AX = B is said to be homogeneous matrix of order 3 × 3 represent unit vectors.
Lakshya Lakshya
if the constants b1, b2, b3Lakshya Lakshya
..... bn are all zero. Lakshya
That is if the Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(b) Idempotent Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ such that A2 = A is
matrix B is
Lakshya a zero matrixLakshya
Lakshya and the matrix Lakshya
and the systemLakshya
is called idempotent..Lakshya
of the form
* Only square matrix can be idempotent matrix.
AX = O * Identity matrix (unit matrix) is also idempotent
Lakshya
Where 0 isLakshya Lakshya
the null matrix Lakshya
of order n × 1. Lakshya Lakshya
matrix. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(i)
Lakshya If |Lakshya
A |  0 then its only solutionLakshya
Lakshya X = 0 is called
1 0 0
trivial solution. (x = y = z = 0) 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya ExampleLakshya
Lakshya 0
: A = 0 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(ii) If | A | = 0 then AX = O have both trivial and non 0 0 0
Lakshya trivial type solutions.
Lakshya Lakshya In this Lakshya
case number Lakshya
of Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
solutions will be Infinite.
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 0 Lakshya0 1 0 0Lakshya
 1 0 0Lakshya
(iii) The condition for 0 1 0 0 1 0  
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya A2 = 
Lakshya  
Lakshya  = 0 1 0Lakshya
Lakshya
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lakshya a2xLakshya
+ b2y + c2z = Lakshya
0 and Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(c) Periodic Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called a periodic
Lakshya a3xLakshya
+ b3y + c3z = Lakshya
0 Lakshya Lakshya matrix if Ak+1 = ALakshya
Lakshya where A is +ve Lakshya
integer and kLakshya
is least
to have non-zero or non-trivial solutions is : positive integer for which Ak+1 = A, then k is said to be the
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya period
Lakshya
of A. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya a 1Lakshya
b1 c1 Lakshya Lakshya (d) Nilpotent
Lakshya Lakshya : A matrix ‘A’ Lakshya
Matrix Lakshya will be called Lakshya
nilpotent
a 2 b2 c2 matrix if A k = 0 (null matrix), k is least positive integer
=0
Lakshya a 3Lakshya
b 3 c3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya andLakshya Lakshya
k is called index Lakshya
of the nilpolent matrix. Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (e)

Lakshya Involuntary
Lakshya Matrix : A matrixLakshya
Lakshya ‘A’ will be called an
Lakshya
involluntary matrix if A2 = I (Unit Matrix).
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya • Lakshya
Unit matrix Lakshya Lakshya
is also involuntary matrix. Lakshya

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya = 0 Lakshya

– 6 = –6 = 6 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Example – 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 1
Find minors and cofactors of elements of the following M 35Lakshya
 ; Lakshya
A = (–1)3+3 Lakshya
35
M 35
Lakshya
3 0
determinants
= 0 – 3 = –3 = –3
0 1 2 1 0 4
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1
Lakshya 0 4
(i) 3 0 1 (ii) 2 1 3
(ii) D  2 1 3
Lakshya 2 3 Lakshya
0 Lakshya
0 4 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
0 4 2
Minors Lakshya
Cofactors Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya 0Lakshya
1 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 3
M11Lakshya
 ; Lakshya
A = (–1)1+1 Lakshya
11
M 11
Lakshya
Sol. (i) D  3 0 1 4 2
Lakshya 2Lakshya
3 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya = 2Lakshya
+ 12 = 14 Lakshya
= 14 Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
Minors Lakshya Lakshya
Cofactors Lakshya Lakshya 2 3
M12  ; A12 = (–1)1+2 M12
0 2
Lakshya 0 1
M11  Lakshya
; Lakshya
A11 = (–1)1+1 M11
= –4 –0 = –4
Lakshya
=4
Lakshya Lakshya
3 0
Lakshya
= 0 – 3 = Lakshya
–3 = – Lakshya
3 Lakshya Lakshya 2 1
M13  ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13
0 4
Lakshya 3 Lakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
M12  ; A12 = (–1)1+2
M12 = 8 –0 = 8 = 8
2 0
0 4 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
=0–2=–2 =2 M 21  ; A21 = (–1)2+1 M21
4 2
Lakshya 3 Lakshya
M13  ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13 = 0 + 16 = 16 = 16
2 3
1 4 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
=9–0=9 =9 M 22  ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22
0 2
Lakshya 1 Lakshya
2+1
M 21  ; A21 = (–1) M21 = –2 + 0 = –2 = –2
3 0
= 0 – 6 = –6 =6 1 0 2+3
M 23  ; A23 = (–1) M23
Lakshya 0 4
0 Lakshya
M 22  ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22 = 4 –0 = 4 = –4
2 0
= 0 – 4 = –4 = –4 0 4
M 31  ; A31 = (–1)3+1 M31
Lakshya 1 3
0 Lakshya
1 Lakshya
A23 = (–1)2+3 M23
M 23  ; = 0 – 4 = –4 = –4
Lakshya 2 Lakshya
= 0 – 2 = –2 =2 1 4
M 32  ; A32 = (–1)3+2 M32
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 2 3
1 2 3+1
M 31  ; A31 = (–1) M31 =–3+8=5 = –5
Lakshya 0 Lakshya
=1–0=1 =1 1 0 3+3
M 33  ; A = (–1)
33
M 33
0 2 3+2
M 32  ; A32 = (–1) M32 = –1 + 0 = –1 = –1
Lakshya 3 Lakshya
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Example – 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya D Lakshya
10 5 10 11Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
xy yz zx 2 2 4
Lakshya
Show thatLakshya
y  z z  x Lakshya
xy 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
=0
zx xy yz
 (R2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2 × R1)
5 13 Lakshya
17 Lakshya Lakshya
xy yz zx
(ii) D  30 68 105
Lakshya
Sol. D  y  zLakshya
z  x x  yLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
25 66 84
Lakshya z  xLakshya
x  y y  zLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
R2  R2 – 6R1, R3  R3 – 5R1
C C3 + C2 + C1 gives
Lakshya
3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
5 13 17
Lakshya
x  yLakshya
yz 0 Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya D Lakshya
0 10 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D  yz zx 0 0 1 1
Lakshya z  xLakshya
xy 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
= 5 (10 – 3)
Lakshya
=0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyaalon 1st Lakshya
(Expanding colum) = 35 Lakshya Lakshya
[  all elements of C3 are zero.]
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya ExampleLakshya
Lakshya –4 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Example – 3
10 24 36
Evaluate
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Show that 36 10 Lakshya
Lakshya 24 is divisible by 35.
Lakshya Lakshya
16 29 35 24 36 10
Lakshya
(i) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
50 100 110
Lakshya82 158 180
10 24 36
Lakshya 5 Lakshya
13 17 Lakshya Lakshya Sol. D Lakshya
Lakshya 36 10 24 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(ii) 30 68 105 24 36 10
25 66 84 R1  R1 + R2 + R3
70 70 70
Lakshya 16Lakshya
 D  36 10 24 Lakshya
Sol. (i) D  50Lakshya

Lakshya 100 110 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 24 36
Lakshya 10 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
82 158 180
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1
Using R , we get
35 1
Using 1 
Lakshya R2 ,
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 10  2 2 2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya D Lakshya
35 36 10 24
16 29 35
24 36 10
Lakshya
D  10 5Lakshya
All elements in determinant are natural numbers
82 158 180
 Its value will be whole number
R  R3 –3R2, R3  R3 – 16 R2
1  D isLakshya
multiple of 35 i.e. it is divisibleLakshya
by 35.

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Example – 5 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Example –6 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya m, n are p th,Lakshya

If l,Lakshya q th and r th terms
Lakshya Lakshya
of an arithmetic
2 3
x x 1 x
Lakshya Lakshya 2 Lakshya
Lakshya
3
If x, y, z are different and  = y y 1  y = 0,
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya l p 1
Lakshya Lakshya
z z 2 1 Lakshya
z3 progression respectively, prove that m q 1  0
n r 1
then showLakshya
Lakshya that 1 + xyz = 0Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Sol. In arithmetic

Lakshya progression
Sol. We have Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
T1 = a
x x 2 1  x3 T2 = a + d
2
Lakshya 1  y3
  y yLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (where d is constant
Lakshya difference) Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
z z2 1  z3 T3 = a + 2d
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
Lakshyax x 2 Lakshya
1 x x2 3
xLakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 l = Lakshya
Tp = a + (p – 1)Lakshya
d = a + pd – dLakshya Lakshya
2 2 3
 y y 1 y y y m =Lakshya
Tq = a + (q–1)Lakshya
d = a + qd – dLakshya
Lakshya Lakshya (Using Property
Lakshya 6)
z z2 1 z z2 z3
n = Tr = a + (r – 1)d = a + rd – d
2 2
1 x x 1 x x l p 1
Lakshya 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  1 1 y y 2  xyz 1 y y 2  L.H.S  m q 1
Lakshya z z2
1Lakshya 1 z z2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya n r
Lakshya 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
(Using C3Lakshya Lakshya
 C2 and then C1  C2) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a  pd  d p 1
Lakshya1 x2
x Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  aLakshya
 qd  d q 1Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2
 1 y y 1  xyz  aLakshya
 rd  d r 1Lakshya
1 z z2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya gives C1  C1 – d ×Lakshya
Lakshya C2 Lakshya Lakshya
2
1 x x
a d p Lakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya
 1  xyz  0 y  x y  x2
2
L.H.S.  a  d q 1
Lakshya Lakshya
0 zx z 2 Lakshya
 x2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a d r 1
Lakshya
(Using R2Lakshya
 R2 – R1 andLakshya
R3  R3 – R1)Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Taking out common factor (y – x) from R2 and (z – x) from  1 

Lakshya Lakshya
R3, we get
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Using
Lakshya
  C1 , Lakshya
we get Lakshya Lakshya
a d 
1 x x2
1 p 1
 = (1 + xyz)
Lakshya (y – x) (z –Lakshya
Lakshya x) 0 1 y Lakshya
x Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
0 1 zx L.H.S. = (a–d) 1 q 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 Lakshya
r 1 Lakshya Lakshya
= (1 + xyz) (y – x) (z – x) (z – y) (on expanding along C1)
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya ( C1  C3) Lakshya
= 0Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Since  = 0 and x, y, z are all different, i.e., x – y  0,
y – z  0, Lakshya
Lakshya z – x  0, we get 1 + xyz = 0 Lakshya
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Example –8 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya the determinants,

