TO, SLIDE, DUE, APART, FLOOR, LESS, TOGETHER, OF, EROSION,

FROM, TRENCHES, BESIDES, INTO, REEFS, SKY, PLATES,

1. The rigid outer layer of the Earth, the lithosphere, is broken into
pieces called tectonic ____________1. These plates are rigid
segments that move in relation to one another at one of three
types of plate boundaries: Convergent boundaries, at which two
plates come ________________2, Divergent boundaries, at which
two plates are pulled ____________3, and Transform boundaries,
in which two plates ____________4 past one another laterally.
2. As the tectonic plates migrate across the planet, the ocean
_____________5 is subducted under the edges of the plates at
convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle
material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The
combination of these processes continually recycles the oceanic
crust back into the mantle. ______________6 to this recycling, most
of the ocean floor is ___________7 than 100 million years old in
age. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific,
and has an estimated age of about 200 myr.
3. The Earth's terrain varies greatly from place ____________8 place.
About 70.8% of the surface is covered by water, with much of
the continental shelf below sea level.
4. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a
mid-ocean ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes, oceanic
____________9, submarine canyons, oceanic plateaus and abyssal
plains. The remaining 29.2% (148.94 million km2, or 57.51
million sq mi) not covered by water consists __________10
mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, and other geomorphologies.
5. The planetary surface undergoes reshaping over geological time
periods due to tectonics and erosion. The surface features built
up or deformed through plate tectonics are subject to
precipitation, thermal cycles, and chemical effects. Glaciation,
coastal ____________11, the build-up of coral _______________12,
and large meteorite impacts also act to reshape the landscape.
6. The elevation of the land surface of the Earth varies ___________13
the low point of −418 m at the Dead Sea, to an estimated
maximum altitude of 8,848 m at the top of Mount Everest. The
mean height of land above sea level is 840 m.
7. ___________ 14 being divided logically ___________15 Northern and
Southern Hemispheres centered on the Earth’s poles, the Earth
has also been split arbitrarily into Eastern and Western
Hemispheres.
 1. Opposite of rigid:
2. Opposite of “outer layer”
3. A boundary is a) a piece of crust, b) an edge or limit, c) a kind of
rock
4. Give examples of the different boundaries:
5. Think of a synonym for “upwelling”
6. Earth’s crust is constantly renewed, T or F
7. One third of Earth surface is covered by land, T or F
8. Say “submerged surface” using other words.
9. What are the two forces that change Earth’s surface?
10. What is the difference between “desert” and “dessert”?
11. Where is the lowest point on Earth?
12. The top of a mountain is its___________________
13. Give a synonym of “mean height”
14. What is the opposite of “above sea level”?
15. The Himalayas is the highest mountain _______________

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