Without expanding Lakshya Lakshya
show that Lakshya Lakshya
Show that Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

1/ x x yz 0 b c 1 x yz
(i) 1/ y
Lakshya yLakshya b 0 a  0Lakshya
zx  0 (ii) Lakshya Lakshya y zx = (x – y)
1 Lakshya (y – z) (z – x)
1/ z z xy c a 0 1 z xy

1/ x x yz 1 x yz
Lakshya
Sol. (i) D  1/Lakshya
y y zx Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Sol. D  1 y zx
1/ z z xy 1 z xy
using xR1,Lakshya
Lakshya yR2 and zR3, weLakshya
get Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
R1  R1 – R3, R2 Lakshya
R2 – R3 Lakshya Lakshya
2
1 x xyz gives
Lakshya
1 Lakshya
2
D 1 y xyz
Lakshya xyz Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
0 x z Lakshya
 y(x  z) Lakshya Lakshya
1 z 2 xyz
D  0 y  z  x(y  z)
Using  1  C3, we get 1 z xy
 
Lakshya  xyz
Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya x2 1
1Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  1 
Lakshya  1 
xyz Using   R1 and  y  z  R2
D 1 y2 1 zx  
Lakshya xyz Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 z2 1 we get
 0 ( C1  C3 )
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 1 y
0 b c D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1  x
Lakshya
(ii) D  Lakshya
b 0 a Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 z xy Lakshya Lakshya
 c a 0
R1  R1 + R2 gives
Lakshya 0Lakshya
 b c Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
3
= (1) b 0 a (Taking –1 common from R1, R2 & R3) 0 0 yx
Lakshya cLakshya
a 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1  x
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 z xy
0  b c
Lakshya b 0 a
So D = – Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
c a 0 0 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya D =Lakshya
(z–x) (y–z) (y–x)
0 b c 1 z
= – b
Lakshya 0Lakshya
a (Interchanging rows with columns
Lakshya & vice-versa.
= (z–x) (y–z) (y–x)Lakshya
(0–1) Lakshya Lakshya
c  a 0
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya = (x–y) (y–z) (z–x)Lakshya
=–D
= R.H.S.
Lakshya
 2D = 0Lakshya D =Lakshya
0. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Example – 9 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
ExampleLakshya
– 10 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
Show thatLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Show that Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

1 a 1 1
abc c b  1 1 1
Lakshya c Lakshya 1Lakshya
1 b 1 Lakshya
abc 1  Lakshya
 = abc + bc + Lakshya
ca + ab
abc Lakshya
a Lakshya Lakshya
 a b c
1 1 1 c
Lakshya b a
Lakshya a Lakshya
bc Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Sol. Taking Lakshya
out factors a,b,c Lakshya
common from R1, R2 and RLakshya
, we get
= 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) 3
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 Lakshya

1 1 Lakshya Lakshya
1
a a a
Lakshya a  bLakshya
c c Lakshya
b Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 1
Sol. D  cLakshya
a  b  c Lakshya
a L.H.S. = abc 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya b Lakshya
b b Lakshya Lakshya
b a abc 1 1 1
1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya c Lakshya
c c Lakshya Lakshya
C1 C1 +Lakshya
Lakshya C3 ; C2  C2 + C3
gives
Applying Lakshya
R1  R1 + Lakshya
R2 + R3, we have Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ac (b  c) b 1   Lakshya
1   Lakshya
1   Lakshya
a b c a b c a b c
D  (a Lakshya
Lakshya c) bc a
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 Lakshya 1 Lakshya 1 Lakshya
  abc 1
ac bc a bc b b b
1 1 1
1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya c Lakshya c Lakshya c Lakshya
1   1 
Using   C1 and  b  c  C2 we get
Lakshya  a Lakshya
c  Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya1 1 1  1 1
Lakshya 1
Lakshya Lakshya
 abc 1     1
1 1 b  a b c b b b
1 1 1Lakshya Lakshya
D = (a + c) (b + c) 1 1 a 1
c c c
Lakshya Lakshya 1 1Lakshya
a bc Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Now applying C2  C2 – C1, C3  C3 – C1, we get
R1  R1 + R2 gives
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 0 0 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
 1 1 1  1
Lakshya Lakshya
0 0 Lakshya
(a  b) Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya
abc 1    
Lakshya 1 0 Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 a  a b c b
D = (b +c) (c + a)
1
Lakshya Lakshya 1 1 Lakshya
abc Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 1 Lakshya Lakshya
c
= (b + c) (c + a) × [–(a+b) (–1 –1)]  1 1 1
 abc 1     11  0  
 a b cLakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya
= 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
Lakshya
= R.H.S. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 1 1 1Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya
 abc 1     = abc + bc + ca + ab = R.H.S.
 a b c
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
 – 6 + 7x + 2x2 = 0
Lakshya
Prove thatLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2x2 –Lakshya
7x + 6 = 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 (2x Lakshya
– 3) (x – 2) = 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a  bx c  dx p  qx a c p
  ax Lakshya
Lakshya b cx  d px Lakshya 2
 q  1  x Lakshya
b d q   
Lakshya 2x –Lakshya
3 = 0 or x – 2 =Lakshya
0 Lakshya Lakshya
u v w u v w
3
 x or x = 2
Sol. Applying R1  R1 – x R2 to , we get
2
Lakshya

a 1 x
Lakshya
2
 c 1  x  Lakshya
p 1  x  2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 2

1 2x 4x
 ax  b cx  d px  q
(ii) Given 1 4 16  0
Lakshya uLakshya v Lakshya
w Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 1
Lakshya a
Lakshya c Lakshya
p Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Here a13 = (a12)2 (element in third column is equal to square of

 1 x 2
 ax  b cx  d px  q
respective element Lakshya
in 2nd column) Lakshya Lakshya
u v w
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya We Lakshya
know, when twoLakshya Lakshya
rows are identical Lakshya
then the determinant
Applying R2  R2 –x R1, we get
is zero.
a c p  for R1  R2, 2x = 4 i.e. x = 2
 2
  1 x b d q 
Lakshya u v
Lakshya w Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 Lakshya Lakshya
 for R1  R3, 2x = 1 i.e. x =
2
Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Find x, if
 solution is x = ,2
2
1 x x2 1 2x 4x 2
Lakshya1 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya if we expand the given
Lakshya determinant,
Lakshya we get
Lakshya Lakshya
(i) 4 0 (ii) 1 4 16  0 2
1 (4 – 16) – 2x (1–16) + 4x (1–4) = 0
Lakshya 4 6 Lakshya
9 1 1
Lakshya 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 –12 –2x + 32x – 12x2 = 0
 –12Lakshya
x2 + 30x – 12 =Lakshya
0 Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya 1 x Lakshya
x2 Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya 4x2 Lakshya
– 10x + 4 = 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Sol. (i) 1 2 4  0  (4x – 2) (x – 2) = 0
4 6 9  4x – 2 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
 1(18 – 24) – x (9 – 16) + x (6 – 8) = 0 2 1
Lakshya x Lakshya
or x = 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Example – 13 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya = 1 Lakshya Lakshya
(–2 +2) – 2 (6 –2) + 3 (–6 + 2) Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
Solve the Lakshya Lakshya
following equations Lakshya
using Cramer’s Rule Lakshya = – Lakshya
20 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
x +Lakshya
2y – z = 3, 3x –Lakshya
y + 2z = 1, By Cramer’s Rule
2x – 2y + 3z = 2 Dx 5
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya x Lakshya
  1Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D 5
Sol. The givenLakshya
Lakshya equations are Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
x + 2y – z = 3 Dy 20
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya y Lakshya
  4 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
3x – y + 2z = 1 D 5
2x – 2y + 3z = 2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Dz 20
z Lakshya
  4 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D 5
Lakshya 1 2Lakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D  3 1 2  Solution is x = –1, y = 4, z = 4
Lakshya 2 Lakshya
Example – 14
= 1 (–3 +4) – 2 (9 – 4) – 1 (–6 + 2) Show that the following equations are consistent
= 1 – 10 + 4 = –5 2x + 3y + 1 = 0, x + 2y + 1 = 0
x+y=0
3 2 1
D x  1 1 2 Sol. Given
Lakshya 2 Lakshya
2 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2x + 3y + 1 = 0
x + Lakshya
2y + 1 = 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
= 3 (–3 + 4) –2 (3 – 4) – 1 (–2 +2)
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya x + Lakshya
y=0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
=5
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya By Lakshya
condition of consistency
Lakshya consider
Lakshya Lakshya
1 3 1
D y  3 1 2 a1 b1 c1 2 3 1
Lakshya 2 Lakshya
2 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya a 2 Lakshya
b 2 c 2  1 Lakshya
2 1 Lakshya Lakshya
a 3 b 3 c3 1 1 0
= 1 (3 – 4) – 3 (9 – 4) – 1 (6 – 2)
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya R1  R1 – R2 gives Lakshya
= – 20
1 1 0
1 2 3
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 2 1  0 ( C
 1Lakshya Lakshya
1  C3 ) Lakshya Lakshya
D z  3 1 1
1 1 0
Lakshya 2 Lakshya
2 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 TheLakshya Lakshya
given equations Lakshya
are consistent. Lakshya
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
1
 (k  5) 2   35
Lakshya Lakshya
Find k, if the Lakshya are consistent
following equations Lakshya Lakshya 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(k – 2) x +Lakshya
Lakshya (k – 1) y = 17, Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 k – 5 = ± 35
(k – 1) x + (k – 2) y = 18,
x+y=5  k = 40, – 30.
Sol. The given equation are Example – 17
(k–2)x + (k–1) y – 17 = 0 Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are
(k–1) x + (k–2)
Lakshya y – 18 = 0 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya P (–3, 1), Q(1, –1),Lakshya
Lakshya R(2, 1), S(0, 3).
Lakshya Lakshya
x+y–5=0
 The equations are consistent P Q
a1 b1 c1 k2 k  1 17 Sol.
a2 b2 c 2  k  1 k  2 18  0
a3
Lakshya b3 Lakshya
c3 1 1 5
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya S Lakshya Lakshya
R Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
R1  R1 – Lakshya
R2 gives Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya A( Lakshya
PQRS) = A (PQR) + A (PRS)

1 1 1 3 1 1
1
 k  1 kLakshya
Lakshya  2 18  0Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya2  1 Lakshya
A(PQR) 1 1 Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 5 2 1 1
C  C2 + C1, C3  C3 + C1 gives
2 1
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
[–3 (–1 –1) –1 (1–2) + 1 (1 + 2)]
Lakshya
2
1
Lakshya 0
Lakshya0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
k  1 2k  3 k  19 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya
(6 + 1 + 3) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 2 4 2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya = 5Lakshya
Sq. units Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 –1 (–8k + 12 – 2k + 38) = 0
Lakshya
 10k – 50 =Lakshya
3 1 1
 k=5 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya A (PRS) =
Lakshya 2 Lakshya
1 1 Lakshya Lakshya
2
Example – 16 0 3 1
Find k if the
Lakshya area of the triangle
Lakshya ABC is 35Lakshya
Lakshya sq. units, whereLakshya
1Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
A  (2, 6), B  (5, 4) and C  (k, 4)  [–3 (1–3) – 1 (2 –0) + 1 (6 –0)
2
1
Lakshya Lakshya
2 6 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya
[6 – 2 + 6] Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 2
Sol. Area  5 4 1  35 sq. units
2
k 4 1 = 5Lakshya
sq. units Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya A( Lakshya
PQRS) = 5 + 5Lakshya
= 10 Sq. units.
Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
The sum of Lakshya
first and second numbers is Lakshya
greater than theLakshya Lakshya
1 5 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
third number by 5. The sum of first and third numbers is Dy  1 7 1
more than the second number by 7. The sum of second 1 2 1
and third numbers is greater than the first number by 2.
Find such three numbers.
= 1 (7 –2) – 5 (1 + 1) – 1 (2 + 7)
Sol. Let the numbers be x, y, z respectively. We get the following
= – 14
equations.
x+y– z=5
1 1 5
x– y+z=7
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya D z Lakshya
 1 1 7 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
–x+y+z=2 1 1 2

1 1 1 2 0 0 =1 (–2–7) –1 (+2 +7) + 5 (1–1)
 D 1 1 1  1 1 1
= – 18
Lakshya 1 Lakshya
1 1 1 Lakshya
1 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
By Cramer’s Rule
= 2 (–1 –1)Lakshya
D 24
x
x  6
=–4 D 4

Dy 14 7
Lakshya 5 Lakshya
1 1 12 Lakshya
0 0 Lakshya Lakshya y Lakshya
  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
D x  7 1 1  7 1 1 D 4 2
Lakshya 2 Lakshya
1 1 2 Lakshya

D 18 9 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
z
z  
D
Lakshya
= 12 (–1 –1)
Lakshya
= – 24 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
7 9

Lakshya
TheLakshya
numbers are 6,Lakshya
2
and 2 respectively.
Lakshya
. Lakshya
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
1  3 2   3 / 7 2 / 7 
 A  
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 7  1 3  Lakshya
Lakshya 
 1/ 7 3 / 7 Lakshya Lakshya
 2 2 6 2
If A  3 1 andB  1
Lakshya  
Lakshya
3 , find matrix
Lakshya Lakshya
C such thatLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  
 4 0 0 4 1 1
Lakshya  Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya B Lakshya
2A   ... (i)
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
0 1 
A + B + CLakshya
Lakshya
= 0, where 0 is the zero matrix.
Sol. Given, A +Lakshya

Lakshya B+C=0 Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya
 3 / 7 2 / 7 Lakshya
1 1
 2Lakshya
 1/ 7 3 / 7   0 1  Lakshya Lakshya
 C = – [A + B]    
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  6 / 7 4 / 7  Lakshya

1 1
 Lakshya   0 1 
Lakshya Lakshya
 2 2 6 2    2 / 7 6 / 7   
A  B   Lakshya
Lakshya 3 1   1 3Lakshya


 4 0  0 4 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1/ 7 3 / 7  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

2 / 7 1/ 7 
Lakshya
 8 4   8 4 
Lakshya B] = –  2 Lakshya
C = – [A +Lakshya 4    2 4  Lakshya ExampleLakshya
Lakshya – 21 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 4 4   4 4 
 cos  sin  
Example – 20Lakshya If A    , show that A.A= A+
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya cos  
  sin  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Find matrices
Lakshya A and B, where
Lakshya 1 1  0 1 Lakshya

2A–B = Lakshya
 and A +Lakshya
3B =  
Lakshya Lakshya
 cos  sinLakshya
Sol. A   
 Lakshya Lakshya
0 1   1 0   
  sin  cosLakshya

 cos  sinLakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 then A   
Sol. Given 2A – B =   ... (i)
  sin  cos  
Lakshya Lakshya0 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
 0 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya cos  Lakshya
sin    cos  Lakshya
sin   Lakshya
A + 3B =  ... (ii) A  .A  

 1 0  cos     sin  cos  
  sin  Lakshya
 
From 3 × (i) + (ii), we get
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya cos  cos   sinLakshya
Lakshya  sin  cosLakshya
 sin   sin  cos 
Lakshya

 3 3  0 1    sin  cos   cos  sin   sin  sin   cos  cos  
Lakshya
7A   Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 0 3   1 0 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya cos(  ) sin(
Lakshya   ) 
 
3  0 3  1  3 2    sin(  ) cos (  ) 

Lakshya 
Lakshya Lakshya
 0  1 3  0   1 3 
= A (+)

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
 9  20 15  10   29 25
 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 4   20 24
12  8 20  Lakshya 
Lakshya
 Lakshya
 2 1 1 2 
Lakshya  ,B
If A =  Lakshya  , verify that |AB|
Lakshya = |A| |B|.
 0 3 3 2 
 29 25  3 5  1 0 
Lakshya A2 –Lakshya
5A – 14I =  Lakshya  5  Lakshya  14  Lakshya

  20 24    4 2  0 1 
2 1  1 2 
Sol. AB  
Lakshya 
0 3 3 2 

 29 25   15 25  14 0 
 Lakshya    Lakshya    Lakshya Lakshya

 20 24   20 10   0 14 
2  3 4  2

0  6 
Lakshya0  9 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  29  15  14 Lakshya
 Lakshya
25  25  0  Lakshya Lakshya

 20  20  0 24  10  14 
5 2 
 AB 
Lakshya 9 Lakshya
6  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 0
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 
0 0
2 1  2
A – 4A + 3I = 0
|A|
Lakshya = 6 – 0 = 6 Lakshya
0 3
Example – 24
1 2
Lakshya
|B| Lakshya
= –2 – 6 = –Lakshya
8 Lakshya Lakshya 0 1 
Lakshya 0 1 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
3 2 If A =   and B =  
1 0  1 0 
2 2
show that (A+B).(A–B)  A – B .
Lakshya 5 2
| AB |  Lakshya Lakshya
= – 30 – 18 = – 48 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
9 6 2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Sol. (A +
Lakshya B) (A – B) = A
Lakshya Lakshya B2
– AB + BA –Lakshya Lakshya
Also, |A| . |B| = 6(–8) = – 48
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  0 1   0 Lakshya
1  0  1 0Lakshya
0 
ABLakshya
     
Lakshya
Hence, |AB| = |A| . |B| is verified.  1 0   1 0   0  0 1  0 
Example – 23
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 0 
 Lakshya

0 1 
Lakshya  3Lakshya
5  Lakshya
2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
If A    , show that A – 5A – 14I = 0
  4 2 
0 1  0 Lakshya
And, BALakshya
1
Lakshya Lakshya
  
 1 0   0
1
 3 5 
Sol. A    0  1 0  0   1 0 
 2 
Lakshya 4 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya   Lakshya
  Lakshya Lakshya
0  0 1  0   0 1
 AB  BA
 3 5   3 5
 A2 = A . ALakshya
Lakshya =    Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya
 Lakshya
–AB + BA  0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 4 2   4 2 
2
Lakshya (A + B) (A – B)  A
Lakshya – B2
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Example – 25Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
ExampleLakshya

 3 2  1 x  1 2 3  1 1 1 
If A = ,B , and (A + B).(A–B)=A2–B2,
Lakshya  2 Lakshya
4  0 
 y Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
If A = 2 4 6 , B   3 2 1 ,
 
   
find x andLakshya
Lakshya y Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 2 3 Lakshya
Lakshya  2 1 Lakshya
0  Lakshya
Lakshya
Sol. ConditionLakshya
given Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
show that AB and Lakshya Lakshya
BA are both singular matrices.Lakshya
(A+B) (A–B)
Lakshya = A2 – B2 Lakshya
 A2 – AB + BA – B2 = A2 – B2 1 2 3  Lakshya
1 1 1 
 – AB + BA = 0     Lakshya Lakshya
Sol. AB   2 4 6   3 2 1
Lakshya
 AB = BA Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 2 3  
Lakshya 2 1 0  Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
 3 2 Lakshya
 1 x   1 Lakshya
x   3 2  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 
2 4   y 0   y 0   2 4 
    1  6  6 1  4  3 1  2  0 

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya
2  12  12 2 Lakshya 0 
 8  6 2  4 Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
1  6  6 1 Lakshya 0 
 4  3 1  2 Lakshya
 3  2y Lakshya
3x  0   Lakshya
3  2x 2  4x Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  2  4y 
 2x  0   3y  0 2y  0 

 11 6 1
Comparing corresponding elements.
22 12 2  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
–3x = 2 – 4x and –3y = 2 – 4y  11 6 1
Lakshya
 x = 2 y =Lakshya
[ x = y =Lakshya
Lakshya 2] Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  11
Lakshya 6 Lakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya
Example – 26 | AB |  22 12 2  0 ( R1  R 3 )


 11 6 Lakshya
1
Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya  2 Lakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
If A   , find A3 Similarly,
2 
 3 Lakshya
 1 1 1   1 2 3 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya   3 2 Lakshya
BALakshya 1  2 4 6  Lakshya Lakshya
 2 1  2 1 0  1 2 3
Sol. A
Lakshya 
 3 2 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 2 1 2 Lakshya
42 3  6 Lakshya
3  Lakshya

 2 1  2 1
A2 = A . ALakshya
=    3  4  1 6  8  2 9  12  3

Lakshya   Lakshya
 3 2   3 2   2  2  0 4  4  0 6  6  0 
 4  3 2  2  1 0 
  I  0 0 0
Lakshya 6  6 Lakshya
3  4  0 Lakshya
1  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  0 0 0
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
0 0 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
3 2 2 1
 A =A.A =A.I=A=  
Lakshya Lakshya  3 2 
 |BA|Lakshya
=0 (  it isLakshya
zero matrix) Lakshya Lakshya
Hence, AB and BA both are singular.

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
 1 5
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2 2 4  2 3
 
  Lakshya 1
Then Q   0 3    Q
Express the matrix B =  1 3 4  as the sum of a 

2
 1 2 3  
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 5 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 3 0
symmetricLakshya
and a skew symmetric  2 
Lakshya Lakshya matrix.
Sol. Here
1
Thus Q   B  B  is a skew symmetric matrix.
 2 1 1 
 3 2 
B   2 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Now
 4 4 3
 3 3   1 5 
 2   0 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 2 2 Lakshya2 2 Lakshya
 3 3  Lakshya     2 2 Lakshya
4
 3 1 
Lakshya Lakshya  2
2  
P  Q  Lakshya
2 Lakshya 3 1  Lakshya
 0 
3 Lakshya 4   B
 1 3 Lakshya
Lakshya
4 3 3 Lakshya
   2   2  
1 1    3      1 2 3
 B  B   Lakshya
Let P  Lakshya 3 6 2 3 1 3
Lakshya  5 3
1 3  Lakshya 
0 Lakshya
Lakshya 2 2 2
Lakshya 
Lakshya Lakshya
 3 2 6   
2 
  2 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  3 1
Lakshya 
3Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2 
Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a
skew symmetric matrix.
Example – 29 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 3 3 
2 2 
2 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
  Lakshya Lakshya TheLakshya
sum of three Lakshya
numbers is 6.Lakshya Lakshya
If we multiply third
  3 P
Now P  Lakshya
Lakshya
number by 3 and add second number to it, we get 11. By
2 
  adding first and third numbers, we get double of the
Lakshya  3 1
Lakshya 
3Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya second number. Represent
Lakshya Lakshya it algebraically
Lakshya and find the
Lakshya
 2 
numbers using matrix method.
1 Sol. Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by x, y and

Lakshya
Thus P Lakshya
 B  B  is aLakshya Lakshya
symmetric matrix. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
z, respectively. Then, according to given conditions, we
2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya have Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Also, let
x+y+z=6
y + 3x = 11
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 5 
 Lakshya Lakshya
0 2 x +Lakshya Lakshya
z = 2 y or x – 2y +z=0 Lakshya Lakshya
 0 1 5   2
 ThisLakshya
system can beLakshya
written as A XLakshya
= B, where
Lakshya 1 Lakshya1 Lakshya 1 Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya
Q   B  B   1 0 6    0 3
2 2 2 
Lakshya Lakshya 5  6 0   Lakshya 
Lakshya Lakshya 1 1
Lakshya 1 Lakshya
x  6
Lakshya Lakshya
 5 3 0 
 2  A   0 1 3 , X   y  and B  11
   
1 2 1  z   0 
Lakshya Educare

ExampleLakshya
Here |A| = 1 (1 + 6) – (0 – 3) + (0 – 1) = 9  0. Now we find
adj A
1 1 2   2 0 1
A11 = 1 (1Lakshya
Lakshya + 6) = 7, A12 Lakshya
= – (0 – 3) = 3,Lakshya Lakshya
Use product 0
Lakshya Lakshya  
Lakshya Lakshya
 2 3  9 2 3 to solve the
Lakshya A13Lakshya
=–1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 3 2 4   6
Lakshya 1 2 
Lakshya Lakshya
A21 = – (1Lakshya
Lakshya + 2) = – 3, A22 = 0
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya system of equationsLakshya
x – y + 2z = 1
Lakshya A23Lakshya
= – (–2 – 1) =Lakshya
2y – 3z = 1
A31 = (3 –Lakshya
Lakshya 1) = 2, A32 Lakshya
= –(3 – 0) = –3,Lakshya Lakshya 3x –Lakshya
2y + 4z = 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya A33Lakshya
= (1 – 0) = 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 2   2 0 1 
 Lakshya
 Lakshya
Sol. Consider the product 0 2 3  9 2 3
 7 3 2 
Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 3 2 4Lakshya
Lakshya   6 1 2 Lakshya
Hence adjA   3 0 3
Lakshya  1 3 Lakshya
Lakshya 1  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2  9  12 0  2  2 1  3  4  1 0 0
  0  18  18 0  4  3 0  6  6   0 1 0
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
6  18  24 0Lakshya 8  0 0 1 Lakshya
 4  4 3  6 Lakshya
 7 3 2 
Lakshya Lakshya
1 Lakshya
Lakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Thus A  adj  A    3 0 3
1
1
|A| 9 1 1 2   2 0 1 
Lakshya Lakshya  1 3 1Lakshya
Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya
 Lakshya
  Lakshya
Hence 0 2 3   9 2 3 
 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 3 2 4Lakshya

Lakshya   6 1 Lakshya
2  Lakshya
–1
Since X =Lakshya
Lakshya A B Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Now, given systemLakshya Lakshya
of equations can Lakshya
be written, in matrix
form, as follows
 7 3 2   6  1 Lakshya
1 2   x  Lakshya
1 
Lakshya 1  Lakshya   Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
X   3 0 3 11  0 2 3  y    1 
9     
Lakshya  1Lakshya
3 1   0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 3 Lakshya
2 4   z  Lakshya
 2  Lakshya Lakshya

1
 x   1 1 2   1   2 0 1  1 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  y Lakshya
 0 2 3Lakshya
 1    9 Lakshya   Lakshya
or         2 3   1 
x  42  33  0   9  1   z Lakshya
 3 2 4Lakshya
  2   6 1 2   2  Lakshya
Lakshya
  1  Lakshya  1Lakshya     Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
y
  9  18  0  0  9 18    2 

or
 z 
Lakshya   6  33  0  Lakshya
Lakshya  27   3  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2  0  2   0 
9  2  6   5Lakshya


Lakshya Lakshya
Thus x = 1, y = 2 z = 3 Lakshya  6  1  4   3

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Hence x = 0, y = 5Lakshya

Lakshya and z = 3 Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Now from (i), Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 4 3  Lakshya
PA   
1 0 1 Lakshya Lakshya
2 4 2 3  0 1 0 
Given A 
Lakshya Lakshya
 1 , BLakshya
 . Lakshya Lakshya  3 2  Lakshya
 2 3  3 4
1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  4 3 4Lakshya
Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya
 PA   
 3 2 3 
Lakshya Lakshya 1 0 1 
Find P such that BPA =  .
0 1 0  Post-multiplying both sides by A –1
1  4 3 4  1
PAA  Lakshya
A Lakshya Lakshya
1 0 1   3 2 3 
Sol. Given BPA =  .
Lakshya 0 1 0 Lakshya
  4 3  4  1
Lakshya Lakshya
Pre-multiplying Lakshya
both sides by B–1 Lakshya 
Lakshya PI 
Lakshya A
 3 2 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 
Lakshya Lakshya
1 0 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
B–1 BPA = B–1    4 3 4  1
Lakshya 0 1 0 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya P Lakshya A
 3 2 3 Lakshya ... (ii)
Lakshya Lakshya
 
Lakshya 1 0 1 
For A–1 :
 IPA = B–1  
0 1 0 
1 1 1
Lakshya 1 0 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  1 . Now |A| = Lakshya
since A   2 4 Lakshya
Lakshya –1 0 Lakshya
 PA = B–1   ... (i)
0 1 0   2 3 1
–1
To find B .
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya it isLakshya
non-singular matrix
Lakshyaand hence A–1 exists
Lakshya Lakshya
2 3
Now B
Lakshya Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 2 Lakshya
3  Lakshya Lakshya
3 4
adj.(A)   0 1 1 

2 3  2 1 2 
|B|=
Lakshya = 8 – 9 = –1
Lakshya  0. As | B | Lakshya
Lakshya 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
3 4
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1Lakshya
2 3  Lakshya Lakshya
so it is non-singular matrix and hence inverse of B exists. Adj.A
1
A    0 1 1

| A
Lakshya
|
 2 Lakshya
1 2  Lakshya Lakshya
Adj.B  4 3 
 B1   
Lakshya  3 2  Lakshya
| B Lakshya
| Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Now From (ii), Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 1 2 3Lakshya
 Lakshya
 4 3 4   
P  0
Lakshya
 1  1 
3  2 3 Lakshya Lakshya
   
 2 1  2
For a 2×2 matrix, adjoint can be obtained by swapping
diagonal elements
Lakshya Lakshya and changing
Lakshyathe sign Lakshya
of non-diagonalLakshya  4 7 7 Lakshya
 P Lakshya
 3 5 5 
Lakshya Lakshya
elements.  
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Example – 32Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 2 3   0 1 0 
Lakshya
Solve the Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 Lakshya
1 2   1 Lakshya
0 0  A (applying
Lakshya
system of equations : or  R3  R3 Lakshya
– 3R1)
Lakshya x +Lakshya
2y + z = 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
0 Lakshya
5 8  0Lakshya
3 1  Lakshya Lakshya
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
3x + 6y + 3z = 6 1 0 1  2 1 0 
or 0 Lakshya
1 2    1Lakshya
0 0  A (applying
LakshyaR  R
Lakshya
– 2R2)
 1 1
Sol. 1st and 3rd equations are integral mutiple of each other. 0 5 8  0 3 1 
Lakshya
(dependent Lakshya
equations) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 D = D 1 = D2 = D 3 = 0
 infinite solutions 1 0 1  2 1 0
consider 0 1 2    1 0 0 A (applying R  R + 5R )
Lakshya x + 2yLakshya
+z=2 Lakshya Lakshya or
Lakshya  Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya3 3Lakshya
2
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
0 0 2   0 3 1 
Lakshya
Let z=k Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 x  2y Lakshya
Lakshya 2k Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 
 2x  3y  1  4k  
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 1  2 Lakshya
1 Lakshya 1 0 Lakshya Lakshya
0 1 2    1  1
3  2k 8  11k or    0 0  A (applying R3  R3 )
 y
Lakshya and x 
Lakshya 2Lakshya
7 7 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya 
0 0 1   5 3 1 
Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  2 Lakshya

2 2 Lakshya Lakshya
 8  11k 3  2k 
Hence :  x  ,y and z  k 
Lakshya  7
Lakshya 7 Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
where k is an arbitrary constant. 1 1 1 
1 0 0   2 2 2 
Example – 33 0 1 2   1 
or 0 0  A (applying R1  R1 + R3)
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 
Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using 0 0 1   5 3 1

Lakshya
elementaryLakshya
operations Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  2 Lakshya
2 2 Lakshya Lakshya

0 1 2
A  1 2Lakshya
Lakshya 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  1 Lakshya
1 1  Lakshya Lakshya
 3 1 1  1 0 0   2 2 2 
or 0 Lakshya
1 0    4 Lakshya
3 
 Lakshya
1 A (applying R2  RLakshya
–2 R3)
   2
0 Lakshya
0 1   5 Lakshya
3 1 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya   Lakshya Lakshya
Sol. Write A = I A, i.e.,
2 2 2
0 1 2 1 0 0 
1 2 3Lakshya
Lakshya   0 1 0 A Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
     1 1 1 
 3 1 1   0 0 1  
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 2 2
Lakshya  2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 
A   4 3 1
Hence
Lakshya  5 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 3 1  Lakshya Lakshya
1 2 3   0 1 0   
or 0 1 2  1 0 0  A (appplying R  R ) 2 2 2
Lakshya
 Lakshya
   Lakshya 1Lakshya
2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 3 1 1   0 0 1 

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Example – 34Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 IB =Lakshya Lakshya
0  B = 0 [Note true] Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
If M is a 3Lakshya Lakshya
× 3 matrix, where Lakshya
MT M = I and (ii)
det (M) = I,Lakshya ABLakshya
= 0 and B non-singular
LakshyaimpliesLakshya Lakshya
–1 –1
then prove that det (M – I) = 0. ABB = 0 (B) = 0  AI = 0
 A = 0 [Not true]
Sol. (M – I)T =Lakshya
Lakshya MT – I = MT – Lakshya
MTM = MT (I – Lakshya
M) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
T T
 Both A and B are singular.
 | (M – I) | = | M – I | = | M || I – M |
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (iii)
Lakshya Consider
Lakshyathe counter example
= | I – M| |M – I| = 0.
Lakshya Method
Alternate Lakshya
: Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 1
Lakshya 1 0
A  and B   
det (M – I) det (MT)
= det (M – I)Lakshya 0 0 0 0
= det (MMT – MT)
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  0 1   1 Lakshya
Lakshya 0 0 0 Lakshya Lakshya
= det (I – MT) = – det (MT – I) AB     
0 00 0 0 0
Lakshya – I)T = – det (M
= – det (MLakshya – I)
 det (M – I) = 0.  1 0   0 1  Lakshya
0 1
whereas BA   Lakshya Lakshya
  0
Example – 35  0 0 0 0  0 0
If S is a skew-symmertric matrix of order n and I + S is Example – 37
non-singular, then prove that
–1 Let A and B be matrix of order n. Prove that if (I – AB) is
A = (I – S)
Lakshya (I + S) is anLakshya
Lakshya orthogonal matrix of order n.Lakshya
invertible, then (I – BA) is also invertible and
–1 –1
LakshyaT Lakshya
T 1 T Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (I –Lakshya
BA) = I + B Lakshya
(I – AB) A. Lakshya Lakshya
Sol. A  I  S    I  S
–1 –1
Lakshya –1Lakshya Lakshya
T Lakshya Lakshya
Sol. I – Lakshya Lakshya
BA = BIB – BABB Lakshya Lakshya
= (I – S) (I + S), since S
–1
= – S; S being
Lakshya Lakshyaskew symmertric.
= BLakshya
(I – AB) B Lakshya
...(i)Lakshya Lakshya
T –1 –1 –1
 A A = (I – S) (I + S) (I – S) (I + S) Hence, |I – BA| = |B| |I – AB| |B |
–1 –1
Lakshya
= (I – S) Lakshya
(I – S) (I + S) Lakshya
(I + S) , Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya –1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
= |I – AB| |B| |B |
since (I + S) (I – S) = (I – S) (I + S) –1
Lakshya
=I Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya = |ILakshya
– AB| |B| |B | Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 A is orthogonal, I – S is Lakshya
a square matrixLakshya
of order n. = |I – AB| ...(ii)
Lakshya Lakshya –1
 A = (I – S) (I + S) is a square matrix of order n. –1 –1
Since |B| |B | = |BB | = |I| = I
Example – 36 If I – AB is invertible, |I – AB| has to be non-zero.
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Hence, |I – BA|  0Lakshya
Lakshya and therefore Lakshya
I – BA is also invertible
Lakshya
If A and B are n-rowed non-zero square matrix such that –1
AB = 0, then show that both A and B are Lakshya
singular. If bothLakshya Now (I – BA) {I + B (I – AB) A}
–1
A and B are singular and AB = 0, does it follows that = (I – BA) + (I – BA) B (I – AB) A
Lakshya
BA = 0. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
= (ILakshya
– BA) + {B (I Lakshya
– AB) B } B (ILakshya Lakshya
–1 –1
– AB) A
Justify your answer. (Using (i)) Lakshya
–1
= (I – BA) + B (I – AB) ( I – AB) A
Sol. (i) AB = 0Lakshya
Lakshya and A non-singular
Lakshyaimplies Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
–1 –1 = I – BA + BA = I
A AB = A (0) = 0 –1 –1
Hence, (I – BA) =Lakshya
I + B (I – AB)Lakshya
A ...(iii) Lakshya
–1
 (A A) B = 0
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Example – 38 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
ExampleLakshya

 cos  sin   a 0 1  a 1 1  f  a  2
If A   Lakshya  , prove
Lakshya
that
  sin  cos   Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  Lakshya
  Lakshya
   Lakshya
A  1 c b  , B  0 d c  , U   g  , V   0 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 d b  Lakshya
Lakshya f g h  Lakshya
 h   0 Lakshya
 
 cos n sin n 
n
A  for all n  N
Lakshya   sin n cos n  Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya , abLakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya If there is vector matrix

Lakshya X, such that AXLakshya
Lakshya = U has infinitely many
Lakshya
solutions, then prove that BX = V cannot have unique solution.
Lakshya  cos n Lakshya
sin n 
Sol. Consider Lakshya
An   
If afd  0 then prove Lakshya
that BX = V has noLakshya
solution. Lakshya
  sin n cos n 
Sol. AX = U has infinite solutions
1  cos  sin  
for n = 1, A
Lakshya = 
Lakshya ,
 |A| =Lakshya
  sin  cos  
it is true as given
 An is true for
Lakshya n=1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya a Lakshya
n
Let A is true for n = r, where r  N 1 c b 0
1 Lakshya
d b Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 cos r sin r 
 A r   Lakshya
Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  sin r cos r 
Lakshya
then, Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya ab =Lakshya
1 or c = d Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Ar+1 = A . A
Lakshya
r
 cos  Lakshya
sin    cos r sin r  a 0 f
Lakshya
   sin  cos     sin rLakshya
 cos r 
| A1 | 1 c g  0
  and
1 d h Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 cos  cos r  sin  sin r cos  sin r  sin  sin r 

Lakshya Lakshya
 sin .cos
 r  cos  sinLakshya  cos  cos r  Lakshya
r  sin  sin rLakshya 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 

Lakshya g =Lakshya
h; [Here A1 isLakshya
actually D1 for A : Cramer’sLakshya
Lakshya Rule in
 cos(  r) sin(  r) 
 Determinants section]
Lakshya  sin(Lakshya r) 
 r) cos( Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya cos(r 
Lakshya Lakshya
1) sin(r  1)  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 a f 1
 sin(r  1) cos(r  1) 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya | A 2Lakshya 0  g=h
| 1 g b  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
i.e. An is true for n = r + 1, 1 h b
 An is true for n = 1
Lakshya
And Lakshya
An is true for n = r + 1, if itLakshya
is true for n = rLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 An is true for all n N
f 0 1
 cos n sin n   | A 3Lakshya 0  g = h, c =Lakshya
| g c b  Lakshya d
 A n   Lakshya
Lakshya for all n N. Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  sin n cos n  h d b

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
 c = d and Lakshya
g=h Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
ExampleLakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
So, for infinite solutions cLakshya
= d and g = h Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 A 0   A 1 0 
Prove that the inverse of  is  1 1
Lakshya 
Lakshya
BX = V Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
C1 
 B C   C BA
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya where A, C are non-singular
Lakshya Lakshya matrix and hence find
Lakshya the
Lakshya
a 1 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya1 0 Lakshya
0 0 Lakshya Lakshya
| B | 0 d c  0 (Since C2 and C3 are equal)  
1 1 0 0
Lakshya f Lakshya
g h Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
inverse of 1 1 1 0 
 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya1 1 Lakshya
1 1 Lakshya Lakshya
 BX = V has
Lakshya
no unique solution
Sol. First part :
a 2
1 1  A 0   A 1 0 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya As Lakshya
   1 Lakshya
1  Lakshya Lakshya
and | B1 | 0 d c  0 (since c = d, g = h)  B C   C BA C1 
Lakshya 0 Lakshya
g h Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 Lakshya
AA1
Lakshya
0  I 0Lakshya

Lakshya
 1 1 1   
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  BA
Lakshya CC1   0
 CC BA Lakshya I
Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya A 1

 Lakshya A 0 
0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
and  1 1 1   
a a 2
1  C BA C  B C
| B2 | 0 0 c  a 2 cf  a 2 df (since c = d)  A 1 A 0   I 0
f Lakshya
0 h  Lakshya 1 
 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 C B  C B C C   0 I 
 A 1 Lakshya
0  Lakshya  A 0Lakshya

Hence  1 1 1  is the inverse of    I.
 C BA C   B C 
a 1 a2 Second Part :
Lakshya
| B3 | 0 Lakshya
d 0  a 2 df Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 0 0 0 
f Lakshya
g 0  
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 Lakshya
1 0 0   ALakshya

0 Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 1 0   B C 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 1 1 
Since if adf  0 then |B2| = | B3|  0. Hence no solution exists.
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 0 Lakshya
  1 1  Lakshya
1 0  Lakshya
where A   , B   ,C   .
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 1  Lakshya
1 1  Lakshya
1 1  Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

1 0 Lakshya
0 0   1 Lakshya
0 0 0 Lakshya
   
1 1 0 0   1 1 0 0 
Inverse of  
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya1 1 0   0 Lakshya
1 Lakshya 1 1 0 Lakshya
   
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya1 1 1 1   0 0 1 1 
Lakshya Educare

LDA -1

1. Find minor and cofactors of the elements of the following determinants
Lakshya 2 4 i 2
(i)   Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(ii)   Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
3 5 3i 1

2 1 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2. Find minors and cofactors of elements of the determinant 4 0 2 and verify that
1 3 4
(i) a C + a12 C32 + a13C33 =Lakshya

Lakshya11 31 Lakshya
(ii) a11C12 + a21C22 + a31C32 = 0
where aij is element of ith row & jth column & Cij is cofactor of aij.
2
1  3i i  2 x  x  1 x 1
3. Find theLakshya
Lakshya value of the (i)Lakshya Lakshya (ii)
i  2 1  3i x 1 x 1
4. Show that
cos  cos  sec   tan 
(i)
Lakshya   sin (Lakshya
Lakshya  ) Lakshya (ii)
Lakshya Lakshya  1Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
sin  sin   tan  sec 
5. Find x, if
2 x x 3
(i) 0 (ii) 0
Lakshya4 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 Lakshya
x2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
6. Solve theLakshya Lakshya
following determinants Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

3 1 2 1 1 1
(i) 0
Lakshya 0Lakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya (ii) 10
Lakshya 11 Lakshya
3 5 0 100 101 102

2 1 2 0 1 5
(iii) 2
Lakshya 1 3
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya (iv) 2
Lakshya 1 Lakshya
5 4 9 3 1 4

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
7. Lakshya
Prove that Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

i 2i 1 sin  cos  1
Lakshya
(i) 3i Lakshya
i3 2  11i Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(ii)  cos  Lakshya
sin  1  1  2Lakshya
sin  Lakshya Lakshya
1 3 i 1 1 1
Lakshya a Lakshya
a a Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
0 a bLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a b b  a(b  c) (a  b)
(iii) (iv) a 0 c = 2abc
Lakshya a Lakshya
b c Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
b c 0
8. Find x, if
Lakshya 2 Lakshya
1 x 1 Lakshya Lakshya x
Lakshya 1 Lakshya
(i) 1 3 4  0 (ii) 2x 1 3  0
Lakshya 0 Lakshya
3 4 Lakshya
Lakshya 0 Lakshya
3 x Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(iii) x  1 3 1 0
4 1 5
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya ANSWER

Lakshya Lakshya KEY

1. (i) M11 = –5, M12 = 3, M21 = –4 M22 = 2 (ii) M11 = –1, M12 = –3i, M21 = 2, M22 = i
Lakshya
C Lakshya
= –5, C12 = –3, C21 = 4, C22 = Lakshya
C11 = –1, C12 = 3i, C21 = –2, Lakshya
C22 = i Lakshya Lakshya
11

Minors Cofactors
 6 14 Lakshya
Lakshya 12  6Lakshya
14 12 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
   
2. 13 11 5  ,  –13 11 5 
 2 16 4   2 16 4 
3
3. (i) 5 (ii) x3 – xLakshya
Lakshya 2
+2 Lakshya Lakshya 5. (i) x   ,Lakshya
Lakshya (ii) x = 1, –3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2
3
6. (i) –12 (ii) 0 (iii)
Lakshya 3 (iv) –8
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 8. (i) x = 2.8 (ii)
Lakshya x=
Lakshya (iii) x =Lakshya
–1 or x = –3 Lakshya Lakshya
13
Lakshya Educare

LDA -2

1. Using Properties Find
Lakshya1 0 Lakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 10 Lakshya
(i) 0 1 1 (ii) 12 64 124
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 15 Lakshya
1 1 0
Lakshya1 18 Lakshya
72 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 10 Lakshya
(iii) 2 40 148 (iv) 213 211 210
2 45 150 372 375 377
Lakshya12 22 Lakshya
2 2 2
(v) 4 5 6
7 82 9 2
2. Without expanding, show that the value of the following determinants is zero.
1
Lakshya 1 Lakshya
x Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 Lakshya
x  y y  zLakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(i) 1 x x2 (ii) yx 0 zx
1 x2 x 3 zy xz 0

1 xy xy(x  y) 2 3 3
Lakshya
(iii) 1 yz Lakshya
yz(y  z) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(iv) 22 Lakshya
Lakshya
1 zx zx(z  x)
23 Lakshya
4 a bc cosec 2
 cot 2  Lakshya
1
(v) 4 b ca (vi) cot  cos ec 2  1
2
Lakshya4 c Lakshya
ab Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 40
42 Lakshya
2 Lakshya Lakshya

3. Without expanding the determinants, show that
a b c c z r xy yz zx x y z
(i) x y z a x p (ii) zx xy yz  2 z x y
Lakshyap q Lakshya
r b y q Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya y  Lakshya
z zx x  yLakshya
y z x Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
4. WithoutLakshya
expanding the Lakshya Lakshya
determinants, show that Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

2 3 4 2 5 3 2 4 1 1 3 6 2 3 3 1 2 1
Lakshya5 6Lakshya
(i) 2 5 8 5Lakshya
 2 5 2 Lakshya
1 Lakshya
(ii) 6 1 4 Lakshya
 4 2 1 2 Lakshya
10 3 1 7 Lakshya Lakshya
3 1 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 7 12 1 7 6 3 2 6
Lakshya
5. Lakshya
Show that Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

1 a a2 1 a bc
2
Lakshya1 b bLakshya
(i) = (a–b) (b–c)Lakshya
(c–a) Lakshya Lakshya
(ii) 1 bLakshya Lakshya
ac = (a–b) (b–c) (c–a) Lakshya Lakshya
2
1 c c 1 c ab

3 1 1 1
Lakshya1 a aLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2 2
(iii) 1 b b3 = (a–b) (b–c) (c–a) (a + b + c) (iv) a b c 2 = (a–b) (b–c) (c–a) (ab + bc + ca)
Lakshya1 c cLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a3 3 3
3
b c
6. Using property of determinants, prove the following :
a ab a  2b a 2 abLakshya
ac
2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
a  2b a a  b  9b (a  b)  b 2 bc  4a 2 b 2 c 2
(i) (ii) ba
Lakshyaa  b Lakshya
a  2b a Lakshya Lakshya Lakshyaac bcLakshya
c 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

2 2 2
Lakshya(b  c) Lakshya
a aLakshya Lakshya Lakshya3a a  b a  c Lakshya
2 2
(iii) b (c  a) b2  2abc (a  b  c)3 (iv) b  a 3b b  c  3(a  b  c) (ab  bc  ca)
Lakshya c 2 Lakshya
c2 (a Lakshya
b)2 Lakshya Lakshyac  a Lakshya
c  b 3c Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

7. Solve the following equations :
Lakshyax  1 xLakshya
1 x 1 Lakshya x 1Lakshya
1 Lakshya x Lakshya
2 x6 x  1Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(i) x 1 x 1 x 1  0 (ii) 1 x 1  0 (iii) x6 x 1 x  2  0
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya x Lakshya
1 x  2 x  6Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
x 1 x 1 x 1 1 1 x
8. If a, b and c are all positive and distinct, show that
a b c
  b c a has a negative value
Lakshya c Lakshya
a b Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
9. If a, b, cLakshya
are all positiveLakshya
and are pth, qthLakshya Lakshya
and rth terms of Lakshya
a G.P., then show that Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

log a p 1
  logLakshya
Lakshya b q 1  0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
log c r 1
10. Show that

Lakshya
x = 2 is a rootLakshya
Lakshya
of the equationLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshyax 6Lakshya
1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2 3x x 3  0
3 2x x2
and solve it completely.

ANSWER
Lakshya Lakshya
KEYLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

1. (i) 2 (ii) 0 (iii) –12 (iv) –10 (v) – 216
Lakshya 1 Lakshya Lakshya7 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

7. (i) x   (ii) x = –2, 1 (iii) x  
3 3
10. –3, 1

Lakshya Educare

LDA -3

1. Solve the following equations using Cramer’s Rule
Lakshya
3x + 4y –Lakshya
7 = 0, y – 2x = Lakshya
2. Solve theLakshya
Lakshya following equations
Lakshyausing Cramer’s
LakshyaRule Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(i) 2x–y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6, x – y + z = 2
(ii) x + y – z – 2 = 0, x – 2y + z = 3, 2x –y – 3z + 1 = 0
1 2 3 1
3. Find x and y using Cramer’s Rule, if   6,   8
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya x Lakshya
y x y Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
4. Find x, y, z using Cramer’s Rule if
1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3
Lakshya  Lakshya
 2,  Lakshya
 3,   Lakshya
 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
x y z x y z x y z
Lakshya
5. The sumLakshya Lakshya
of three numbers Lakshya
is 6. Twice the third numberLakshya
when added toLakshya Lakshya
the first number Lakshya
gives 7. On adding Lakshya
the sum of second
and third number to three times the first number, we get 12. Find the three numbers using determinants.
6. The cost of 4 kg potato, 3kg wheat and 2kg rice is Rs. 150. The cost of 1 kg potato, 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is Rs. 125. The cost
of 6 kg potato,
Lakshya Lakshya2kg wheat and 3kg rice isLakshya
Lakshya Rs. 175. Find Lakshya
the cost of eachLakshya
item per kg, byLakshya
using Cramer’sLakshya
Rule. Lakshya
7. Examine the consistency of the following equations
(i) x + y = 2, 2x + 3y = 5, 3x – 2y = 1
Lakshya
(ii) 3x – 4y +Lakshya
1 = 0, x + 2y = Lakshya
3, 2x + 7y + 5 = 0Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

8. Find k, if the area of the triangle with vertices at P(3, –5), Q(–2, k), R(1, 4) is sq. units
2
9. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are
Lakshya Lakshya
A(2, 1), B(2, 3), C(–2, 2),Lakshya
D(–1, 0) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
10. If pointsLakshya
Lakshya (a, b), (c, d) and (a–c, b–d) areLakshya
Lakshya collinear showLakshya
that ad–bc = 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya KEY

5 23 7 7
1. x   , y Lakshya
Lakshya 2. (i) x = 1, yLakshya
Lakshya = 2, z = 3, (ii) xLakshya 3. x 
= 3, y = 1, z = 2Lakshya ,y
11 11 22 Lakshya
10 Lakshya Lakshya

3 3 1
4. x  , y   , z   5. 3,1 & 2 6. Potato – Rs. 10/kg Wheat – Rs 20/kg Rice – Rs 25/kg
5
Lakshya Lakshya 2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 15

7. (i) consistent (ii) Not consistent 8. k = 1 or k = 34 9.
2
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya LDA -4


1. (i) Construct a matrix A = [aij]3×2 whose element aij is given by aij = i – 2j
(ii) Construct a 2 × 2 matrix whose elements aij are given by :
(2i  j) 2
a ij 
Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
(iii) Lakshya
Construct a 3 × 4 matrixLakshya
A = [aij] whoseLakshya
elements aij areLakshya
given by : Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

1
a ij  | 3i  j |
2. Which ofLakshya
Lakshya the following Lakshya
matrices are singular or non-singular.

5 0 5   3 5 7
1 99 100  
(i)
Lakshya Lakshya
 Lakshya 4
(ii)  2 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
6 99 105   3 2 5 
3. Find k ifLakshya
Lakshya the following matrices
Lakshyaare singular.

 4 3 1
 7 3 Lakshya 
Lakshya
(i)  2 k 
Lakshya 1
(ii)  7 k Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  10 9 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 5 3  y z 
4. (i) Find x, y,Lakshya
Lakshya z when  
Lakshya . Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
x 7 1 7 
Lakshya  x  y 2x  z  Lakshya
 1 5 
(ii) Find x, y,Lakshya
z, w when  Lakshya   
 2x  y 3z  w   0 13
Lakshya Lakshya
 2 3 5  Lakshya  4 2 3Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
5. (i)Let A    and B  
Lakshya  1 0 4  Lakshya
Lakshya
1
 2 6 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Verify that
Lakshya A + B = B + A.

Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
 2 3
Lakshya
 5 2
(ii) If A  4 5 and B   7 3  , find a matrix C such that
 
   
Lakshya  Lakshya
1 6  Lakshya
 6 4  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

A + B – C = O.
(iii) Find matrices A and B, if
 6 6 0 3 2 5
2A  B    and 2B  A   .
Lakshya Lakshya 1 7
4 2 1 Lakshya 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2 8 Lakshya
0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  4  2
(iv) A =  4 2  ; B = ;
 Lakshya
 5 1  3 6 
Find ‘X’ such that 2A + 3X = 5B

ANSWER KEYLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 1 3  1 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 
   9/2 8 
1. (i)  0 2 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
(ii)  Lakshya
 (iii) 5 / 2 Lakshya
Lakshya 2 3 / 2 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 25 / 2 18 
 1 1  4 7 / 2 3 5 / 2 
Lakshya Lakshya 6
2. (i) Singular (ii) Non-SingularLakshya
3. (i) k   Lakshya
(ii) k = 6 Lakshya
4. (i) x = 1, y Lakshya
= 5, z = 3 Lakshya
(ii) x = 1, y = 2, z Lakshya
= 3, w = 4 Lakshya
7
3 5  12 4/3 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 3 2 1  Lakshya
 Lakshya 0 2 2Lakshya
 Lakshya 4  14 / 3
Lakshya Lakshya
5. (ii)  3 8  (iii) A    and B    (iv) X = 
   2 1 1  0 0 3 25 / 3 28 / 3 
Lakshya  7 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Educare

LDA -5
Lakshya 1 3
Lakshya  6 6 
1. (i) If A    and B    Verify that AB = O.
1 3   2 2 
Lakshya 4 1  1 3 
(ii) If A  Lakshya
 and B  Lakshya Lakshya
 4 2  , Show that AB  BA.
3 2  
2. Verify A(BC) = (AB) C in each of the following cases.
 2 2 
4 3 Lakshya 3 1 
 and CLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
A  , B  3 3  
  1 3
 1 3 2   
Lakshya Lakshya  1 1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

1 5   2 3
3. (i) If A    ,B , Find AB – 2I, where I is unit matrix of order 2.
Lakshya 6Lakshya
7 8 
 4Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

1 3 3
 1 3 ,
(ii) If A  3Lakshya
Lakshya  prove that A2 – 5A isLakshya
Lakshya a scalar matrix.Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
3 3 1
Lakshya  3 2  Lakshya
Lakshya 2
(iii) Find k, if A =   and if A = kA – 2 I
 4  2 
Lakshya 0 1 1 0
4. (i) If A   Lakshya
 and B   Lakshya Lakshya
2 2 Lakshya
2
 , Show that (A + B) = A + B + 2AB
1 0 0 1
7 14 
Lakshya
(ii) If A =  Lakshya that A3 = A
 , showLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 4 8 
3 1  0 3
5.
Lakshya  and B   Lakshya
(i) If A =  Lakshya  , Show that Lakshya
|AB| = |A| . |B|. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2 4 1 5
1 2  0 4 
(ii) If A   Lakshya
 ,B , show that AB  BA, but |AB| = |A| . |B|
Lakshya
3 5  1
 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
6. Lakshya
Find matrix X such that Lakshya
AX = B, where Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2  Lakshya
 3  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
A=   and B =  
2 1 
Lakshya  Lakshya  1

Lakshya Educare

 1 1 1 0 4 3
7. 
(i) Let A  Lakshya  B   1 3 Lakshya
3 , computeLakshya
A2 – B2.
Lakshya  3 3 3  and
 5 5 5   1 4 4 
(ii) Find the value of x for which the matrix product
 2 0 7    x 14x 7x 
Lakshya 
Lakshya
0 1 0  0 0  equal an
identity matrix.
 1   x 4xLakshya
Lakshya1 2 Lakshya 2x  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
T
8. (i) For the matrices
Lakshya LakshyaA and B, verify that (AB)
Lakshya = BT AT, where
1 3 1 4
A   Lakshya
Lakshya , B   Lakshya
2 4 2 5
 cos  sin  
(ii) If A   , then verify that AT A = I2.
Lakshya  sin  cos  Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 1 3/ 5 a 
 7  is a symmetric
9.
Lakshya c if  b 5 Lakshya
(i) Find a, b,Lakshya matrix
 4 c 0 
Lakshya  0
Lakshya 5i x
 
(ii) Find x, y, z if  y 0 z  is a skew symmetric matrix
Lakshya Lakshya
3/ 2  Lakshya
2 0 

1 2 4
10. (i) Prove that A + A is symmetric and A – A is skew symmetric matrix, where A   3
T T
2 1 

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  3 2 
Lakshya  2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 4 2 
(ii) Express the matrix  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
Lakshya 5 
Lakshya  3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya ANSWER

Lakshya KEY
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 2 Lakshya

9 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 20 43  5 / 3 1
3. (i)   (iii) k = 1 6. x    7. (i) 3 26 3 
 (ii)
Lakshya 40 36 
Lakshya Lakshya  7 / 3Lakshya
 Lakshya
  5
 35 15Lakshya
34 

 1  5 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
4 2&
0  
2 Lakshya
9. (i) a = –4, b =Lakshya
Lakshya 3/5, c = –7 (ii) xLakshya
= –3/2, y = 5i, zLakshya
= 2 10. (ii) 
Lakshya Lakshya
   Lakshya Lakshya
1 5  
5
0 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  2  
 2
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Educare

LDA -6

1. Find the adjoint of the given matrix and verify in each case that A. (adj A) = (adj A) . A = |A| . I.
 2 3  3 5 
(i)   (ii)  
Lakshya  5 9Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2. Find the adjoint of
 4 3 3  1 4 2 
(i) If A   1 0 1Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya
(ii)  2Lakshya
5 4  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
  
 4 4 3   1 2 1 
Lakshya 1Lakshya
1 2  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 
3. If A  3 0 2  verify that A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I
1 0 3 
4. Find which
Lakshya of the following
Lakshya matrices areLakshya
Lakshya invertible Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1 2

Lakshya 3Lakshya
 Lakshya 1Lakshya
2 3 Lakshya
 cos  sin    2 1 3   3 4 5
(i)   sin  cos   (ii)   (iii)  
Lakshya  Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya1 2 3Lakshya Lakshya
  4Lakshya
6 8
Lakshya
5. Find theLakshya
Lakshya inverse of the following
Lakshya : Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2 Lakshya
6 1 1
Lakshya
(i) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(ii)   Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
7 20 
  2 3 
Lakshya
6. Find theLakshya Lakshya matrices
inverse of the following Lakshya Lakshya
(if they exist). Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 1

Lakshya 3 Lakshya
2  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2 1  3 0 5 
(i)   (ii)  
Lakshya 1 Lakshya
 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 2 5 Lakshya
0  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 1 2 2  1 2 4 
 2
(iii)  0 Lakshya
Lakshya 2 1  Lakshya Lakshya (iv)  4 3 Lakshya

 3 0  1 0 3
Lakshya  1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya cosLakshya
  sin  0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 sin  cos  0 
(v)  
Lakshya  0Lakshya 0 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya  3Lakshya
1 Lakshya
7. If A   & B  find X such AX = B
Lakshya 2 
 4Lakshya
 1
Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 3 1 7 3
8. A =  Lakshya
Lakshya  ,B  . Find X & Y, Lakshya
Lakshya such that XA = Lakshya
B & AY = B Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 1 2  0 6

Lakshya Educare

1 3 3   7 3 3
1 4 3  & B   1 1 0 
Lakshya
9. Lakshya
Find X such Lakshya
that AX = B, where A =  Lakshya Lakshya
  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 3 4   1 0 1 
0 1 
Lakshya Lakshya
2 0 0  Lakshya  2 3  .Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
10. If A    and B  Show (AB)–1 exists and find it ?
2 1 3  
Lakshya Lakshya 1 1 Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya ANSWER

Lakshya KEY

4 3 3 3 0 6 
Lakshya
9 3Lakshya
 2 5 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 Lakshya
  Lakshya Lakshya
1. (i)   (ii)   2. (i)  1 0 1  (ii) 6 3 0 
Lakshya  1 3
 5 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 4 4Lakshya
3  9 6 3

4. (i) (A–1 exists) (ii) (A–1 does not exist) (iii) (A–1 does not exist)
1  20 6  1  3 1
Lakshya
5. (i)   Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(ii)  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2  7 2  5  2 1

 25 10 15 3 6 2  9 6 16  cos  sin  0
 1 1 1  1 2 1  
(i)  (ii) 11  (iii)Lakshya
10 Lakshya
4  10 7 18
 (iv)Lakshya   cos  0  Lakshya
6.
Lakshya  Lakshya
25     (v)   sin Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
 1 2   15 1 9  2 5 2  3 2 5   0 0 1 
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 3/10  1 17 2  2 0
7. X    8. X   , Y  1 Lakshya
 6 Lakshya 
Lakshya 11/10Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 7  18   3 Lakshya Lakshya
 55
Lakshya 24 24
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya  4
Lakshya 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
9. X   8 4 3  10.  1 
Lakshya  0 Lakshya
 8 3Lakshya
4  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 2 
Lakshya Educare

LDA -7
Lakshya Lakshya 3 Lakshya

1. For the matrix A   , find the numbers a and b such that A2 + aA + bI = O. Hence, find A–1.
1 1 
Lakshya Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Lakshya
1 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2. If A    , show that A2 + 3A + 4I2 = O and hence find A–1.
2 2 
Lakshya

 1 0 2 
3. Show
Lakshya that the
Lakshyamatrix   2 1 2Lakshya
ALakshya  satisfies the equation
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 3 4 1 
3 2 –1
Lakshya
A – A –Lakshya
3A – I = O, and hence find A Lakshya
Lakshya
. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
 1 tan x  cos 2x Lakshya
sin 2x 
4. If A   Lakshya 
Lakshya
, show that A ALakshya
1
 
  tan x 1   sin 2x cos 2x 
Lakshya 1 2
 Lakshya 1  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
5. 
If A   2 3  –1 –1
1  , verify that (adj A) = (adj A ).
 1 1 5
Lakshya 9 1  4 3  Lakshya

6. If A   Lakshya
 , and BLakshya
 Lakshya
–1 –1 –1
 , verify that (AB) = B A .
 6 2   5  4 
7. Find the inverse of the following matrics using elementary row transformals.
 3 10  1 2 
(i) (ii)  
Lakshya  2 Lakshya
7  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 3 7 
Lakshya
8. Find theLakshya Lakshya matrices
inverse of the following Lakshya Lakshyarow transformations
by using elementary Lakshya : Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 3 0 1
 3 0  2 1 4
Lakshya  2 Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya 
Lakshya 
(i) (ii)  4 0 2
 0 4 1   3 2 7 

1 1 2   1 1 2 
 1 1  3 
Lakshya
(iii)  3 Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya (iv)  1 2 Lakshya
 2 3 1 
  3 1 1 

Lakshya Educare

ANSWER
Lakshya Lakshya
KEYLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 1 1   9 8 2
Lakshya 1
Lakshya 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya   Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
–1
1. a = –4, b = 1, A =   2. A 1   2 4  3. A  8 7 2 
1 
 1 3   
 1  1
Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya   Lakshya Lakshya  5 4 1Lakshya
Lakshya 
 2 4 
Lakshya 7 10Lakshya
 Lakshya 7 2Lakshya
 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
7. (i)  (ii) 
  2 3 
  3 1 

 3 4 3   2 1/ 2 1  2 5 1  1 1 1 
1
8. (i)  2 3 Lakshya
Lakshya 2  (ii)
 11 
1 6  (iii) 5  (iv)
1 3Lakshya  8 7 5
  Lakshya Lakshya
11   Lakshya  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 8 12 9   4 1/ 2 2   7 1 2   5 4 3 
Lakshya Educare


Using Matrices, Solve :
Lakshya
1. Lakshya
2x – y = –2, 3x + 4y = 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2. 2x + y + Lakshya
Lakshya 2z = 7; x – y + zLakshya
+ 1 = 0; 3x + 2yLakshya
+ z – 12 = 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
3. x – y + z = 1, 2x – y = 1 and 3x + 3y – 4z = 2
Lakshya
4. 2x – y + zLakshya
= 1, x + 2y + 3zLakshya
= 8 and 3x + y Lakshya
– 4z = 1 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
5. x + 3y + Lakshya
Lakshya 3z = 2; x + 4y + 3z =1; x + 3y + 4z
Lakshya =4
6. 5x – y + 4z = 5, 2x + 3y + 5z = 2 and 5x – 2y + 6z = –1
1 1 2   2 0 1 
Lakshya 
3  9 2 3 to solve the following system of equations :
Lakshya
7. Use the product 0 2Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya 3 2Lakshya
4   6 1 Lakshya
2  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
x – y + 2zLakshya
Lakshya = 1; Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2y – 3z = 1;
Lakshya
3x – 2y +Lakshya
4z = 2. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
8. Using matrices,
Lakshya Lakshyasolve the following system
Lakshya of equations
Lakshya :
2 3 10
Lakshya   Lakshya
 4; Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
x y z
4 6 5
   1;
Lakshyax y Lakshya
z Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya6 9 Lakshya
   2.
x y z
9. The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply the third number by 2 and add the first number to the result, we get 7. By adding
Lakshya Lakshya
second and Lakshya
third numbers to three timesLakshya Lakshya
the first number, Lakshya
we get 12. Using Lakshya
matrices find the numbers.Lakshya Lakshya
10. The costLakshya

Lakshya
of 4 dozen pencils, 3 dozen pens
Lakshya
and 2 dozen Lakshya
Lakshya
erasers is Rs. 60. The cost of 2Lakshya
Lakshya
dozen pencils, Lakshya
4 dozen pens &Lakshya
6 dozen
erasers is Rs. 90 & the cost of 6 dozen pencils, 2 dozen pens & 3 dozen erasers is Rs. 70. Find the cost of each item per dozen
by usingLakshya
Lakshya matrices. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya KEY
Lakshya
5 12 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1. ( , ) 2. (x = 2; y = 3; z = 0) 3. (1, 1, 1) 4. (1, 2, 1)
11 11
5. (x = – 1; y = –1; z = 2) 6. (3, 2, –2) 7. x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3
8. x = 2, y = 3 and z = 5. 9. 3, 1, 2 10. (Rs. 5 for pencils, Rs. 8 for pens, Rs. 8 for erasers)

Lakshya Educare

Lakshyax 2  z) 2 yz
(yLakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2 2
1. y (z  x) zx is divisible by
z2 (x  y) 2 xy
2 2 2
(a) x + y + z (b) x – y (c) x – y – z (d) x + y + z
Lakshya1 2 Lakshya
3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2.  2 1 4 is a
 
Lakshya 3 4 Lakshya
1  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

(a) rectangular matrix (b) singular matrix
Lakshya Lakshya
(c) square matrix Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(d) nonsingular matrix Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
3. If the system
Lakshya of equations
x – ky – z = 0 has a non zero solution
kx – y – z = 0
Lakshya
x + y – zLakshya
=0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
then k is
(a) –1 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) –2
Lakshya x 3Lakshya
4. If 2 x 2  0 then possible value/values of x.
Lakshya
7 6Lakshya
x Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) – 9 (d) 2
Lakshya Lakshya
5. Which of the followingLakshya
is false Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(a) If |A|Lakshya
Lakshya = 0, then |adj A|Lakshya
0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(b) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix of order 3 × 3 is a diagonal matrix
(c) Product of two upper triangular matrices is a upper triangular matrix.
(d) adj (AB) = adj (A) adj (B)
Lakshya Educare
Lakshya
Matrix Match Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
6. (A)  1, be a cube root g unity (p) 3 (–1)
Lakshya   2
1  Lakshya 2Lakshya 2 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2
 2    1 2
Lakshya 2
2Lakshya 2
2 Lakshya 2
  1  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

1 1 1
(B)   1 1  2 2 then   (q) 2
Lakshya 2
1 Lakshya 4 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
(C) Value ofLakshya
x for which Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(r) 3 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya
x Lakshya
2  Lakshya

Lakshya 2
Lakshya 1 Lakshya
x 0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
1 x   2
(s) 0
Lakshya k 2Lakshya
7. (A) If  then k may be (p) 6
Lakshya 18 kLakshya
(B) If |kA| = Lakshya

Lakshya 16 |A| where A is square matrix Lakshya
Lakshya of (q)
Lakshya –6 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
order 2 × 2 the k may be
(C) If area of a triangle is 5sq. units with vertices (r) 4
Lakshya Lakshya
(2, –6), (5, Lakshya
4) & (k, 4) Then k may be Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(D) If systemLakshya
Lakshya of equations Lakshya Lakshya (s)
Lakshya –4 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
2x + 5y – 7z = 0
3x – y – 2z = 0
Lakshya
x + ky + 5Lakshya
=0 Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
has non Lakshya

Lakshya trivial solution Lakshya
then k may be Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Integer Answer Type :
8. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and
1 a2 x (1 b2 ) x (1 c2 ) x
Lakshya
f (x) = (1Lakshya
 a2 )x 1 b2 xLakshya Lakshya
(1 c2 ) x thenf (x) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya  a2 ) x (1 b2 )x
(1Lakshya 1 c2 x
is polynomial
Lakshya of degree.Lakshya

Lakshya Educare

x x 1
9. If = A + Bx + Cx2.
Lakshya 1  x Lakshya
1 x Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
then A–B
Lakshya =
Lakshya Lakshya x Lakshya

10. a root of 2 Lakshya

x = – 9 isLakshya
Lakshya
x 2 = 0, then sum of other two roots is
7 6 x
Lakshya Lakshya 8 5 1
11. The value of x such that 5 x 1 2
6 3 1
 3 1 2
12. Let A = Lakshya
Lakshya  1 2  Then |A |=
 
Lakshya
Passage (Q. 13Lakshya
to 15) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
T
A squareLakshya
Lakshya matrix is said to be orthogonalLakshya
Lakshya if AA = I. Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if A2 = A & said to be involutary if A2 = I.
13. If A is an orthogonal matrix then |A| is
(a) 1
Lakshya Lakshya (b) –1
Lakshya Lakshya (c) ± 1
Lakshya (d) ± 2
14. If A and B are two orthogonal matrics then which is true
(a) AT is orthgonal (b) AB is orthogonal
Lakshya
(c) BA isLakshya
orthogonal Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
(d) All above Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

 2 3 5
15.  4 5  thenLakshya
A is
Lakshya  1Lakshya
A  Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
 1 3 4 
(a) orthogonal (b) involntary (c) idempotent (d) none of these

Lakshya Lakshya KEY

1. (a,b,d) 2. (c,d) 3. ( a, c) 4. (b,c,d)
5. (a,d) 6. A – s, B – p, C – s 7. A – p,q; B–r,s; C–p,r; D–q
8. (0002) 9. (0002) 10. (0009) 11. 008
Lakshya
12. 049 Lakshya
13. (c) Lakshya
14. (d) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
15. (c) Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya
Lakshya Educare

DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES Math (NM) Topic-1 (Theory+LDA)

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DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES Math (NM) Topic-1 (Theory+LDA)

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DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES 233

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya aLakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya a1 b1Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

a b1 c b a c1 Lakshya (i) If D  0 then the given system of equations are

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya 0 2

Lakshya If D = 0 then the three

Lakshya Lakshya x yLakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya n Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya a 2 b2

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are

Identity or Unit Matrix

A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix 1 0 0

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya A + B = B +Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

(iii) (A–1 )–1 = A matrix.

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya Lakshya

from the other by elementary transformation. The sysmbolLakshya